Building a flat roof is a budget option for a reliable roof with your own hands. Technology and tips for flat roofing

For many people, the name "flat roof" is associated primarily with high-rise buildings. A flat roof - the pros and cons of which we will consider in this article - has practically not been used in low-rise construction since a dozen years ago. However, today the creation of such a roof in a country house is not a problem: modern materials and technologies make it possible to create a flat roof with proper consumer characteristics and at an affordable price.

• flat roof much smaller in area than a pitched roof, which saves on materials and construction installation work Oh.
• Due to the relatively smaller area flat roof opportunity to optimize costs.
• The construction of a flat roof is easier and faster than a pitched roof, because the right materials for installation are located directly at the feet of workers on a flat surface. The same can be said about the repair and maintenance of a flat roof - working on an almost horizontal roof is incomparably more comfortable than on an inclined one.
• On a flat roof, installation and subsequent service work with all kinds of equipment (air conditioning systems, solar panels, antennas, etc.) are more convenient.
• The use of a flat roof is an opportunity to get additional useful territory that can be used as a place where you can relax on fresh air, go in for sports, create a garden, flower garden, etc. To date, there are technologies that allow you to cover the roof even with paving slabs or paving stones. Roof paved beautiful tiles, combined with a green lawn, garden furniture, a gazebo and a fireplace, can become a place for a comfortable family vacation.

Flat roof houses are very popular right now.

A flat roof, in addition to the advantages, has a number of disadvantages:

• As a result of heavy snowfalls, a lot of snow accumulates on flat roofs, which, when melted, often causes leaks.
• Sometimes application is required internal drains.
• There is a risk of clogging or freezing of the internal drain.
• There is a need for mechanical cleaning of the roof from too large accumulations of snow.
• It is necessary to regularly monitor the moisture state of the insulation and the tightness of the roof.

Varieties of flat roofs

There are four types of flat roofs:

Foundation for a flat roof

In accordance with building codes, a flat roof, the pros and cons of which we discussed above, must have a base in the form of reinforced concrete floor slabs or corrugated sheets.

Subtleties of waterproofing

Durability roof structure and its resistance to various negative influences depends on the use of special mixtures and technological processes production of roofing materials. Depending on the materials of the roof, it is customary to subdivide into three categories:

1. Bituminous roofs, as well as polymer-bitumen based on ruberoid. These materials are available due to their low cost. The built-up bitumen-polymer compositions are rolled waterproofing and roofing sheets based on synthetics, on both sides of which special bitumen is used, which remains elastic even under extreme conditions. low temperatures(up to -50 degrees Celsius). During the installation of waterproofing, carried out using gas burners, the rolls are fused together. Roof waterproofing can also be carried out with self-adhesive materials based on polymers and bitumen. In this case, the mastic is applied on the bottom surface of the roll and in the process of processing with a solvent acquires the properties of an adhesive. The disadvantage of bituminous roofing is fragility.
2. Membrane roofs with a base of foil, rubber or polymers. This material has solid strength, is resistant to fires and other negative environmental influences. The membranes are glued to the screed or simply lie on the base, being loaded with ballast, or they are attached mechanically or with glue. To connect the membrane sheets, special welders, fastening the material with hot air.
3. Roofs based on liquid polymers, which, after cooling, do not form seams. Such materials are especially often used for structures with complex geometries.

It is very important to make the correct waterproofing of a flat roof.

Whatever material is chosen, the joints between the rolls and the junctions with various roof elements must be waterproof. One of the main components of a successful waterproofing device is a quality sealant. During the period of operation, the roof is subject to negative influences. external environment(moisture, hail, stones, strong temperature fluctuations, etc.). Therefore, a high-quality sealant must be resistant to mechanical and thermal influences.

As a sealant, mastic is usually used - putty, which is based on elastic polyurethane resins. After being applied to the roof, the mastic polymerizes, as a result of which a continuous rubber-like membrane is formed, which has waterproofing properties and protects the roofing from mechanical damage.

Mastic is ideal for flat roofing, is safe, has high adhesion to building surfaces, has high resistance to ultraviolet radiation, sediments and all kinds of microorganisms. It is applied by brush, roller or airless spray - in two multi-colored layers, which allows you to control the quality, layer thickness and even distribution of the sealant.

How to arrange a water drain

Regardless of the materials used, a flat roof must have a certain slope to drain water (usually within 3-5%) that appears on the roof as a result of precipitation. The drainage system should be thought out at the design stage of the building. Gutters determine how efficiently moisture will be removed from the roof surface. To prevent freezing of gutters in winter, they are equipped with special thermal cables.

Drains are organized when both external and internal water supply is created, and unorganized. When creating an internal water supply, the roof surface is divided into approximately equal parts of 150-200 square meters each. In places with a slope, drain funnels equipped with baskets for catching garbage are arranged. Typically, the funnels are located in the center of the roof, and the pipes are inside the building.

Flat roof insulation and vapor barrier rules

Flat roofs need insulation. In the absence of a layer of thermal insulation on the roof surface, condensation forms as a result of the contact of warm air masses and the cold surface of the roof. Condensation appears on the ceilings of the house as water spots, and the roof structure is gradually destroyed.

The roof structure involves a base on which a layer of vapor barrier material is laid. The function of the vapor barrier is to protect the insulation from diffuse moisture coming from the premises of the building. The vapor barrier layer includes a glass fiber reinforced membrane (based on bitumen and polymers) or a vapor barrier film. The layer is laid on top of the screed, and along the edges of the roof structure it is wound vertically to a height exceeding the height of the insulating material. The seams are soldered.

Above the vapor barrier layer, a heater is placed, and on top of it - a waterproofing carpet based on bitumen. If expanded clay acts as a heater, then it is necessary to make a cement screed over it, then laying a couple of layers of waterproofing. If the roof is planned to be light (in the case when significant loads are not expected on it), then the waterproofing is simply glued around the entire perimeter of the roof.

For roofs without attics, both external and internal insulation methods are used. The external method is used more often, so its execution is easier. There are two options for thermal insulation: two-layer and single-layer. The decision on which option to apply in practice depends on the calculations for heat engineering and the requirements for the strength of the roof. Thermal insulation boards are placed on the roof structure based on the principle of "spread seams". With a two-layer coating with thermal insulation "in a run", the joints of the lower and upper plates also go. In the area where the plates adjoin the parapet, lanterns and walls, heat-insulating bumpers are created. Thermal insulation materials are attached to the base mechanically(screws, dowels), ballast (pebbles, paving slabs) or glue.

Features of roof ventilation

The roof structure must be ventilation system. As a result of a violation of the tightness of the vapor barrier layer, moisture enters the insulation layer. thick layer waterproofing does not allow evaporation to occur, and moisture accumulates in the insulation. As a result, the material loses its insulating characteristics, and moisture appears in the form of spots on the ceilings of the building. In addition, water causes the waterproofing to swell, and at low temperatures, freezing water tears the waterproofing material from the base. Temperature fluctuations, mechanical damage contribute to the formation of cracks in the roof, the result of which is its flow.

To avoid these problems, the roof must "breathe". For this, aerators are used - special devices in the form of plastic or metal pipes. They are covered with umbrella caps and are evenly distributed over the entire territory of the roof, gravitating to its highest points. The aeration mechanism works on the basis of the principle of different pressure, which is created by air flows, removing excess moisture vapor from under the roof and preventing water bubbles from forming.

Roofing is a responsible technological operation. Any, even a minor mistake in the design or construction of the roof can cause it to leak in the future. Therefore, when creating a roof, you need to pay Special attention correct selection hydro and thermal insulation materials, accurately calculate the upcoming loads on the roof structure, and also select a team of competent builders.

For many people, a flat roof is certainly associated with urban high-rise buildings. And very few imagine a country house with a flat roof, which combines the saving of precious space and the possibility of arranging luxurious places to relax on the roof.

Flat roof cake.

In the age of modern building materials and new technologies, it is possible to successfully build private houses with a flat roof, not being afraid of the surprises of our unpredictable climate. But to feel the full scope of pleasure from a flat roof is possible only when the builders and the customer himself will carefully listen to the advice of a specialist in installation technology and the choice of the necessary components of the roof structure. Only under such conditions will a flat roof serve more than one generation of the inhabitants of the house for a long time, without requiring additional costs.

What are the benefits of flat roof structures?

Until recently various designs and the parts for the device were either very expensive or not sufficiently reliable and functional, which did not at all benefit the popularization of roofs of this type, especially for private developers.

However life experience proves that, being under the influence of stereotypes, we are too biased towards many problems, as a result of which we do not always judge things objectively. The most important of the many existing options choose the most adequate and correct in order to avoid errors.

According to the architects, buildings in the spirit of constructivism, which have a minimum of details and simplicity of construction, are now becoming fashionable again. As a consequence, in better side the attitude of customers to a flat roof is changing. In Europe, the design of a flat roof of houses is called a fashionable architectural feature of the project. A house with a roof without slopes looks more modern.

Until recently, for most consumers, a flat roof was a complete taboo. According to some, it was simply tasteless, others were afraid of heavy precipitation in the form of snow, and others believed that a flat roof was an event that required prohibitive financial costs. Nevertheless, experts call a lot of obvious advantages for buildings with this design:

1. A flat roof in most cases is equipped as a green recreation area.
2. Material savings, because the flat surface area less area pitched with the same architectural basis.
3. Laying a flat roof is much more convenient than a pitched one - it is easier to mount the cover under your feet than in an unsafe position at high altitude.
4. Maintenance of flat roofs is not an extreme climbing activity, but an ordinary procedure.
5. Plus, the design of flat roofs makes it possible to obtain additional space without increasing the contour of the structure.

By the way, in developed countries, the possibility of operating a flat roof is most relevant in megacities. Here, more and more often, the problem of ecology began to come to the fore, and therefore raising the elements of gardens, parks, kitchen gardens and lawns from the ground to the clouds has become a very popular thing. And most importantly, if you want your flat roof to be reliable protection, it must be properly installed using durable modern building materials.

Components of a flat roof

Usually, a flat roof is based on a load-bearing base (it can be reinforced concrete slab or profiled a metal sheet), on which heat-insulating material is laid along the vapor barrier layer, which is protected from precipitation by a waterproofing layer.

It is characteristic that all the components of the roofing "pie" are of equal importance, and if at least one of them is unsuitable, the entire structure will be damaged. The basis of the work on the installation of a flat roof is an integrated approach, which consists in determining the type of coating and implementing the best constructive solution when considering all operational and technological properties, such as fire resistance, water resistance, ease of maintenance, labor costs during arrangement, aesthetic qualities, etc.

Specialists pay special attention to the sealing of seams, the choice of methods and elements of fasteners, the installation of technological units of the coating (junctions to parapets and pipes, drains, corners, superstructures, etc.) and the implementation of through holes. And it goes without saying that the operation of the roof will not depend on any damaging factors if the various components of the structure are made of impact-resistant and weather-resistant materials that are resistant to corrosion processes and exposure to UV rays. The exclusion of at least one item from common system fraught with the most undesirable consequences.

Depending on the type of waterproofing, it can be glued, mechanically fixed or loosely laid. Great attention should be paid to the quality of fasteners and the method of their installation, especially for materials that are laid to the base of the roof with mechanical fastening.

If the rules for laying roofing are neglected, the following undesirable consequences may occur:

1. Breakdown of waterproofing by strong gusts of wind.
2. Loss of the bearing capacity of the base due to electrochemical corrosion in the "wrong self-tapping screw + corrugated sheet" system.
3. Clogged or frozen funnel, which caused the roof to fill with moisture and leaks.

The roofing "pie" consists of the following layers (from bottom to top):

1. Vapor barrier.
2. Insulation.
3. Waterproofing.

flat roof insulation

Types of flat roof insulation: in one, two and three layers.

The basis of a flat roof is a bearing slab made of monolith, reinforced concrete or metal profiled sheet. From above, it is covered with a vapor barrier material that protects the insulation from water vapor, thus preventing it from swelling from getting wet and ensuring the preservation of all properties. After that, thermal insulation is installed on the roof, which, in turn, is covered with a waterproofing carpet to protect it from atmospheric precipitation.

For a flat roof, one- and two-layer thermal insulation systems are distinguished. Now in construction, a two-layer system is more often used. It works like this: the lower layer, 70-200 mm thick, is assigned the main function of thermal insulation, while the upper one, which is 30-50 mm, is responsible for the redistribution of mechanical loads. Despite being thinner, the second layer is stronger and has a higher density. Such a distribution of flat roof coating layers makes it possible to significantly reduce its weight and, thereby, the load on the floors. The heater must meet the following requirements:

1. Low thermal conductivity and water absorption.
2. Fire safety.
3. High vapor permeability.
4. Compressive and tear strength of layers.

Drainage device

It is very important to ensure free access wet vapors from roofing. Ventilation accessories are essential elements. As a result of human activity, water vapor is continuously generated inside the building. Due to the convective process and diffusion, it rises and, when cooled, condenses in the space under the roof. This process is especially intense in winter time. It negatively affects both wood and metal. If too much condensation accumulates, then wet spots form on the ceiling and mold develops. In addition, moisture accumulating in the heat-insulating material reduces its properties, which leads to an increase in the cost of heating the room. To avoid such situations, you need to take care of the proper removal of moisture outside the building.

This task is best handled by special roofing components - a roof fan, otherwise it is called an aerator. The aerator is pipes of different diameters made of plastic or metal, which are covered with caps in the form of umbrellas.

The operation of the aerator is based on the pressure difference caused by the flow of air masses. Its design allows you to remove moisture vapor from under the roofing without damaging the latter.

On flat roofs, aerators are placed evenly over the entire surface at the highest points of the roof plane at the junctions thermal insulation boards together. It is advisable to install aerators at the same time as the roof itself. Otherwise, the cost of installing ventilation increases significantly.

There are a large number of accessories for a flat roof device. The need for their use is due. For example, in Western countries, much attention is paid to equipping roofs with natural smoke removal devices that enable people to safely leave the building in case of fire.

The reliability of the roof depends on its slope. There are no completely flat roofs, because to drain water, you need a very small, but a slope. For a flat roof, it is measured as a percentage.

It is undesirable to equip roofs with a slope of less than 2 percent. by the most the best option is a slope of 2.5 percent. In this case, the structure is freed from water in a short time, providing more comfortable conditions functioning of the roofing material. With a good slope, even a small defect in roofing will be insignificant.

Another important element roofs are gutters that “carry away” moisture and snow along a given route. Most often done on a flat roof. Special or fittings located on the roof surface effectively drain water in heavy rains, eliminating roof flooding. Their location and number must be determined taking into account the design rules for these structures and the construction requirements for the design of drains and sewerage of buildings. Required number funnel on the roof depends on its operating conditions, architecture and rainfall. A special filter is included with the funnel, which protects the drain from foreign objects entering it. So that the water in the drain does not freeze, the mouths of the funnels are equipped with special thermal cables, which guarantees a quick drainage of water at any time of the year.

They are more often used as in private houses, because the internal one is more suitable for large flat roofs industrial buildings. External drainage is usually carried out using overflow windows, which are installed in the parapet along with roof storm water inlets. Ideally, self-regulating thermal cables should be used in this case, since the storm water inlet and overflow window, due to their design, in winter period subject to icing.

When choosing a drainage system, due attention should be paid to the choice of construction material. For example, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) products are less susceptible to icing than metal products.

The shape of the roof, just like the type of its covering, affects the design of the house as a whole. But the roof is not only a decoration of a residential building, it is also its safety, thermal insulation and protection from any weather influences. In order for housing to be cozy and comfortable, the choice of roofing must be approached with skill.

The main forms of roofs that are used in cottage construction are two: pitched and flat. There is no universal answer to the question which one is more practical and safer - each has its own advantages and disadvantages.

A pitched roof is a roof whose surface is inclined towards the outer walls. The slope of such roofs can vary from 5 to 90 degrees. A variety of types of pitched roofs and roofing materials makes it possible to implement the most daring architectural ideas when designing cottages.

The main advantage of a pitched roof is that, due to the slope, it provides an accelerated flow of water. In addition, there is an attic underneath that provides an air gap that reduces heat loss through the roof.

However, a pitched roof has a higher cost due to the need to create a truss system, and since it is part of the overall facade, it requires more expensive materials. Pitched roofing is difficult to maintain: in order to safely move on its surface, additional equipment is needed - stairs or fences. The steeper the slope pitched roof the higher the repair costs.

The simplest material for finishing such a roof is slate (from 100 rubles / m²), but it has drawbacks - it leaves a lot of fight, absorbs moisture and quickly collapses, besides this material is harmful to health. However, Russian slate factories are still operating at full capacity.

Materials in the price niche from 150 to 400 rubles/m² are the most widespread in the market of mass cottage construction: metal tiles and various bituminous coatings.

The metal tile has won a leading position due to its affordability and decent aesthetic appearance. Among its obvious advantages are efficiency, long service life (up to 50 years), as well as low weight, which does not create additional load on the walls of the building. In addition, it is resistant to external factors and different kind mechanical damage, and is not afraid of fire. However, there are also disadvantages: corrosion during improper operation, increased noise, high material consumption and poor maintainability. Metal tiles are supplied to our market by domestic companies "Metal Profile" and Grand Line, as well as imported manufacturers - Ruuki, Metehe OY (Finland), Lindab (Sweden), etc.

Bitumen corrugated sheet, outwardly similar to slate, appeared on our market in the early 90s. It is a mixture of bitumen and cellulose with the addition of thermosetting resin and mineral pigments, durable material(declared service life - up to 50 years), having up to 25 years of warranty from various manufacturers. Sheets of bituminous "slate" do not contain asbestos harmful to health and are made from environmentally friendly clean materials, are easy to install and allow installation on the old coating, and in addition, due to the wavy configuration, natural ventilation of the roof is provided.

Bituminous (flexible) tiles have all the above advantages, but at the same time they have a wide color palette and leave a minimum of waste during production. This material is designed for pitched roofs with a slope of 11.3 to 90 degrees. It consists of fiberglass impregnated on both sides with a bituminous binder, with the addition of rubber or plastic, as well as sprinkles (slate or basalt). Service life - from 15 to 30 years. Among the most popular brands are single-layer and double-layer flexible tile KATEPAL, TechnoNIKOL products Shinglas, Tegola, etc.

Cement-sand tiles will cost from 350 to 500 rubles / m². Its main feature is that it gains strength during operation. This is a piece product of various shapes and colors, so they can lay complex roofs with virtually no waste. The material is durable, but has a lot of weight and special requirements for the truss system. The disadvantages include complex laying technology and high cost.

Ceramic tiles are even more expensive - from 750 rubles / m². At the same time, its service life is from 100 years. It is characterized by a variety of shapes and colors, but at the same time by a large weight and complexity of laying.

flat roof

In a flat roof, the main advantage is the possibility of its operation. On the surface of a flat or slightly sloped roof, you can place a lawn, recreation area, swimming pool, solarium and much more.

The advantages of such a roof can also include convenient installation and ease of maintenance of roof equipment: antennas, air conditioners, solar panels, ventilation shafts, etc. And among the obvious disadvantages is the need for internal drains and regular mechanical cleaning of snow and ice. In addition, constant monitoring of humidity, the condition of the insulation and the tightness of the roof is required.

Not so long ago, a flat roof began to be actively used in low-rise construction, before that it was the lot of high-rise buildings. With the advent of modern roofing materials, it has become possible to provide a flat roof with reliable thermal and waterproofing. When installing a flat roof, you can save on materials and optimize costs due to the fact that its area is smaller than that of a pitched roof.

Another feature of exploited roofs is the need for a rigid foundation, otherwise the integrity of the waterproofing layer is impossible. The base is a screed made of concrete or corrugated board, which creates a place for a drain. Thermal insulation material on the operated roof experiences serious dynamic and static loads and must be strong enough. If the insulation has low rigidity, a cement screed will be needed on top of it.

But unexploited flat roofs do not need rigid insulation. To maintain the roof structure, ladders or bridges are constructed to help properly distribute the load on the roof surface. Unexploited roofs cheaper to build, but their service life is shorter than in the case of exploited ones.

One of the most common roofing materials is roofing felt, rolled bituminous materials, polymer-bitumen technologies. Top Tight elastomeric membranes from KATEPAL and a line of materials from TechnoNIKOL deservedly gained special popularity.

Text by Natalia Burkovskaya

This option for arranging the upper part of the building is used, as a rule, in the construction of "high-rise buildings", as well as various administrative, industrial, warehouse and some other buildings: pavilions, showrooms and the like. Despite the fact that a flat roof has a number of disadvantages, this does not reduce the popularity of such a design, including in private housing construction.

Benefits of flat roofs

Firstly, the installation of a flat roof can be carried out independently, and not to invite assistants or hire professionals, as, for example, when constructing a roof of complex configuration (, four-slope, etc.). Consequently, their work will not have to be paid (we are not talking about large areas where it will be problematic to cope alone).

Secondly, the construction of such a roof provides significant savings both in terms of materials (money) and in time (the coverage area is much smaller than with pitched equipment). You don’t have to make numerous calculations or order a project (which will cost a lot), assemble a complex system of rafters, install jibs, sprigs, and so on. In addition, there are no restrictions on the choice of the type of roofing.

Thirdly, a flat surface is much easier to maintain and repair, which also gives tangible savings in the future.

Fourth, a choice of arrangement options. A flat roof can either serve only as a traditional "cover" for the house, or be used (inverted). For example, greenhouses, summer gardens, solariums and the like are mounted on it. There are even heliports. This fully compensates for the inconvenience due to the lack of an attic room.

Flaws

• Increased requirements for waterproofing. Since the roof is located horizontally, water falling in the form of precipitation will stagnate on it. You can use eg.
• Debris will constantly accumulate (for example, fallen leaves), so such a roof will have to be serviced more often.
• Lack of an attic (mansard) space

What to consider

• The maximum load that the roof will experience (for roof structure). This includes the weight of the frame itself, roofing material, layers of insulation and insulation, as well as possible snow cover. In addition, you need to rely on the fact that the roof must withstand the weight of people who will subsequently walk on it.
• The purpose of the building and the possibility of further use of the surface (for example, terrace equipment). Depending on this, the type of overlap is determined.

Work technology

The simplest version of a flat roof is when reinforced concrete slabs are laid (for example, a garage, a barn). Everything is extremely simple here. A so-called “layer cake” is arranged on the surface: vapor barrier, if necessary - insulation material, a layer of waterproofing. For the equipment of the latter, roll materials are most often used.

Insulation of a reinforced concrete slab can be done by pouring a layer of expanded clay and equipping a cement screed on top. Slag and some other materials are also used.

Traditionally, roofing material is used for waterproofing, which is covered with bituminous mastics on top. It should be noted that this material will last no more than 5 years, and then you will have to deal with repairs. It is more expedient to lay as a "waterproofer" polymer materials such as membranes. Liquid rubber is also great.

Since the installation of plates requires the involvement of special equipment, with independent device flat roof can be equipped with the simplest truss system from wood.

First of all on the top bearing walls supports are laid - Mauerlats. The most commonly used material is timber. It must be taken into account that these structural elements must be rigidly fixed in order to exclude the possibility of their horizontal displacement.

Therefore, metal pins are immured in their upper end surfaces along the entire length of the walls. Their length is calculated so that after mounting the Mauerlat they rise above the beam by about 5 cm. Threads must be cut at their ends.

If the masonry is old, then a "tape" of concrete mortar is arranged on top of the walls. After that, pre-planned holes with a diameter of slightly more section metal fingers. First, strips of roofing material (or similar waterproofing material), and then Mauerlats. They are mounted on pins, and a washer is put on top of each, and with the help of a nut, the beam is securely fixed at the installation site.

Next, floor beams are laid. It should be noted that the roof should protrude beyond the dimensions of the house by 50 - 60 cm (required overhang). This will protect both the walls and the blind area from water flowing from it, as well as from raindrops.
Support frame device. Depending on the type, it can be either solid (boards, slabs) or cellular (battens).

• Vapor barrier.

• Insulation. For flat roofs there is a nuance. The absence of an attic space deprives such a building of an “air cushion” from above. Therefore, insulation is carried out both outside and inside. But at the same time, it is necessary to take into account the weight of such material, since it is an additional load on the truss system.

• Waterproofing.

• Roof covering.

• Overhang finishing.

This is just a general list. necessary activities. The technology for the production of work for each item depends on local conditions and on the selected materials.

• Any "wood" used in construction must be well dried. The moisture in its structure gradually “leaves” (natural shrinkage of the material), which leads to a change not only in the volume of the workpiece, but also to its deformation (for example, twisting).
• Wood has two significant drawbacks - it burns and is prone to decay. Therefore, before using it, all wooden parts of the structure are pre-treated with flame retardants and antiseptics. It is better to spend money on these funds than to suffer with frequent repairs later.
• When installing Mauerlats, you need to constantly monitor their horizontalness with the help of building level. Otherwise, the roof will turn out to be skewed. If necessary, either the tape is leveled, or a rigid lining is made under the Mauerlat.
• To exclude stagnant water on the roof, it is advisable to make it with a certain slope (approximately 3 0 - 5 0). As a rule, the decrease goes to the side back side buildings. To do this, the height of the front Mauerlats increases, so the floor beams will fall with a slope.