Panel ceilings. Reinforced concrete floors

Ceiling structures must meet the requirements for strength, fire resistance, sound insulation and thermal insulation. All these characteristics are possessed by reinforced concrete slab type. They are used in the construction of industrial, multi-apartment and individual buildings.

They serve as intermediate floors, where their lower surface acts as a ceiling, and the upper floor of the upper room. Also, the slabs are laid on garages, sheds and other buildings for household purposes, thus forming a roof. Often they are used as a foundation.

Types of floor slabs

There are 2 types: monolithic floor slabs and hollow ones. The first are distinguished by a large margin of safety and bearing capacity. Among the serious drawbacks are their weight, high thermal conductivity and low soundproofing properties. Such products are often used for the construction of public and industrial buildings.

Floor slabs photo

Hollow concrete products are used in the construction of private houses due to their cheaper cost and light weight compared to monolithic counterparts. This factor, of course, does not make it possible to do without special equipment for PC delivery to the site and installation, but, nevertheless, it makes it possible to significantly reduce the load on bearing walls and foundation. And as a result, reduce the cost of their arrangement, using a smaller amount of building material.
The voids that run along the entire length of the concrete product can be round, oval and polygonal in shape. They can be used when laying communications using cable channels, plastic boxes or corrugated pipes.

Hollow core slabs guarantee:

good heat and sound insulation qualities;
fire resistance;
load distribution on load-bearing walls;
high mechanical strength;
durability.

Thanks to the smooth surfaces of the plates, all further Finishing work will pass with not only minimum investment funds for leveling the ceiling (floor), but also with less labor.

floor slab dimensions

Floor slabs are produced in lengths from 1880 to 6280 mm in increments of 100 mm.
The thickness of the floor slab is 220 mm. Standard Width the product is 990, 1190 or 1490 mm, although you can find plates with other sizes.
The weight of the floor slab is determined by its dimensions, approximately this indicator varies from 500 to 1500 kg. As for the bearing capacity of a product unit, on average it is 800 kg per 1 sq.m.

What you need to know before buying a PC

The presence of traces of rust and grease on the surfaces of the product is not allowed.

The maximum allowable cracks are 0.1 mm, but their complete absence is better.
All edges of the plates should have the most even surfaces, without bulges and depressions.
Permissible deviation from the nominal value in length - 10 mm, thickness - 5 mm, width - 5 mm.
The product must have the appropriate quality certificates.

Before you start laying floor slabs, you need to know that:

the rough side of the plate should be facing up, and the smooth side down;
fitting of products is carried out on their lower sides;
Reinforced concrete products should rest on 2 short sides, the long side is not recommended to be placed on the wall;
you will need components for a sand-cement mortar;
laying of plates is carried out close to each other without gaps;
crane services are hourly, so everything necessary is prepared for his arrival so that the work goes without a hitch;
slabs should rest only on load-bearing walls, the rest of the internal partitions (walls) are erected after the installation of the ceiling;
for a well-coordinated installation to help the crane, you will need at least 2, and preferably 3 people;

before rough finishing, the voids of the slabs are filled with crushed stone or expanded clay.

Preparing walls before installing floor slabs

Bearing walls are leveled. They should be as even as possible in height, the allowable difference is a maximum of 10 mm. You can identify the difference in heights by means of a long beam, which is placed on two opposite walls. Placed on top of the beam building level, and the longer it is, the more accurate the result.
Thus, all supports under the floor slabs are checked. It is important to take measurements as often as possible. To do this, a beam or beam is installed in the corners of the building, then moves every 1-1.5 m. The relevant data can be written on the walls with chalk or a marker.
Next is the highest and lowest point and laid out concrete mix using honeycomb metal mesh. Supports erected from foam concrete, slag, gas silicate blocks, are necessarily amplified. This can be done by means of a reinforcing belt with a height of at least 15 cm.
Armopoyas evenly distributes the load, prevents deformation of the walls and protects the floor slabs from breaking.

The formwork is assembled from the most even boards in accordance with the values obtained, that is, the edges may have various meanings in height. You can use a special U-shaped profile. The structure is arranged around the entire perimeter of the house box, including non-load-bearing walls, especially if the building is made of lightweight block materials.
To knead the sand-cement mortar, 1 bucket of cement (M500) and 3 buckets of sand are taken, so much water is needed so that the mixture is neither liquid nor thick. Sand must be sifted to remove pebbles, which will contribute to the destruction of the layer under the weight of the slab.
After pouring, the solution is pierced with a trowel or piece of reinforcement to prevent the formation of air gaps. Rammer should be given increased attention.

Before laying floor slabs, voids must be sealed to prevent freezing. If the concrete products were stored at the construction site for a long time, then it is recommended to drill one or two holes in the passage of voids through which excess moisture. It should be noted that the holes are sealed with concrete mortar, and during installation, the slab should be facing down.
Factory voids are filled with expanded clay or simply inserted large pieces one and a half bricks, and the remaining slots are closed cement mortar. Although recently factories have been producing slabs with closed voids.
The mixture in the formwork should dry well, gain strength, this will take at least 3 weeks.

Crane platform

The soil where the lifting equipment will stand must be compacted. It is impossible to install a crane near a house under construction in the presence of a basement. The supporting "leg" of the special equipment creates a very significant load on the ground, which can lead to the collapse of the basement wall.
For loose or bulk soils, it is recommended to order a crane with a longer boom. If the work is carried out in spring or autumn, when the soil is saturated with moisture, the platform for the truck crane is laid out with road slabs (used products can be used). Because technology can get bogged down in slush under its own weight.

Slab lining

It is not recommended to cover two spans with one slab. Such a load under certain circumstances can lead to its cracking. If such a laying scheme was chosen, then in this case it is recommended to make an incision with a grinder with diamond disc(to its depth) exactly in the center of the middle wall.
If a crack nevertheless occurs, then it will go exactly in the direction of the notch, which is quite acceptable.
Unfortunately, it is not always possible to complete the overlap with whole slabs. Sometimes they have to be lined both in width and in length. Here you need a sledgehammer, a grinder with a diamond disc, a crowbar and muscle strength.

To facilitate the process, use a beam or board of the appropriate length. Lumber is placed under the slab strictly along the line of the future cut. At some point, the concrete product will break under its own weight.
First, a grinder is cut on the upper surface of the plate along the marked line. Further, by means of a sledgehammer, blows are applied along the entire length of the concrete goods. Hits should be applied as often as possible. If the cut falls on a hollow hole, then the plate will break pretty quickly.
When cutting the slab in width, considerable effort will have to be applied. The rebar that comes across is cut off welding machine or cutter. It is not recommended to use a grinder, as the disc may “bite”. But if only this tool is available, then do not cut the metal rod to the end - leave 2-3 mm. Perform the final break with a crowbar or sledgehammer.

Carrying out the cutting of the slab, all possible consequences fall on your shoulders! No manufacturer will give official permission to carry out these works.

If there are not enough whole slabs for a complete overlap, and the remaining space is small, then you can avoid the laborious cutting process using the two methods listed below:
The last or first slab does not adjoin the wall in length. The formed void between the slab and the supporting wall is laid with bricks or blocks. A cement screed, performed upon completion of construction, will reliably unite and fasten the masonry to the slab.
This method is good if the existing concrete panels are laid butt-to-butt, and the remaining distance is distributed between the two supporting walls and filled in by the described method.

It should be remembered that if the empty opening is more than 30 cm, then when pouring the screed, reinforcement is performed in this area.
The plates are mounted close to the walls, and the empty gap remains between the plates themselves. Thick moisture-resistant plywood is attached to the lower surfaces of the reinforced concrete products, reinforcement must be laid with a call to the upper surfaces of the plates.
Thus, something will turn out in the form of a formwork, which is poured with concrete mortar. After complete drying, the plywood is dismantled, and a general screed is made over the boards.

Installation of floor slabs

For work you will need a crane and at least 4 people (crane operator, slinger and 2 assistants). A prepared concrete solution with a thickness of not more than 20 mm is laid out on the bearing supports with a reinforcing belt. The plate rises in a horizontal position at the desired height. All actions, namely the movement and direction of the load, are carried out under the guidance of the slinger.

Installers accept the floor slab, adjust the optimal location. Before the slings are removed by means of crowbars, the concrete panel is guided to the installation site with maximum accuracy:

from the slab to the wall on the long side is left minimum distance equal to 50 mm;
there should be no gap between the plates;
the width of the support on each short side of the boards must be at least 150 mm.

Inspection of concrete floor slabs

After installation of the ceiling, the evenness of the surfaces nearby is checked. standing stoves by level. If the height difference is more than 4 mm, then the plates are reinstalled. The concrete products are lifted again by a crane, and, in accordance with the situation, the solution is removed or added.
It is impossible to dilute the seized concrete layer with water, the solidified mixture is completely removed, and a freshly mixed one is applied in its place. As soon as the leveling is completed, they proceed to fixing the plates between themselves and to the load-bearing walls.

Anchoring of reinforced concrete floor slabs

Upon completion of the installation work and after the leveling of the plates has been carried out, they are anchored. If there is a project, then a special scheme should be present in the documents. Otherwise, anchoring is done as follows:

anchor loops are mounted to the load-bearing walls and go onto the floor slabs by about 40-50 cm. As a rule, two fasteners are enough for the entire length of the panel (they are located a meter from the edge of the slabs). In the same way, one anchor is set in width;

if the plates are joined along their short side, then these sections are fixed diagonally using working holes with reinforcement located in them. In their absence, you can use special fasteners with L- and U-shaped forms;
between themselves concrete plates fastened at the points of the mounting holes. Metal rods must be stretched as much as possible and fixed by welding, at least at three points.
After that, the eyes and seams between the slabs are filled with fine crushed stone, and then sealed with sand-cement mortar. It is not worth delaying with these works, as construction debris can get into the holes.

Features of the technology of installation of floor slabs

Hollow core slabs are widely used in the construction of low-rise and individual buildings. Although they are smaller and lighter than their monolithic counterparts, they nevertheless require thickened walls and reinforced foundations. In addition, they will not be able to block buildings that are complex in architecture.
But, despite these shortcomings, the plates provide a reliable overlap, characterized by long term services. Their use is justified in cases where the plates become the basis for flooring. roofing material, that is, they act as a flat roof.

Floor slabs video

When preparing and installing floor slabs, it is important to consider many technical issues, which means that you need to have certain knowledge and skills. If you are unsure of the calculations, contact a specialized organization where they will draw up a project in accordance with all the requirements of SNiP.

Ceilings consist of a bearing part, which transfers the load to walls or individual supports, and an enclosing part, which includes floors and ceilings. According to the material of the bearing part, reinforced concrete floors are distinguished, according to wooden and steel beams, as well as armosilicate and ceramic. The cost of ceilings and floors in the total cost of the house reaches 20% of its total value.

The main material for the device of overlappings in modern construction is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete floors are divided into prefabricated and monolithic, concreted in the formwork. AT last years mainly prefabricated and monolithic ceilings are used.
Ceilings must meet the requirements of strength, rigidity, fire resistance, durability, sound and heat insulation, if they separate heated rooms from unheated rooms or from the outside environment. Ceilings in rooms with wet processes must be waterproof, and in rooms with gas emissions - gas-tight.

AT country houses With brick walls use covers from reinforced concrete panels with round voids, the length of which is from 4800 mm to 6980 mm, width from 1000 to 2400 mm, height 220 mm, as well as with flat ones - 2700-4200 mm long with a gradation of 300 mm, 1200, 1500 mm wide, 120 and 160 thick mm . The panels are laid (Fig. 1) on a layer of freshly laid masonry mortar 10 mm thick with embedding on supports not less than 120 mm. Through one panel (step 2400-3000 mm) they are connected to the walls with anchors with a diameter of 8-10 mm, which are attached to the hinges and led into the masonry 250 mm from the end of the panel, ending with a bend at an angle of 90 ° horizontally by 380 mm.

The seams between the panels are filled with cement mortar composition 1: 4 (by volume). Panels are installed using truck cranes.

Reinforced concrete floors

Such floors have a number of valuable qualities, the main of which are great strength, durability and fire resistance. When designing the structures of elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete floors, it is necessary to strive to enlarge them in order to reduce the number of installation operations and butt joints.

Precast concrete floors

Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are divided into three main groups: in the form of flooring (slabs), large-panel and beam. Overlappings in the form of floorings consist of flat or ribbed elements of the same type, laid close; connect them by filling the gaps with cement mortar. Such floors consist of a bearing reinforced concrete part (usually textured from below), a sound or thermal insulation layer and a floor structure. The supports for the flooring are walls and girders. The most common are hollow decks with a height of 160 mm with spans up to 4 m and 220 mm - with spans of more than 4 m. The decks have longitudinal voids of circular cross section (Fig. 2, a).

In the manufacture of floorings with vertical voids, the consumption of concrete is reduced by up to 15% compared to round-hollow ones. Vertical round voids are formed using pipe liners (the liners are welded to the channels). Floorings that can cover entire rooms are called large panels. The absence of joints in the floor panels within the room increases their sound insulation and provides a higher quality ceiling finish.
To ensure standard soundproofing properties from airborne noise, single-layer structures of interfloor panel ceilings, made of heavy concrete, must have a mass exceeding 300 kgf / sq.m.

When installing separate type ceilings, which use the soundproofing capacity of the air gap between the upper and lower communication floor panels, as well as when installing layered ceilings, it is possible to ensure the normative soundproofing ability with the weight of the floor less than 300 kgf/sq.m.
By design, interfloor large-panel reinforced concrete floors can be with a layered floor, a separate type (with a separate floor, ceiling or from two separate load-bearing panels) and with a layered floor and a separate ceiling (Fig. 3). All these floor structures have a relatively small mass (less than 300 kgf / sq.m.); normative sound insulation is provided by a layered floor structure or the presence of a continuous air gap in the thickness of the ceiling.
Floor panels are made solid, hollow (with round voids) and tented. Carrier single-layer panel (Fig. 4, a) is reinforced concrete slab constant cross-section with a lower surface ready for painting and a flat upper surface.

Solid single-layer reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 140 mm cover spans up to 3.6 m. To cover large spans (6-6.6 m), mainly solid single-layer prestressed reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 14-16 cm or expanded clay-reinforced concrete with a thickness of 18 cm are used.

The hipped panel (Fig. 4, b) has the form of a slab framed along the contour with ribs facing downwards in the form of a cornice. Interfloor floors are also arranged from flat reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 14-16 cm.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete interfloor floors ( fig. 5) beam type consist of tee beams and filling between them. The filler here is a roll of gypsum concrete or lightweight concrete slabs 80 mm thick and 395 mm long, reinforced with wooden rack or bar frames, and in attic floors- lightweight concrete slabs 90 mm thick and 395 mm long, reinforced with welded steel mesh. The seams between the beams and slabs are filled with cement mortar and rubbed. Attic and basement floors must be insulated, interfloor soundproofing. For this, expanded clay or sand bedding, layered coatings with elastic gaskets are used. At the same time, it is desirable that heat and sound insulation be carried out not due to an increase in weight. building structures.
Since the elements beam floors have a relatively small weight, they are used in buildings equipped with low-capacity cranes (up to 1 t).
When installing reinforced concrete floors in sanitary facilities a waterproofing layer is included in the floor structure. To do this, over decking or panels are usually glued to bituminous mastic 1-2 layers of roofing material.

Monolithic floors

Monolithic floors perform according to the established formwork. By transferring loads from the floor to the load-bearing walls, monolithic ceilings serve as an additional rigid frame of the building. Their device requires a certain professional skill and should be carried out according to the project under the guidance of a specialist builder. Making floors in place has its advantages. It does not require special transport and lifting equipment. Small-scale mechanization is enough to lift and move concrete. Monolithic slabs are based on the Monier slab, in which the reinforcement is placed in places of tension, that is, in the lower part of the slab. This is because steel has 15 times the tensile strength of concrete. The reinforcing frame of the slab should be located at a distance of at least 3-5 cm from the formwork walls so that concrete can fill this space. The length of the span covered by monolithic slabs should not exceed 3 m. For plumbing pipelines, special metal or vinyl sleeves with inside diameter larger than the pipeline being laid. The gap between the sleeve and the pipeline is minted with tarred tow.

The disadvantages of monolithic ceilings include the need to install wooden formwork over almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe house. However, this does not mean that the formwork must be set all at once. Overlapping can be done in separate spans, transferring the formwork as the concrete sets.
The bearing capacity of monolithic ceilings is provided by reinforcement, the diameter of which must be at least 8-12 mm. In this case, intermediate joints of the rods along the entire length of the floor are undesirable. Minimum layer of concrete with outer side the overlap must be at least 2 cm. The span must be concreted in one working cycle.

Comments:

Floor panels are the main part of any building. They include load-bearing elements that load the walls, or individual supporting elements. According to the material of the supporting element, reinforced concrete structures. The price of floors is 20% of the total cost of the building.

The composition of the floor panels contains load-bearing elements that exert a load on the walls.

Reinforced concrete floors - the main panels in the construction business

Currently, potential developers prefer to take panels made of reinforced concrete material. In turn, they are divided into:

Prefabricated.
Monolithic.

Panels must have characteristics such as strength, rigidity, fire resistance, reliability, and properties quick installation. If a building is being built where high humidity is implied during operation, then the floor panels must be resistant to moisture. In country houses, you can often find the use of these structures made of reinforced concrete panels with the presence of round voids. Basically, their length can reach up to 6800 mm, and their width - up to 2400 mm.

Reinforced concrete structures have a huge number of advantages. They possess high rates strength, long service life, and most importantly, they are fire resistant. When creating a project for the construction of a house or any other building, potential developers try to enlarge them in order to reduce the number of installation actions and butt contacts. Prefabricated type reinforced concrete floors are divided into 3 main classes:

In the form of flooring (tiled form).
Large-panel.
Beam.

Deck-shaped structures have flat or ribbed components of the same type in their composition, which must be mounted tightly. Their connection is carried out by means of a special cement mortar. Consequently, they include load-bearing reinforced concrete parts, which have high rates of thermal insulation and sound insulation.

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Interfloor large-panel reinforced concrete structures

By design feature interfloor large-panel structures made of reinforced concrete may have a layered floor. They are lightweight, soundproofing abilities are carried out using a special layered floor structure or the presence of a continuous air gap in the thickness of the ceiling. The floor panels themselves can be solid, hollow and hipped. The hipped panel is a special type of slab, which is framed along the contour with ribs. The ribs are always directed downward.

As for the attic and basement panels, they are necessarily insulated, and the interfloor ones are soundproofed. Therefore, expanded clay or sand bedding, layered coatings with the presence of elastic gaskets are used for these actions. It should be borne in mind that the increase in sound and thermal insulation characteristics should be carried out by increasing the mass of building structures. Since the components of beam floors have a low mass, they are used on construction sites. If reinforced concrete floor panels are involved in the construction of sanitary facilities or in rooms with high humidity, it is necessary to apply a waterproofing layer.

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What are monolithic panels?

Monolithic ceilings are mounted on the installed formwork. Installation of monolithic floor panels is not easy. They transfer the load from the floor to the existing load-bearing walls. They are also able to be an additional rigid frame of any structure. Their device involves working only with a professional who has the skills and experience with these structures. Compared to other panels, monolithic have several advantages:

There is no need to use special equipment for loading and lifting.
It is enough to use small mechanization.
High tensile strength.
Long operating period.
Robust design that can withstand heavy loads.

Overlappings consist of a bearing part, which transfers the load to the walls or individual supports, and an enclosing part, which includes floors and ceilings. According to the material of the bearing part, they distinguish reinforced concrete ceilings, on wooden and iron supports, also armosilicate and clay. The price of ceilings and floors in the total price of the house achieves 20% of its total price.

The main material for floor devices in modern construction is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete floors divide by prefabricated and whole, concreted in formwork. In recent years, they have been used mainly prefabricated and solid ceilings.
Overlappings must meet the requirements of strength, rigidity, fire resistance, durability, sound and thermal insulation, if they separate heated premises from unheated or from external environment. Overlappings in rooms with wet processes they must be waterproof, and in rooms with the release of gases - gas-tight.

In suburban houses with brick walls, they use reinforced concrete floor panels with round voids, the length of which varies from 4800 mm to 6980 mm, width from 1000 to 2400 mm, height 220 mm, also with flat voids - length 2700-4200 mm with a gradation of 300 mm, width 1200, 1500 mm, width 120 and 160 mm . Panels they are laid (Fig. 1) on a layer of freshly laid masonry mortar 10 mm wide with embedding on supports more than 120 mm. Through one panel(step 2400-3000 mm) are connected to the walls with anchors with a diameter of 8-10 mm, which are strengthened to the hinges and led into the masonry 250 mm from the end of the panel, ending with a bend at an angle of 90 ° horizontally by 380 mm.

Seams between panels fill with cement substance composition 1: 4 (by volume). Panel installation produced using cranes. Reinforced concrete floors

Such floors own a number valuable properties, the main of which are high strength, durability and fire resistance. When designing parts prefabricated concrete floors it is necessary to strive to enlarge them to reduce the number of assembly operations and butt mates.

Precast concrete floors

Precast concrete floors subdivided into three main groups: in the form of flooring (slabs), large-panel and beam. Overlappings in the form of floorings consist of flat or ribbed parts of the same type, laid tightly; connect them by filling the gaps with cement. Such floors consist of a bearing reinforced concrete part (usually textured from below), a sound or thermal insulation layer and a floor structure. The supports for the flooring are walls and girders. More common hollow flooring 160 mm high with gaps up to 4 m and 220 mm - with gaps over 4 m. The decks have longitudinal voids of circular cross section (Fig. 2, a).

In the manufacture of floorings with vertical voids, the consumption of concrete is reduced by up to 15% compared to round-hollow ones. Vertical round voids are formed using pipe liners (the liners are welded to the channels). decking, which can cover entire rooms, are called large panels. No connections in floor panels within the boundaries of the room increases their sound insulation and provides more highest quality ceiling finishes.
To ensure standard soundproofing parameters from airborne noise, single-layer structures interfloor panel ceilings, made of heavy concrete, must have a mass exceeding 300 kgf / sq.m.

At flooring device separate type, in which the soundproofing ability of the air gap between the upper and lower floor panels of the connection is used, also when installing layered floors, it is possible to ensure the normative soundproofing ability with a floor mass of at least 300 kgf / sq.m.
By design interfloor large-panel reinforced concrete floors can be with a layered floor, separate type (with a separate floor, ceiling or from 2 separate load-bearing panels) and with a layered floor and a separate ceiling (Fig. 3). All these floor structures have a relatively small mass (less than 300 kgf / sq.m.); normative noise insulation is provided by a layered floor structure or the presence of a continuous air gap in the thickness floors.
floor panels produce solid, hollow (with round voids) and tented. The bearing single-layer panel (Fig. 4, a) is reinforced concrete slab unchanged section with a bottom surface ready for coloring, and a flat top.

solid single layer reinforced concrete panels 140 mm wide cover gaps up to 3.6 m. To cover huge spans (6-6.6 m), they mainly use solid single-layer for previously stressed reinforced concrete panels 14-16 cm wide or expanded clay-reinforced concrete 18 cm wide.

hipped panel(Fig. 4, b) has the form of a slab framed along the contour with ribs facing downwards in the form of a cornice. satisfied interfloor floors and from flat reinforced concrete panels 14-16 cm wide.

Ceilings on reinforced concrete supports

Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors(Fig. 5) beam type consist of T-beams and filling between them. The filler here is a roll of gypsum concrete or lightweight concrete slabs 80 wide and 395 mm long, reinforced with wooden slatted or bar frames, and in attic floors - lightweight concrete slabs 90 wide and 395 mm long, reinforced with welded iron meshes. The seams between the supports and slabs are filled with cement and rubbed. Attic and basement floors certainly insulate, interfloor soundproof. To do this, use expanded clay or sand bedding, layered coatings with elastic gaskets. With all this, it is better that heat and sound insulation be carried out not due to an increase in the weight of the building structures.
Because the elements beam floors have relatively little weight, they are used on buildings equipped with low-capacity cranes (up to 1 t).
At installation of reinforced concrete floors and in sanitary facilities, a waterproofing layer is included in the floor structure. To do this, 1-2 layers of roofing material are usually glued on bituminous mastic over the flooring or panels.

Solid ceilings

Solid ceilings make according to the established formwork. Transferring loads from the floor to load-bearing walls, solid ceilings serve as an additional rigid frame of the structure. Their device requires a certain professional skill and should be done according to the project under the guidance of a specialist builder. fabrication floors locally has its own merits. With all this, special transport and lifting equipment are not required. Small-scale mechanization is sufficient for lifting and moving concrete. To base solid floors laid down Monier plate, in which the reinforcement is located in places of tension, in other words, at the bottom of the slab. This is justified by the fact that steel has 15 times greater tensile strength than concrete. The reinforcing frame of the slab should be placed at a distance of more than 3-5 cm from the formwork walls so that concrete can fill this place. The length of the gap covered solid slabs, should not exceed 3 m. For plumbing pipelines, special iron or vinyl sleeves with an inner diameter larger than the pipeline being laid are installed in the ceiling. The gap between the sleeve and the pipeline is minted with tarred tow.

To the shortcomings solid floors we can attribute the need to install wood formwork virtually throughout the entire area of the house. But, this does not mean that the formwork must be exposed all at once. overlap can be made in separate gaps, transferring the formwork as the concrete sets.
Load bearing capacity solid floors provided with reinforcement, the diameter of which must be at least 8-12 mm. With all this, intermediate connections of the rods along the entire length of the floor are undesirable. Small layer of concrete outside the overlap should be more than 2 cm. It is necessary to concrete the clearance in one working cycle.

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Floor panels are a slab, which includes the main bearing part, and enclosing elements (ceiling and / or floor). The main purpose of the floor panel is to transfer the load from the building to other load-bearing elements. We will tell you more about the main features of reinforced concrete floor panels.

Currently, most of the floor panels are made of reinforced concrete, due to the excellent thermal and physical characteristics and the reasonable price for the production of such panels.

Reinforced concrete floors, depending on the combination of elements, are divided into:

Prefabricated floors
Monolithic floors
Prefabricated monolithic ceilings

Prefabricated floors

Prefabricated floors can be in the form of a deck, a beam or a large panel. Floor coverings include several parts of the same type (bearing structure + soundproofing layer + thermal insulation), which must be joined closely to each other. The joint space that appears between them is filled with a special cement mortar. Such slabs are laid, as a rule, on walls, interfloor runs and floors.

Beam reinforced concrete floors are laid on two adjacent walls (central or extreme from the central).

Large-panel ceilings are panels with which it is possible to carry out large areas.

Monolithic floors

Monolithic slabs are a type of slab that needs to be laid after preliminary preparatory form work. Monolithic ceilings mainly take on the heavy loads of the upper structural elements of the structure, therefore, they are also a rigid frame of the building under construction. Monolithic floors are quite difficult to install, so only highly qualified, experienced craftsmen must be hired to carry out this process.

Monolithic floors can be laid on spans whose length does not exceed three meters. Sometimes, in order to monolithic elements of plumbing communications, to connect monolithic slabs special fastening sleeves are used, which have different diameters with the diameter of the pipeline being laid.

Types of floor panels

Floor panels are solid (solid), hollow or hipped.

Solid floor panels can be used to cover spans no longer than 3.5 m; if the span is long, in this case it is recommended to use a prestressed reinforced concrete panel.

Hipped floor panels are a type of slabs that have a special ribbed contour around the perimeter. With the help of such tent panels, floors are arranged between floors. The thickness of the tent plates is 14-16 cm.

Hollow core floor panels are used in multi-storey civil engineering, because thanks to special hollow holes, they significantly reduce the weight of the building without losing their physical properties.