Periodization of 19th century literature. Introduction

Presentation on the topic "Russian history and Russian literature of the 19th century" on literature in powerpoint format. This presentation for 10th grade students discusses the main literary movements in the 19th century and their representatives. Presentation author: Khvoshchevskaya Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature.

Fragments from the presentation

To insane pride excites not only the abundance of talents, born in Russia in the 19th century, but also their striking diversity. M. Gorky

Classicism

• (from lat. classicus - exemplary)
• style and direction in literature and art 17 - early. 19th centuries, who turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model.

Sentimentalism

• (from French sentiment - feeling)
• current in European and American literature and art 2nd half. 18 - beg. 19th centuries Starting from enlightenment rationalism, he declared that the dominant of “human nature” was not reason, but feeling, and he sought the path to an ideal-normative personality in the release and improvement of “natural” feelings.

Romanticism

• (French romanticisme)
• artistic method that developed at the beginning of the 19th century. and received wide use as a trend in art and literature. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in the personality, the nature of its relationship to the surrounding reality, as well as the opposition real world ideal. The desire of the artist to express his attitude to the depicted prevails over the accuracy of the transfer of actual facts, which gives work of art increased emotionality.

Realism

• (from lat. realis - real)
• the artistic method of the new time, the beginning of which is either from the Renaissance (Renaissance realism), or from the Enlightenment (enlightenment realism), or from the 30s. 19th century
• the leading principles of realism: an objective depiction of life combined with the height of the author's ideal; reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances with the completeness of their individualization; vitality of the image along with the use of conditional and fantastic forms; predominant interest in the problem of the individual and society

novel

• (French romans - narration) - epic genre big shape, revealing the history of several, sometimes many human destinies over a long period of time
• the genre of the novel allows you to convey the most profound and complex processes of life

Dramaturgy

• (Greek drama, lit. action)
• one of the main genres of fiction (along with epic and lyrics). The specificity of drama as a kind of literature lies in the fact that it is written in a dialogic form and, as a rule, is intended to be staged.

Criticism

• socio-historical (Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev)
• "organic" (Grigoriev)
• aesthetic (Botkin, Strakhov)

The main themes and problems of Russian literature of the XIX century

• freedom;
• spiritual and moral quest of a person;
• appeal to the people in search of a moral ideal.

Introduction.
Russian literature of the 19th century
in the context of world culture.
The main themes and problems of the Russian
literature XIX century.

To insane pride does not care
just an abundance of talent
born in Russia in the 19th century, but also
their astonishing variety.
M Gorky

How do you understand the words of M. Gorky?
About what talented writers and
poets says M. Gorky?
The task.
Remember and name the most
significant works created in
18th and early 19th centuries.
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3

They were hard and cruel
conditions in which
advanced
Russian literature.
Serfdom
left its mark
to all regions of the Russian
life. reigned in the country
heavy political
oppression. Tsarist censorship
ruthlessly suppressed
free word.
Greatest Figures
Russian literature
were subjected
persecution, many of
them ended their lives
tragically.
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However, Russian literature
reached in the 19th century. amazingly bright
heyday and took one of the first
places in Europe.
The feudal regime caused
the discontent of the broad peasant
wt. Throughout the 19th century in Russia
mature mighty democratic
revolution.
The best works of Russian
literature and art originated in
crest of this democratic
lifting; in them indirectly, and sometimes
directly reflected
the discontent of the masses, their
indignation at the tyranny.
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5

Russian literature grew up in a tense ideological
fight. progressive writers and artists,
animated by the ideas of freedom-loving, led a constant
struggle against writers of the reactionary-monarchist, and
then the bourgeois-liberal direction,
who defended the social order of their time
or inclined to reform it only slightly.
Decembrists
on the Senate
area.
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Literature played a huge role in the development of advanced
ideas, was the area in which it is especially strong and
advanced thought was able to express itself energetically. "At
people deprived of public freedom, literature-
the only platform from which he makes
hear the cry of your indignation and your conscience,
Herzen wrote.
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E. Manet. Portrait of Emile Zola
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Russian artists are
were separated from
happened abroad.
They responded to
public events
Western Europe, assimilated
advanced achievements
arts and literature.
Extraordinary intensity and
the rapid growth of the Russian
culture has led to
currents developed in
literature and art
Western Europe on
for several
centuries, existed in
Russia at the same time
intertwined with each other.

Classicism, found
perfect expression in
various areas of Russian
art, developed
along with romantic
direction, and at the same time
already in the 20s in Russia
features of realism,
who became the leader
the course of literature XIX
centuries.
Patriotic War of 1812
and associated
patriotic enthusiasm
powerful impetus for development
Russian national
culture. Most
educated class in
Russia was then the nobility.
Most cultural figures
this time - people from the nobility
or people anyway
associated with the nobility
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culture.

At the beginning of the XIX century. literature becomes
leading area of ​​Russian culture,
which was primarily facilitated by her
close connection with progressive liberation ideology. Oh yeah
Pushkin's "Liberty", his "Message to
Siberia" to the Decembrists and "Answer" to this
message of the Decembrist Odoevsky, satire
Ryleev "To the temporary worker" (Arakcheev),
Lermontov's poem "To death
poet", Belinsky's letter to Gogol
were essentially political
pamphlets, combat,
revolutionary calls
inspiring the cutting edge
young people. spirit of opposition and
struggle inherent in works
progressive writers of Russia,
made Russian literature of that time
one of the active social forces.
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In the formation of Russian national culture
intellectuals are becoming more and more active,
originally made up of educated
people of two privileged classes -
clergy and nobles. If in the XVIII - the first
half of the 19th century leading role in culture
belongs to the noble intelligentsia, then
in the second half of the 19th century. - raznochintsy. IN
composition of the raznochin intelligentsia (especially
after the abolition of serfdom) are poured into
natives of peasants. In general, to the raznochintsy
educated representatives
liberal and democratic
bourgeoisie who did not belong to the nobility, Raznochinets
but to the bureaucracy, philistinism, merchants and
peasantry. This explains such an important
cultural feature Russia XIX in. like
started the process of democratization.
The number of writers, poets,
artists, composers, scientists from
underprivileged classes, in particular from
serf peasantry, but mainly from
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raznochintsy environments.

Even against the backdrop of all the richest world
classics Russian literature of the last century
- an exceptional phenomenon. Could it be
say that it is like the Milky Way,
clearly visible on the strewn
stars in the sky, if some of
writers who made up its glory, not
looked more like dazzling lights
or on independent "universes". Alone
only the names of A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N.
Gogol, F. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy immediately
evoke the idea of ​​a huge
artistic worlds, many ideas and
images that are refracted in their own way in
consciousness of all new and new generations
readers. The impression made by this
"golden age" of Russian literature,
beautifully expressed by T. Mann. talking about her
"extraordinary inner unity and
integrity”, “close cohesion of its
02/08/2017 series, the continuity of its traditions.
12

"We all went out
from "Overcoat"
Gogol, -
figuratively remarked
Dostoevsky,
characterizing
Gogol's influence
on development
Russian
literature.
At the beginning of the XX century. Gogol receives
worldwide recognition and from that moment
becomes active and more and more
growing global
artistic process, gradually
deep philosophical understanding
the potential of his work.
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The end of the noble period of the liberation movement, and
the beginning of the raznochinskoye, bourgeois-democratic, could not
not have a serious impact on the development of Russian
democratic camp of literature. She did
decisive steps towards democratization, approaching
combat and topical issues public life.
The final demarcation of the liberal and
democratic tendencies in the Russian public
movement led to a regrouping of forces in literature.
Writers - employees
magazine
"Contemporary".
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14

In the 1950s, the Sovremennik magazine united
largest democratic and liberal-minded
writers. By the end of the 1950s, moderate writers
finally break with the magazine, and it becomes an organ
revolutionary democracy. The ideological leader of the journal
became Chernyshevsky. Revolutionary Democratic Camp in
Literature was also represented by Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov,
Saltykov-Shchedrin. They were opposed by writers who gravitated toward
liberal and moderate monarchist views. Most
significant of them were Turgenev and Goncharov. but
the urgent need for bourgeois-democratic
transformations and the presence of a democratic upsurge in the country
helped in a number of cases to keep these artists in their
creativity depth and power of social criticism.
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N.A. Nekrasov editor
magazine
"Contemporary".
Literary
Journal
"Contemporary"

Major events of the 19th century

1825
Insurrection
Decembrists
1853-1856
Crimean
war
1861
Cancel
serf
the rights
1881
Doom
Alexandra
II
Reign of Nicholas I
Governing body
Alexandra
II
"Deaf" 80s
1894
Start
board
Nicholas II

The main themes of Russian literature of the 19th century

1825 - 1855 - the main question: "Who are we? What
is happening to us?"
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero
of Our Time ", N.V. Gogol" Dead Souls "
1855 - 1861 - the main question: "Who
guilty?"
I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter", I.A. Goncharov
"Oblomov", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Provincial essays"
1861 - 1881 - the main question: "What
do?"
N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?", F.M. Dostoevsky
"Crime and Punishment", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Socio-political struggle in the second half of the 19th century

Westerners
Revolutionaries
- Democrats
Populists
Opposed:
-autocracy;
-religion;
-serfdom
Defended:
-autocracy;
- Orthodoxy;
- serfdom
Defended:
- loyalty to principles
autocracy, but did not accept
Nikolaev despotism
Strived:
- to liberation
peasants;
- to the introduction of the republic
Slavophiles

They were united by the thought: "Russian life needs fundamental changes." How to carry them out?

Revolutionary democrats
Westerners
Slavophiles
They were united by the thought: “Russian life needs
fundamental changes"
How to conduct them?
Revolutionary democrats
Salvation of Russia
only in revolution
Westerners
Slavophiles
Russia needs reforms
from above, no revolution

In the literature, the socio-political confrontation is reflected in the struggle of two directions:

critical realism
"natural school"
"The period from 1856 to 1880
year is the time of the greatest
Russian achievements
critical realism 19
century "(D.D. Blagoy)
Democratic writers
beliefs clustered
around the Sovremennik magazine
"pure art"
Theorists of "pure art"
romanticized
sublime and beautiful
opposed to "eternal" in
art "topical",
urged to stay away from
"worldly excitement"

Major problems in 19th century literature

good and evil;
guilt and punishment;
peace and war;
the energy of man and his inaction;
wisdom and frivolity;
love and alienation;
despotism and slavery;
labor and idleness;
body and soul;
faith and skepticism.

romanticism
pre-romanticism
novel genre
(A. A. Bestuzhev Marlinsky, V. F.
Odoevsky);
realism
Main
directions
in literature
1st half
19th century
classicism
sentimentalism
m
historically
th novel (A. S.
Pushkin, N.V.
Gogol).

Basic principles of realism:
image
wide coverage
person in his
reality, interaction with
environment,
typification of life.

Hero image:
an exceptional hero
exceptional circumstances;
"typical hero in typical
circumstances", endowed
individual traits.
World image:
contrasting surrounding life and
representing the author's ideal;
life-true reflection
reality in its characteristic
general manifestations.
Issues:
conflict between dream and
reality;
crushing hopes, loss of illusions,
search for a new ideal.

Comparison of romanticism and realism
Pathos:
pathetic, poetic;
image "...prosaically
orderly reality"
(Hegel).
Hero and Society:
the hero is opposed to society;
a person is revealed in connection with
social circumstances.
Aesthetic principles:
expressiveness, contrasts, irony;
historicism, the role of artistic detail,
attention to specific historical
living conditions.

Russian realism II half of XIX century without losing its
social sharpness, goes to philosophical questions, puts
eternal problems human existence. Literature of this
period felt acute anxiety for the fate of a person at that stage
history, when on the trampling of religious truths arose
fanatical faith in science, its absolute impeccability,
the possibility of eliminating social imperfections.
Russian lessons classical literature have not yet been adopted.
We only make our way to their comprehension, passing through the bitter
experience of historical upheavals of the 20th century. We all have something to
to think.

The events that took place in the last decades of the last century affected all spheres of life, including culture. IN fiction significant changes were also observed. With the adoption of the new Constitution, a turning point occurred in the country, which could not but affect the way of thinking, the worldview of citizens. New values ​​have emerged. Writers, in turn, reflected this in their work.

The theme of today's story is modern Russian literature. What trends are observed in the prose of recent years? What are the characteristics of 21st century literature?

Russian language and modern literature

The literary language is processed and enriched by the great masters of the word. It should be attributed to top achievements national speech culture. At the same time, the literary language cannot be separated from the folk language. Pushkin was the first to understand this. The great Russian writer and poet showed how to use the speech material created by the people. Today, in prose, authors often reflect the folk language, which, however, cannot be called literary.

Time frame

When using such a term as "modern Russian literature", we mean prose and poetry created in the early nineties of the last century and in the 21st century. After the collapse Soviet Union cardinal changes took place in the country, as a result of which literature, the role of the writer, and the type of reader became different. In the 1990s, the works of such authors as Pilnyak, Pasternak, Zamyatin finally became available to ordinary readers. The novels and stories of these writers were read, of course, before, but only by advanced book lovers.

Exemption from prohibitions

In the 1970s soviet man I couldn't calmly go to a bookstore and buy Doctor Zhivago. This book, like many others, was banned. long time. It was fashionable for representatives of the intelligentsia in those distant years, if not out loud, but to scold the authorities, criticize the "correct" writers approved by it and quote the "forbidden" ones. The prose of disgraced authors was secretly reprinted and distributed. Those who were engaged in this difficult business could lose their freedom at any moment. But forbidden literature continued to be reprinted, distributed and read.

Years have passed. Power has changed. Such a thing as censorship simply ceased to exist for some time. But, oddly enough, people did not line up in long lines for Pasternak and Zamyatin. Why did it happen? In the early 1990s, people lined up for grocery stores. Culture and art were in decline. Over time, the situation improved somewhat, but the reader was no longer the same.

Many of today's critics of the prose of the XXI century respond very unflatteringly. What the problem of modern Russian literature is, will be discussed below. First, it is worth talking about the main trends in the development of prose in recent years.

The Other Side of Fear

In times of stagnation, people were afraid to say an extra word. This phobia in the early nineties of the last century turned into permissiveness. Modern Russian literature of the initial period is completely devoid of an instructive function. If, according to a survey conducted in 1985, the most read authors were George Orwell and Nina Berberova, after 10 years the books "Cop nasty", "Profession - killer" became popular.

In modern Russian literature on initial stage its development was dominated by such phenomena as total violence, sexual pathologies. Fortunately, during this period, as already mentioned, the authors of the 1960s and 1970s became available. Readers had the opportunity to get acquainted with the literature of foreign countries: from Vladimir Nabokov to Joseph Brodsky. The work of previously banned authors positive influence on Russian contemporary fiction.

Postmodernism

This trend in literature can be characterized as a peculiar combination of worldview attitudes and unexpected aesthetic principles. Postmodernism was developed in Europe in the 1960s. In our country, it took shape in a separate literary movement much later. There is no single picture of the world in the works of postmodernists, but there is a variety of versions of reality. The list of modern Russian literature in this direction includes, first of all, the works of Viktor Pelevin. In the books of this writer, there are several versions of reality, and they are by no means mutually exclusive.

Realism

Realist writers, unlike modernists, believe that there is a meaning in the world, however, it should be found. V. Astafiev, A. Kim, F. Iskander are representatives of this literary movement. It can be said that in last years the so-called village prose again gained popularity. So, often there is an image of provincial life in the books of Alexei Varlamov. Orthodox faith is, perhaps, the main one in the prose of this writer.

A prose writer can have two tasks: moralizing and entertaining. There is an opinion that third-class literature entertains, distracts from everyday life. Real literature makes the reader think. Nevertheless, among the themes of modern Russian literature there are no last place occupies a criminal The works of Marinina, Neznansky, Abdullaev, perhaps, do not lead to deep reflections, but they gravitate towards a realistic tradition. The books of these authors are often called "pulp fiction". But it is difficult to deny the fact that both Marinina and Neznansky managed to occupy their niche in modern prose.

In the spirit of realism, the books of Zakhar Prilepin, a writer and well-known public figure, were created. Its heroes mainly live in the nineties of the last century. Prilepin's work causes a mixed reaction among critics. Some consider one of his most famous works - "Sankya" - a kind of manifesto for the younger generation. And the story of Prilepin "Vein" Nobel laureate Günther Grass called it very poetic. Opponents of the Russian writer's work accuse him of neo-Stalinism, anti-Semitism and other sins.

Women's prose

Does this term have a right to exist? It is not found in the works of Soviet literary critics, yet the role of this phenomenon in the history of literature is denied by many modern critics. Women's prose is not just literature created by women. It appeared in the era of the birth of emancipation. Such prose reflects the world through the eyes of a woman. The books of M. Vishnevetskaya, G. Shcherbakova, M. Paley belong to this direction.

Are the works of the Booker Prize winner Lyudmila Ulitskaya women's prose? Maybe just a few pieces. For example, stories from the collection "Girls". The heroes of Ulitskaya are equally men and women. In the novel "Kukotsky's Case", for which the writer was awarded a prestigious literary award, the world is shown through the eyes of a man, a professor of medicine.

Not many modern Russian works of literature are being actively translated into Russian today. foreign languages. Such books include novels and stories by Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Viktor Pelevin. Why are there so few Russian-speaking writers of interest in the West today?

Lack of interesting characters

According to publicist and literary critic Dmitry Bykov, modern Russian prose uses an outdated narrative technique. Over the past 20 years, not a single living, interesting character has appeared whose name would become a household name.

In addition, unlike foreign authors who are trying to find a compromise between seriousness and mass character, Russian writers seemed to be divided into two camps. The creators of the above-mentioned "pulp fiction" belong to the first. To the second - representatives of intellectual prose. A lot of art-house literature is being created that even the most sophisticated reader cannot understand, and not because it is extremely complex, but because it has no connection with modern reality.

publishing business

Today in Russia, according to many critics, there are talented writers. But good publishers are not enough. On shelves bookstores books of "promoted" authors appear regularly. Out of a thousand works of low-quality literature, look for one, but noteworthy, not every publisher is ready.

Most of the books of the writers mentioned above reflect events not early XXI century, and Soviet era. In Russian prose, according to one of the famous literary critics, nothing new has appeared in the last twenty years, since writers have nothing to talk about. Under the conditions of the disintegration of the family, it is impossible to create a family saga. In a society that prioritizes material matters, an instructive novel will not arouse interest.

One may not agree with such statements, but in contemporary literature there really are no modern heroes. Writers tend to look to the past. Perhaps soon the situation in the literary world will change, there will be authors who can create books that will not lose popularity in a hundred or two hundred years.

Topic. Russian literature of the 19th century in the context of world culture.

The main themes and problems of Russian literature of the XIX century.

Target:

didactic: to characterize the main features of the processes in Russia and Western Europe inII ptinXIXcentury, to outline the main features of realism in specified period, to give an idea of ​​the key literary disputes in Russian literary criticism;

developing: develop cognitive activity students, the ability to write abstracts;

educational:cultivate an interest in literature.

Lesson type: practical lesson

STUDY PROCESS

І . Updating of basic knowledge

Conversation

– What political events influenced the culture of Russia duringІІ half

XIX century?

– What are the main features of realismІІ half XIX century.

– What are the artistic achievements in the literature of this period of time?

– Why are Russian classics called prophetic and preaching?

ІІ . ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE TOPIC AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

ІІІ . MOTIVATION OF LEARNING ACTIVITIES

InІІ half XIX century, the talent of writers flourished, whom the whole world now recognizes as classics: L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.S. Turgenev in Russia, G. Flaubert and Guy de Maupassant in France, O. Wilde in England and many others . These writers created works perfect in form and profound in content. In what social, political and cultural conditions did the formation and development of their creativity take place?

ІІІ . PERCEPTION OF NEW MATERIAL

– Recall from history lessons what important events occurred in France, Germany, Russia in the late 40s and early 60s. 19th century?

1. Teacher's lecture

Along with social and political events, philosophical thought also influenced literature. Representatives of the philosophy of positivism

believed that literature should not be engaged in the search for answers to eternal questions. Literature should only describe phenomena.

In ІІ half of XIX century, many literary movements were born: symbolism, impressionism, naturalism, etc. As a result of the interaction of all literary trends, under the influence of the political situation in literature, an artistic method begins to form - realism, as a completely new stage in the knowledge of man and his life by literature. Its basis is the principle of life's truth, the desire to fully and truly reflect life. A. S. Pushkin is considered the founder of this direction. It was based on patriotism, sympathy for the people, the search for a positive hero in life, faith in a bright future for Russia.

Russian realism II half of the nineteenth century, without losing its social acuteness, it comes to philosophical questions, poses the eternal problems of human existence. The literature of this period felt acute anxiety for the fate of man at that stage in history, when, in violation of religious truths, a fanatical faith arose in science, its absolute impeccability, in the possibility of eliminating social imperfection.

So, realism became the leading method.Realism approved in 30s–40s gg. XIX in., replacing romanticism in artistic literature And pictorial art,but to middle XIX in. is he becomes dominating direction in European culture. realism in literature And pictorialart - this true, objective reflection realnews specific means, inherent to that or otherwise kind of artistic creativity, desire to rebuild this a life on the beginnings equality And justice. Russian depictbody art second half XIX in. became truly great imbued pathos liberation fight people, responding on the requests life And actively invading in a life.

In the second half of the XIX century. critical realism becomes the main dominant trend in Russian literature as well. Its foundations were laid by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov and N. V. Gogol. denunciation serfdom, its remnants in the life and consciousness of people, the vices of the new bourgeois society was the main direction of progressive literature in Russia, such giants as L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky,

I. S. Turgenev, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A.P. Chekhov depicted entire layers of Russian life with their joys and sorrows, the bright and dark sides of life. An indicator of the development of education in Russia was the increase in the number of published books, magazines and newspapers. Magazines, especially Sovremennik and Otechestvennye Zapiski, played an important role in public life. The Art of Critical Realism - Basic artistic the direction of that time was closely connected with ideological searches. He was distinguished by increased social activity. Literature and art are closer than ever approached the image real life (essay and novel about modern life, modern everyday drama, everyday genre in painting, etc.). Numerous questions constantly arose before thinking people, relating both to the sphere of public life and to the sphere of personal human relations. Literature has taken the path of a comprehensive study of life.

A whole era in the history of Russia was reflected by L. N. Tolstoy (the stories "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth"; " Sevastopol stories»; epic novel "War and Peace"). F. M. Dostoevsky raised religious, ethical, philosophical and moral problems, developed the theme “ little man”, social contrasts of autocratic Russia (the novels “Humiliated and Insulted”,

"Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot", "The Brothers Karamazov", etc.). The master of the classical realistic novel, I. S. Turgenev, reflected the ideological searches of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1950s and 1970s. (novels "Fathers and Sons", "Nest of Nobles", "Rudin"). The development of drama is associated with the work of A. N. Ostrovsky and A. P. Chekhov. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin became one of the greatest masters of the satirical genre.

The 1960s marked the final stage of the work of the outstanding Russian poet F. I. Tyutchev, a master of psychological and landscape lyrics.

Lyric poetry by A. A. Fet, called by F. M. Dostoevsky “the first lyricist new Europe”, is distinguished by subtle psychologism, a reflection of the fleeting moods of the human soul.

2. Features of realismІІ half of the 19th century:

- the scale of the problem, the desire to comprehend the nature and guess the future direction of historical development;

- scope expansion artistic world: all new layers of society and aspects of everyday life are increasingly included in it;

- a subtle analysis of the subtle movements of the inner world of a person;

- the embodiment of a positive beginning in the form of humiliated beauty, trampled virtue;

- aestheticization of the ugly, painful;

- creating more life-like images.

InІІ half XIX century, a special niche is occupied by literary criticism, represented by the names of such cultural figures as A.V. Druzhinin,

Grigoriev, N.A. Dobrolyubov. D.I. Pisarev.

Outstanding artistic achievements and moral depth of Russian literature have given rise to critics to speak of its prophetic and preaching character. Criticism in Russia developed "... about the complete slumber of social forces and public initiative." Thanks to criticism, literature has become a "focus", a central place for the manifestation of the "Russian spirit". Russian literature has always been a pulpit from which a teacher's word, a moral sermon, was heard. The philosopher N. Berdyaev argued that Russian realistic literature XIX centuries are prophetic

character, torment about the fate of the people, the search for truth and salvation.

3. Work with the textbook

Independently study the material on pages 12-14 (textbook "Literature" edited by Yu.V. Lebedev)

4. "Brainstorm" (in pairs)

- Do you think there is something in common in the views of romantics and realists on life, man, the role of art? Discuss your point of view with your friends.

5. Final word of the teacher

The whole life and creative activity of the great masters of culture revealed to future generations in their heritage. The legacy of artists, composers, musicians who have dedicated themselves to the service of art is striking in its exceptional versatility. Their works teach to see and understand beauty in life, nature, art; love the motherland, comprehend and appreciate its history; help to form a harmonious personality. Second half of the 19th century - the time of the final approval and consolidation of national forms and traditions in Russian art. This happened most successfully in music, less successfully in architecture. In painting, the “Russian theme” was reflected in genre scenes from peasant life, in historical canvases by Repin and Surikov, in landscapes of “country Russia”. Russian culture was not isolated within national boundaries, it was not separated from the culture of the rest of the world. Achievements of foreign art resonated in Russia. In turn, Russian culture (primarily literature and music) received worldwideconfession. Russianculture took pride place in the family of European cultures. thus, the aesthetic heritage of the second half of the XIX century. and still retains its relevance and significance.

The lessons of Russian classical literature have not yet been learned. We just

we make our way to their comprehension, passing through the bitter experience of the historical upheavals of the twentieth century. We all have something to think about.

6. Reflection. Summing up the lesson

Problem question:

- Newton famously said: "I have seen further than others because I stood on the shoulders of titans." Do you think it can be argued that the discoveries in the knowledge of the world, nature, man, made by the romantics, were to some extent prepared by the enlighteners, and the realists could not create their own artistic system without taking into account the creative searches of their predecessors - the romantics?

- Art of the 19th century outlined many of the problems that mankind tried to solve in the 20th century. Will artistic searches and discoveries come in handy industrial century to people of the third millennium?

Homework

Prepare a detailed answer to the question: how did literary and journal criticism develop in the 60s of the nineteenth century.

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin .

But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E.A. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykov. Creativity F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin " Bronze Horseman"(1833)," The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov. His romantic poem "Mtsyri", the poetic story "Demon", many romantic poems are known.

Interesting that Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of ​​their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples of understanding the role of the poet and influence on political life countries are poems by A.S. Pushkin "Prophet", ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "On the Death of a Poet" and many others.

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story "The Captain's Daughter", where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a colossal job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.

A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol was designated the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of the “superfluous person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".
Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls, the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, different types landlords, who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism affects).

In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The trend of depicting vices and shortcomings Russian society - characteristic throughout Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century. At the same time, many writers implement the satirical trend in a grotesque form. Examples of grotesque satire are the works of N.V. Gogol "The Nose", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Gentlemen Golovlevs", "History of one city".

Since the middle of the 19th century, Russian realistic literature has been developing, which is created against the background of the tense socio-political situation that prevailed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. The crisis of the feudal system is brewing, the contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. literary critic V.G. Belinsky marks a new realistic trend in literature. His position is being developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westernizers and Slavophiles about the paths of Russia's historical development.

Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. Socio-political and philosophical problems prevail. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.

The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting poetic works Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. His poem “Who is living well in Russia?” is known, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.

The end of the 19th century was marked by the formation of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realist tradition was beginning to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature, hallmarks which were mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence grew into symbolism. This opens a new page in the history of Russian literature.

Russian literature of the 20th century: general characteristics

Description of the literary process of the 20th century, presentation of the main literary trends and trends. Realism. Modernism(symbolism, acmeism, futurism). literary vanguard.

Late XIX - early XX centuries. become time of the bright flowering of Russian culture, its " silver age"(The "golden age" was called Pushkin's time). In science, literature, art, new talents appeared one after another, bold innovations were born, different directions, groupings and styles competed. At the same time, the culture of the "Silver Age" was characterized by deep contradictions, characteristic for the whole Russian life of that time.

The rapid breakthrough of Russia in development, the clash of different ways and cultures changed the self-consciousness of the creative intelligentsia. Many were no longer satisfied with the description and study of visible reality, the analysis of social problems. I was attracted by deep, eternal questions - about the essence of life and death, good and evil, human nature. Revived interest in religion; the religious theme had a strong influence on the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century.

However, the critical era not only enriched literature and art: it constantly reminded writers, artists and poets of the coming social explosions, that the whole habitual way of life, the whole old culture, could perish. Some were waiting for these changes with joy, others with longing and horror, which brought pessimism and anguish into their work.

On the turn of XIX and XX centuries. Literature developed under different historical conditions than before. If you look for a word that characterizes the most important features of the period under consideration, then it will be the word "crisis". Great scientific discoveries shook the classical ideas about the structure of the world, led to a paradoxical conclusion: "matter has disappeared." The new vision of the world, thus, will also determine the new face of the realism of the 20th century, which will differ significantly from the classical realism of its predecessors. Also devastating to the human spirit was a crisis of faith (" the God dead!" exclaimed Nietzsche). This led to the fact that the man of the 20th century began to increasingly experience the influence of non-religious ideas. The cult of sensual pleasures, the apology of evil and death, the glorification of the self-will of the individual, the recognition of the right to violence that turned into terror - all these features testify to the deepest crisis of consciousness.

In Russian literature of the beginning of the 20th century, a crisis of old ideas about art and a sense of the exhaustion of past development will be felt, a reassessment of values ​​will be formed.

Literature update, its modernization will cause the emergence of new trends and schools. The rethinking of the old means of expression and the revival of poetry will mark the onset of the "silver age" of Russian literature. This term is associated with the name N. Berdyaeva, who used it in one of the speeches in the salon of D. Merezhkovsky. Later, the art critic and editor of "Apollo" S. Makovsky reinforced this phrase by naming his book about Russian culture at the turn of the century "On Parnassus of the Silver Age." Several decades will pass and A. Akhmatova will write "... the silver month is bright / The silver age has grown cold."

The chronological framework of the period defined by this metaphor can be described as follows: 1892 - the exit from the era of timelessness, the beginning of a social upsurge in the country, the manifesto and collection "Symbols" by D. Merezhkovsky, the first stories of M. Gorky, etc.) - 1917. According to another point of view, the chronological end of this period can be considered 1921-1922 (the collapse of past illusions, which began after the death of A. Blok and N. Gumilyov mass emigration of figures of Russian culture from Russia, the expulsion of a group of writers, philosophers and historians from the country).