Errors in the formation of forms of pronouns. ​Examples of grammatical errors in speech Errors in the use of pronouns examples

Inept handling of pronouns can cause ambiguity and comedy in the statement: Someone said that I take bribes. ... I can’t put up with it, but it’s true! (What is it? - that “someone said” or that “I take bribes”?).

The sentence should not create conditions for an erroneous understanding of pronouns, as, for example, in this case: There will be a new production line at Burevestnik. It will allow the company to switch to the production of shoes of new models. Premises and sites for its installation have already been prepared. Pronouns usually point to nouns used earlier in the text, standing in the same grammatical form of gender, number. And in this sentence, between the pronoun her and the noun line, there was another feminine noun, singular (shoes), which interferes with the correct understanding of the text.

Here are a few more examples of such mistakes: A letter arrived on the ship, and soon it weighed anchor; A debate is being prepared on the topic “A teenager’s free time and how to kill him”; The teacher draws the attention of the children to the fact that the rabbit has long ears and a short tail, it jumps ... It should be clear from the context which noun is being replaced by the pronoun, but in our examples this requirement is not met.

To eliminate such errors, you need to change the word order (A letter came to the ship, and soon it weighed anchor), stop using the pronoun (the rabbit is jumping), redo the phrase (How to organize a teenager’s leisure time? A debate is being prepared on this topic).

Consider examples of stylistic editing of sentences in which pronouns became the cause of speech errors: Unedited text 1.

A whole generation has grown up for whom war is history. 2.

The neighbor's field is not alien to us, and we will help them raise the culture of agriculture. 3.

This is the scene of the last meeting of lovers, silently confessing this at the last moment in front of all the fighters.

Edited text 1.

A whole generation has grown up for whom war is history. 2.

Our neighbor's field is not alien to us, and we will help the collective farmers of Voskhod raise the standard of farming. 3.

This is the scene of the last meeting of the heroes, who silently confessed their love in the moments of farewell in front of all the fighters. 4.

Juice drunk with meals can increase fermentation in the intestines. As you can see, the easiest way to edit in such cases is to replace the pronoun with the corresponding noun, but options are also possible. So, in the second example, the pronoun does not agree with the noun being replaced, the editor corrected this mistake [cf.: The railroad has only five points so far, and he will be forced to leave the major league (follows: they will be forced to...)]. In the fourth example, there is no reason to use the plural pronoun (they); the editor had to reformulate the sentence.

Sometimes the pronoun in the text is not supported by the noun at all, which should be replaced: Wouldn’t it be better to do away with departmentalism, pour it (whom?) into the system of state sanitary supervision (meaning the departmental service, mention of it in the previous sentence: The departmental service is not has its own person, so the masculine pronoun - his - is not good at all!).

The editor makes sure that the choice of pronouns is accurate, sometimes there is an unjustified replacement of one pronoun with another, stylistic editing in such cases does not cause difficulties: Unedited text 1.

The kids were wasting their time. 2.

It seems that you are waiting for help from outside. 3.

Could you give us some advice? 4.

There can be no talk of any suddenness. five.

Petrov took Jack out for a walk with all his medals. 6.

Opposite the old city fortification is modern Jena with its Zeiss factories.

Edited text 1.

To no avail. 2.

Such an impression. 3.

Something (something) to advise. 4.

About any suddenness ... 5.

With all his medals.

6 ... modern Jena is spread out with its Zeiss factories. Reflexive possessive pronouns generate ambiguity in the text if there are two real subjects in the sentence, for example: The doctor asked the sister to take his blood test in the laboratory (his analysis or hers?). Edit needs clarification: The doctor asked the nurse to take his (her) blood test to the laboratory.

The use of pronouns often creates verbal redundancy: Before his death, the criminal repented (clarification of his own is unnecessary).

Nikolai Lukyanovich was congratulated on his 80th birthday; Recognition and success did not prevent him in his speech from expressing his great gratitude to his teacher (only the last pronoun can be justified); Ivan decided to stay and work in his native village. Such designs require the elimination of pleonasm. Editing-abbreviation is reduced to the exclusion of unnecessary pronouns.

A pronoun is a part of speech that includes words that do not name objects, their signs and quantities, but only point to them: He will take Someone was here; This city, Some difficulties; How books, Both wagon. Pronouns are divided into three groups according to semantic and grammatical correlation with other parts of speech: 1) pronouns-nouns: Who am I etc.; 2) pronouns-adjectives: mine like this etc.; 3) pronouns-numerals: So much, how much etc. Some linguists distinguish another group of pronouns-adverbs: Where, where, when and others. This group, for example, is singled out in the school textbook by V. V. Babaitseva and L. D. Chesnokova "Russian language. Theory. 5-9". Other linguists call these words pronominal adverbs, or even read adverbs.

Schoolchildren's mistakes in the use of pronouns are often explained by two reasons:

1) linguistic negligence,

2) an incorrect understanding of the semantics of a particular word.

Examples of typical errors

Mistakes in usage are especially common. personal pronouns, most often - pronouns of the 3rd person:

Gerasim was very devoted to the mistress and drowned her himself.- A very common mistake. The reason is a misunderstanding that the third person pronoun usually replaces the nearest preceding noun in the form of the same gender and number. Of course, here instead of "drowned her" it was necessary to write: "drowned Mu-mu."

In addition, there are frequent cases of unnecessary, unnecessary repetition of the 3rd person pronoun in a complex sentence: He says that he is not afraid of death.

Finally, there are errors associated with the incorrect formation of the case form of the 3rd person pronoun: Nastya had a lot of work, and she could be kicked out with her.– However, in this case, even if you correct "her" to "her", the phrase will remain incorrect. Suggested edit: Nastya had a lot of work, and Nastya could lose her job.

There are also errors in the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person: The first time I was in my country house.- The reflexive possessive pronoun should have been used here: I was at my cottage for the first time.

reflexive pronoun Myself "indicates the identity of the object with the subject. Not having the form of the nominative case, in a sentence it is always an addition, that is, it expresses an object that simultaneously acts as the subject of the action" (A.N. Tikhonov, "Modern Russian language. Morphemics. Word formation Morphology", Moscow, 2003, p. 298). Pronoun Myself must refer to the subject. The reason for errors is most often that students do not realize the peculiarities of the meaning of this pronoun. In addition, the pronoun Myself often used in vain, as an extra word.

definitive pronouns are the most "unlucky" in school textbooks. Neither in the textbook edited by S. G. Barkhudarov, nor in the textbook by V. V. Babaitseva and L. D. Chesnokova there is information about the meaning of pronouns of this category. The textbook for universities "Modern Russian Language" (D. E. Rozental, I. B. Golub, M. A. Telenkova) offers the following definition: "Definitive pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of an object." However, this is a very general definition. When introducing schoolchildren to the pronouns of this category, it is most convenient to work with the lexical meanings of specific pronouns, that is, with an explanatory dictionary. For example:

Words Anyone, everyone, anyone differ in shades of meaning. Any- 1. "Different, the most diverse, all kinds": All kinds of possibilities.

2. "Any, whatever": Lack of any system, no doubt.

Every- 1. "One of all in this quantitative series"; "any of their kind, taken separately": Every student has a diary; every third day; at every step.

In addition, the word Any contains a touch of generalization, and Every implies a limitation to a certain circle: Anyone the plant needs moisture; To each newborns need special care.

In addition, the word Any freely accepts plural forms, and Every - only when referring to a certain number of objects, as well as in combination with only plural nouns: All kinds of books - every three books; all sorts of people - every second day.

Any- "any choice": Send at any post office; come any day. (Meanings of words Anyone, everyone, anyone are given based on the materials of the "Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing", Rosenthal D. E., M., 1994.)

However, students most often make mistakes when using various forms of the pronoun Whole : She has her own opinion, unlike everyone else.- Suggested edit: She had her own opinion, not the same as anyone else's..

Possessive pronouns. The most common mistakes are the use of the possessive pronoun of one person where it was necessary to choose the pronoun of another person or the reflexively possessive pronoun "one's": The boy was very sad at home, the village and his family.- The pronoun should have been used here His.

There is also a rude vernacular: The Cossacks hated the Poles and robbed their cities. – The use of the form "theirs" instead of "theirs" is unacceptable.

reflexively possessive pronoun Mine denotes a sign of belonging to any of the persons participating in the conversation: You take your bag, Tolya will take his trunk, and I will carry my suitcase and Katya's stroller. This is the reason for common mistakes: Katerina could live as her husband's sister lived. - In this case, the pronoun of the 3rd person in the genitive case should have been used in the sense of the possessive: Katerina could live like her husband's sister.

Pronoun Mine , like the reflexive pronoun Myself , are often used in vain, as an extra word: All his life, Flyagin is haunted by the monk he killed..

Mistakes in use Interrogative, negative, demonstrative And undefined pronouns are much rarer, but still occur: Raskolnikov and Sonya sin because none of them had money to exist. Here, the personal pronoun should be used explicitly: Raskolnikov and Sonya sin because they did not have money to exist. In addition, in this example, there is also an error in the forms of the verb: in the main sentence, the verb-predicate is in the present tense, and in the subordinate clause it is in the past tense. It distorts the meaning. Possible editing options:

A) Raskolnikov and Sonya sinned because they did not have money to exist. B) Raskolnikov and Sonya sin because they have no money to exist.

Material for teamwork

I) Personal pronouns.

1. Gerasim was very worried, because it was the order of the mistress, and then he went and got rid of her himself.

2. And for Akhmadulina, as well as for every person, the place where she spent many happy days will always be very dear to her and will remain in her memory for life.

Difficulties and errors in the use of pronouns are usually associated with the use of individual forms, categories of pronouns, as well as their role in the organization of the sentence and text.

1. Violations in the formation of certain forms of pronouns are most frequent in the category of possessive pronouns of the third person. In the literary language, this function is performed by the frozen forms of the genitive-accusative case of the personal pronoun of the third person: his book, her book, their book. These forms, unlike other possessive pronouns ( mine, yours, ours, yours) do not change!

The grossest mistake is to change the pronouns of him, her, them according to the model of the rest of the possessive pronouns (unacceptable - their plan, right - their plan).

2. When using the personal pronoun he in oblique cases in combination with prepositions, the initial n is usually added to it, which is absent in unprepositional use:

saw him - enter after him.

The use of forms without prosthetic n in the presence of a preposition ( enter after it) is a gross grammatical error and indicates a very low speech culture of the speaker.

3. The pronoun sam in the accusative singular feminine form can have two forms: herself And most. The first one ( herself) stylistically neutral common, the second - most(but not - most!) - book:

She has only herself to blame.

4. When using pronouns in speech, it is important to consider the context. It is essential that the reader or listener be perfectly clear which word is being replaced by the pronoun. The greatest difficulties are usually caused by the use of some personal, demonstrative, reflexive, possessive and relative pronouns.

The function of substituting significant words is performed primarily by demonstrative pronouns ( that one, this one etc.) and pronominal adverbs ( there, there, then etc.), as well as a personal pronoun is he (she, it, they), relative pronoun which the.

The use of substitute words requires special attention.

Firstly, you cannot use these pronouns if there is no replacement word in the previous context.

For example, in context: There were screams in the house. They tried to break the frame- Pronouns are not allowed they, since the previous sentence did not name a noun that should replace this pronoun.

Secondly, if the sentence contains several masculine or feminine nouns, then it is unacceptable to use pronouns in the subsequent sentence he, she, him, her.

So, in the text: The novel depicts a woman who is passionate about work. She needs my comrades- use of a pronoun is unacceptable she, since there are two feminine nouns in the previous sentence: woman, work.

The same applies to the use of the pronouns they, them, if the previous context contains several plural nouns.

For example, in a complex sentence: This collection contains articles by educators where they analyze the problems of education- ambiguity from the use of a pronoun they is created because two nouns are used in the main clause - articles, teachers.

Thirdly, the construction of a complex sentence with the relative pronoun which deserves special attention. A pronoun usually replaces its nearest preceding noun.

So, the meaning of the sentence: Exhibited in the museum stuffed dinosaurs that all died during the war years from the bombing- can be interpreted in such a way that it was the dinosaurs that survived until the war itself and died only after the bombing.

5. A large number of shortcomings are found when using the reflexive pronoun self, which does not have gender and number forms and can refer to all persons and both numbers.

The reflexive pronoun serves to indicate that the object of the action is identical with the subject, in other words, it means that the action is directed at the actor himself. In a sentence, the real meaning of the pronoun itself usually coincides with the real meaning of the subject (cf.: I hurt my hand; she hurt her hand; they bought an apartment), but may not coincide with it ( think of people who do not spare themselves for others).

The reflexive pronoun can also be used in impersonal sentences, indicating a person experiencing a particular state. This person is usually expressed by a noun or pronoun in the dative case or in the genitive case with the preposition y.

Wed: I was lucky to find myself a room; there was no reason for the son to be dissatisfied with himself.

In all such cases, the pronoun self indicates the person who performs the action expressed by the infinitive.

Wed: I found myself a room.

Ambiguity is usually created if the infinitive is subordinate to another verb, associated with another character.

For example: The mother told her daughter to fetch water for herself. In this case, there are two characters in the sentence: the mother ordered to bring water, and her daughter will bring it. Therefore, the pronoun se can refer to both mother and daughter. To avoid ambiguity, the sentence needs to be changed.
If the water is for the daughter, then the sentence can be constructed as follows: The mother told her daughter to bring herself some water. By including a pronoun in a subordinate clause where there is only one actor, we have avoided possible confusion.
If the water is intended for the mother, then it is no longer possible to use such a design. You can use a complex sentence with the replacement of a reflexive pronoun with a personal one ( The mother told her daughter to bring her water). In the subordinate clause, there is again one noun and one personal pronoun, which correlates with another noun ( mother) given in the previous main clause. However, a certain ambiguity still remains here, since the statement contains two feminine nouns ( mother And daughter), with which, in principle, the personal pronoun to her can be correlated. Therefore, for greater precision, it is better to use a wider context, for example: The mother was thirsty, and she told her daughter to bring water.

note

The reflexive pronoun is not used in sentences in which the subject is a part of speech denoting an object or concept that does not perform actions. Therefore, the phrase requires correction: A definition that has self-related words, usually isolated if it comes after a noun. First, here it is necessary to replace the reflexive pronoun to yourself for personal to him, secondly, at least one of the real participles should be excluded from the sentence. In this case, you can use the phrase: common definition. (A common definition is usually isolated if it comes after a noun.)

6. No less difficulties are usually caused by the use of the possessive pronoun own in the text. This pronoun, like the reflexive one, indicates the belonging of an object, quality, property to a person (active producer of the action) and can refer to all three persons and to both numbers:

I/you/he/they bought/bought a candle with their own money.

Therefore, if there are several actors in the sentence, ambiguity also arises:

To avoid semantic inaccuracies, the following recommendations should be followed.

If in the sentence the subject is expressed by the personal pronoun of the first, second person ( me, we, you, you), and the complement is a noun, then belonging to a noun-complement is expressed by pronouns him, her, them.

Wed: I found a friend in my office - I found a friend in his office.

These pronouns can also be used if the subject and object are expressed by nouns (third person pronouns) of different genders.

Wed: Sergey found his sister in his office - Sergey found his sister in her office.

If the subject and object are expressed by nouns (or a personal pronoun of a third person and a noun) of the same number and the same gender, then you can use a simple or complex sentence in which only one actor will be named.

Wed: The professor asked the assistant to read his abstract - The professor asked the assistant to read his(assistant) essay; The professor's abstract, at his request, was read by an assistant.

7. When using pronouns, agreement with the replaced word is often violated. Thus, the replaced pronoun must agree with the replaced word in gender and number.

Firstly, if the word being replaced is a collective noun, then the pronoun must be used in the singular form, since these nouns, although indicating a plurality, are in the singular form.

Therefore, the following examples of the use of pronouns will be grammatically incorrect:

If a collective noun denotes inanimate objects, then the singular form of the pronoun should be used, that is, the context will be grammatically correct:

Leaves fell from the wind. She covered the whole garden.

If the noun denotes persons, then it is more appropriate to replace the collective noun with a synonymous plural noun, that is, the second example can be corrected as follows:

Secondly, if the pronoun is after a combination of two nouns, one of which is an application, then the pronoun must agree in gender with the noun that serves as the designation of a broader (generic) concept:

Pushkin gave the poem "The Bronze Horseman" for review to Nicholas I. It was returned to the poet with the comments of the sovereign.

1 Mistakes in the formation of forms of the adjective name

The form of an adjective depends on the categories of gender, number and case of the noun to which it belongs. Its assimilation occurs naturally, and errors are not so numerous here. They are found in the use of full and short forms and in the formation of a comparative degree.

1) The question of choosing a full and short form arises when using qualitative adjectives in the function of the nominal part of the predicate. In many cases, the full and short forms are used in parallel, differing only in subtle semantic and stylistic shades: “ He's still young."(expresses a temporary sign, for example, a sign of inconsistency with any activity at a given age) - "He's still young"(expresses a constant sign); "Boots are narrow"(expresses an absolute sign, not related to a specific situation) - "Boots are narrow"(expresses a sign of insufficient size, this person cannot wear such boots).

However, there are situations when only one of these forms can be used. It is in these cases that speech errors occur:

a) the long form is used instead of the short form - "The mushroom cap was full of water." In the role of a predicate, only a short adjective can control dependent forms, so the sentence should sound like this: "The mushroom cap was full of water";

b) the short form is used instead of the full one. In some cases, the lexical meanings of the adjective in short and full forms do not match or do not match in full. So, the adjective "capable" has two meanings - "possessing abilities, gifted" and "able to do something." The first value is implemented in short form only when there is a managed member − "capable of fine arts, dancing, music", so the phrase “I am capable, and you should accept me as an actor” wrong. The correct option is “I am capable of acting (talented) and you should accept me as an actor.” The adjective "full" has the meaning "fat, obese" only in full form, therefore, the expression “As a child, the boy was very full, because he did not do physical education and ate a lot” contains a speech defect.

2) Errors also appear in the formation of degrees of comparison of the adjective. This happens in two cases:

but) in the formation of the comparative degree of such an adjective, which in the language does not have this form. Here we are talking about a number of quality adjectives that do not have a comparative degree, mainly these are adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -k-, -ov-, -ev-, -l-: friendly, fighting, sluggish, easily soiled etc. However, their lexical meaning, the meaning of quality does not contradict the formation of a comparative degree and, in accordance with the norm, it can be formed using the words "more" and "less". In speech, there is an irregular formation using a simple form of a comparative degree: "Day by day, the teenager became bolder and more combative." Qualitative adjectives that denote the so-called "absolute" attribute ( deaf, oblique, blind, lame, crooked, ragged etc.), are outside the idea of ​​comparison, but in a number of situations these signs unfold in dynamics and require such a comparison. In a normalized language, this need is satisfied by the formation of a complex (analytical) degree of comparison; in real practice, erroneous forms often arise: “At first I argued with my mother, and then I realized that she is always more right than me.”

b) in the formation of a comparative degree in a non-normative way. A productive and regular way to form a comparative degree is to add the suffix to the stem -her(s). However, a significant number of widely used adjectives with a basis on "G", "K", "D", "X" (sometimes on "T" and "ST") form these forms with the help of the suffix -e. In this case, the final consonant of the stem alternates: "Quiet - Hush", "Loud - LOUDER", "Strict - Stricter", "Simple - EASIER". A number of adjectives form these forms using the suffix -ШЕ ("thin - thinner"). Errors occur due to the tendency in all cases to use the most common suffixes to form a comparative degree. -her(s). In this case, the alternation of consonants disappears: "I've never seen a fatter book." There is also a phenomenon of the reverse order - the replacement of productive education by unproductive: "This way is much longer than that one". Cases of combining complex and simple forms of a comparative degree are also widespread: one or another element of a complex form of a comparative degree is added to an adjective in the form of a simple comparative degree: “ This problem is more (less) easier than the one that was solved yesterday.

3) Speech defects can also appear in the formation of the superlative degree of adjectives.. It is known that it can be formed using simple and complex forms. A complex form is formed using the words "most", "most", "least" and is used in all styles of speech, and a simple one (the so-called elative- from lat. elatus - raised, elevated) is formed using the prefix nai- and (or) suffixes -aysh-(-eysh-) and is bookish. Errors occur when there is a mixture of simple and complex forms - "the most capable student", "the highest building" etc. Only in isolated cases is the combination “most” + superlative form normalized, although it is outdated: "the shortest way", "the closest way", "the closest way".

2 Mistakes in the formation of forms of pronouns

The specificity of pronouns as parts of speech is that they are double words. Their role in the organization of the sentence and the text as a whole is extremely great. Speech errors associated with the use of pronouns occur when using the pronouns "myself" and "own"; demonstrative pronouns and the pronoun "he"; vernacular possessive pronouns.

1) The pronoun "myself" in its generalized grammatical meaning and functions correlates with personal ones, and the reflexively possessive "own" - with possessive pronouns. The ambiguity arises from the fact that they can refer to any of the three persons. Their specific correlation with one, and not with another person is established only by the context, and if the previous segment of the text refers to two persons, ambiguity arises: “Kirila Petrovich arranged various amusements that were of interest only to himself”(right - "only interested in him"). There are also errors of the opposite nature - instead of the pronouns "oneself" and "one's own" required by the norm, personal or possessive pronouns are used: "I found a book on my desk."

2) Demonstrative pronouns and the pronoun "he" perform the function of substituting significant words. The replaced word is usually contained in the preceding text, and a clear performance of this function by the pronoun is possible only if the speakers (hearers) correctly correlate the significant word and the pronoun that replaces it. Often a substitute pronoun is used in the absence of a replaced word, it is implied by the speaker (writer), but is not reflected in speech (in writing): “Loud voices were heard in the house. They tried to open the doors from the inside.". An error is also the unjustified repetition of demonstrative and personal pronouns in the initial sentences of the text.: "When he was at the lake, he saw a tree of a completely unusual shape there."

Speech defects also occur when not one, but two or more words can be perceived as being replaced e. For example, in the sentence “I saw that there was a fight in the schoolyard: an eighth grader was fighting with a sixth grader. I knew this boy well." it remains unclear who the author "knew well" - a sixth grader or an eighth grader?

Substitute pronouns must agree with the replaced word in gender and number. Violation of this rule occurs if the replaced word is a collective noun. Then the pronoun can erroneously be used in the form of the plural, and not the singular, that is, it is agreed in meaning, and not grammatically. For example, "The nobility was afraid that they might lose power." The pronoun may be agreed in gender not with the noun being replaced, but with the word that, in relation to this noun, serves as a designation for a broader (generic) or, conversely, narrower (specific) concept: “The story “Dubrovsky” had a great influence on the development of literature. It's hard to find someone who hasn't read it."

3) In the use of pronouns, errors are very common, the cause of which is the influence on the literary language of vernacular. So, when using the personal pronoun “he” in oblique cases in combination with prepositions, the so-called prothetic “H” (from the Greek prothesis - standing in front) is usually added to it, which is absent when the same pronoun is used without prepositions - "to him", "to her", but "to Him", "to Her". In common parlance, this rule is often violated - “They are wonderful actors, they create a good mood”, “she did not have a home”. In common parlance, such possessive pronouns exist. The most common word "theirs", less common, but there are forms " einy", "voyny" ("egoyny").

3 Errors in the formation of forms of the name of the numeral

The numeral is a lexically closed category, numbering only a few dozen words and no longer replenished with new formations. Despite this, the assimilation of the forms of numerals is a rather complicated process, and mistakes are often encountered here.

1. A large number of them is associated with the use of compound forms of numerals. The rules for declension of this part of speech are simple - when declining compound cardinal numbers, all the words included in it change, when declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word:“The flow of the river reaches 120 (one hundred and twenty) - 400 (four hundred) meters per minute”; "On the night of June 26 (twenty-sixth) it was raining."

2. When forming phrases "numeral + noun, having only the plural form (day, sleigh, scissors, trousers, glasses)", collective (up to 5) or quantitative (from 5) numerals are used:“two (three, four) days” - “five (six, seven, etc.) days”. If it is necessary to show the number of items indicated by nouns only in the plural, from 22 to 24, you cannot use the collective numeral and you need to resort to lexical replacement: you cannot say “twenty-two (three, four) scissors”, but you can “twenty scissors and a couple more” , "twenty-two pieces of scissors."

3. The incorrect use of the collective numeral "both (both)" is often found in speech.

4. The declension of the numeral "one and a half" depends on the gender of the noun. The masculine and neuter genders in the nominative and accusative cases take the form "one and a half", in other cases - "one and a half". The feminine gender in the nominative and accusative cases is "one and a half". In the rest - "one and a half". In this case, nouns change in accordance with the rules.

Introduction

The study of grammar and one of its independent sections - morphology in our time does not lose its relevance when studying at a university. On the contrary, courses on the study of the Russian language and the culture of speech, rhetoric are being introduced by the Ministry of Education into the programs of higher and secondary educational institutions for the training of future specialists in both technical and humanitarian profiles. In our opinion, such attention to the study of the language, to the problem of observing morphological norms in the Russian language and cases of their violation is due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, which include a decrease in the general level of literacy of the population, and especially young people, a loss of interest among a certain category of students, schoolchildren to reading fiction and cognitive literature, replacing book sources of knowledge with electronic counterparts, etc. However, each person must accurately, concisely and colorfully express their thoughts (1, 9). There is not a single area of ​​human knowledge, human activity, for which a bad, confusing , illiterate professional or everyday speech of the performer would be a boon (ibid., 8). In addition, in recent years, a reform of the Russian language has been prepared. Obviously, the new set of rules will also define new morphological norms for all parts of speech, including pronouns.

The focus of this work will be the problem of morphological norms of the Russian language and cases of their violation when using pronouns in oral and written speech. For a detailed study of this issue, first of all, it is necessary to define the very concept of morphology, identify its tasks, and also determine what is the subject of its study, what are the historical roots of this issue. Then you should find out what a pronoun is, what is the meaning of this part of speech, what are the lexico-semantic categories of pronouns, what are the morphological norms for the use and spelling of pronouns, cases of their violation.

Morphology - the study of parts of speech

Any textbook or manual on the Russian language must have a section on morphology. So what is morphology, how does it relate to grammar?

In the dictionary of foreign words (4), these terms are translated from Latin,

which in turn were translated from Greek.

Morphology (Greek morphe - the form , logos- word, concept, doctrine).

Gram (Greek gramma - written sign, line, line).

Grammar is a section of linguistics that studies the structure of words and sentences in a language and consists, respectively, of two parts: morphology and syntax.

One of the definitions of the concept of morphology is the following:

Morphology is a branch of the science of language that studies parts of speech and forms of their change (7, 67). Another definition says that morphology is an independent section of the general doctrine of the grammatical structure of the Russian language and directly studies the grammatical classes and categories of words with their inherent grammatical meanings and grammatical forms (2.149).

Comparing the above definitions, we come to the conclusion that morphology is the study of parts of speech, word formation and inflection.

The tasks of morphology include the following: 1) evaluation of the word as a unit of the grammatical system of the Russian language; 2) establishing the principles of grammatical classification of words; 3) identification of grammatical classes and categories of words based on these principles; 4) a description of the general and particular grammatical meanings inherent in individual classes of words, and the definition of systems (paradigms) that implement these grammatical meanings (2, 148).

Thus, the subject of morphology is the study of parts of speech, as well as their functions in the grammatical structure of the Russian language.

From the history of the issue

morphology pronoun Russian

The historical roots of morphology go back to the time of M.V. Lomonosov. One of the first sources of scientific development of the theory of parts of speech is considered to be his grammatical views. In his Russian grammar (1756) M.V. Lomonosov singled out eight significant parts:

). name for naming things

). pronoun for abbreviation,

). action verb,

). participle for abbreviation by combining a name and a verb into one utterance,

). adverb for a brief description of circumstances,

). a pretext for showing that circumstances belong to things or deeds,

). union to represent the reciprocity of our concepts,

). interjection for a brief identification of the movement of the spirit (2, 149).

The modern classification of parts of speech distinguishes ten classes of words: noun, pronoun-noun, adjective, numeral, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. As an independent part of speech in this classification, a pronoun-noun is distinguished (I, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, something, etc.); words that are adjective pronouns (mine, yours, mine, whose, which, etc.)

Morphological norm

Let us now turn to the concept of morphological norm. Norm in the broad sense of the word means a rule or a guiding principle. Morphological norm regulates inflection and word formation . When morphological norms are violated, speech errors occur, which are associated with the use of different parts of speech.

The occurrence of errors is primarily due to variability of norms in the field of morphology (ibid., 18). In this paper, we will focus on the morphological norm and cases of its violation associated with the use of pronouns in speech.

Pronoun as a part of speech

The pronoun differs from other parts of speech in that it does not have its own permanent and stable lexical meaning; its meaning is variable and depends on the meaning of the word to which it refers or instead of which it is used. Therefore, the pronoun can be defined as a part of speech that conveys a generalized indication of objects and signs, but does not itself name them. In this sense, a pronoun is defined as a part of speech that takes the place of a noun, adjective, or numeral.

Permanent - category, person (in personal);

Inconstant - case, gender, number (if any);

syntactic role.

To the categories of pronouns in the "Course of the modern Russian literary language" by the authors A.M. Finkel and N.M. Bazhenov (5, 353) include the following:

Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

Possessive: mine, ours, yours, yours, theirs, his, hers (in the meaning of possessives), yours.

Reflexive pronouns: myself, me, you.

Interrogative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, what, how much.

Relative: who, what, what, whose, which, what, how much (used to connect simple sentences into one complex one).

Indefinite: someone, something, some, several, someone, someone, someone, someone, something, some, some, some, some, some, some.

Negative: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing.

Indicative: that, this, such, such, so much.

Definitive: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, different, other.

The correct use of pronouns in speech is important, for this you need to know the morphological norms. Below we will consider the rules for the use of pronouns in various categories, as well as situations of violation of morphological norms.

Use of personal pronouns

The 3rd person pronoun (he, she, it) usually replaces the one closest to it

the preceding noun in the form of the same gender and number. Sometimes this connection of a pronoun with a noun is determined by the meaning, and not by the order of words, for example: Marya Ivanovna was equipped, and a few days later she set off on the road with the faithful Broadsword and the faithful Savelich. (A. Pushkin). There is no doubt that the pronoun she refers to the noun Maria Ivanovna.

Sometimes the incorrect correlation of a pronoun with different words is a source of ambiguity or ambiguity, for example: Changes are made to both texts; they need some clarification. It is not clear whether texts or additions need to be clarified? Correctly construct the proposal as follows: Additions have been made to both texts that need some clarifications.

The pronoun they should not correlate with collective numbers that have the singular form. Incorrect: Many people participated in the strike; they demanded a pay rise.

The correct option would be: Many miners participated in the strike; they demanded a pay rise.

The omission of the personal pronoun of the 1st and 2nd person as the subject of the predicate-verb indicates a certain person, gives dynamism to the speech, speeds up its pace, and introduces a colloquial tone. Compare: I disagree! I cant! Disagree! I can not! In such constructions, categoricalness is sometimes emphasized: Go, follow the order! (K. Simonov)

The presence of a subject-pronoun in the form of the imperative mood can give the statement a softening connotation, for example: Tell me frankly ... give me advice. (L. Tolstoy)

The personal pronoun sometimes duplicates the subject-noun in the sentence. Such use of the pronoun is justified in oratory and poetic speech: The whole appearance of Georgia is beloved, it has become different in the mind to live. (N. Tikhonov)

In other cases, such a phenomenon is observed in colloquial language, colloquial speech, which is not a literary norm. One often hears how radio and television announcers allow linguistic negligence, for example: State Duma deputies, they adopted the law in the third reading. Our national park curonian spit … it requires the constant attention of scientists and ordinary workers. Eugene Onegin, he was introduced to the noble youth. Or another example from a recent speech by Prime Minister M. Kasyan to journalists: The relevant services, of course, they will figure it out ...

The form of the pronoun she has is normative, for example: She has an unusually charming voice. Her form gives the statement a conversational character: She shed tears ... (K. Fedin)

An archaic or colloquial character is inherent in forms: without it, for it, from it, etc. For example: Tried to get rid of her.

In modern language, sound H added to 3rd person pronouns if the pronoun is after any of the simple prepositions: without, in, for, before, for, from, to, on, over, about, from, by, before, with, about, with, at, through , as well as after many adverbial prepositions, i.e. passed from adverbs: near, around, in front, past, opposite, about, after, in the middle, behind. It is correct to use pronouns like this: in front of her, with her, near her, by them, around him, opposite them. However, one often hears: she has nothing, they were standing near them. It is not right. However, such prepositions as inside, outside are used, as a rule, without inserting the initial H .

Not added H to pronouns also after prepositions of adverbial origin, ruled by the dative case: in spite of him, contrary to her, according to them, after him, towards her, like them, according to them, and also thanks to him.

Do not require bets after themselves H also prepositional combinations consisting of a simple preposition and a noun, for example: in relation to him, with the help of her, not as an example to them, in opposition to him, about her, with the exception of them, from his side, because of her, like him, about them.

Initial is not added H to pronouns, if the pronoun is after the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb: older than it, higher than it, better than them.

If the personal pronoun is preceded by the definitive pronoun all, then both forms are acceptable: for all of them - for all of them, for all of them - for all of them, for all of them - for all of them, for all of them - for all of them.

The personal pronoun you is used to express politeness. In official papers, you should write with a capital letter. Sometimes this pronoun is used incorrectly, referring to one person. For example: You are so demanding ... (meaning a woman or a man). Must speak: You are so demanding , You are so demanding.

When using a pronoun, you should avoid mistakes like this: Are you family? The plural of the adjective here is vulgar. The same vulgarism is the use of the verb in the singular, for example: you said ..., you bought ... (5, 360). The verb must agree with the pronoun in the number.

Speaking about the pronoun you, I would like to quote a poem by A.S. Pushkin:

Empty you hearty you

She, speaking, replaced,

And all the happy dreams

Aroused in the soul of a lover.

Before her, I stand thoughtfully,

There is no power to take your eyes off her,

I tell her: How sweet you are!

And I think: How I love you!

It can be seen from the poem how the use of the pronoun you removes the deliberately emphasized raid of officiality.

The use of reflexive and possessive pronouns

The reflexive pronoun self can refer to any of the three grammatical persons. If there are several nouns or pronouns in a sentence, to which the pronoun self may refer, then ambiguity often arises, for example: The commandant ordered the janitor to take the tenant's things to himself. It is not clear to whom to attribute it - to the commandant or to the janitor. In this case, according to D.E. Rosenthal, the pronoun must be attributed to the word that names the producer of the action, that is, to the janitor (attributed) (4, 215).

If the meaning of such a sentence is not clear, then the ambiguity should be eliminated, for example: The commandant ordered the janitor to take the tenant's things to himself.

The suffix -sya in reflexive verbs historically goes back to the pronoun self, which is close in meaning to these verbs. (5, 361). For example: do not upset yourself - do not quarrel, refreshed yourself - refreshed. I'm sorry - extremely common negligence of speech. After all I'm sorry Can mean excuse myself , that is, for example, I think it's normal that I pushed you . We must resolutely get rid of the word I'm sorry , replace with words I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry.

The position of ambiguity, when the meaning of the sentence is not entirely clear, may arise when using the pronoun own. It can also refer to all three persons, for example: The older brother asked the younger to give him his instrument. It is not clear whose instrument is the older or younger brother. Here the pronoun should be attributed to the younger brother, as the producer of the action., expressed by the verb submit, with which the combination of your instrument is associated.

Perhaps the synonymous use of possessive pronouns mine - mine, for example: I indulge in my dreams (A. Pushkin). I will not tolerate thieves in my house (A. Chekhov) (4, 216).

The use of the pronouns my, yours, ours, your instead of the pronoun yours emphasizes the connection with the corresponding person when contrasted: Touch my head with your hand (K. Zhukovsky).

One often hears how instead of the possessive pronouns of his, her, theirs, the words evony, eynaya, theirs, which do not exist in Russian, are used, for example: evony boss, her signature, their documents. It should be remembered that there are no such words in the Russian literary language.

The use of definitive pronouns

The pronouns everyone, everyone, any have semantic proximity, but they differ from each other in shades of meaning. Rosenthal D.E. we find that the pronoun everyone has the first meaning different, the most, diverse, various . For example: all kinds of possibilities. Second value: any, whatever . For example: The absence of any system.

The pronoun everyone contains a shade of generalization, points to objects without limiting them to a certain circle. So: Every plant needs moisture.

The pronoun each suggests such a limitation. For example: Each of the newly planted plants still needs daily care (4, 216).

The pronoun everyone matters any of their kind , taken separately , one of all in a given quantitative series . For example: A grade book is issued to each student; at every step; every two hours.

The pronoun any usually refers to adjectives, has the meaning whatever you choose . For example: Give any document; any means will do here. Stylistically, the word any is marked as colloquial.

In modern language, when using the pronouns itself and most, there is no distinction. In the old days, the word itself referred to animate objects, and most to inanimate ones.

Now in a journalistic style, the pronoun itself is more often used, and not the most. For example: the convening of the conference itself is important; The voting itself took place in an atmosphere of intense struggle.

It is allowed to use the book version of the word samoyo, but it is preferable to use the word samoyo in the modern language. For example: met the teacher herself.

If there is a reflexive pronoun in the sentence, then the pronoun itself can agree in case either with it or with the subject, for example: I am surprised at myself - I am surprised at myself; it contradicts itself - it contradicts itself.

As noted by L.A. Shevchenko, N.M. Pipchenko, the use of the pronoun sam in the meaning of the numeral one in the literary language is not allowed (7, 121). Such expressions as I selected literature myself (that is, alone), I myself sat at home, are incorrect.

Use of indefinite pronouns

The pronouns something, something, something, something, something, someone, someone, someone, someone are close in meaning, but differ in semantic and stylistic shades. The pronoun something (someone) indicates something unknown to both the speaker and the listener. For example: Someone is on the phone. Something not noted in this document.

The pronoun something (someone) indicates something unknown to the listener, but to some extent known to the speaker. For example: I will say something on this subject. The difference between the pronouns something and something (someone and somebody) is that the particle - something gives meaning unknown what or who , and the particle - anything gives meaning no matter what or who . For example: He knows something important. Tell something about yourself. Indefinite pronouns with the particle -something can be used with a verb-predicate in the form of the future tense, imperative or subjunctive mood, as well as in interrogative sentences.

For example: We will definitely see something interesting.

If anyone is looking for me, let me know. Do you expect anything from me? Pronouns with the particle -either have a more general meaning than pronouns with the particle -anything. For example: Ask someone (one of the unknowns) - ask someone (any of the unknowns).

Here are a few insidious examples:

Wrong | Correct |

| Returning from the expedition, | Captain, returned from | |

| The captain brought a bear with him. | | expedition, brought with him | |

| He told us a lot | bear and told us a lot | |

| interesting about their | interesting about their |

| adventures. | | adventures. | |

| Waves violently struck about | Waves violently struck about | |

| Coastal stones. With every hour|coastal stones and every |

| they got higher and higher | hour became higher and |

| Fearing the rain, the workers hid | Fearing the rain, the workers hid | |

| Arrived goods under a canopy and | Arrived goods under a canopy and | |

|Kept him there until |Kept him there until|

| He did not stop. (Ridiculous) | The rain did not stop. |

| Wrong | Right |

| The doctor offered the patient each | The doctor suggested the patient to | |

| day weigh yourself. | he weighed himself every day. |

| The professor asked the student | The professor asked the student |

It follows from the examples given that the incorrect use of pronouns leads to ambiguity or absurdities in the text. Such mistakes should be avoided.

Pronoun spelling

Having considered in this work the cases of correct and erroneous use of pronouns in speech, let us dwell on their spelling. Summarizing the material given in various manuals and textbooks on the Russian language, among the basic rules we single out the following:

When declining pronouns whose, whose soft sign is written:

Im.p. whose portrait, whose book

R.p. whose portrait, whose book

D.p. whose portrait, whose book, etc.

Pronouns with the prefix something and particles -something, -or, -something are written with a hyphen.

In negative pronouns, under stress, the particle is written not, but without stress - neither. For example: no one to ask, no one to ask.

In negative pronouns, neither and neither are prefixes and are written together. If there is a preposition, neither and neither are particles and are written separately. For example: No one to ask; can't be compared to anything.

The combinations none other (other) and nothing else (other) are used in sentences where there is negation. For example: no one else could have done better.

Conclusion

So, based on the studied literature, this paper analyzes the problem of using morphological norms and cases of their violation associated with the use of pronouns in speech. For this purpose, the essence of the concept of morphology was revealed, it was determined how morphology and grammar correlate, what are the tasks of morphology as a section of linguistics, which is the subject of its study. The paper provides a historical background on the first scientific developments in the theory of parts of speech and gives their modern classification. The concept of a morphological norm is given, cases of its violation when using pronouns in speech according to their categories are systematized.

Based on the material presented above, we come to the conclusion that the requirement for accuracy and clarity of presentation, imposed on the text of any style of speech, is possible only if certain norms of word usage and grammar rules are observed. Morphological norms for the use of pronouns in speech and their observance allow us to avoid ambiguities, absurdities and other speech errors, enable us to express ourselves accurately, express our thoughts clearly. And the ability to speak Russian correctly is necessary for everyone, and especially for us - future business people, specialists in the field of economics.

Literature

1. Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2000.

Dudnikov A.V. Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1974.

Dictionary of foreign words. - M .: Education, 1982.

Rosenthal D.E. Please write correctly! Russian Language Manual.- M.: Astra, 1996.

Finkel A.M., Bazhenov N.M. Course of modern Russian literary language. - Kyiv: Radianska school, 1965.

Send a request with a topic right now to find out about the possibility of receiving a consultation.