Interrelation of domestic and foreign policy of the state. Domestic politics
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Each of the directions (traditionalism, political idealism, Marxism - and such their modern varieties, like neorealism and neo-Marxism, theories of dependence and interdependence, structuralism and transnationalism) proceeds in the interpretation of the problem under consideration from their own ideas about the sources and driving forces of politics. Thus, for example, for the supporters of political realism, foreign and domestic policy, although they have a single essence - which, in their opinion, ultimately comes down to the struggle for power - nevertheless constitute fundamentally different areas state activities. According to H. Morgenthau, many of whose theoretical propositions remain popular today, foreign policy is determined by national interests. National interests are objective, because they are associated with the invariable human nature, geographical conditions, socio-cultural and historical traditions of the people. They have two components: one constant is the imperative of survival, an immutable law of nature; another variable which is the particular form these interests take in time and space. The definition of this form belongs to the state, which has a monopoly on communication with the outside world. The basis of the national interest, reflecting the language of the people, their culture, natural conditions his existence, etc., remains constant. Therefore, the internal factors of the life of the country (political regime, public opinion etc.), which can and do change depending on various circumstances, are not considered by realists as capable of influencing the nature of the national interest: in particular, the national interest is not related to the nature political regime. Accordingly, domestic and foreign policy have significant autonomy in relation to each other.
From the point of view of representatives of a number of other theoretical trends and schools, domestic and foreign policy are not only connected with each other, but this connection has the character of determinism. There are two versions of this determinism. One of them is characteristic of orthodox Marxism, from the standpoint of which foreign policy is a reflection of the class essence of the domestic political regime and ultimately depends on those who determine this essence. economic relations society. Hence, international relations as a whole are of a "secondary" and "tertiary", "transferred" character. Another version of determinism is held by supporters of geopolitical concepts, the theory of the "rich North" and the "poor South", as well as neo-Marxist theories of dependence, "world center" and "world periphery", etc. For them, in fact, the exclusive source of domestic policy is external coercion. So, for example, from the point of view of I. Wallerstein, in order to understand the internal contradictions and political struggle in a particular state, it must be considered in a broader context: the context of the integrity of the world, which is a global empire, which is based on the laws of capitalist mode of production - the "world-economy". The "center of the empire" - a small group of economically developed states - consuming the resources of the "world periphery", is a producer of industrial products and consumer goods necessary for the existence of its constituent underdeveloped countries. Thus, we are talking about the existence between the "center" and the "periphery" of relations of asymmetrical interdependence, which is the main field of their foreign policy struggle. The developed countries are interested in maintaining this state (which, in fact, is a state of dependence), while the countries of the "periphery", on the contrary, seek to change it, to establish a new world economic order. Ultimately, the main interests of both lie in the sphere of foreign policy, on the success of which their internal well-being depends. The significance of internal political processes, the struggle of parties and movements within a particular country, is determined by the role they are able to play in the context of the "world economy".
Another variant of determinism is characteristic of representatives of such theoretical trends in international political theory as neorealism and structuralism (acquiring relatively independent significance). For them, foreign policy is a continuation of domestic policy, and international relations are a continuation of domestic public relations. However, the decisive role in determining foreign policy, in their opinion, is played not by national interests, but by the internal dynamics of the international system. At the same time, the changing structure of the international system is of primary importance: being, ultimately, an indirect result of the behavior of states, as well as a consequence of their very nature and the relations established between them, it at the same time dictates its laws to them. Thus, the question of determinism in the interaction of the domestic and foreign policies of the state is ultimately resolved in favor of foreign policy.
Concluding the consideration of the problem of correlation between domestic and foreign policy, we can draw the following conclusions.
First, deterministic explanations of the relationship between domestic and foreign policy are not fruitful. Each of them - whether we are talking about the "primacy" of internal policy in relation to external or vice versa - reflects only a part of the truth and therefore cannot claim to be universal.
Secondly, in modern conditions this connection becomes so close that sometimes the very use of the terms "domestic" and "foreign policy" loses its meaning, leaving the possibility of notions of the existence of two separate areas, between which there are impenetrable boundaries, while in reality, we are talking about their constant mutual interweaving and "flowing" into each other.
Thirdly, the growth in the number of actors "outside sovereignty" does not mean that the state as an institution of the political organization of people has already lost its role or will lose it in the foreseeable future. In turn, it follows from this that domestic and foreign policy remain two inextricably linked and at the same time irreducible to each other "sides of the same coin": one of them is turned inside the state, the other - outside it.
In its content, politics is a public attitude, primarily about power. Politics is manifested through the activities of institutions and institutions of state power; the science and art of political maneuvering, its methods and means; political ideology, including the development of goals, objectives and principles of policy. In the scientific literature, a distinction is made between the terms "foreign policy" and "international relations". The latter are considered as a broader concept, including not only political, but also other ties between the subjects of international relations.
In the history of public relations, foreign policy appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of states. Each is political, i.e. the state-organized community is forced to interact with similar political communities and, accordingly, in one way or another, regulate its relations with them. Any state is faced with a complex of problems, the solution of which is beyond its inner life: this is a reflection of the threat to one's integrity and security, and the coordination of interests with stronger (or weaker) partners, and the replenishment of the resources necessary to ensure one's life that are outside one's own borders, etc. The corresponding activity of states constitutes the foreign policy sphere as an independent area of policy. Therefore: Foreign policy is an area of state activity related to the regulation of its relations with other states. Each state develops and implements one or another foreign policy course, builds its own line of conduct in the international arena. Foreign policy is, in essence, a continuation and addition of domestic policy.
Foreign policy is inalienable integral part state policy, determining the actions of the state in the sphere of domestic policy. Sometimes it is simply a function of internal politics. The need for foreign policy stems from the fact that domestic policy does not fully meet the needs and interests of a given society. In this sense, foreign policy is a continuation of domestic policy, performing auxiliary functions in relation to domestic political processes.
Allocate some specific and basic features of foreign policy. One of the features that characterize the foreign policy activity of the state, as already noted, is the ability of this state to maintain political stability at the proper level within the state. An effective foreign policy can actively influence the implementation of domestic policy goals.
Foreign policy has its own specific features that distinguish it from domestic:
- a) the definition and implementation of goals in foreign policy are carried out taking into account the actions and goals of other sovereign states;
- b) foreign policy has its own organizational and institutional support (bodies, personnel).
Implementation internal functions state acquires various forms depending on the prevailing circumstances in the international arena. The following types of foreign policy are distinguished, which are characteristic of certain states in modern conditions.
Passive foreign policy is inherent in economically weak states that are forced to adapt to the international situation.
Aggressive foreign policy - consists in the formation of one's own domestic policy and in the desire to adapt (through foreign policy) or force other states to change in the domestic and foreign policies.
An active foreign policy consists in an intensive search for a balance between domestic and foreign policy.
Conservative foreign policy - consists in the active or even aggressive protection of the previously achieved balance between domestic and foreign policy. This policy is typical of some former superpowers.
The main subjects of foreign policy are:
The state, its institutions, as well as political leaders and heads of state. The state has a decisive role in shaping the foreign policy course.
Non-governmental organizations, the so-called "people's diplomacy", which includes activities such as political parties and movements, as well as non-political associations and unions.
The essence of foreign policy is determined by the goals that it sets for itself and the means of achieving them, which depends on many circumstances: the socio-political structure of the state, the form of government, the political regime, the level of socio-economic development, participation in international organizations and above all military-political blocs, the political dynamics of the state, the level of political culture. The main goals of foreign policy are: to increase the material and spiritual standard of living of the population, the economic and political power of the state; ensuring the security of the state, its national sovereignty and territorial integrity; inadmissibility of outside interference in internal affairs; increasing the prestige and role of the state in international relations; defending certain political and economic positions in outside world. All these goals are closely interrelated. The successful implementation of each of them contributes to favorable conditions for the implementation of all the others.
The foreign policy of the state performs three main functions: security, information and representation, and negotiation and organizational.
The security function is associated with the protection of the rights and interests of a given country and its citizens abroad. Its purpose is also to adapt the national foreign policy strategy to the polystrategies of state systems. The implementation of this function is aimed at preventing a threat to a given state, at finding a peaceful political decision emerging contentious issues. A threat to states may be a decrease in the image in the eyes of the world community, the emergence of territorial claims from neighboring states, support for separatist movements in their own country from foreign countries. The effective implementation of this function depends on the ability of the state and the relevant authorities and institutions to identify potential sources of threat and prevent an undesirable course of events. The institutions that contribute to the implementation of the security function are embassies, consulates, representative offices, cultural centers. The specific tasks of a protective order are also carried out by intelligence and counterintelligence.
The information and representation function finds its expression in the activities of the relevant bodies to create positive image states in the world community. These bodies inform their government about the intentions of other governments, provide contacts of this state with other countries. These bodies conduct analysis of the multi-strategic situation on specific issues. The representative function is implemented by influencing public opinion and political circles of certain countries in order to form favorable conditions to solve foreign policy problems. The successful implementation of this function reduces the possibility of erroneous decisions in foreign policy, softens Negative consequences dysfunctional factors. The information and representation function is implemented within the framework of cultural and scientific exchanges, the activities of cultural centers of foreign states.
The negotiation and organizational function consists in organizing and using contacts on external level through diplomatic channels.
All functions have a universal character, although their manifestation depends on many specific historical factors (the development of society, its relations with the world, the nature of political and state power). Universality arises due to the fact that all subsystems of foreign policy are closely interconnected, and no single function can satisfy the needs of the state to a sufficient extent.
Foreign policy is designed to regulate the relationship between states and peoples, the course of a state, its representatives in the international arena, aimed at achieving national-state interests.
interstate politics national mentality
Politics is a purposeful activity of the state in solving social problems, setting and implementing generally significant goals for the development of society or its individual areas. At the same time, politics is also a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a particular area.
There are many classifications of politics. According to the criterion of orientation, they distinguish, as you know, internal
early and external politics. Domestic politics associated with solving problems within the country, and external - in the international arena. Depending on which area public life has an impact, the following stand out: directions of domestic policy: eco-comic, social, state-legal, cultural. Sometimes cultural policy is considered as a component of social policy. Each of the directions of domestic policy is divided, in turn, according to sectoral characteristics. So, economic policy includes industrial, agricultural, tax, monetary and other policies.
Social politics represented by health policy, demographic, national, youth policy, etc. public policy are legislative, administrative, judicial, personnel, legal policy. cultural policy- this is a policy in the field of education, cinema, theater, etc. According to the completeness of coverage and impact on society, such types of policies are distinguished as scientific and technical, ecological, informational. They permeate all spheres of public life and therefore do not belong to any of them. Policy directions have their own structure and objects of influence. For example, agricultural policy includes the following elements: agricultural policy, agricultural policy, foreign agricultural policy. The objects of agrarian policy are agro-industrial associations, farms, etc.
Foreign policy also has directions: defense, foreign (between individuals and legal entities of different states), foreign economic, etc.
Structural detailing of state policy makes it possible to more purposefully implement programs and projects in a particular area.
According to the criterion of longevity, strategic and tactical (current) policy. The strategic policy for the time interval is long-term (10-15 years), medium-term (3-5 years) and short-term (1.5-2 years). Tactical policy is an activity aimed at the implementation of the planned strategic goals.
AT modern world great influence on domestic politics external factor- international politics.
The process of development of public policy includes four main stages, representing a kind of political cycle: the definition of social problems and policy goals; development (formation) of policy; implement-
the development of public policy; evaluation of the results of public policy.
At the first stage socially significant problems and their causes are identified. For example, the deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia is associated with two factors: low birth rates and high mortality, which, in turn, depend on other factors (remember the facts you know). To develop a policy in this area, it is necessary to understand the main reasons for this situation: the inefficiency of domestic health care, poverty, unsatisfactory ecology, the growth of alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.
Second phase. Based on the analysis, goals (tasks) are determined. Thus, in the given example of the demographic situation, policy objectives are aimed at eliminating these causes. A hierarchy of goals is built in each of the areas of public life. State institutions play a certain role in this process. For example, the general strategy of foreign and domestic policy is determined by the President of the Russian Federation. He also sets common goals for the federal executive authorities, which is reflected in his annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the situation in the country and the main directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy. The Government of the Russian Federation determines general specific goals, as well as the strategy of state policy in certain areas. The main document of the Government is the medium-term program of social and economic development of the Russian Federation. Parliament also takes part in policy-making through deliberations actual problems, during the adoption of the budget, legislative acts relating to specific areas state policy. The complexity of social problems leads to the fact that when developing policies, public authorities (political leaders) resort to the help of not only professional officials (experts, analysts, speech writers, etc.), but also special research organizations - "think tanks" aimed at development of new ideas, approaches or programs.
Third stage. With the adoption of government programs, the policy development phase ends and the implementation phase begins. Here, the executive authorities, primarily ministries, services and agencies, come to the fore. Their work is coordinated by the Government of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation. Federal ministries adopt by-laws (directives, orders, orders, etc.). federal services control and supervise their implementation. They are also responsible for issuing permits.
niya (licenses) for the implementation of certain types of activities legal entities and citizens, register acts, documents. Federal agencies exercise the powers of owners in relation to state property provide services to others federal authorities(for example, in the development of standards), legal entities, citizens. The provision of quality services to the population is one of the urgent problems government controlled in all countries, including Russia. The main thing in the provision of services is continuous service and speed of response to the needs of the population. Failures in the work of transport, criminal police, housing and communal services, etc. are unacceptable. Currently, many states are guided in their work by the list of basic services adopted in the EU countries. It provides, for example, for citizens payments from the social insurance fund (student scholarships, family benefits, etc.), actions in response to applications for assistance (in particular, theft, carjacking), issuance of documents (passports, driver's licenses), registration of acts of civil status. Public services for businesses include the registration of new companies, etc.
In general, the policy implementation stage is a system of activities focused on the final result, which is reflected in the work plans of the ministries. In them, a program of actions is thought out in advance for the implementation of the tasks set: the goals of the activity, the main performers, performance standards ( terms of reference), allocation of resources, standards and performance criteria. When executing plans, they use various methods primarily legal. Socio-psychological methods (persuasion, agreements) and administrative methods (control, restrictions, quotas) are also widely used. Economic (taxes, tariffs, subsidies) and organizational methods have acquired great importance. For example, to identify suppliers of goods or performers of work and services, open tenders are held to help improve government orders.
At the fourth stage the results and consequences of state policy are analyzed. The final assessment of the current policy (program), work government agencies. Thus, the activities of the UK ministries are evaluated on the basis of a single methodology in the following areas: efficiency, effectiveness and economy. In the United States, it is recommended to evaluate the work of the city administration in terms of such indicators as the achievement of planned goals, unplanned effects, the volume of services, the time it takes to complete the work, and the degree of satisfaction of the population.
It should be noted that various interest groups, including lobbying groups, whose activities will be disclosed in the following paragraphs, have a great influence on public policy.
Politics is one of social sciences, namely the doctrine of how to achieve state goals. Distinguish P. internal and external. The first is determined by the content of the goals that the government sets itself and ruling classes society, and the means by which these goals are achieved. The goals of internal protection may be dynastic (protecting the interests of a ruling family), aristocratic (protecting the rights and advantages of a small group of noble families), military (bringing the might of the armed forces to the fore), and popular (taking care of the spiritual and economic interests of the entire population); according to the form of means: conservative (protection of the old system of institutions and privileges of individual classes), progressive (striving for transformations of the state and social system), liberal (government's trust in social elements), and so on. Dismembering the state. management into individual sectors, we can talk about financial, customs, railway, tariff, land, trade, industrial, etc. Foreign policy includes questions about the relations of states among themselves, about war and peace, about alliances and agreements between states in business international trade, questions about the division of the sphere of influence in border countries, about the ownership of the sea, about colonies, etc.
External p. implements various functions of the state: ensuring the unity, independence, sovereignty and security of society and satisfying its interests that go beyond its borders, affecting the interests of other countries. This is its connection with the internal. Value of external p. increases when society is threatened by an external enemy, and the rest of the time it is reduced to the creation of favorable external. conditions for solving the internal problems.
Politics (external and internal) is determined by the prevailing political force. Each force has its own ideas about the interests of society and the possibilities of the state, its external purposes and ways of solving international problems. But in the development and implementation of external it has to reckon with the positions of other political forces that are capable of influencing foreign policy. As a result of the external may correspond to the general interests of heterogeneous sections of society, deviate from them or even contradict them. But in any case, it expresses the state's attitude to international problems and its position in international political processes.
In Russia, the basis of the external - use of human and natural resources countries for more efficient production and meet the needs of the population. A people is not recognized as one nation, and its “common interest” cannot be called national. There are various policies. forces that put forward different external fields. priorities and concepts. Communist party - the revival of the USSR and its tasks of external p. Russian-national. forces - for the expansion of territory, access to Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. Liberal-democratic - the development of a market economy, the inclusion of the country in world economy. Now the influence of the Russian Federation on the world stage is weakened by a shortage of capital and high technology. Insufficient efficiency of power, slowness and costs of reforms, bloody wars (Chechnya) and ambitions make it difficult to strengthen international positions and achieve foreign policy. goals.
Internal functions: 1. Protective. 2. Economic. 3. Social. 4. Cultural and educational. 5. Environmental protection.
External functions: 1. Protection of the state from the armed attacks of other states. 2. Maintenance of international political relations (diplomatic activity), economic and cultural ties. 3. The fight against international crime. 4. Participation in international environmental protection.
a set of areas of economic, demographic, social integration, socio-cultural, repressive, etc. activities of the kudarstvo, its structures and institutions, focused on the preservation or reform of the existing socio-political system.
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DOMESTIC POLICY
a set of activities of the state, its structures and institutions for the organizational, concrete and meaningful expression of the interests of the people in order to create conditions for normal human life; maintaining or reforming the existing public and political system. The spheres of domestic policy are diverse: economic, demographic, cultural, agrarian, social, etc. One of these areas is political.
Domestic policy in political sphere aimed at modernizing, improving political system society, its individual institutions, political relations and relationships between institutions, rules, norms, laws governing these interactions, and in general to create a stable, effective policy. This policy is based on real human interests, fundamental constitutional principles: the exercise of human rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of others; the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable; all are equal before the law and the court; the state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances; the dignity of the individual is protected by the state; citizens have the right to participate in the management of the affairs of the state both directly and through their representatives; to elect and be elected to bodies of state power and local self-government, to participate in a referendum, etc.
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