Characterized by the incompleteness of the grammatical structure or the incompleteness of the composition, due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (main or minor), clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

usually seen in the second part complex sentence and in the attachment structure. The truth remains true, but rumor itself remains rumor (Tvardovsky) (there is no verb link in the second part of the compound sentence).

The three of us began to talk, as if we had known each other for a century (Pushkin) (the subject is missing in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients lay on the balconies, some no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (there is no predicate in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me? (B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which a member is not named, clear from the situation. I will wear this blue (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed See also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical proposal.

An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a verb-predicate is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need either in the context or in the situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the proper lexical and grammatical means of this sentence. On the table is a pile of books and even a flower in a half-bottle of cream (A. N. Tolstoy). In the corner of the old leather sofa(Simonov). Terkin - further, the author - after (Tvardovsky). To the barrier! (Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogic incomplete sentences.

Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete offers. They may not have any members of the sentence at all, and the response can be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Is it? Or: -Well, how? -Brrr! The norm of question-answer sentences of dialogic speech is the incompleteness of their composition. [Neschastvitsev:] Where and from where? [Schastlivtsev:] From Vologda to Kerch, sir... And you, sir? [Neschastvitsev:] From Kerch to Vologda (A. Ostrovsky).

1. All simple sentencesby availability proposal members are divided into two types: complete and incomplete.

• Sentences in which no members are omitted - full: The sun was sinking towards the west.

• Incomplete sentences are sentences in which the necessary member of the sentence is missing - main or secondary: Do you want to eat? - I will!(the meaning of the second sentence without the previous phrase is not clear).

Signs of an incomplete offer:

• the missing member of the sentence is easily restored, thanks to the previous sentences (by context) or the general situation of speech;

• an incomplete sentence is always a variant of a complete sentence;

• the omission of a sentence member is necessarily confirmed by the presence in it of words dependent on this member, as well as by the context or situation of speech.

2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.

But the latter belong to another classification of simple sentences - by the nature grammatical basis.

• Bipartite Sentences are sentences that have both a subject and a predicate: dissuaded by the grove golden birch cheerful language.

• One-piece sentences are sentences in which there is only one main member(or subject or predicate), and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence: Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves.

3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part sentences?

Reasoning pattern (on the example of a sentence in bold) :

— Do you feel pain now?

- now very small...

1. Let's find out: the sentence " Now very small... » — complete orincomplete?

The reader understands from the context that in the sentence "Now a very small...»

• missing words feel and pain;
• besides, there is a word small, which can only refer to the word pain;
• these missing words can be restored full version suggestions: Now I feel very little pain...;
• Finally, it is not in vain that the previous sentence is given "Do you feel pain now?", we take information from it to restore the missing members of the sentence.
  

Thus, the proposal Now very small... ”, indeed, incomplete, because this is a sentence that omits the necessary members of the sentence, which are easily restored, thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).

2. Find out: this proposal " Now very small...» — two-part orone-part?

It is necessary to find a grammatical basis (if there is both a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part; if there is either only a subject or only a predicate, then the sentence is one-part).

• It should be remembered that when parsing by members of a sentence take into account not only those words that are available, but also those that are implied and necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence.

Yes, we have an offer Now very small...", but should consider its full version "Now I feel very little pain...".

• It has a predicate feel(verb of the 1st person of the indicative mood);

• the subject is absent, it is restored only in meaning - by selecting the right pronoun for the given verb-predicate: I feel(pronoun of the 1st person). There are no signs of an incomplete sentence here (see the paragraph “Signs of an incomplete sentence” above).

We conclude that the proposal Now very small..." single-component, because it has only the predicate.

3. General conclusion: offer " Now very small...» incomplete, one-component.

Additionally on Guenon:

ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. For the beginning, see No. 39, 43/2003

Single sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences are divided into two types according to the nature of the grammatical basis - two-part and one-component. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful language.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , but must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) One-part sentences have only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything before getting dark. In school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scholars usually use the term "the main member of a one-part sentence."

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to realize the difference between single-part sentences and incomplete ones, in which there can also be only one main member. Compare: 1) - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. 2) - What do the janitors do in autumn? - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, and who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a certain subject - janitors. Subject wipers omitted, but easily recovered from the preceding sentence. Hence, the second sentence is a two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the mist.(A. Akhmatova) Green laurel, reaching to shiver. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase "turns" into a sentence.

Denominative sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as specific demonstrative (expressed by the particle here: Here is the mill); emotional evaluation (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with particle here from two-part with pronoun This. Here is a chair- one-part denominative sentence; This is a chair- two-part, where This- subject, and chair- a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the word order in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in the proposal Warm day the subject and the definition expressed by the adjective in front of the word being defined are easily detected. This is a one-part denominative common sentence. In the proposal The day is warm there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero link and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part uncommon sentence.

Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring to listen to him is considered to be one-part impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of auxiliary verb– state category word boring and linking verb. But if you put the infinitive in the first place - listen to him was boring, it can be considered as a subject, then it was boring- a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed short adjective(cf. Listening was boring.)

In Russian, there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: How much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not taught in the curriculum. grammatical meaning beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as nominal ones. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as a subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (according to the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call denominative - nominative (according to the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both into the type of “nominal one-part sentences”.

When the only main member of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the minor members depend on the main one and make up a phrase with it ( Early morning; end of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has a circumstantial or object meaning (I have a blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither the circumstance nor the object can refer to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor term that refers to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called the determinant.

An exercise

Are the highlighted sentences nominal?

A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, what is exposed to weather along with the dress? .. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find these guns anywhere else. I, even as I was going to the police, bought it from a turchin ... How can I? This is a necessary thing...
- Nice gun!(N.Gogol)

Answer. Name suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! and Good gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. In all other selected sentences, there is both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are bipartite.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal. These types differ in two main features: a) in terms of the extent to which the idea of ​​the agent is expressed; b) by morphological verb forms used as the main part of the sentence. In other words, different types single-part sentences make it possible to varying degrees concreteness to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine it.

At the same time, each type of sentence has its own forms of the verb-predicate, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, one can determine the type of a one-part sentence (the exception is generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal suggestions

Definitely personal such one-part sentences are called in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a completely specific person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by the verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

Forgive me fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river rinse, my two flowers grow.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed, "Oh prophesy We're both in trouble."(A. Akhmatova) Let's glorify, brothers, the twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come close to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's have a drink guilt, let's have a bite bread or plums. tell me me news. bed you in the garden under clear skies and I will say what the constellations are called.(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences, the predicate cannot be expressed by the verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (cf. Approached. I didn't get excited...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence, it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She is? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but a two-part incomplete one. You can only find out which subject is missing from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

An exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text, determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya is widely spread on the horizon - it is turning blue pyramidal poplars, blue church. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression that is calm to the point of severity - they hide their fatigue. But finally, the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounds us with white huts, front gardens with mallow.
Here we made the first halt. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am the most. We collect firewood, make a fire, the girls cook Conder - either soup, or porridge from millet with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Name suggestions: Steppe again. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely a personal suggestion: We collect brushwood, make a fire(part of a complex sentence).

Indefinitely personal sentences

vaguely personal one-part sentences are called, where the actor is conceived as an indefinite person who is not interested in the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences must have the form plural(although this does not mean at all that there are many implied figures), he will express in the present and future tenses. incl. and in command. incl. - form of the 3rd person pl. h.

After all, only here cherish nobility!(A.Griboedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A.Griboedov) Let me will announce old believer...(A.Griboedov) But without asking her advice, the girl lucky to the crown. And at the table they have guests wore dishes by order. When would left me at will, how briskly I set off into the dark forest! Just like you lock up, they will imprison on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) led away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) And let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

An exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in the plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the rest of the sentences to be vaguely personal.

Once the goddess Eris tossed three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite - an apple with the inscription: "The most beautiful." Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was meant for her. Zeus ordered Paris to judge the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he did not live in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy will die. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and thrown there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Indefinite personal offer: baby carried to the mountain I go and threw there.
Possible modifications of the remaining proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the royal son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized personal sentences

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is conceived as a generalized person, i.e. action is related to each person, to everyone; especially often such a meaning in proverbs: Soldiers not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily not take out and fish from the pond. Quiet you are going- farther you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite personal or indefinite personal sentences. Nevertheless, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal suggestions.

impersonal proposals

impersonal such one-part sentences are called in which the action is not comparable with any actor; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, it cannot be imagined.

to me can't sleep, no fire ... About Lensky's wedding, they have long it was decided. how funny, shod with iron sharp feet, slide on the mirror of stagnant, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter ... But how any me in the autumn sometimes, in the evening silence, in the village visit family cemetery ... How long will I walk in the world, now in a carriage, now on horseback, now in a wagon, now in a carriage, now in a cart, now on foot? Where are we swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the form of the 3rd person singular. hours (for the present and future tenses, as well as for the imperative mood): smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let be you sleeping, like at home;

unit form h. neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat swept away to the middle of the river. Her would take and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: Be rain.

As can be seen from the examples above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Wind blew away hat. Wed Wind blew away hat - two-part preposition, subject - wind));
c) a verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No and did not have) ;
d) a verb in an indefinite form (This not to be).

Composite verbal predicate An auxiliary verb can be:

a) impersonal verbs should, I want to, lucky etc. (I had to all make again);
b) personal phase verb ( Getting dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is a pity, it is time, sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed a door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain for lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive participles past tense - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - a zero link). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter and quiet. Evenings in the city dangerously. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, it cannot have an auxiliary verb or a connective, it is impossible to put a question to it ... Meanwhile, we find that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! - a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you already read the book?– Not .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we will call it an invariable verb form ( No - means does not exist, does not exist). This word is not found in any Slavic language, except for Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression not e (st) that, where that - adverb with meaning here. From this expression first appeared the word no, and then final at disappeared, began to speak and write No, although in colloquial speech you can meet no so far (no one no Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to assume that we have complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Highlight the predicates in impersonal sentences.

About this tenant it would be necessary to tell in more detail, because in the first place suspicions fell on him. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly ... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy for us to reach. (Yu.Koval)

Answer.Needless to say, it wasn't easy to get there.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since my mother is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And my mother, and Marusya, and I have to get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go for water, and we want to save her from this - me and Marusya. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. Will you bring four buckets - definitely-personal (or generalized-personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to bear fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water to mom - impersonal.

3. Find the wrong statements.

1) In one-part sentences, there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinitely personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by the verb in the plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) B impersonal sentences verb-predicate cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the feminine or masculine singular. h past. vr., this sentence is two-part incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinitely personal sentence; b) one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The hardest thing was in the Sumerian writing depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various auxiliary words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word a life that sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between sound speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) - 3); b) - 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which a member (or group of members) is omitted. The omitted member of the sentence can be restored from the context or clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - previous sentence: In a clean field, the moon in a silvery light, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is is he or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist of "The Stone Guest": Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but "unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion." There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “ you dare to say it here, with this coffin!

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatyana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, to me perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God more!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);

predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech, in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

– I am angry with my son.
– For what?
– For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider incomplete sentences in which not a single member is omitted, for example: He is a genius, just like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that the incompleteness of a sentence is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is the grammatical incompleteness that causes the semantic one. In the given example, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need contextual disclosure.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore the missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ... Tanya is far away; The old woman told her: “But the fireplace; here the gentleman sat alone ... This is the master's office; here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk's reports and read a book in the morning ... " (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( goes) further ... Old woman ( He speaks) her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when you are contradicted. You are tolerant if you can understand why you are so hated or so intrusively and troublesomely loved, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people without hurting their pride and in the depths of their souls forgiving them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to exalt an idea he once liked even when life has shown it to be false, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying political regime, no matter what outrages were created under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather ridiculous occupation if done out of stupidity, and vile if done by calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ... if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul forgiving them for being different from you; 2) ... if done out of stupidity; 3) ... if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part sentences.

Let us recall once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject we, which is restored by the addition us from the previous subordinate clause. The subordinate part of the sentence Just look to didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin), by the nature of the grammatical basis, is a one-part indefinitely personal sentence: the action itself is important here, and not the one who performs it; the grammatical form of the verb (pl. past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action, it is an indicator of an indefinitely personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you - complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence, a dash can be placed at the place where the predicate is skipped, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was a minister, and I was his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put: ...Well, the people in this side! She to him, and he to me.(A.S. Griboyedov)

Elliptical proposals

There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, and in book styles (scientific and official business) are not used.

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that adjoins incomplete sentences and is similar to them.

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· contextual;

· situational;

elliptical.

Only structurally segmented sentences, both one-part and two-part, can be complete or incomplete. There are semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1. situation,

2. context,

3. the general experience of the speakers.

If a sentence is taken out of context, it may not be understood by the speaker. In this case, one speaks of semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green World sang along to the little singer. In this sentence, we are talking about green poplar. This sentence is complete in structure, but incomplete in semantics. Another example: On the shore of desert waves he stood full of high thoughts. To understand what in question, it is necessary to have a certain literary competence. In the context, the semantic incompleteness is filled.

In syntax, the term "incomplete" applies only to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of continuity of syntactic links and relations. Let's compare 2 sentences. South winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold. In the second sentence, there is a break in syntactic links. The word "northern" indicates the omission of the subject "winds", similarly, the addition "cold" indicates the omission of the predicate "bring". Since the secondary members are always attached to the main ones. The presence of a definition always requires a defined word, the presence of a direct object - a verb-predicate. Thus, the violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences- These are proposals in which any member or group of members of the proposal that are mandatory in structure is missing. Incomplete sentences are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily distinguished.

First of all, contextually incomplete sentences are singled out, which are characterized by the omission of one or more members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched for a quarter. sang songs. What is ringing is not clear. May be, forest or air. Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes . Contextually incomplete sentences are characteristic of writing. Their use makes speech concise and dynamic, avoiding unreasonable repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue replicas. They use those words that carry new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rheme is present.

So you're married! I didn't know before! How long ago?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

In incomplete replicas, both main members are missing, their omission is restored from the context. Usually the first lines of the dialogue are complete, the rest are built based on them.

Signals of incompleteness are secondary members of the sentence. The omission of the subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition, the omission of the predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is omitted, since PPPs are structurally mandatory and in this case the chain of links is broken.

1. The omission of the subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate. For example, if the predicate is expressed by a plural past tense verb, then such a sentence is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. worked unanimously. The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinitely personal sentence. However, according to semantics, the verb "worked" is subject-oriented, since it does not indicate an indefinite agent. Compare with an indefinitely personal sentence: His called to the blackboard. When distinguishing between such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate expressed by a verb of 1 or 2 persons will be qualified as one-part definite-personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficiently indicates the agent. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the presence of a definition testifies to the omission of the subject, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For example: Old the dress stops liking, when bought new. The omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of the definition "new".

2. The omission of the predicate is evidenced by the circumstances and additions that depend on it. West wind blows in the morning evenings- eastern.

3. If a minor member of the sentence is omitted, then it is more difficult to qualify the proposal as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The absence of a definition does not make the proposal incomplete. Incomplete are one-part sentences that do not have "mandatory" additions. For example: Is there wind? Not ( wind). What's up with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( roof).

The context indicates the omission of the mandatory members of the proposal. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are prompted by the situation, the situation, the gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: You are standing at a bus stop, then you shout: "It's coming!" Those present understand that there is some kind of transport. In the sentence "Coming!" the subject is omitted. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Fine!

Dialogue cues are incomplete sentences. There are such sentences in literary texts, if they convey colloquial speech.- How mil! - said Princess Mary, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situationally and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term “consituation” is adopted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical proposals- these are sentences in which the verb-predicate is omitted, and it is not required to restore it from the context. VV Babaitseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For example: I - to you! The information is complete, but the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is impossible in principle to restore the predicate. It can be any verb of motion: I ran, I went, I came, I looked, I was sent, I go. In these constructions, a secondary member of the sentence is updated - an addition or a circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. He again message :

There is no answer to the second, third letter.

You see, the verb-predicate is "not compensated" by the context.

In elliptical sentences, the verb-predicate of the following semantic groups may be absent:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city is a field. In the garden - elderberry, and in Kyiv - uncle.

2. Omission of verbs of motion. Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - behind her.

3. Skipping verbs of speech. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with a missing predicate no. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear. Some linguists refer to them as genitive sentences, and consider the noun in the genitive case as the main member of the sentence.

5. Nominative incentives. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered as incomplete elliptical sentences with a predicate missing in imperative mood. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. into the corner!

One-part sentences can also be incomplete. Compare 2 designs: Close the window: see through//Close: see through. In the second construction, a direct object is omitted with a verb-predicate, and a strongly controlled verb requires an addition. In this case, the addition becomes structurally mandatory.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in syntax simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either as incomplete or as one-piece. Pay attention to the verbs of the 3rd person singular and plural of the present and future tenses. For example: goes, looking like a dead man. This proposal is incomplete two-part. Omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and separate definition. It's getting dark . One-part complete. This sentence cannot have a subject, since the verb does not presuppose an agent. Transmit summary. Complete, one-part, indefinitely personal. The children sat down at their desks. Read. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb "read" indicates the need for a figure.

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence.

The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence.

For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: "It's coming!", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: Bus goes.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.

For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everything is obedient to me I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the complex unionless proposal (I am nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I not obedient nothing).

Note!

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

AT one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing, the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.

For example, the plural form of the verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hidden ( I was told a lot about you yesterday).

AT incomplete sentence any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I am nothing).

In Russian, there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are clear and out of context, situations:

(Peskov).

These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing.

Wed: Behind the back located / located / visible forest .

And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Note!

Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominative ( Forest) and b) from two-part - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed in the indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All trees in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be considered:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among minor members in nominal sentences the most typical are agreed and inconsistent definitions.

spring forest; Entrance to the hall;

2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate - a noun or an adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state.

Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

Omitting a member within a sentence in oral speech may be marked with a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter:

Behind is a forest. Right and left - swamps(Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing(Pushkin).

The most regular dash is placed in the following cases:

in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of place, an object, - only if there is a pause in oral speech:

Behind the night window - fog(Block);

in an elliptical sentence - in case of parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts:

in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts:

Skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;

in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights are darker, the days are cloudier(in the second part, the link is restored become).

Incomplete sentence parsing plan

1. Specify the type of offer (full - incomplete).
2. Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).

The offer is incomplete; missing predicate grappled.