Choosing a temperature regime for heating: a description of the main parameters and calculation examples. Temperature chart of the heating system: getting acquainted with the mode of operation of the central heating

Hi all! The calculation of the heating temperature graph begins with the choice of the control method. In order to choose a control method, it is necessary to know the ratio Qav.dhw/Qot. In this formula, Qav.DHW is the average value of heat consumption for hot water supply of all consumers, Qot is the total calculated load on heating of heat energy consumers of the district, town, city for which we calculate temperature graph.

Qav.gvs we find from the formula Qav.gvs = Qmax.gvs / Kch. In this formula, Qmax.DHW is the total calculated load on the DHW of the district, town, city for which the temperature graph is calculated. Kch is the coefficient of hourly unevenness, in general it is correct to calculate it on the basis of actual data. If the ratio Qav.DHW/Qfrom is less than 0.15, then central quality control according to the heating load should be used. That is, the temperature curve of the central quality control for the heating load is applied. In the vast majority of cases, such a schedule is used for consumers of thermal energy.

Let's calculate the temperature graph 130/70°C. The temperatures of the direct and return network water in the settlement-winter mode are: 130°C and 70°C, the water temperature at the hot water supply tg = 65°C. To build a temperature graph for direct and return network water, it is customary to consider the following characteristic modes: settlement-winter mode, mode at a temperature of return network water equal to 65 ° C, mode at a design outdoor air temperature for ventilation, mode at the break point of the temperature graph, mode at temperature outside air equal to 8°C. To calculate T1 and T2, we use the following formulas:

Т1 = tin + Δtр x Õˆ0.8 + (δtр – 0.5 x υр) x Õ;

T2 = tin + Δtr x Õ ˆ0.8— 0.5 x υр x Õ;

where tin is the design air temperature in the room, tin = 20 ˚С;

Õ - relative heating load

Õ = tin – tn/ tin – t r.o;

where tn is the outdoor air temperature,
Δtр is the design temperature head during heat transfer from heating devices.

Δtр = (95+70)/2 - 20 = 62.5 ˚С.

δtr is the temperature difference between the direct and return network water in the settlement - winter mode.
δtр = 130 - 70 = 60 °С;

υр - the difference between the water temperatures of the heater at the inlet and outlet in the settlement - winter mode.
υр = 95 - 70 = 25 °С.

We start the calculation.

1. For the settlement-winter regime, the figures are known: tо = -43 °С, T1 = 130 °С, T2 = 70 °С.

2. Mode, at a return network water temperature of 65 °C. We substitute the known parameters in the above formulas and get:

T1 = 20 + 62.5 x Õ ˆ0.8+ (60 – 0.5 x 25) x Õ = 20 + 62.5 x Õ ˆ0.8+ 47.5 x Õ,

T2 = 20 + 62.5 x Õ ˆ0.8– 12.5xÕ,

The return temperature T2 for this mode is 65 C, hence: 65 = 20 + 62.5 x Õ ˆ0.8– 12.5 x Õ, we determine Õ by the method of successive approximations. Õ = 0.869. Then T1 \u003d 65 + 60 x 0.869 \u003d 117.14 ° C.
The outdoor temperature will be in this case: tn \u003d tin - Õ x (tin - tо) \u003d 20 - 0.869 x (20- (-43)) \u003d - 34.75 ° С.

3. Mode when tn = tvent = -30 °С:
Õot = (20- (-30))/(20- (-43)) = 50/63 = 0.794
T1 \u003d 20 + 62.5 x 0.794 ˆ0.8+ 47.05 x 0.794 \u003d 109.67 ° C
T2 \u003d T1 - 60 x Õ \u003d 109.67 - 60 x 0.794 \u003d 62.03 ° C.

4. Mode when Т1 = 65 °С (temperature curve break).
65 = 20 + 62.5 x ˆ0.8+ 47.5 x Õ, we determine Õ by the method of successive approximations. Õ = 0.3628.

T2 \u003d 65 - 60 x 0.3628 \u003d 43.23 ° С
In this case, the outdoor air temperature tn = 20 - 0.3628 x (20- (-43)) = -2.86 ° С.

5. Mode when tn = 8 °С.
Õot \u003d (20-8) / (20- (-43)) \u003d 0.1905. Taking into account the cutoff of the temperature graph for hot water supply, we accept Т1 = 65 °С. The temperature T2 in the return pipeline in the range from +8 ° С to the break point of the graph is calculated by the formula:

where t1’, t2’ are the temperatures of the direct and return network water, excluding cutoff at the DHW.
T2 \u003d 65 - (65 - 8) / (45.64 - 8) x (45.63 - 34.21) \u003d 47.7 ° C.

On this, we consider the calculation of the temperature graph for characteristic modes to be completed. Other temperatures of the supply and return network water for the outdoor air temperature range are calculated in the same way.

Most city apartments are connected to the central heating network. The main source of heat in major cities usually are boiler houses and CHP. A coolant is used to provide heat in the house. Typically, this is water. It is heated to a certain temperature and fed into the heating system. But the temperature in the heating system can be different and is related to the temperature indicators of the outside air.

To effectively provide city apartments with heat, regulation is necessary. The temperature chart helps to observe the set heating mode. What is the heating temperature chart, what types of it are, where is it used and how to compile it - the article will tell about all this.

Under the temperature graph is understood a graph that shows the required mode of water temperature in the heat supply system, depending on the level of outdoor temperature. Most often the schedule temperature regime heating is determined for central heating. According to this schedule, heat is supplied to city apartments and other objects that are used by people. This schedule allows optimum temperature and save resources on heating.

When is a temperature chart needed?

In addition to central heating, the schedule is widely used in domestic autonomous heating systems. In addition to the need to adjust the temperature in the room, the schedule is also used to provide for safety measures during the operation of domestic heating systems. This is especially true for those who install the system. Since the choice of equipment parameters for heating an apartment directly depends on the temperature graph.

Based on the climatic features and the temperature schedule of the region, a boiler and heating pipes are selected. The power of the radiator, the length of the system and the number of sections also depend on the temperature established by the standard. After all, the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should be within the standard. O technical specifications cast iron radiators can be read.

What are temperature charts?

Graphs may vary. The standard for the temperature of the apartment heating batteries depends on the option chosen.

The choice of a specific schedule depends on:

climate of the region;
boiler room equipment;
technical and economic indicators heating system.

Allocate schedules of one- and two-pipe heat supply systems.

Designate the heating temperature graph with two digits. For example, the temperature graph for heating 95-70 is deciphered as follows. For supporting desired temperature air in the apartment, the coolant must enter the system with a temperature of +95 degrees, and exit - with a temperature of +70 degrees. Typically, this chart is used for autonomous heating. All old houses with a height of up to 10 floors are designed for a heating schedule of 95 70. But if the house has a large number of storeys, then the heating temperature schedule of 130 70 is more suitable.

AT modern new buildings when calculating heating systems, the schedule 90-70 or 80-60 is most often adopted. True, another option may be approved at the discretion of the designer. The lower the air temperature, the coolant must have a higher temperature when entering the heating system. The temperature schedule is chosen, as a rule, when designing the heating system of a building.

Features of scheduling

The temperature graph indicators are developed based on the capabilities of the heating system, the heating boiler, and temperature fluctuations in the street. By creating a temperature balance, you can use the system more carefully, which means it will last much longer. Indeed, depending on the materials of the pipes, the fuel used, not all devices are always able to withstand sudden temperature changes.

When choosing the optimal temperature, they are usually guided by the following factors:

It should be noted that the temperature of the water in the central heating batteries should be such that it will warm the building well. For different rooms different standards have been developed. For example, for a residential apartment, the air temperature should not be less than +18 degrees. In kindergartens and hospitals, this figure is higher: +21 degrees.

When the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment is low and does not allow the room to warm up to +18 degrees, the owner of the apartment has the right to contact the utility service to increase the efficiency of heating.

Since the temperature in the room depends on the season and climatic features, the temperature standard for heating batteries may be different. Heating of water in the heat supply system of the building can vary from +30 to +90 degrees. When the temperature of the water in the heating system is above +90 degrees, then decomposition begins paintwork, dust. Therefore, it is forbidden to heat the coolant above this mark. sanitary standards.

It must be said that the calculated outdoor air temperature for heating design depends on the diameter of the distributing pipelines, the size of the heating devices and the coolant flow in the heating system. There is a special table of heating temperatures that facilitates the calculation of the schedule.

The optimal temperature in heating batteries, the norms of which are set according to the heating temperature chart, allows you to create comfortable conditions residence. More details about bimetallic radiators heating can be found.

The temperature schedule is set for each heating system.

Thanks to him, the temperature in the home is maintained at an optimal level. Graphs may vary. Many factors are taken into account in their development. Any schedule before being put into practice needs approval from the authorized institution of the city.

The temperature chart of the heating system 95 -70 degrees Celsius is the most demanded temperature chart. By and large, we can say with confidence that all central heating systems operate in this mode. The only exceptions are buildings with autonomous heating.

But even in autonomous systems there may be exceptions when using condensing boilers.

When using boilers operating on the condensation principle, the temperature curves of heating tend to be lower.

Application of condensing boilers

For example, when maximum load for a condensing boiler, there will be a mode of 35-15 degrees. This is due to the fact that the boiler extracts heat from the exhaust gases. In a word, with other parameters, for example, the same 90-70, it will not be able to work effectively.

Distinctive properties of condensing boilers are:

high efficiency;
profitability;
optimal efficiency at minimum load;
quality of materials;
high price.

You have heard many times that the efficiency of a condensing boiler is about 108%. Indeed, the manual says the same thing.

But how can this be, because we are still with school desk taught that more than 100% does not happen.

The thing is that when calculating the efficiency of conventional boilers, exactly 100% is taken as a maximum.
But ordinary ones simply throw flue gases into the atmosphere, and condensing ones utilize part of the outgoing heat. The latter will go to heating in the future.
The heat that will be utilized and used in the second round and added to the efficiency of the boiler. Typically, a condensing boiler utilizes up to 15% of flue gases, this figure is adjusted to the efficiency of the boiler (approximately 93%). The result is a number of 108%.
Undoubtedly, heat recovery is necessary thing, but the boiler itself for such work costs a lot of money.
The high price of the boiler due to stainless heat exchange equipment, which utilizes heat in the last path of the chimney.
If instead of such stainless equipment you put ordinary iron equipment, then it will become unusable after a very short period of time. Since the moisture contained in the flue gases has aggressive properties.
The main feature of condensing boilers is that they achieve maximum efficiency with minimum loads.
Conventional boilers (), on the contrary, reach the peak of economy at maximum load.
The beauty of it useful property is that during the entire heating period, the load on heating is not always maximum.
On the strength of 5-6 days, an ordinary boiler works at maximum. Therefore, a conventional boiler cannot match the performance of a condensing boiler, which has maximum performance at minimum loads.

You can see a photo of such a boiler a little higher, and a video with its operation can be easily found on the Internet.

conventional heating system

It is safe to say that the heating temperature schedule of 95 - 70 is the most in demand.

This is explained by the fact that all houses that receive heat from central heat sources are designed to work in this mode. And we have more than 90% of such houses.

The principle of operation of such heat production occurs in several stages:

heat source (district boiler house), produces water heating;
heated water, through the main and distribution networks, moves to consumers;
in the home of consumers, most often in the basement, through elevator unit hot water is mixed with water from the heating system, the so-called return, the temperature of which is not more than 70 degrees, and then heated to a temperature of 95 degrees;
further heated water (the one that is 95 degrees) passes through the heaters of the heating system, heats the premises and again returns to the elevator.

Advice. If you have a cooperative house or a society of co-owners of houses, then you can set up the elevator with your own hands, but this requires you to strictly follow the instructions and correctly calculate the throttle washer.

Poor heating system

Very often we hear that people's heating does not work well and their rooms are cold.

There can be many reasons for this, the most common are:

schedule temperature system heating is not observed, the elevator may be incorrectly calculated;
the house heating system is heavily polluted, which greatly impairs the passage of water through the risers;
fuzzy heating radiators;
unauthorized change of the heating system;
poor thermal insulation of walls and windows.

A common mistake is an incorrectly dimensioned elevator nozzle. As a result, the function of mixing water and the operation of the entire elevator as a whole is disrupted.

This could happen for several reasons:

negligence and lack of training of operating personnel;
incorrectly performed calculations in the technical department.

During the many years of operation of heating systems, people rarely think about the need to clean their heating systems. By and large, this applies to buildings that were built during the Soviet Union.

All heating systems must be hydropneumatic flushing in front of everyone heating season. But this is observed only on paper, since ZhEKs and other organizations carry out these works only on paper.

As a result, the walls of the risers become clogged, and the latter become smaller in diameter, which violates the hydraulics of the entire heating system as a whole. The amount of transmitted heat decreases, that is, someone simply does not have enough of it.

You can do hydropneumatic purge with your own hands, it is enough to have a compressor and a desire.

The same applies to cleaning radiators. Over many years of operation, radiators inside accumulate a lot of dirt, silt and other defects. Periodically, at least once every three years, they need to be disconnected and washed.

Dirty radiators greatly impair the heat output in your room.

The most common moment is an unauthorized change and redevelopment of heating systems. When replacing old metal pipes with metal-plastic ones, diameters are not observed. And sometimes various bends are added, which increases local resistance and worsens the quality of heating.

Very often, with such unauthorized reconstruction, the number of radiator sections also changes. And really, why not give yourself more sections? But in the end, your housemate, who lives after you, will receive less of the heat he needs for heating. And the last neighbor, who will receive less heat the most, will suffer the most.

An important role is played by the thermal resistance of building envelopes, windows and doors. As statistics show, up to 60% of heat can escape through them.

Elevator node

As we said above, all water-jet elevators are designed to mix water from the supply line of heating networks into the return line of the heating system. Thanks to this process, system circulation and pressure are created.

As for the material used for their manufacture, both cast iron and steel are used.

Consider the principle of operation of the elevator in the photo below.

Through branch pipe 1, water from heating networks passes through the ejector nozzle and enters the mixing chamber 3 at high speed. There, water from the return of the building's heating system is mixed with it, the latter is supplied through branch pipe 5.

The resulting water is sent to the heating system supply through diffuser 4.

In order for the elevator to function correctly, it is necessary that its neck be correctly selected. To do this, calculations are made using the formula below:

Where ΔРnas is the design circulation pressure in the heating system, Pa;

Gcm - water consumption in the heating system kg / h.

Note!
True, for such a calculation, you need a building heating scheme.

The temperature graph represents the dependence of the degree of heating of water in the system on the temperature of cold outside air. After the necessary calculations, the result is presented in the form of two numbers. The first means the temperature of the water at the inlet to the heating system, and the second at the outlet.

For example, the entry 90-70ᵒС means that for given climatic conditions for heating a certain building, it will be necessary that the coolant at the inlet to the pipes has a temperature of 90ᵒС, and at the exit 70ᵒС.

All values are presented for the outside air temperature for the coldest five-day period. This design temperature is taken according to the joint venture " Thermal protection buildings." According to the norms, the internal temperature for residential premises is 20ᵒС. The schedule will ensure the correct supply of coolant to the heating pipes. This will avoid hypothermia of the premises and waste of resources.

The need to perform constructions and calculations

The temperature schedule must be developed for each settlement. It allows you to provide the most competent work heating systems, namely:

Adjust the heat losses during the supply of hot water to houses with average daily temperature outside air.
Prevent insufficient heating of rooms.
oblige thermal stations to supply consumers with services that meet technological conditions.

Such calculations are necessary both for large heating stations and for boiler houses in small settlements. In this case, the result of calculations and constructions will be called the boiler house schedule.

Ways to control the temperature in the heating system

Upon completion of the calculations, it is necessary to achieve the calculated degree of heating of the coolant. You can achieve it in several ways:

quantitative;
quality;
temporary.

In the first case, the flow rate of water entering the heating network is changed, in the second, the degree of heating of the coolant is regulated. The temporary option involves a discrete supply of hot liquid to heating network.

For the central heating system, the most characteristic is a qualitative method, while the volume of water entering the heating circuit, remains unchanged.

Graph types

Depending on the purpose of the heating network, the execution methods differ. The first option is the normal heating schedule. It is a construction for networks that work only for space heating and are centrally regulated.

The increased schedule is calculated for heating networks that provide heating and hot water supply. It is built for closed systems and shows the total load on the hot water supply system.

The adjusted schedule is also intended for networks operating both for heating and for heating. Here, heat losses are taken into account when the coolant passes through the pipes to the consumer.

Drawing up a temperature chart

The constructed straight line depends on the following values:

normalized air temperature in the room;
outdoor air temperature;
the degree of heating of the coolant when it enters the heating system;
the degree of heating of the coolant at the outlet of the building networks;
the degree of heat transfer of heating devices;
thermal conductivity of the outer walls and the overall heat loss of the building.

To perform a competent calculation, it is necessary to calculate the difference between the water temperatures in the direct and return pipes Δt. The higher the value in the straight pipe, the better the heat transfer of the heating system and the higher the indoor temperature.

In order to rationally and economically consume the coolant, it is necessary to achieve a minimum possible valueΔt. This can be ensured, for example, by carrying out work on additional insulation of the external structures of the house (walls, coatings, ceilings above a cold basement or technical underground).

Calculation of the heating mode

First of all, you need to get all the initial data. Standard values of temperatures of external and internal air are accepted according to the joint venture "Thermal protection of buildings". To find the power of heating devices and heat losses, you will need to use the following formulas.

Heat loss of the building

In this case, the input data will be:

the thickness of the outer walls;
thermal conductivity of the material from which the enclosing structures are made (in most cases it is indicated by the manufacturer, denoted by the letter λ);
surface area of the outer wall;
climatic area of construction.

First of all, the actual resistance of the wall to heat transfer is found. In a simplified version, you can find it as a quotient of the wall thickness and its thermal conductivity. If a outdoor structure consists of several layers, individually find the resistance of each of them and add the resulting values.

Thermal losses of walls are calculated by the formula:

Q = F*(1/R 0)*(t inside air -t outside air)

Here Q is the heat loss in kilocalories and F is the surface area of the exterior walls. For more exact value it is necessary to take into account the area of the glazing and its heat transfer coefficient.

Calculation of the surface power of batteries

Specific (surface) power is calculated as a quotient of the maximum power of the device in W and the heat transfer surface area. The formula looks like this:

R beats \u003d R max / F act

Calculation of the coolant temperature

Based on the obtained values, the temperature regime of heating is selected and a direct heat transfer is built. On one axis, the values of the degree of heating of the water supplied to the heating system are plotted, and on the other, the outside air temperature. All values are taken in degrees Celsius. The results of the calculation are summarized in a table in which the nodal points of the pipeline are indicated.

It is rather difficult to carry out calculations according to the method. To perform a competent calculation, it is best to use special programs.

For each building, this calculation is carried out individually. management company. For an approximate definition of water at the inlet to the system, you can use the existing tables.

For large suppliers of thermal energy, coolant parameters are used 150-70ᵒС, 130-70ᵒС, 115-70ᵒС.
For small systems with several apartment buildings parameters apply 90-70ᵒС (up to 10 floors), 105-70ᵒС (over 10 floors). A schedule of 80-60ᵒС can also be adopted.
When arranging an autonomous heating system for individual home it is enough to control the degree of heating with the help of sensors, you can not build a graph.

The performed measures allow determining the parameters of the coolant in the system at a certain point in time. By analyzing the coincidence of the parameters with the schedule, you can check the efficiency of the heating system. The temperature chart table also indicates the degree of load on the heating system.

Today, the most common heating systems in the Federation are those operating on water. The temperature of the water in the batteries directly depends on the indicators of the air temperature outside, that is, on the street, in a certain period of time. A corresponding schedule has also been legally approved, according to which responsible specialists calculate temperatures, taking into account local weather and a source of heat supply.

The graphs of the coolant temperature depending on the outside temperature are developed taking into account the support of the mandatory temperature conditions in the room, those that are considered optimal and comfortable for the average person.

The colder it is outside, the higher the level of heat loss. For this reason, it is important to know which indicators are applicable when calculating the desired indicators. You don't need to calculate anything yourself. All figures are approved by the relevant normative documents. They are based on the average temperatures of the five coldest days of the year. The period of the last fifty years is also taken, with the selection of the eight coldest winters for a given time.

Thanks to such calculations, it is possible to prepare for low temperatures winter, occurring at least once every few years. In turn, this allows you to significantly save when creating a heating system.

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Additional influencing factors

The coolant temperatures themselves are also directly affected by such no less significant factors as:

Lowering the temperature on the street, which entails a similar indoor;
Wind speed - the higher it is, the greater the heat loss through front door, window;
Tightness of walls and joints (installation plastic windows and insulation of facades significantly affects the preservation of heat).

Recently, there have been some changes in building codes. For this reason construction companies often carry out thermal insulation work not only on the facades of apartment buildings, but also in basements, foundation, roof, roofing. Accordingly, the cost of such construction projects increases. At the same time, it is important to know that the costs of insulation are very significant, but on the other hand, this is a guarantee of heat savings and reduced heating costs.

For their part, construction companies understand that the costs incurred by them for the insulation of objects will be fully and soon paid off. It is also beneficial for the owners, since utility bills are very high, and if you pay, then it is really for the received and stored heat, and not for its loss due to insufficient insulation of the premises.

Temperature in the radiator

However, no matter what the weather conditions are outside and how insulated it is, the most important role is still played by the heat transfer of the radiator. Typically, in central heating systems, temperatures range from 70 to 90 degrees. However, it is important to take into account the fact that this criterion is not the only one in order to have the desired temperature regime, especially in residential premises, where temperatures in each individual room should not be the same, depending on the purpose.

So, for example, in corner rooms there should not be less than 20 degrees, while in others 18 degrees are allowed. In addition, if the temperature outside drops to -30, the established norms for rooms should be two degrees higher.

Those rooms that are intended for children should have a temperature limit of 18 to 23 degrees, depending on what they are intended for. So in the pool it cannot be less than 30 degrees, and on the veranda it must be at least 12 degrees.

Talking about school educational institution, there should not be below 21 degrees, and in the boarding school bedroom - at least 16 degrees. For a cultural mass institution, the norm is from 16 degrees to 21, and for a library - no more than 18 degrees.

What affects battery temperature?

In addition to the heat transfer of the coolant and the temperatures outside, the heat in the room also depends on the activity of people inside. The more movements a person makes, the lower the temperature can be and vice versa. This must also be taken into account when distributing heat. As an example, you can take any sports institution where people are a priori in active movement. It is not advisable to maintain high temperatures here, as this will cause discomfort. Accordingly, an indicator of 18 degrees is optimal.

It can be noted that the thermal performance of batteries inside any premises is affected not only outdoor temperature air and wind speed, but also:

Approved schedules

Since the temperature outside has a direct impact on the heat inside the premises, a special temperature chart has been approved.

Temperature readings outside	Inlet water, °С	Water in the heating system, °С	Outlet water, °С
8 °C	from 51 to 52	42-45	from 34 to 40
7 °С	from 51 to 55	44-47	from 35 to 41
6 °С	from 53 to 57	45-49	from 36 to 46
5 °C	from 55 to 59	47-50	from 37 to 44
4 °С	from 57 to 61	48-52	from 38 to 45
3 °С	from 59 to 64	50-54	from 39 to 47
2 °С	from 61 to 66	51-56	from 40 to 48
1 °C	from 63 to 69	53-57	from 41 to 50
0 °C	from 65 to 71	55-59	from 42 to 51
-1 °C	from 67 to 73	56-61	from 43 to 52
-2 °C	from 69 to 76	58-62	from 44 to 54
-3 °C	from 71 to 78	59-64	from 45 to 55
-4 °C	from 73 to 80	61-66	from 45 to 56
-5 °C	from 75 to 82	62-67	from 46 to 57
-6 °C	from 77 to 85	64-69	from 47 to 59
-7 °C	from 79 to 87	65-71	from 48 to 62
-8 °C	from 80 to 89	66-72	from 49 to 61
-9 °C	from 82 to 92	66-72	from 49 to 63
-10 °C	from 86 to 94	69-75	from 50 to 64
-11 °C	from 86 to 96	71-77	from 51 to 65
-12 °C	from 88 to 98	72-79	from 59 to 66
-13 °С	from 90 to 101	74-80	from 53 to 68
-14 °C	from 92 to 103	75-82	from 54 to 69
-15 °C	from 93 to 105	76-83	from 54 to 70
-16 °C	from 95 to 107	79-86	from 56 to 72
-17 °C	from 97 to 109	79-86	from 56 to 72
-18 °C	from 99 to 112	81-88	from 56 to 74
-19 °С	from 101 to 114	82-90	from 57 to 75
-20 °C	from 102 to 116	83-91	from 58 to 76
-21 °С	from 104 to 118	85-93	from 59 to 77
-22 °С	from 106 to 120	88-94	from 59 to 78
-23 °C	from 108 to 123	87-96	from 60 to 80
-24 °С	from 109 to 125	89-97	from 61 to 81
-25 °С	from 112 to 128	90-98	from 62 to 82
-26 °C	from 112 to 128	91-99	from 62 to 83
-27 °C	from 114 to 130	92-101	from 63 to 84
-28 °С	from 116 to 134	94-103	from 64 to 86
-29 °C	from 118 to 136	96-105	from 64 to 87
-30 °C	from 120 to 138	97-106	from 67 to 88
-31 °С	from 122 to 140	98-108	from 66 to 89
-32 °С	from 123 to 142	100-109	from 66 to 93
-33 °C	from 125 to 144	101-111	from 67 to 91
-34 °C	from 127 to 146	102-112	from 68 to 92
-35 °С	from 129 to 149	104-114	from 69 to 94

What is also important to know?

Thanks to tabular data, it does not special work learn about the temperature indicators of water in central heating systems. The required part of the coolant is measured with an ordinary thermometer at the moment when the system is lowered. Identified inconsistencies in actual temperatures established standards is the basis for the recalculation of utility bills. General house meters for accounting for heat energy have become very relevant today.

The responsibility for the temperature of the water that is heated in the heating main lies with the local CHP or boiler house. Transportation of heat carriers and minimal losses are assigned to the organization serving the heating network. Serves and adjusts the elevator unit of the housing department or the management company.

It is important to know that the diameter of the elevator nozzle itself must be coordinated with the public heating network. All questions regarding low room temperature must be resolved with the governing body apartment building or other immovable object in question. The duty of these bodies is to provide citizens with minimum sanitary temperature standards.

Norms in living quarters

To understand when it is really relevant to apply for recalculation of payment for public service and require the adoption of any measures to ensure heat, it is necessary to know the norms of heat in residential premises. These norms are fully regulated by Russian legislation.

So in the warm season, living quarters are not heated and the norms for them are 22-25 degrees Celsius. In cold weather, the following indicators apply:

However, do not forget about common sense. For example, bedrooms must be ventilated, they should not be too hot, but it cannot be cold either. The temperature regime in the children's room should be regulated according to the age of the child. For babies, this is the upper limit. As they grow older, the bar decreases to the lower limits.

The heat in the bathroom also depends on the humidity of the room. If the room is poorly ventilated, there is a high water content in the air, and this creates a feeling of dampness and may not be safe for the health of residents.