The main stages of the life and creative path of Gogol. Creative and life path of Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich

The writing

Will the time come
(Come desired!).
When the people are not Blucher
And not my lord foolish,
Belinsky and Gogol
Will you carry it from the market?

N. Nekrasov

The work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol goes far beyond national and historical boundaries. His works opened to a wide range of readers the fabulous and bright world of the heroes of the stories from the collection "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", the harsh and freedom-loving characters of "Taras Bulba", opened the veil of the mystery of the Russian people in the poem "Dead Souls". Far from the revolutionary ideas of Radishchev, Griboyedov, the Decembrists, Gogol meanwhile expresses a sharp protest with all his work against the autocratic-serf system, which cripples and destroys human dignity, personality, and the very life of the people subject to him. By the power of the artistic word, Gogol makes millions of hearts beat in unison, kindles the noble fire of mercy in the souls of readers.

In 1831, the first collection of his novels and short stories, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka, was published. It included "The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala", "May Night, or the Drowned Woman", "The Missing Letter", "Sorochinsky Fair", "The Night Before Christmas". From the pages of his works, lively characters of cheerful Ukrainian lads and girls emerge. The freshness and purity of love, friendship, camaraderie are their remarkable qualities. Written in a romantic style based on folklore, fairy tale sources, Gogol's novels and stories recreate a poetic picture of the life of the Ukrainian people.

Happily in love Gritsko and Parasky, Levko and Ganna, Vakula and Oksana are hindered by the forces of evil. In the spirit of folk tales, the writer embodied these forces in the images of witches, devils, werewolves. But no matter how wicked the evil forces are, the people will overcome them. And so the blacksmith Vakula, having broken the stubbornness of the old devil, forced him to take himself to St. Petersburg for little laces for his beloved Oksana. The old Cossack from the story "The Missing Letter" outwitted the witches.

In 1835, the second collection of Gogol's stories, Mirgorod, was published, which included stories written in a romantic style: Old-world landowners, Taras Bulba, Viy, The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich. In The Old World Landowners and The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich, the writer reveals the insignificance of the representatives of the serf-owner class, who lived only for the sake of the stomach, indulged in endless squabbles and quarrels, in whose hearts, instead of noble civic feelings, lived exorbitantly petty envy, selfishness, cynicism. And the story "Taras Bulba" takes the reader to a completely different world, which depicts a whole era in the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people, their fraternal friendship with the great Russian people. Before writing the story, Gogol worked hard on the study of historical documents about popular uprisings.

The image of Taras Bulba embodies the best features of the freedom-loving Ukrainian people. He devoted his whole life to the struggle for the liberation of Ukraine from oppressors. In bloody battles with enemies, he teaches the Cossacks by personal example how to serve the motherland. When his own son Andriy betrayed the sacred cause, Taras did not flinch to kill him. Having learned that the enemies have captured Ostap, Taras makes his way through all the obstacles and dangers to the very center of the enemy camp and, looking at the terrible torments that Ostap endures, worries most of all about how his son would not show cowardice during the torture, for then the enemy can console himself with the weakness of the Russian people.
In his speech to the Cossacks, Taras Bulba says: “Let them all know what partnership means in the Russian land! If it comes to that, to die, then none of them will ever die like that! .. No one, no one! And when the enemies seized old Taras and led him to a terrible execution, when they tied him to a tree and made a fire under him, the Cossack did not think about his life, but until his last breath he was with his comrades in the struggle. “Yes, are there such fires, torments and such a force in the world that would overpower the Russian force!” - the writer exclaims enthusiastically.

Following the collection "Mirgorod", Gogol publishes "Arabesques", where his articles on literature, history, painting and three stories were placed - "Nevsky Prospekt", "Portrait", "Notes of a Madman"; later, "The Nose", "Carriage", "Overcoat", "Rome" are printed, attributed by the author to the "Petersburg cycle".

In the story "Nevsky Prospekt", the writer claims that everything in the northern capital breathes lies, and the highest human feelings and impulses are trampled on by the power and power of money. An example of this is the sad fate of the hero of the story - the artist Piskarev. The story "Portrait" is dedicated to showing the tragic fate of folk talents in serf Russia.

In The Overcoat, one of Gogol's most remarkable works, the writer continues the theme raised by Pushkin in The Stationmaster, the theme of the "little man" in autocratic Russia. The petty official Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin for many years, without straightening his back, rewrote papers, not noticing anything around. He is poor, his horizons are narrow, his only dream is to acquire a new overcoat. What joy lit up the official's face when he finally put on a new overcoat! But a misfortune happened - the robbers took away his "treasure" from Akaky Akakievich. He seeks protection from his superiors, but everywhere he encounters cold indifference, contempt and misunderstanding.

In 1835, Gogol finished the comedy The Inspector General, in which, by his own admission, he was able to put together everything that was bad and unfair in Russia at that time and laugh at it all at once. The epigraph of the play - "There is nothing to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked" - the author emphasizes the connection between comedy and reality. When the play was staged, the real prototypes of its heroes, all these Khlestakovs and Derzhimord, recognizing themselves in the gallery of swindlers, yelled that Gogol was allegedly slandering the nobility. Unable to withstand the attacks of ill-wishers, in 1836 Nikolai Vasilievich went abroad for a long time. There he worked hard on the poem "Dead Souls". “I could not dedicate a single line to someone else’s,” he wrote from abroad. “I am chained to my own with an irresistible chain, and I preferred our poor dim world, our smoky huts, bare spaces to the best heaven, who looked at me more affably.”

In 1841 Gogol brought his work to Russia. But only a year later the writer managed to print the main creation of life. The generalizing power of the gallery of satirical images created by the author - Chichikov, Manilov, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plyushkin, Korobochka - was so impressive and well-aimed that the poem immediately aroused indignation and hatred of the apologists for serfdom and at the same time won ardent sympathy and admiration from the writer's advanced contemporaries . The true meaning of "Dead Souls" was revealed by the great Russian critic V. G. Belinsky. He compared them to a flash of lightning, called them a "truly patriotic" work.

The significance of Gogol's work is enormous, and not only for Russia. “The same officials,” Belinsky said, “only in a different dress: in France and England they do not buy up dead souls, but bribe living souls in free parliamentary elections!” Life has confirmed the correctness of these words.

3. Mirgorod

4. "Petersburg stories"

1. Characteristics of N.V. Gogol

The work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1809-1852) represents an important stage in the development of Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century. His work is very closely connected with Ukrainian culture, and its themes and plots prevail in it, since the writer was born in Ukraine. Gogol's work includes the following major works:

✓ a collection of stories "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka";

✓ collection of stories "Mirgorod";

✓ collection "Petersburg Tales";

✓ comedy "Inspector";

✓ novel-poem "Dead Souls".

2. "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka"

The collection "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" is the first in his work, and the stories included in this collection brought Gogol popularity. The collection consists of two books and includes the following stories:

✓ in the first book:

. "Christmas Eve";

. "May night";

. "Sorochinsky fair";

. "Missing Diploma";

✓ in the second book:

. "The Night Before Christmas" (transferred by the author from the first edition);

. "Terrible revenge";

. "Enchanted place";

. "Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and his aunt".

The collection "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" as a literary work can be characterized as follows:

✓ the poetic image of Ukraine, its nature is transmitted;

✓ Ukrainian folk tales, legends, traditions, traditions are used and presented in a new way;

✓ vividly and interestingly describes the folk Ukrainian village life;

✓ folklore techniques of artistic expression are used;

✓ the best features of the national character are embodied in the heroes, the appearance and moral health are harmoniously combined;

✓ awakens the interest of the Russian reader of that time to Little Russia;

✓ is an example of the romantic trend in Russian literature of that time, and romanticism in the collection is expressed as follows:

The real life of the people has the features of poetry, striving for the beautiful and sublime;

The ideal world is opposed to prose and the disorder of life;

Folklore and techniques used in the work have the following features of romanticism:

Fairy stories;

Poetics of the mysterious and enigmatic, filling the legends;

Appeal to the past of the country, which is filled with heroic deeds;

Reality is intertwined with fiction, and the epic with the lyrical;

✓ A particularly important place is occupied by the fantastic, which has the following features in the story:

Painted with household features;

Depicted as vulgar, petty;

Presented in a comic light;

✓ is comic in nature, which is expressed in humor, jokes and laughter that accompany the characters throughout the story.

3. Mirgorod

The collection "Mirgorod" (1835) combines a number of stories written in St. Petersburg, and includes the following stories:

✓ "Old-world landowners";

✓ "Taras Bulba";

✓ "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich";

✓ "Viy".

The collection "Mirgorod" as a literary work can be characterized as follows:

✓ The stories included in this collection are strikingly different from each other in the following points:

Content;

The tonality of the work;

Genre;

Art form;

✓ despite such obvious differences, the stories are united by the author's view of the purpose of a person, which is expressed in the subtext;

✓ each story is unique in its character and style: there is an idyllic shade, and heroic features, a satirical beginning, and fantastic elements;

✓ the collection is a new phase of the writer's work, in which the realistic method of depicting reality is actively developing, which is expressed in the stories as follows:

More voluminous and multifaceted characteristics of characters;

Convincingly realistic depiction of everyday life, the circumstances of the life of the characters and reality itself;

Rich speech characteristics of the characters, their dialogues;

✓ a deeper and more thorough insight into the historical past of the Ukrainian Cossacks (The Tale "Taras Bulba").

Tale " old world landowners

✓ the originality of the author's attitude to the characters, which lies in the duality of the assessment of the characters and the irony in relation to them;

✓ denial and condemnation of the patriarchal way of life, isolation from public life, lack of public interests.

Tale " Taras Bulba"has the following features:

✓ the heroic beginning, expressed in the description by the author of the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their freedom;

✓ historicism combined with fiction when events are described XV - XVII centuries, but the characters often do not have real historical prototypes;

✓ an element of idealization of democratic equality;

✓ the abundance of Ukrainian folklore, expressed in various folk legends, songs, depictions of battles in the spirit of the exploits of epic heroes;

✓ hyperbole, exaggeration in the construction of the image of Taras Bulba;

✓ genre of folk-heroic epic;

✓ the originality of the compositional structure, which is organized as an alternation of bright battle and peaceful scenes with a gradual separation from peaceful life and the transition of all participants in the narrative to the world of struggle;

✓ the dominance of the romantic method in the depiction of reality.

4. "Petersburg stories"

"Petersburg Tales" (1835-1842) by Gogol are an important type in the writer's work for the following reasons:

✓ it is in this collection that the author actively develops the method of realism, which later found its reflection in Gogol's great poem "Dead Souls";

✓ the picture of the image of Russian life is significantly expanding, since the scene of the stories is transferred from the province to the capital of the Russian Empire.

The collection includes the following stories:

✓ "Nevsky Prospect";

✓ "Diary of a Madman";

✓ "Portrait";

✓ "Nose";

✓ "Stroller";

✓ "Overcoat";

✓ "Rome" (not finished by the author).

The collection "Petersburg Tales" can be characterized as follows:

✓ All stories are grouped according to the following criteria:

One scene (excluding "Rome");

General problems, the main motive of which is the dominance of rank and money in the modern world;

The relatedness of the activities and characteristics of the main characters, who, as a rule, appear as "little people";

A close ideological orientation, which is expressed in the disclosure of the injustice of those social relations that have developed in society;

Similar art style;

✓ they expose the life of St. Petersburg with all its social contradictions and injustice, the contrast of the spiritual and the material;

✓ in the image of the capital, many motifs of Pushkin's "Stationmaster" and "The Bronze Horseman" continue, when it is not the splendor of palaces that is depicted, but the wretchedness of the outskirts, not wealth, but poverty;

✓ have a new character of fantasy and grotesque, the use of which was due to Gogol's appeal to such methods of depicting Petersburg reality as fantastic metamorphoses, deceit and "miracles" in order to display it most accurately and truthfully.

Tale " Nose(1836) is a prime example of Gogol's talent and can be described as follows:

✓ a plot that is fantastic in nature and realizes rich artistic possibilities;

✓ external romanticism, due to fantastic elements, flows into the realistic nature of the story;

✓ fantastic elements are used for a realistic depiction and exposure of vices, the paradox of the surrounding world, and this is what distinguishes Gogol from his predecessors, for whom a fantastic plot is interesting in itself;

✓ techniques of satire and grotesque in the form of non-combination of elements necessary for each other - face and nose and their grotesque separation; many techniques precede the play "The Government Inspector", and such elements include:

Social description of the world of officials;

Acceptance of insignificance for an important significant person;

The inclusion of ordinary events in the world of the unusual.

Tale " Overcoat"(1842) occupies a special place in the collection and has the following artistic features:

✓ the plot is based on an everyday anecdote, which was retold by Annenkov in "Literary Memoirs", but Gogol has a deep socio-psychological meaning, which consists in considering the psychology of a lonely "little" person, and this plot has been developed more than once by Gogol and other Russian writers of the first half of the 19th century (Pushkin, Lermontov);

✓ there is a sharp grotesque - the combination of the incompatible, when the initially quiet hero, after acquiring an overcoat, begins to live actively and "noisily";

✓ the features of the construction of the story provide its artistic originality, and the composition is characterized by the gradual disclosure of the character of the protagonist and the condensation of tragic situations around him;

✓ the genre is peculiar, which is ensured by the close connection in the story of the comic, tragic and lyrical, which is given by the author himself;

✓ the theme of the "little man" influenced many Russian writers, in particular Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Turgenev, Bunin, Chekhov.

Brief biography

N.V. Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in a middle-class landlord family, where, in addition to Nikolai, there were five more children. At first, Gogol studied at the Poltava district school (1818-19), and in May 1821 he entered the newly founded Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences. Gogol studied rather averagely, but he distinguished himself in the gymnasium theater as an actor and decorator. The first literary experiments in verse and prose belong to the gymnasium period. However, the idea of ​​writing has not yet “come to mind” to Gogol, all his aspirations are connected with the “state service”, he dreams of a legal career. In December 1828 he arrives in St. Petersburg, where a series of blows and disappointments lie in wait for him: he fails to get the desired place; the poem "Hanz Küchelgarten" caused harsh and derisive reviews.

Gogol first served in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. Then - in the department of appanages. Staying in the offices caused Gogol a deep disappointment in the "state service", but it provided rich material for future works that depicted the bureaucratic life and the functioning of the state machine. During this period, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1831-1832) were published. They aroused almost universal admiration.

The top of Gogol's fiction is the "Petersburg story" "The Nose" (1835; published in 1836), in the autumn of 1835 he starts writing "The Government Inspector", the plot of which was suggested by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that on January 18, 1836, he read a comedy at the evening at Zhukovsky's (in the presence of Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky and others), and on April 19 the premiere of the play took place on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. May 25 - premiere in Moscow, at the Maly Theatre. In June 1836, Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany (in total, he lived abroad for about 12 years). He spends the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland, where he takes up the continuation of Dead Souls. The plot was also prompted by Pushkin.

In September 1839, Gogol arrived in Moscow and began reading the chapters of Dead Souls in the presence of his old friends. The enthusiasm was universal. In May 1842, "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" was published. After the first, highly commendable reviews, the initiative was seized by Gogol's detractors, who accused him of caricature, farce, and slandering reality. In June 1842 Gogol goes abroad. Third anniversary. (1842-1845), which followed after the writer's departure abroad - a period of intense and difficult work on the 2nd volume of Dead Souls. In 1847, "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" were published in St. Petersburg. The release of Selected Places brought a real critical storm to their author. Gogol cannot recover from the "blows" received. In April 1848 Gogol finally returned to Russia.

In the spring of 1850, he makes an attempt to arrange his family life - he proposes to A. M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused. On the night of February 11-12, 1852, in a state of deep spiritual crisis, the writer burns the white manuscript of the 2nd volume (only 5 chapters have survived in an incomplete form; they were published in 1855). On the morning of February 21, 1852, Gogol died in his last apartment in Talyzin's house in Moscow. The funeral of the writer took place with a huge gathering of people at the cemetery of St. Danilov Monastery.

More:

• http://az.lib.ru/g/gogolx_n_w/text_0202.shtml (From the encyclopedia of Brogcause and Efron)
• http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (From Wikipedia)
• http://www.tonnel.ru/ (Vinogradov I.A. Biography of N.V. Gogol)

Chronology of life and work

• 1809, March 20 - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born in the town of Bolshie Sorochintsy
• 1818-1819 - studying at the Poltava district school
• 1820 - Life in Poltava at home with teacher G. Sorochinsky, preparation for the second grade of the gymnasium
• 1821-1828 - Teaching at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences, book. Bezborodko
• 1825, March 31 - Death of Gogol's father Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky, end of Gogol's childhood
• 1828, end of December - Gogol arrives in St. Petersburg
• 1829 - The poem "Italy" (without a signature) was published in the magazine "Son of the Fatherland", the poem "Hanz Kühelgarten" was published under the pseudonym V. Alov,
• service in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings
• 1830 - Gogol - scribe in the Department of appanages
• 1830 - The story "Bisavryuk, or the Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala" was printed (without a signature) in the Notes of the Fatherland. Acquaintance with Zhukovsky
• 1831, May - Acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin
• 1831-1835 - Gogol works as a history teacher at the Patriot Institute
• 1831, September - The publication of the first part of "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka"
• 1832 - The publication of the second part of "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka"
• 1834-1835 - Gogol - Associate Professor at the Department of World History at St. Petersburg University
• 1835 - "Arabesques" and "Mirgorod" were published. Started "Dead Souls"
• 1835, November-December - The Inspector General was written
• 1836, April 11 - The publication of the first issue of Sovremennik, which printed "Carriage", "Morning of a Businessman"
• 1836, April 19 - Premiere of The Inspector General at the Alexandrinsky Theater
• 1836, June 6 - Gogol's departure abroad
• 1836-1839 - Life abroad. Acquaintance with A. A. Ivanov
• 1839, September - 1840, May - Gogol in Russia. Acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky
• 1840, May 9 - Acquaintance with M. Yu. Lermontov
• 1842, May - "Dead Souls" came out
• 1842-1848 - Life abroad
• 1842, December - The first performance of "The Marriage" in St. Petersburg
• 1842-1843 - Edition of the Works of N.V. Gogol, where "The Overcoat" and "Theatrical Journey" were first printed
• 1844 Establishment of a fund to help needy young students. Death of Gogol's sister M.V. Trushkovskaya
• 1845, spring - Gogol's illness in Frankfurt
• 1845, summer - Burning of one of the editions of the second volume of "Dead Souls"
• 1846 - The Examiner's Denouement and the preface to the second edition of Dead Souls were written
• 1847 - Selected passages from correspondence with friends. "Author's confession"
• 1847, June-August - Exchange of letters between Gogol and Belinsky about "Selected passages from correspondence with friends"
• 1848, February - Gogol in Jerusalem
• 1848, autumn - The beginning of the "romance" with A.M. Vielgorskaya. Acquaintance with Goncharov, Nekrasov, Grigorovich. Gogol settles in Moscow
• 1850 - Gogol in Optina Pustyn and in Vasilievka
• 1850, autumn -1851, spring - Life in Odessa
• 1851 - Gogol's last stay in Vasilievka. Acquaintance with I. S. Turgenev
• 1952, January 26 - death of E.M. Khomyakova
• 1852, the night of February 11-12 - the burning of the second volume of "Dead Souls"
• 1852, February 21 - at 8 o'clock in the morning N. V. Gogol died
• February 21 - Gogol's funeral at the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery

Source: Zolotussky Igor Petrovich. Gogol / Zolotussky Igor Petrovich. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Young Guard, 1984. - 528 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people; Biographical series, Issue 11 (595)). - from 523-524.

“Literature has occupied my whole life”

Major works

Collections of stories:

• “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, part 1, 1831 (“Sorochinsky fair”, “Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala”, published in 1830 under the title “Basavryuk”, “May Night, or the Drowned Woman”, “The Missing Letter”);
• “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, part 2, 1832 (“The Night Before Christmas”, “A Terrible Revenge”, “Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and His Aunt”, “The Enchanted Place”).
• "Mirgorod", 1835 (part 1 - "Old-world landowners", "Taras Bulba", new edition 1839-41;
• part 2 - "Wii", "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich")
• "Arabesques", 1835 (the stories "Nevsky Prospekt", "Notes of a Madman", "Portrait", 1st edition;
• chapters from the unfinished novel "Hetman";
• articles, including "A Few Words about Pushkin", "On Little Russian Songs", etc.)

• "The Nose" (1836)
• "Carriage" (1836)
• "Overcoat" (1942)

• "Inspector" (1836)
• "Theatrical tour after the presentation of a new comedy" (1842)
• "Marriage" (1842)
• "Players" (1842)

Poem (in prose):

• "Dead Souls" (vol. 1, 1842; vol. 2 destroyed by the author, partially published in 1855)

• "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" (1847)

Spiritual evolution and spiritual prose

The tragedy of Gogol's personality lay in the fact that, as a deep religious philosophical thinker, he was almost not understood by his contemporaries, and his artistic work was misinterpreted. His spiritual testament to posterity can be considered "Selected passages from correspondence with friends", which was not understood by the reading public and rejected by critics as reactionary. Only a few, with the exception of the closest friends, M.P. Pogodin, S.P. Shevyryov, S.T. Aksakov, V.A. Zhukovsky and some others, the prophetic calling of N.V. Gogol was obvious. For most, this side of the writer remained closed. Misunderstanding and condemnation of contemporaries, failures in his personal life, aggravated illness hastened the death of the writer. Strictly speaking, we simply do not know the real Gogol. We didn't read it or read it through other people's eyes - a school teacher of literature, Belinsky or another critic. Gogol himself faced this during his lifetime: “Do not judge me and do not draw your own conclusions: you will make a mistake, like those of my friends who, having created their own ideal writer from me, in accordance with their own way of thinking about the writer, began from me to demand that I correspond to their own created ideal. The real Gogol must be sought in his works and in his prayers and testament to friends. He did everything he could in this life. Said everything he could say. Then it is up to the readers to hear or not to hear ... Two days before his death, he wrote on a piece of paper: “Be not dead, but living souls ...”

Literature:

• Gogol N.V. Collected works: in 7 volumes. T.6: Articles / N.V. Gogol.- M.: Khudozh. lit., -560s.
• Gogol N.V. Spiritual prose / N.V. Gogol .- M .: Russian book, -560s.
• Gogol N.V. Selected places from correspondence with friends / N.V. Gogol.- M.: Sov.Russia, 1990.-432p.
• Vinogradov I.A. Gogol-artist and thinker: Christian foundations of worldview: / I. A. Vinogradov. - M.: Heritage, 2000. - 448 p.
• Barabash Yu.Gogol: The Riddle of the "Farewell Tale" ( Selected places from correspondence with friends ”Experience of an unbiased reading) / Yu.Barabash.- M .: Khudozh. Lit., 1993.- 269 p.

N.V. Gogol "Spiritual testament". Fragments

In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. I give all the property that I have to my mother and sisters. I advise them to live collectively in the countryside and, remembering that having given themselves to the peasants and all people, remember the saying of the Savior: “Feed My sheep!” May the Lord inspire all that they must do. Reward those who served me. Let Yakima go free. Semyon also, if he serves the count for ten years. I would like our village, after my death, to become a haven for all unmarried girls who would give themselves to the upbringing of orphans, the daughters of poor, poor parents. Education is the simplest: the Law of God and continuous exercise in labor in the open air near the garden or vegetable garden.

advice to sisters

In the name of the Father and the Son... I would like a temple to be built after death, in which frequent commemorations for my sinful soul would be held. For this I put half of my income from compositions as a foundation. If the sisters do not marry, they will turn their house into a monastery, building it in the middle of the courtyard and opening a shelter for poor girls living without a place. Life should be the simplest, be content with what the village produces and not buy anything. Over time, the monastery can turn into a monastery, if later in their old age the sisters have a desire to accept the monastic rank. One of them may be an abbess. I would like my body to be buried, if not in the church, then in the church fence, and that requiems for me would not stop.

To my friends

Thank you very much, my friends. You have enriched my life a lot. I consider it my duty to tell you now a parting word: do not be embarrassed by any events, whatever happen around you. Do your own work, praying in silence. Society will recover only when every private person takes care of himself and lives like a Christian, serving God with the tools that are given to him, and trying to have a good influence on a small circle of people around him. Everything will then be in order, then the correct relations between people will be established by themselves, the limits legal to everything will be determined. And humanity will move forward.

Be not dead, but living souls. There is no other door than that indicated by Jesus Christ, and everyone, climb differently, if you are a thief and a robber.

Source:

• Gogol N.V. Spiritual prose / N.V. Gogol; Comp. and comment. V.A. Voropaeva, I.A. Vinogradova; Intro. Art. V.A.Voropaeva.- M.: Russian Book, 1992.- 560p.: 1l. portrait; 16 l. ill .. - S.442-443.

N.V. Gogol Selected Prayers

Draw me to you, my God, by the power of your holy love. Do not leave me for a moment of my being: accompany me in my work, for it you brought me into the world, but completing it, I will remain all in You, my Father, representing You alone day and night in front of my mental eyes. Do it, let me be in the world, let my soul become numb to everything except You alone, let my heart become numb to worldly sorrows and storms, which Satan raises to revolt my spirit, let me not place my hope on anyone living on earth but on Thee alone, O Lord and my lord! I believe more, as if You alone are able to lift me up; I believe that this very work of my hands, I am working on it now, not from my will, but from Your holy Will. You settled in me the first thought about him; You also raised her, and raised me myself for her; But you gave strength to bring to an end the work inspired by You, building up all my salvation: sending sorrows to soften my heart, raising persecution for frequent resorting to You and for receiving the strongest love for You, let my whole soul ignite and ignite from now on, glorifying every moment your holy name, glorified always now and forever and forever and ever. Amen.

Lord, let me remember forever my ... ignorance, my ignorance, my lack of education, so that I will not draw an imprudent opinion about anyone or anything. (Judge no one and refrain from deducing an opinion. Yes, I remember every minute the words of Your Apostle. Not everything will be.)
God! Save and have mercy on poor people. Have mercy, Creator, and show Your hand over them. Lord, bring us all into the light from the darkness. Lord, drive away all the deceptions of the evil spirit that deceive us all. Lord, enlighten us, Lord, save us. Lord, save your poor people. ... The heavenly harmony and wisdom of Christ, which accompanied God during the creation of the world, without it, nothing could be. Reveal Thy love for mankind for the sake of Thy Holy Blood, for the sake of the sacrifice made for us. Introduce holy order, and having dispersed ungodly thoughts, call harmony out of chaos, and save us, save, save us. Lord, save and have mercy on Your poor people.

God, let me love more people. Let me collect in my memory all the best in them, recall closer all my neighbors and, inspired by the power of love, be able to portray. Oh, let love itself be my inspiration.

I pray for my friends. Hear, O Lord, their desires and prayers. Save them God. Forgive them, O God, as for me, a sinner, every sin against You.

Source:

• Gogol N.V. Spiritual prose / N.V. Gogol; Comp. and comment. V.A. Voropaeva, I.A. Vinogradova; Intro. Art. V.A.Voropaeva.- M.: Russian Book, 1992.- 560p.:1l. portrait; 16 l. ill .. - S.442-443.

Aphorisms N.V. Gogol

• The Russian man has an enemy, an irreconcilable, dangerous enemy, without which he would be a giant. This enemy is laziness.
• What Russian does not like fast driving?
• There is no death in the literary world, and the dead also interfere in our affairs and act together with us, as if they were alive.
• Words must be dealt with honestly.
• You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift: everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves, and, really, there is another name for the most precious thing itself.
• The lady is lovely in every way.
• There is no word that would be so bold, brisk, so bursting out from under the very heart, so seething and vibrant, like a well-spoken Russian word. In every word there is an abyss of space, every word is immense.
• No matter how stupid the words of a fool are, sometimes they are enough to confuse a smart person.

Source: Wisdom of millennia: Encyclopedia / Avt.-comp. V.Balyazin.- M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2000.-848s.//Chapter "Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich": p. 552-554

Statements of N.V. Gogol

About myself and my work

• I am considered a riddle for everyone, no one will solve me completely.
• There is hardly any higher pleasure than the pleasure of creating.
• Work is my life; not working - not living.
• Honor me in any way you like, but only from my real career will you recognize my true character, believe only that noble feelings always fill me, that I have never humbled myself in my soul and that I have doomed my whole life to goodness. You call me a dreamer, reckless, as if I myself did not laugh at them inside. No, I know too many people to be a dreamer.
• The thing that I am sitting and working on now ... does not look like a story or a novel, long, long, in several volumes ... If God helps me to complete my poem as it should, then this will be my first decent creation . All Russia will respond in it.
• (Gogol Pogodin about "Dead Souls")
• My writing is much more important and significant than one might assume from its beginning... I can starve to death, but I will not betray a reckless, thoughtless creation...
• ... There is a time when it is impossible to direct society or even the whole generation towards the beautiful, until you show the full depth of its real abomination; there is a time when one should not even talk about the lofty and beautiful, without immediately showing, as clear as day, the ways and roads to it for everyone. (Gogol about "Dead Souls")

About national motives and national character

• ... True nationality does not consist in the description of a sundress, but in the very spirit of the people.
• Ukrainian songs do not break away from life for a moment and are always true to the moment and the then state of feelings. Everywhere they penetrate, everywhere this broad will of Cossack life breathes in them. Everywhere one can see that strength, joy, power with which the Cossack leaves the silence and carelessness of home life in order to go into all the poetry of battles, dangers and wild feasting with comrades.
• Eh, trio! Threesome bird, who invented you? To know, you could only be born among a lively people ... Oh, horses, horses, what kind of horses ... Russia, where are you rushing to? Give me an answer... The bell is filled with a wonderful ringing, the air torn to pieces rattles and becomes a wind, everything that is on the earth flies past, and, looking sideways, step aside and give it the way other peoples and states.

About satire, humor, laughter

• How many good people we have, but how many weeds there are, from which there is no life for the good... Take them to the stage! Let all the people see! Let them laugh! Oh, laughter is a great thing!
• And for a long time yet it is determined by my wonderful power to go hand in hand with my strange heroes, to survey the whole vastly rushing life, to survey it through laughter visible to the world and invisible, unknown to it tears!

• You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves, and, really, a different name is even more precious than the thing itself.
• Every nation is uniquely distinguished by its own word, which reflects its character. The word of the Briton will echo with the knowledge of the heart and the wise knowledge of life; The short-lived word of a Frenchman will flash and scatter like a light dandy; the German will intricately invent his own, not accessible to everyone, cleverly thin word; but there is no word that would be so bold, brisk, so burst out from under the very heart, so seething and trembling vividly, as aptly said Russian word.
• Before you is a bulk - the Russian language. Deep pleasure calls you, pleasure to plunge into all immensity and study its wonderful laws.

About other types of art

• From the theater we made a toy like those trinkets with which to lure children, forgetting that this is a pulpit from which a live lesson is read to a whole crowd at once, where, with the solemn brilliance of lighting, with the thunder of music, with unanimous laughter, a familiar, hiding vice is shown and, with the secret voice of universal participation, a familiar, timidly hidden sublime feeling is exposed.
• (“Petersburg Notes”, 1836.)
• All of Europe to watch, and Italy to live.
• Architecture is also a chronicle of the world: it speaks when both songs and legends are already silent, and when nothing speaks of the lost people.

Gogol's life and work is divided into three stages. Each of them has its own semantic features. In his works, the mystical and the real are combined, the author uses humorous techniques. All his work had a huge impact on all Russian literature.

In 1829 the first period in Gogol's work began and ended in 1835. At this time he writes satirical works. He received the name "Petersburg". For the first time in this city he experienced adversity and problems. He saw real life in a negative light. The writer had a dream of a happy life. At this time, his first collections "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka", "Mirgorod" and "Arabesques" were published. They depict pictures of life, from his previous life in Ukraine.

From 1836, the second stage began, which lasted until 1842. The works of this stage are distinguished by realism. At this time, he prints The Government Inspector and Dead Souls. In them, Gogol raised problems revealing the vices of people, corruption, vulgarity, lies. He ridiculed them, trying to defeat them in this way.

Since 1842, the third and last period in the work of N.V. Gogol. It ended in 1852. During this period, Gogol exposes his inner world, he raises philosophical and religious questions. When he lived abroad, in complete oblivion and loneliness, he turned to religion and rethought his life.

At this moment, he is working on the second volume of Dead Souls, in which the author wanted to find positive features in negative characters. In the work “Selected places from correspondence with friends”, the writer depicted his spiritual world, and the crisis. Gogol falls ill, burns his work "Dead Souls", and soon after that he dies.

N.V. Gogol wrote works of various genres, but in all of them a person stands in the center. Folk legends, epics were included in the plot of the works.

His books combine the real world with fantasy. Mystical and real heroes live in the same time. This shows the romantic orientation of the works of the writer's early work.

Mysticism was in the writer's life all the time. Gogol remains not only a writer, but also a great mystic of our time.

Message 2

Speaking about the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, one must first of all turn to the times of the school of the writer. His writing data were received congenitally from his parents, and were fixed in the Nizhyn Lyceum, where the famous writer studied. There was a particular shortage of teaching material in the lyceum, in order for young people who wanted to know more to quench their thirst for knowledge. For this, it was additionally necessary to write out the works of well-known, at that time, writers. They were Zhukovsky and Pushkin. Gogol also took the initiative to become editor-in-chief of the local school magazine.

The development of creativity N.V. Gogol went from romanticism on the way to realism. And in every way these two styles were mixed throughout the life of the writer. The first attempts at literary writing were no good, since life in Russia oppressed him, and his thoughts and dreams rushed to his native Ukraine, where the writer spent his childhood.

The poem "Hanz Kühelgarten" became the first published work of N.V. Gogol, in 1829. Her character was more romantic and the poem was a Fossian imitation. But after negative criticism, the poem was immediately burned by the writer. Romanticism and realism are well mixed in the collection Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. It so well reflected the dream of a beautiful and uncomplicated, direct and happy life. The author was able to portray Ukraine in a completely different way, in his works there was restlessness, conflict, the liquidation of human relations, criminal acts in front of fellow countrymen, intertwined with the detachment of the individual.

N.V. Gogol idolized Pushkin and Zhukovsky, they were his inspirers, which helped the birth of such works as Nevsky Prospekt, Tras Bulba, Viy.

Two subsequent collections, "Arabesques" and "Mirgorod", transferred readers to the environment of officials, where it was full of minor worries and misfortunes that burden the everyday life of the people described there. Romantic themes and encounters were more realistic, which made it possible to rebuild all the degrees of writing the poem. The theme of the "little man" was well revealed in the story "The Overcoat", and became the main one in Russian literature.

The talent of a satirist and the path of an innovator in creating dramatic works was noted in the comedies The Inspector General and The Marriage. It was a completely new stage in the creative activity of the writer.

Gogol's works have always been imbued with the spirit of Ukraine, with notes of humor, full of humanity and tragedy.

The Amur River is the largest and most mysterious, shrouded in legends, river in the entire Far East, its length is 2824 km and its width is 5 km. Amur is born from the confluence of the Argun and Shilka rivers.

• Canada - message report (2, 7 grade geography)

  The country is located in the north of North America, washed by three oceans at once: the Arctic, the Pacific (in the west) and the Atlantic (in the east).

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20, 1809 in the Poltava province in the family of a small landowner. Their family was quite large. In addition to Nicholas himself, he had six more children: four sisters and a brother.

"Early" Gogol

Nikolai Vasilyevich spent his childhood years in his parents' estate, which was located near the village of Dikanka. This place, as the writer himself learned with age, was embraced by many different legends, beliefs and mysterious traditions, which subsequently resulted in the works of the creator. As expected, his father, Vasily, played a big role in Gogol's upbringing. He was an ardent admirer of a wide variety of art forms, including poetry and funny comedies. With age, Nikolai and his brother Ivan were sent to study at the Poltava district school.

Nikolai began to take his first steps in the field of art in 1921. It was during this period of his life that he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences, which at that time was located in Nizhyn. By the way, Gogol was then engaged exclusively in painting, and also acted as an actor in various comedy scenes. He tries himself in many forms of art, including literature. At this time, his satire was born, called “Something about Nizhyn, or the law is not written for fools”, which, unfortunately, could not be preserved.

In 1828 he graduated from the gymnasium and moved to St. Petersburg. Of course, such a change was not the easiest in the life of the author. He experienced serious financial difficulties, but did not give up on his own. At that time, he makes his first attempts in the literary field, first the poem "Italy" appears, and then under the pseudonym "V. Alov" Gogol prints "an idyll in pictures" "Hanz Küchelgarten". Actually, this experience was a failure. Critics rated this work in an extremely negative light, which only increased the difficult mood and existence of the writer. The writer himself had an extremely touching attitude to his creations throughout his life and paid attention to their criticism, for which he was very worried and worried.

This very much touched the writer himself, which is why in 1829 he burned all unsold copies of his works and in July of the same year went to live abroad - in Germany. Nevertheless, fate turned out in such a way that the writer, literally two months later, returned to St. Petersburg again. At the end of 1829, he managed to get into the service of the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. This period of Gogol's life is, perhaps, fundamental. The thing is that thanks to such a position, he was able to gain some experience, as well as the opportunity to capture bureaucratic life in the form it really is. The civil service disappointed Gogol, and quite strongly, but in the future, he transferred this experience to one of his works.

Creativity Gogol

After such a service, he did not leave attempts to write interesting works and in 1832 he published one of his most famous books - Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. It is based on the teachings of the Ukrainian people, songs, fairy tales and beliefs, and, of course, on Gogol's personal experience. This work made a huge splash, many admired it, and Gogol himself has since become a very famous cultural figure. Even Pushkin noted that the appearance of this work is an extremely unusual phenomenon in Russian literature.
In the same year, Gogol, who had already become famous, arrived in Moscow. He begins to communicate with M.P. Pogodin, the family of S.T. Aksakova, M.N. Zagoskin, I.V. and P.V. Kireevsky, and they, in turn, have a great influence on him, on his worldview and becoming a writer. Two years later, the writer was appointed adjunct professor in the Department of World History at St. Petersburg University. At this time, he closely studies the history of Ukraine and its people, which later becomes the basis of another famous and popular work of Gogol - "Taras Bulba". He completes another year at the university and comes to the conclusion that he should devote himself completely to creativity and literature.

Naturally, the writer has a large amount of free time due to such a decision, which allows him to give all his strength only to writing his stories. The year 1835 becomes quite rich for him in the creation of a wide variety of works. At this time, there appeared: a collection of short stories "Mirgorod", which included "Old-world landowners", "Taras Bulba", "Viy" and others, and a collection of "Arabesques" (on the themes of St. Petersburg life).

Immediately after this, Gogol begins to write The Government Inspector. As we already know, in writing this work, the writer was helped by his personal experience when he was in the public service. Of course, it was not without the help of other famous figures, for example, Pushkin, who prompted him a little with the plot. The work was written very quickly, and already in January of the following year he read a comedy at the evening at Zhukovsky's (in the presence of Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky and some other famous writers). A month later, Gogol is staging on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater, and the premiere took place in April of the same year. Indeed, The Inspector General made a huge stir among many well-known cultural figures of that time and, of course, ordinary readers as well.

The enormous popularity of The Government Inspector forced a huge number of editorials to pay attention to Gogol, he was invited to social events, but the writer got tired of all this pretty quickly. He left Moscow and went to live abroad. At first he lived in Switzerland, then moved to Paris, but all this time he did not sit idly by, but was engaged in writing Dead Souls. Soon news of Pushkin's death reached him, which was a real blow.

In the autumn of 1839, the writer moved back to Moscow and showed several chapters of Dead Souls. Of course, they made an impression on the public. But despite this, the work was not yet completed to the end and Gogol again leaves his homeland. In 1840, in Vienna, the writer was overtaken by one of the first bouts of his mental illness. In October of the same year, he returns and reads the last five chapters of Dead Souls. Despite the fact that the public liked the work, it is not allowed to be printed in Moscow. Then Gogol sends him to St. Petersburg, where they gladly helped him, only with the condition of changing the name. The piece was a great success, but there were occasional negative reviews of the farce. Excessive caricature, but this did not hurt the writer in any way, for he had already gone to live abroad again and work on the second volume of Dead Souls.

During this period of his life, he takes a lot of time to prepare for the creation of a collection of essays, but he also continues to work on the second volume. The writer's state of mind deteriorates significantly, and he tries to find peace in the resorts, but this does not help him much. In 1845, as a result of an exacerbation of his illness, he burned the second volume of Dead Souls. The writer argued this by the fact that in his new work the roads to the ideal were not clearly shown.

Last years

In the last years of his life, the writer traveled very often. In 1847, he published a series of articles in the form of letters "Selected passages from correspondence with friends." Here censorship tried very hard, it was changed almost beyond recognition, and the result of its appearance was extremely negative - critics recognized it as weak artistically. At the same time, the writer is also working on Meditations on the Divine Liturgy, which appears only after Gogol's death. At this time of his life, he paid a lot of attention to religion, believed that he could not work until he bowed to the Holy Sepulcher and went there. In 1850, the writer makes a marriage proposal to A.M. Vielgorskaya, but, unfortunately, is refused. In 1852, he regularly met with Archpriest Matvey Konstantinovsky, a real fanatic and mystic.

February of the same year was fatal for Gogol. On the night of February 11-12, the writer orders his servant Semyon to bring a briefcase with his manuscripts. He puts all his notebooks and notes in the fireplace and simply burns them. Only a small part of the draft manuscripts relating to the various editions of Dead Souls remains. On February 20, the medical council decides on compulsory treatment of Gogol, but, as it turns out, no treatment helps him. The next day, the writer dies, moreover, with the words: “Ladder, hurry up, give me a ladder!”.