Types of poetry. Poem

Poetry is one of the most ancient literary genre. Even without knowing the written language, people saw that any story is easier to understand if it is laid out in rhymed verses.

Poets attach as much importance to the sound of a word as to its content. Poems composed by poets are simply set to music and transformed into beautiful songs.

Poems are usually written in rhyme. This means that the endings of the extreme words in 2 or more lines should be consonant with each other. However, rhyme is not inescapable for the poet, and from time to time they write the so-called "blank verses" devoid of rhyme.

Large poems, or poems, are divided into parts - chapters or couplets. Each line of a poem must have a precise, cyclical rhythm, which is called the poetic meter. Rhythm is the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse.

There are many types of poetry - it can be narrative, lyrical or dramatic.
A narrative poem tells a story. A lyric poem conveys the thoughts and feelings of the poet. In a dramatic poem there are characters, and it is akin to a theatrical play.
The most famous playwright who wrote his plays in verse was William Shakespeare.

As it turned out, there are a lot of all sorts of different poems ... I present to your attention the types of poems. It is possible that this is not complete information and I missed something. At least I tried to cover everything.

WHITE VERSE - verse without rhymes. A variety of white verses are folk verses and their imitations, among which there are masterpieces that surprise with their unique melodiousness and melody:

I sit at the table and think:
How in the world to live alone?
The young man has no young wife,
The young man has no true friend.
(A. Koltsov)

In the darkness of the night a storm appeared;
A formidable ray sparkled in the sky;
Thunders rumbled in black clouds,
And the noisy rain in the forest was noisy...
(N. Karamzin)

In what year - count
In what land - guess
On the pillar path
Seven men got together...
(N.A. Nekrasov)

The distant ancestor of white verse was the so-called. RHYMENESS VERSE, which includes all ancient poetry and European poetry of a later period, when the tradition of rhymed poetry has not yet developed. An example of a non-rhyming verse:

About. what awaits us, stop thinking,
Accept, as profit, the day given to us
Fate, and do not be a stranger, my friend,
No round dances, no love caresses.
(Horace)

That. white verses, in contrast to unrhymed ones, are a conscious deviation from the established rules and poetic traditions, ignoring rhyme as a kind of artistic device.

VERLIBR (free verse) - non-rhyming verses without a meter, divided into poetic lines and not possessing constant signs of their commensurability.

She came from the cold
flushed,
Filled the room
The aroma of air and perfume,
in a clear voice
And completely disrespectful to work
Chatter.
(A. Blok)

FREE VERSE (free iambic) - free alternation of rows of different number of lines. In Russian poetry, the usual size of fables, many elegies, epistles, etc. Free verse is most suitable for conveying colloquial speech.

Somewhere a god sent a piece of cheese to a crow;
A crow perched on a fir tree,
I was about to have breakfast...
(I.A. Krylov)

SIMPLE VERSE - verses with an idle rhyme, in which in the stanza, in addition to rhymed lines, there are also non-rhyming ones (not having a rhyming pair). Single verses can be either with a regular expectation of the absence of rhyme in certain places of the stanza (rhyming scheme ABCB, ABAC, AABA, etc.) or with the effect of deceived expectation. The tradition of single verses was adopted by Russian poets from German poetry - from the middle of the 19th century. a large number of poems by H. Heine, who used idle rhyming, were translated into Russian. Since then, idle verses have become a common occurrence in Russian poetry, which until then knew only isolated cases.

I, leaning against the mast, stood,
Behind the shaft, counting the shaft
The ship flies forward faster, -
Farewell, dear country!
(G. Heine)

The grass is green
The sun is shining
Swallow with spring
It flies to us in the canopy.
(A.N. Pleshcheev)

From the German poet
Genius can't take over
Can our poets
Take the size of his creations.

Let it rhyme through the line
Modern Russian Heine,
And in the water of such songs
You can swim like in a pool...
(D. Minaev)

Bury in the fresh weeds,
Forget about sleep forever!
Shut up, damn books!
I never wrote to you!
(A. Blok)

No, I won't give up: dad, mom,
Drama-harvest, blood-love,
Drama-frame-panorama
Eyebrow, mother-in-law... socks!
(Sasha Black)

RIFMOID - a verse with very approximate rhymes. The term is practically not used.

And if I ever cut you
And a feather-hand swings at you,
Then I, as they say, got it with blood,
I cut more rhymes than you.
(V. Mayakovsky)

POEMS IN PROSE - a small emotionally rich lyrical work in prose form without signs of meter and rhyme. Distinctive features - melody and melodiousness.

In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, -
You are my only support and support, O great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!
Without you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home?
But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
(I. S. Turgenev)

MONORIM (Greek monos - one, rime - verse) - a verse built on one rhyme; rare in European poetry, but widespread in the classical poetry of the Near and Middle East. Monorims include: gazelle, qasida, mesnevi, rubaiyat, tarjiband, etc. An example of a rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam:

Do not envy the one who is strong and rich.
Dawn is always followed by sunset.
With this life short, equal to a sigh,
Treat as with this one for rent.
(Omar Khayyam)
The heat of the fireplace is getting cold,
The piano sounds faded
The cavatina sounded...
Where is the picture of other skies,
White swan of Lohengrin?

Monorims are rarely written in their pure form. Among Russian poets, monorhymes are often found as components of a work. There is more than one example of this in the world:

And is it any wonder when a tradesman wants to live,
As a distinguished citizen
And the fry is small, like a noble nobleman.
(I.A. Krylov)

There is a black poplar, and there is light in the window,
And the ringing on the tower, and in the hand - the color,
And this step - to no one - after,
And this shadow is here, but not me.
(M. Tsvetaeva)

The prototypes of the first Russian monorims can be found in folklore: riddles, nursery rhymes, tongue twisters based on the sound-semantic play of words similar in sound.

Sela Alesya
legs hanging from the stove,
Don't laugh, Alesya
and warm up on the stove.
(Russian tongue twister)

Monorymic chains are found in medieval poetic monuments of Ancient Russia, such as:

But armed with faith in God,
and strengthened by the strength of the honest cross,
and with the prayers of the most pure Mother of God, having defended herself,
and protected by the intercession of the heavenly powers,
and pray to God...
("Zadonshchina", 14th century)

ALPHABETIC VERSE - a poem in which each verse or stanza (more often a couplet) begins with a new letter and is all arranged together in alphabetical order.

Anti-Semite Entente mil.
The Entente is a bunch of thugs.

The Bolsheviks are looking for bourgeois.
Bourgeois rush for a thousand miles.

Wilson is more important than other birds.
Stick a pen in the buttocks ...
(V. Mayakovsky)

Russian alphabetic verse originates from the Alphabet Prayer (10th century), which was widespread in medieval Russia and in form resembled modern free verse. In such a verse, each saying began with a new line and a letter of the alphabet.

I pray to God with this word
God of all creatures and builder
Visible and invisible!
Lord, send the living spirit
Yes, breathe a word into my heart
Even if it will be a success ...

EXPERIMENTAL POEMS (exotic verses) - original verses built on non-traditional methods of rhyming, construction of stanzas, alternation of rhymes, etc. Such verses include: acrostics, pantorimes, palindromes, monorhymes, curly verses, anacycles, endless verses, etc.

ACROSTICH (Greek akrostichis - extreme verse) - a verse, the first letters of all lines of which form a word or phrase, most often the name of the author himself. The acrostic has its origins in magical texts and was popular in the poetry of the Middle Ages.

The hardest of constructions
The creation of a wild mind.
The art of words and their interweaving,
Chronic, to the point of exhaustion,
The basis of difficult writing.
The stingy confession of a poet,
Phrases flying into the unknown;
hoarse from all prohibitions,
Life without pretense and embellishment.
Barely audible to a tight ear
Invisible to the half-blind.
Dissent for hearing
Oil only to the heart and the Creator.
(I. Blumenfeld)

I am well known by my name;
The rogue and the blameless swear by him equally;
Joy in disasters was more than anything;
Life is sweeter with me and in the best share.
I can serve the bliss of pure souls alone;
And between the villains, I was not created.
(Neledinsky-Meletsky)

Prose writers are far from rhyme,
From the precise size, the mystery of the light,
Ethereal breath of a line -
The one that allows you to become a poet.
(Semyon Tswang)

MESOSTIKH (from the Greek mesos - located in the middle and stichos - verse) - a verse in which a word or phrase is made up of the letters of each line. Unlike an acrostic and a telestic, in a mesostich the word is formed by letters arranged in a certain order inside the lines, and the vertical arrangement is not necessary. In addition, as a rule, the encrypted word or phrase is highlighted. As an example - the quatrain of one of the founders of the Russian mesostikh hieromonk Karion Istomin, in which he recorded his spiritual title and surname.

Jesus is the Lord of His servants,
will take her the Prayer of the Sciences of all the free
Izhe, This is where the skinny people get used to it.
Mercy love of all blessings Teach.
(Karion Istomin)

Telestic is a verse in which the last letters of each line form a word or phrase. A variety of acrostics.

BELL
Uttering a wonderful clear sound,
I hang on the bell tower. High!
Repeatedly he wanted to ring,
Spread the song of the heart far away,
But my tongue is in the power of someone's hands.
I would breathe freely and easily
Whenever he himself, not by order, sang.
(I. Chudasov)

LABYRINTH is another genre of visual poetry, often seen as a variant of figure poetry; poems in which various letters from various lines are added to an encrypted word or phrase, forming any lines or geometric shapes. As an example, a message in verse by Valery Bryusov to Vadim Shershenevich, as well as an acroconstruction by Valentin Zagoryansky.

Into a harsh dream
dAyulanySpeech
vaDim, and this far Itu,
giftInastaromVeche
yourself Moments of Fire,
daismUtesteNivoli.
Temptation of the Kremlin:
eclipseEoShibokday -
troniskRoyudopain!
(V. Bryusov)

CENTON (from lat. cento - clothes or a blanket made of shreds) - a humorous poem composed of "blanks" - excerpts from different poems by one or more authors. Here is an example of a centone, collected mainly from the first lines of Pushkin's poems.
I remember a wonderful moment -
Three sisters under the window.
Winter! .. the peasant triumphant,
Everything goes around in circles
Driven by spring rays.
The sun is fading behind the mountains...
Run, hide from the eyes!
And your heart will be happy.

In the depths of Siberian ores
The east burns with a new dawn.
Do not sing beauty with me
Friend of my hard days.
Goodbye free element
Geese noisy caravan ...
Frost and sun! Wonderful day!
Keep me my talisman!

PANTORIM - a verse in which all words rhyme. In its pure form pantorim exists extremely rarely. Basically, verses-pantorims are found as components of any work. See also Pantorhyme.
Bold running intoxicates
Whipping white snow
The noise cuts the silence
Nezhat thoughts about spring.
(V. Bryusov)

"Torn off, stacked, chipped -
Black reliable gold"
(V. Vysotsky)

ANACYCLE (Greek ana - forward, against and cyclos - circle, cycle) - a poem written in such a way that it can be read equally from top to bottom from left to right, and from bottom to top from right to left. The anacycle is read in both directions not by letters (as in a palindrome), but by words. Unlike the reverse poem, the order of presentation, rhymes and rhyme are preserved. Anacyclic verses are extremely rare even for experimental poetry.

Cruel - reflection. Night silence
Shakes visions of the past,
Twinkle meets smiles sternly.
Suffering -
Deep - deep!
Suffering sternly meets smiles ...
The flickering of the past - vision shakes ...
Silence, night meditation - cruel!
(V. Bryusov)

REVERSE - a poem that can be read both from the beginning (from left to right) and from the end (from right to left), while the general meaning is preserved, but the order of presentation changes and, most importantly, rhymes change and rhyme may change.
In the sample below, the quatrain has an adjacent rhyme and two rhymes "your - and", "your - crazy". When the poem is played back word by word (from the end), the adjacent rhyme changes to a cross one, and the end rhymes also change to "spring - to me" and "tear - eyes". The genre is practically not developed.

Your green eyes
I will dream again and
A tear is like your pure image
Spring will be remembered crazy.
Crazy will be remembered in spring
Your image is pure as a tear
And I will dream again
Your green eyes

ROPALIK or ROPALISTIC VERSE (Greek ropalicos - club, club) - a poem with a gradual increase in the number of syllables. Ropal verse was first seen in Homer: in his hexameter, each word in a line had 1 more syllable (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Subsequently, some ancient poets adopted this technique and tried to write entire poems with such lines. Of the most famous - "Prayer" of Ausonius "(IV century AD).

God the Father, giver of immortal existence,
Incline your ears to the purity of vigilant prayers...

In horizontal ropal verse, words increase by one syllable from the beginning to the end of the line. So, in the example below (partially pantorimic), in each line the first word is monosyllabic, the second is two-syllable, the third is three-syllable, the fourth is four-syllable.

Life is a game of fleeting desires,
There is a time of unaccountable dreams,
There is, then, - proud accomplishments,
Boredom, languor, perspicacious languor ...
(V. Bryusov)

In a vertical ropalic, each new line has one more syllable. As an example, a humorous roguelike "Vigilant Border Guard".

1 Stop!
2 See -
3 Border.
4 Can't go any further
5 Not allowed!
6 What, can't sleep again?
7 Do you want to go there, motherfucker?
8 There's a mafia everywhere,
9 Clans and exploitation!
10 Be A Patriot - In This Swamp
11 Don't bother!.. without an emigration visa.

FIGURE VERSE - a poem, the lines of which visually form any figure or object - a star, a cone, a heart, a cross, a pyramid, a rhombus, etc. Thus, figure verses are intended exclusively for visual perception. Simmias of Rhodes, an ancient Greek poet who wrote three poems in the form of an egg, an ax and wings, is considered to be the inventor of figured poetry. Later, figure verse was in use in European baroque poetry, and was also not deprived of attention by Russian poets: the first figure verses in Russia were composed by virsche-writers at the dawn of Russian poetry - in the 17th century, when poetic "alchemy" was in great fashion. In the 18th century, several samples were written in this genre (in the form of a labyrinth, a cross, a heart and an octagonal star) and one of the greatest poets of that time, Simeon Polotsky. In the 18-19 centuries. Derzhavin, Sumarokov, Rzhevsky, Apukhtin, Rukavishnikov and some other poets turn to figure verse. In the future, symbolists (Bryusov) and modernists (Kirsanov, Voznesensky) showed interest in figure verse. In general, curly poetry is nothing more than poetic fun, in which form prevails over content. For this reason, very few highly artistic examples have been created. As an example, a poem in the form of Apukhtin's triangles:

The path of life is paved by barren steppes,
And wilderness and darkness ... no hut, no bush ...
Sleeping heart; chained
Both mind and mouth
And the distance is before us
empty.

And suddenly the road will not seem so hard,
I want to sing and think again.
There are so many stars in the sky,
blood is shedding so fast...
Dreams, anxiety
Love!

Oh, where are those dreams? Where are the joys of sorrow
Shining on us for so many long years?
From their lights in the foggy distance
A faint light is visible...
And they disappeared
They are not here.
(A. Apukhtin)

ENDLESS VERSE - poems with a ring structure, where the end goes to the beginning. Everyone knows the verse:
"The priest had a dog ...". And here is an example of an endless fable:

... Sat on a branch
Some stupid parrot.
And taking off very rarely,
He laughed from the bird flocks:
"There will be a blue haze,
More beautiful clouds
That's when I fly
Above all, for sure!
And he decided to go down,
Save more power.
It just needs to happen:
He hit the snare.
And now in a beautiful cage
Everything says: ...

BURIME (from the French. bouts rimes - "rhymed ends") - the composition of poems to predetermined rhymes, usually of a comic nature. The burime form originated in France in the first half of the 17th century. The history of the emergence of Burime is due to the French poet Dulot, who stated that he wrote 300 sonnets, but lost the manuscript. After massive public doubts about such a large number of written poems, Dullot admitted that he did not write the poems themselves, but only prepared rhymes. After that, his colleagues in the pen wrote sonnets to blank rhymes, and a new poetic game became fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries. was quite a popular salon entertainment. It is also known that A. Dumas in the 19th century was the organizer of the competition for the best burime and published a book of the best poems.
In our time, burime continues to be a popular game among all lovers of the poetic genre. Burime allows you to show your creative abilities, show off your wit and originality, and in a matter of minutes (or even seconds) demonstrate your command of the word. For this reason, the genre of burime is especially popular among artists of the conversational genre and entertainer. Here is an illustrative example from Yuri Gorny, who was offered 4 pairs of rhymes, and who instantly (!) gave out a wonderful impromptu.

given rhymes:

air - rest
game - ax

illness - leisure
land - ruble

A hut cannot be built without an ax friend,
And sometimes other work is just rest,
Work is my joy: a fun game,
When in the face - good luck fresh air.

I rejected illnesses, I don’t know illness.
I do not spend a single ruble on medicines.
Road under my feet the earth creeps:
Nature for me is medicine and leisure.

CHARADE (from the French charade - conversation, chatter) - a poem - a riddle that allegorically describes a word.

The beginning of the word is a sea beast,
In the forest grows the end of the charade
A clue in the sewing workshop
The tailor will sew for you, if necessary.
(whale + spruce = tunic)

LOGOGRYPH is a complicated charade, the basis of which is a metagram (words with a difference of one letter). In the example below, one letter is subtracted from the word "victory" in each line.

Factory "Victory"
At lunch time
Trouble happened -
The food is gone!
Have you eaten? - Yes!

PALINDROMON (Greek palindromos - running back) - a poem, the lines of which are palindromes and are equally read from beginning to end and from end to beginning. Genre of experimental poetry (V. Khlebnikov and others)

SOUND RING - a quatrain or poem in which the last letter of each verse coincides with the first letter of the next verse, and the last letter of the last line coincides with the first letter of the first.

It has long been known that life is a struggle,
And the struggle has one outcome:
Hold as fate tells us
Attacks of violent adversity...
(Ivan Ovchinnikov)

HETEROGRAM (equal letter) - a play on words, different in meaning, but similar in letter composition (for more than centuries - Bolsheviks, you are not homeless - you are alive by heaven, now I am those feathers). A kind of pun. Poems consisting of heterograms are a rare but very interesting phenomenon in poetry.

Azam was taught
but tortured.
While being treated
crippled.
(S. Fedin)

What will you prost?
That you're just not the one?

I will part my hands - the world is standing
Is the world worth fools?
(D. Avaliani)

The full set of lessons is available here.

Genre translated from French (genre) - genus, species. In fiction, three genres are distinguished: drama, epic and lyrics. Epic genres include not only prose works (epopee, fairy tale, novel, story, short story, short story, essay, etc.), but also poetic ones, such as fable, epic, poem, novel, fairy tale in verse. The lyrical genres of poetry include an ode, a ballad, an elegy, a song, a short poem, etc.

A lyrical work is a piece of music, exciting. It is in the lyrics that the most intimate, deep feelings of the poet are embodied as a citizen of the country, conveying his attitude towards society and the world as a whole. Each poem bears the stamp of the poet's individuality with his own passions and moral assessments. “Self-observation and a deeply personal interpretation of the experience become the main method of artistic expression for the lyricist.” sixteen

Lyrics are divided into four main thematic categories: philosophical, civil, love and landscape. Now there is a shift of genres, their interpenetration. Works in which lyrical and epic principles are combined are called lyrical-epic poetry. The romantic poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, the poems of V. Mayakovsky, A. Voznesensky and others belong to this type of poetry. (44)

Civic lyrics include journalistic poetry, which responds to important phenomena in the socio-political life of the country, to events in the world. We know the journalistic poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov. M. Gorky's poetic works "The Song of the Falcon" and "The Song of the Petrel" are permeated with a huge journalistic intensity. With "all his ringing power as a poet," V. Mayakovsky asserted journalistic poetry:

grimaces bitterly,

quilt with a whip:

Where is the soul?

Yes it is -

rhetoric!

Where is poetry?

One publicity?

Capitalism -

ugly word,

sounds much more elegant

"nightingale",

I will return to him

again and again.

Raise the propaganda slogan!

(from the poem "V. I. Lenin").

Such lyrical verses as an elegy are imbued with meditation, reflection of the poet; permeated with a sense of sadness and hope, sadness and joy. Elegies are written mainly in iambic pentameter:

My path is sad. Promises me labor and sorrow

The coming turbulent sea.

But I don't want, oh friends, to die;

I want to live in order to think and suffer...

One of the varieties of lyrical verse is the sonnet. Sonnet - from the Italian word sonare - to sound, to ring. His homeland is Italy of the XIII century. Sonnets were written by Petrarch, Dante, Michelangelo, Shakespeare; in Russia - Derzhavin, Pushkin, Lermontov, Blok, Bryusov, Akhmatova ... Many modern poets also turn to sonnets.

A sonnet is a strict form of fourteen lines, usually consisting of two quatrains and two three lines. Shakespeare has a different construction of the sonnet: three quatrains and a final couplet. (45)

Sonnets are written in iambic pentameter. The rhymes of the sonnets are sonorous and rich. Each stanza represents a complete whole. Usually in the first quatrain, which is perceived as an exposition, the main theme of the sonnet is affirmed. In the second - there is a development of the provisions put forward at the beginning; in the third - there is a denouement. And the most powerful in thought, imagery and feelings are the last two lines (in Shakespeare) or the last line in a tercet. These Stitches are called "sonnet lock". One should pay attention to the "sonnet lock" when studying the material and when performing sonnets.

We want to end the section on the laws of versification with the words of L. N. Tolstoy: “Science and art are as closely interconnected as the lungs and the heart, so that if one organ is perverted, then the other cannot function correctly.” However, the wrong point of view of some directors, actors, leaders of amateur groups, who affirm the priority of intuition, improvisation over the laws of creativity, has not yet been outlived; We must not forget the main principle of the system of K. S. Stanislavsky "From the conscious to the subconscious"; forget that an actor, a reader can improvise only when everything is carefully thought out, worked out to the smallest detail. It is known that “intuition is enough to discern the truth, but it is not enough to convince others and oneself of this truth. This requires proof." 17 But in order to prove to others, the head of an amateur studio must be knowledgeable in all matters of art, able to comprehend the laws of creativity. This is the only way to ensure the effectiveness of the final result of the work of the leader, the team, and each of its participants.

VERBAL ACTION IN SOUNDING POETRY

We don't want to great declaim

That is, just speak a monologue. We want

They act, live them in a comprehensive

concept of this word!

K. S. Stanislavsky.

Not to recite, but to act, to live in the material is also necessary when performing verses. After all, poetry, especially lyrical, in fact. its own is a monologue in which the complex inner world of the lyrical hero is revealed. In the work on any literary work, a certain sequence must be observed, which allows you to more organically master the art of verbal action. What is the sequence of work on poetic material? |

Directing and performing work on a poetic work can be divided into five stages. eighteen

1. Choice of material.

2. Knowledge of the characteristic features of the selected material.

4. Creative act of performance.

5. Analysis of the performance.

Material selection

When choosing a performing material, certain conditions must be observed. The first condition is the relevance of the material, its high ideological and artistic sound. At the same time, one should not understand by topical material only Soviet poetry, and certainly of recent years. The relevance of the problems that concern us, we find in many classical works of poetry. Having taken the verses of our classics into work, one must be able to read them from the standpoint of modernity. To do this, it is necessary to determine exactly: to change what situation in the life of our society, the world, a classic work can be directed.

Let's take Pushkin's lyrical poem "I loved you" as an example.

"I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different " (47)

Here is the main idea of ​​this poem. A person should always remain a person and be grateful to the one who lit the fire of love - a feeling that not everyone can experience.

Performing these poems by Pushkin, we perform a speech act: to warn against a petty feeling of malice and possessiveness, to remind a person that he is a higher being with a kind heart and a wise mind. “My love is dear to me torment. Let me die, but let me die loving,” the poet says in his other poems.

The second condition for the right choice of material is that the performer likes it, excites him, causing a desire to work on it. It is better if the team members themselves look for it. And do not immediately disappoint them if the material they have proposed for some reason is not worth taking into work. You can tactfully replace it with another one on the same topic that excited the reader, but of better quality. Or advise to postpone work on it for some time and, as a stepping stone to the mastery of poetry, offer to make another poem that will enrich the performer with the necessary technological skills and abilities.

The third condition that ensures success in work is the conformity of the material with the creative abilities of the amateur reader and the degree of his preparedness for performances: after all, there are frequent cases (the results of competitions, reviews, creative reports of groups of the artistic word convince of this) when materials are performed that are clearly beyond the power of reader. This is especially evident when the poems of the poets A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, with their very personal content, complicated by the train of thought, take an unduly large place in the programs of amateur readers. The poems of these poets require the highest skill of execution.

Often performers "drown" in huge time. (20-25 minutes) poetic compositions, poorly scripted. When performing such materials, creative abilities are not revealed, but, on the contrary, are crossed out. And in the audience, such performances cause bewilderment, annoyance. However, out of condescension towards non-professional readers, they are even praised. This is what harms the development of creative individuality. The aesthetic criteria of art are lost, the creative growth of the performer is delayed, bad taste and a frivolous attitude towards one of the most difficult types of art - reading art are brought up. (48)

Second phase work on poetry: the study of all the features of the form of the poem chosen for execution. * (* It is assumed that the reader knows the basic laws of versification. Comprehending the form of a verse is carried out in close connection with its ideological and effective analysis. Therefore, we are talking about the conditionality of the stages of work. One stage is woven into another. But they cannot be bypassed.)

In order to correctly read a lyrical poem, one must live with the high feelings of the poet, hear the poetic intonation, the tone of purposeful action; This is facilitated by a careful acquaintance with the work of the poet, as well as the study of the "biography" of the poem being performed. What does this "biography" mean?

Poems are born from experienced events, meetings, memories, surging feelings, contact with nature, etc. A thoroughly studied "biography" of poems should, as it were, guarantee a more faithful disclosure of the poet's intention, the world of his feelings and thoughts. Here is an example of a “biography” of A. S. Pushkin’s poem “I. I. Pushchin. Recall its content:

Lesson 7

Today we will talk about history again. History of poetry.

We need to get acquainted with the basic poetic styles.

What is style? This is the idea (the worldview of the poet), its characteristic, distinctive features, and literary devices with the help of which this idea is realized in poetry in a certain historical period. Of course, one can write in one style or another even after the end of this “certain period”, however, in literary criticism, the emergence, dawn and fading of style is usually associated with specific dates, with the work of the brightest authors, through whose works the style took shape as a style.

CLASSICISM - (from lat. classicus - exemplary).

A "classic" poem is a logically constructed whole, with a strict (even schematic) plot and composition. Heroes are presented in a straightforward manner and are strictly divided into positive (which are often idealized) and negative.

Mikhail Lomonosov

The bliss of society is increasing day by day;

The monarch combines labors with labors.

Trying for the good of great joys to us,

The upbringing of small children is taken care of;

So that what is left contemptuously in the Patronymic,

Bought him a priceless treasure;

And so that from a difficult number for society

Erect with morals commendable crafts.

Guardians of good for future posterity!

Listen with joy to useful pets:

It is commendable to despise the poor,

Pure praise for the benefit of educate;

Nature says, faith commands.

Heed the importance of the royal example:

Catherine leads you to this honor,

Hurry with generosity, as with fidelity, after her.

REALISM - (from lat. realis - real).

The poet "realist" speaks not only about facts and events, he is interested in people and things, patterns that operate in life - the relationship between man and nature, heroes and time.

Alexander Pushkin"Eugene Onegin. Ch. 1, III"

Serving excellently, nobly,

His father lived in debt

Gave three balls annually

And finally screwed up.

The fate of Eugene kept:

At first Madame followed him,

Then Monsieur replaced her.

The child was sharp, but sweet.

Monsieur l "Abbé, poor Frenchman,

So that the child is not exhausted,

Taught him everything jokingly

I did not bother with strict morality,

Slightly scolded for pranks

And he took me for a walk in the Summer Garden.

ROMANTISM - (German Romantik).

The "romantic" poet expresses a subjective position in relation to the depicted, not so much recreates as re-creates. The hero of romanticism is an exceptional person. Lonely, dissatisfied with the order of things, rebellious, rebellious, striving for absolute freedom and an unattainable ideal.

Mikhail Lermontov

I go out alone on the road;

Through the mist the flinty path gleams;

The night is quiet. The desert listens to God

And the star speaks to the star.

In heaven solemnly and wonderfully!

The earth sleeps in the radiance of blue ...

Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?

Waiting for what? do I regret anything?

I don't expect anything from life

And I do not feel sorry for the past at all;

I'm looking for freedom and peace!

I would like to forget and fall asleep!

But not with that cold dream of the grave...

I wish I could sleep like this forever

So that the life of strength dozes in the chest,

So that breathing quietly heaves the chest;

So that all night, all day cherishing my hearing,

Above me to be forever green

The dark oak leaned over and rustled.

SENTIMENTALISM - (from French sentiment - feeling).

In sentimentalism, the human personality is the movement of the soul, thoughts, feelings, experiences. Topics - love, friendship, internal contradictions, suffering. The hero is a simple person.

Vasily Zhukovsky"SONG" When I was loved ...

When I was loved, in delight, in pleasure,

Like a captivating dream, my whole life flowed.

But I'm forgotten by you - where is the ghost of happiness?

Oh! your love was my happiness!

When I was loved, inspired by you,

I sang, my soul lived with your praise.

But I'm forgotten by you, my instant gift died:

Oh! your love was my genius!

When I was loved, gifts of beneficence

My hand carried to the abode of poverty.

But I am forgotten by you, there is no compassion in my heart!

Oh! your love was my goodness!

CIVIL POETRY

Not style - genre, journalism in verse. But it needs to be said.

The main theme is the protection of public interests, statehood, civic duty. Poems express social moods, wake up society, call for activity.

Nikolai Nekrasov"Poet and Citizen"

... No, you are not Pushkin. But as long as

The sun is nowhere to be seen

It's a shame to sleep with your talent;

Even more ashamed in the hour of grief

The beauty of valleys, skies and seas

And sing sweet affection ...

The storm is silent, with a bottomless wave

The skies are arguing in the radiance,

And the wind, gentle and sleepy,

Barely shakes the sails

The ship runs beautifully, harmoniously,

And the heart of travelers is calm,

As if instead of a ship

Below them is solid ground.

But the thunder struck; the storm is moaning

And the tackle is tearing, and the mast is tilting,

No time to play chess

It's not time to sing songs!

Here is a dog - and he knows the danger

And barks furiously into the wind:

He has nothing else to do...

What would you do, poet?

Is it in a cabin remote

You would become an inspirational lyre

Delight sloths ears

And drown out the roar of the storm?

May you be faithful to the appointment

But is it easier for your homeland,

Where everyone is devoted to worship

Your single personality?

In front of good hearts,

To whom the homeland is holy.

God help them!.. And the rest?

Their goal is shallow, their life is empty...

IMPRESSIONISM - (from French impression - impression).

Characteristics of style - compositional fragmentation, associative connection of objects and images, subjectivity, momentary impressions. The poet seeks to capture a moment of life that will never happen again.

Athanasius Fet

Don't wake her up at dawn

At dawn she sleeps so sweetly;

Morning breathes on her chest

Brightly puffs on the pits of the cheeks.

And her pillow is hot

And a hot tiring dream,

And, blackening, they run on their shoulders

Braids tape on both sides.

And yesterday at the window in the evening

For a long, long time she sat

And watched the game through the clouds,

That the moon was gliding.

And the brighter the moon played

And the louder the nightingale whistled,

She became more and more pale

My heart was beating harder and harder.

That's why on a young chest,

On the cheeks so the morning burns.

Don't wake her up, don't wake her up

At dawn she sleeps so sweetly!

SYMBOLISM - (fr. Symbollisme, from the Greek symbolon - a sign, an identification sign).

Concept: the world and man - through scientific experience, logical analysis and realistic depiction - are fundamentally unknowable. The symbolist poet recognizes only intuitive knowledge, wants to guess or feel the deep state of the world, and discover its ideal (spiritual) essence.

Vladimir Solovyov

Dear friend, can't you see

That everything we see

Only reflections, only shadows

From invisible eyes?

Dear friend, don't you hear

That the noise of life is crackling -

Just a garbled response.

Triumphant harmonies?

Dear friend, don't you hear

What is one thing in the whole world -

Only what heart to heart

Saying hello?

AKMEISM - (from the Greek akme - the highest degree, peak, maximum, flourishing).

Concept: a new discovery of the beauty and value of human existence, simplicity and clarity of poetic language, rigor of composition, precise words and

images, materiality, objectivity, “joyful admiration of being” (Nikolai Gumilyov).

Anna Akhmatova

Husband whipped me patterned

Double folded belt.

For you in the casement window

I sit with fire all night.

It's dawning. And above the forge

Smoke rises.

Ah, with me, a sad prisoner,

You couldn't be again.

For you, I'm gloomy

I took my share.

Or do you love a blonde

Or a redhead?

How can I hide you, sonorous groans!

In the heart of a dark, stuffy hop,

And the rays fall thin

On an unrumpled bed.

FUTURISM - (from lat. futurum - the future).

The poet "futurist" does not recognize the classical heritage, experiments with the word, shocks the public, is a literary hooligan (the manifesto of Russian futurists was called "Slap in the Face of Public Taste") and puts himself, his ego, above all else.

Igor Severyanin"Egopolonaise"

Live, Live! Tambourines under the sun

Come on, people, into your polonaise!

How fruitful, how golden-trumpeted

rye sheaves of my poetry!

Love and Nega fall in them,

Both Pleasure and Beauty!

All the sacrifices of the world in the name of Ego!

Live, Live! - sing the mouth.

There are only two of us in the whole universe,

And these two are always one:

Me and Desire! Live, Live! -

You are destined for immortality!

DECADENCE - (from French decadence - decline).

Decadence is also not a style - a direction. Concept: loss of hopes, ideals, a sense of the meaninglessness of life. Topics: non-existence, death, the cult of fading beauty,

freedom of the individual, the preaching of "art for art's sake", detachment from reality and "withdrawal into oneself".

Zinaida Gippius"Powerlessness".

I look at the sea with greedy eyes,

Chained to the ground, on the shore...

I stand over the abyss - over the heavens, -

And I can’t fly to the blue.

I don't know whether to rise or submit,

No courage to die or live...

God is close to me - but I can not pray,

I want love - and I can not love.

I stretch out my hands to the sun

And I see a canopy of pale clouds...

I think I know the truth

And I just don't know the words for her.

IMAGINISM - (from fr. image - image).

Concept: the victory of an intrinsically valuable image over the meaning and idea of ​​the work.

The poet "Imagist" considers poetic creativity as a process of language development through metaphor. His poem should be a "catalog of images", read the same way from the beginning and from the end.

Sergey Yesenin

Furtively in moonlight lace

The valley catches ghosts.

At the deity behind the lamp

Magdalena smiled.

Someone bold, rebellious,

Envy the smile.

Inflated walleye black evening,

And the moon - as in a white unsteady.

The three-blizzard played out,

Sweat splashes, cold, tart,

And weeping bream

Climbs to the wind on the backs.

Death in the dark sharpens the razor...

Look, Magdalene is crying.

remember my prayer

One who walks in the valleys.

ABSURD - (from lat. absurdum - absurdity, nonsense).

Concept: emphasized violation of causal and temporal relationships, grotesqueness, alogism, shocking. Bright ideologists and practitioners of style united in the OBERIU group (Association of Real Art).

Alexander Vvedensky"Excerpt"

There was a case near Poltava

no, it's not a case, it's a medal

we fought then with the Swede

slightly to the right we are to the left

shh we see ran

torn blue skirt

I scream stop

slightly to the right we are to the left

behind a pine near Poltava

naked sitting Mazepa

says he would be Fedor

it would be more fun

here is my whole army

burst into tears

will scream and speak

what an unfortunate

since that time the tavern has been here.

SOCIALIST REALISM

Concept: life-affirming pathos, loyalty to the ideals of socialism and communism, internationalism, a clear belonging of the hero to the social stratum (working class, peasantry, intelligentsia, bourgeoisie).

Vladimir Mayakovsky"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"

a story about Lenin.

But not because

no more

what a sharp longing

became clear

conscious pain.

Lenin's slogans whirlwind.

spread out

tear puddle,

more than alive.

Our knowledge is

and weapons.

CONCEPTUALISM - (from lat. conceptus - thought, idea).

reaction to socialist realism. The poet "conceptualist" does not work with images - with ideas. Often uses the ideological clichés that developed in the Soviet period “Soviet texts or slogans, speech or visual clichés worn to holes” (V. Rudnev).

Timur Kibirov“Twenty sonnets to Sasha Zapoeva. 5"

Days passed. You have already eaten from a spoon

Here's a jingle tooth. Here the ass is rounded.

You filled with meaning, you were furious,

gurgling in the midst of eternal emptiness.

There were congresses. It snowed. Flowers bloomed.

Diathesis flourished. The diapers were golden.

The German carriage rolled into the distance.

And I forgot the rebellious dreams.

What is glory? What are the delights of voluptuousness?

What is happiness? It must be happiness.

You collected, like a lens, in a bundle

scattered in the stormy air

rays of love, and this light kindled -

no, not coal - a lamp wick.

And finally, the style of the new time:

COSMISM - (Greek κόσμος - “ ordered world»)

Concept: space is a structurally organized ordered world, man is a citizen of this world. The microcosm is like the macrocosm. The poet in one line is able to combine the small and the big.

Andrey Romanov"Light of Creation"

I would call the Universe by your long name.

Having conquered nothingness

not having time to enjoy the victory ...

The trams ran

as if Perseus and Andromeda,

Empty housing,

enough space for two.

Indifferent dawn

Touched your hair

In anticipation of frost, he put on hiking boots.

To find you

I was given seconds

If you believe in the word

cosmic star clock.

The snow is falling

drowning out the noise of the people.

The atom threw out the quanta,

like white flags - apartment

besieged city...

Creation Light

Just reached

Petersburg night squares.

And the trams stood on tiptoe,

Listening to the snow

The one who was born

On the firn forehead of Everest.

And Palace Square, as if someone else's bride,

Will remind me of you

One that is long gone:

Our youth is gone

Catching a cold in the opposite wind.

Ligovka came to her senses.

Washing knows no doubt.

And over the Neva Bay,

In the coming delirium of the floods,

You whisper to me through the blizzard

That I will never die.

Major poetic genres

Genre(from French genre) is a historically established group of works, united by common features of content and form. These groups include: novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and the genres will be different varieties of the novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop, and eventually "leave" from the "active reserve" of artists, depending on the historical era: the ancient lyric poets did not know the sonnet; in our time, an ode born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries has become an archaic genre; nineteenth-century romanticism gave rise to detective literature, and so on.

There are three main varieties of poetic art - lyrics, epic and drama, representing the first division in the classification of poetic works. The next step in this classification is the division of each into genres, which are divided into types: (elegy, ode, madrigal, etc. - lyrical genres; fable, story, story, novel, epic, etc. - epic; comedy, drama, tragedy, vaudeville, etc. - dramatic). Finally, genres usually receive further subdivisions (for example, the everyday novel, the adventurous novel, the psychological novel, etc.).

Chanson de geste(literally "song of deeds") - a genre of French medieval literature, epic poems, the most famous of which is the "Song of Roland".

The expression "chanson de geste" is attested in medieval monuments from the 12th century. The word “gesture” (geste, from Latin gesta, “acts”) meant in Old French a “tale of exploits” and referred primarily to heroic traditions associated either with an individual character, or with his family, or even with a whole team. The poems are preserved in about a hundred manuscripts of the 12th-14th centuries. In the middle of the 19th century, this genre was rediscovered by romantic philologists, who gave it an interpretation in the same terms that were used at that time to explain the Homeric poems. All songs about deeds, with the exception of "Gormon and Izambar", are written in ten-syllable (with caesura according to the 4 + 6 pattern, very rarely 6 + 4) or Alexandrian (6 + 6) verse.

Ballad- a lyric-epic work, that is, a story presented in poetic form, of a historical, mythical or heroic nature. The plot of the ballad is usually borrowed from folklore. Ballads are often set to music.

Virele, now more often virelai (fr. virelai) - an old French poetic form with a three-line stanza (the third line is shortened), the same rhyme and with a refrain. One of the most typical solid forms in poetry and music Ars nova. Guillaume de Machaux, the author of monophonic pieces (including the famous Douce dame jolie) and polyphonic adaptations, left the textbook samples of the virele.

Heroida- the Greek name for a special kind of elegy, in which the expression of a feeling of unsatisfied and yearning love is put into the mouths of gods and heroes.

Dastan(from the Persian word "destan" (Farsi: داستان), which means "story") - an epic work in the folklore or literature of the Near and Middle East and Southeast Asia. Usually dastans are folklore or literary processing of heroic myths, legends and fairy tales. Dastan describes fantastic and adventurous situations, it often has a complicated plot, events are somewhat exaggerated and heroes are idealized.

Di(French Dit, Dict - literally "tale") - in old French literary terminology - the designation of a relatively short poetic work of a predominantly didactic nature, thematically completely indefinite. Di were performed orally, but without relying on the melody and musical accompaniment.

Drapa- the main form of laudatory song in skaldic poetry. The name probably means "song broken into pieces" (from the verb "to break"). In its composition, the drape is similar to a poetic list of names or any information. Each of the hangs that make up the drape is, as a rule, a closed whole, not only in metric, but also in semantic terms. There is no plot in the drape. There is also no direct speech, dialogues, monologues, etc.

Cansona(ox. canso, "song") - a song created by the Occitan troubadours and subsequently passed into many other languages. The Occitan word came into use no earlier than 1170, displacing the old vers ("poems").

Casa- a genre of Korean medieval poetry. Kasa are large poetic works about the significant events of the past, the sights of the country, the life of the people of Korea and its neighbors. The verse form flourished during the Joseon Dynasty and appeared earlier during the Goryeo Dynasty.

Xenia(ancient Greek ξένια “gifts for guests”, singular ξένιον from ξένος “guest”) - in ancient and modern European poetry, short humorous or laudatory poems addressed to any person.

Limerick- a form of short humorous poem that appeared in the UK, based on playing around with nonsense.

Madrigal(French madrigal, Italian madrigale) - in classical poetry, a small lyric poem-compliment, a poem of laudatory content.

pasta(Italian macaronismo, from a pasta dish perceived as a rough peasant food, cf. names like "kitchen Latin") - a mixture of words and phrases from different languages ​​​​in the text. The “internal” pasta also includes compound hybrid words formed from the roots of different languages ​​(for example, a car from Greek αὐτο- and Latin mobilis).

Manseong- a skaldic genre that finds formal expression in a drape or a separate vis, with a dominant pragmatic (ascending to magical) function and with content determined by the expression (or statement) of the skald's feelings for a woman.

Pasturel(French pastourelle) - a kind of canson, a narrative song about the meeting of a lyrical hero (usually a knight) with a shepherdess (pastoure) and his flirting, often interrupted by the aggressive intervention of a shepherd's friend.

Pean or pean(ancient Greek παιήων, παιάν, παιών) - a choral song of ancient Greek lyrics, a genre of ancient Greek poetry, a hymn to the gods. The exact etymology of the word "pean" is unknown, but its connection with the circle of ideas about the art of healing is very likely.

Poem- (Greek póiema), a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot.

There are many genre varieties of the poem: heroic, didactic, satirical, burlesque, including heroic-comic, a poem with a romantic plot, lyrical-dramatic.

Lamentations- a genre of ritual folklore, characteristic of many world cultures. Lamentations are one of the oldest types of folk poetry, they existed in ancient Greece. As a rule, lamentations have a special lamentable melody; they express the grief of the performer about a particular event (death of a loved one, war, natural disaster, etc.). In most cultures, laments were performed only by women, although some peoples (Kurds, Serbs) had specific male laments.

Novel in verse- a specific literary genre, which is a fusion of themes and plot of a prose novel and a poetic form. In form and external features, it differs little from the poem, so in some cases their differentiation is a certain difficulty. The most famous example is the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Rubai(in the plural "rubayat"), (other names: dubaiti, ram) - quatrain; a form of lyric poetry, widespread in the Near and Middle East (along with the ghazal and qasida). The progenitor was the oral folk art of the Iranians. In writing, the rubaiyat has existed since the 9th-10th centuries. In terms of content - lyrics with philosophical reflections. Poems consist of four lines (two bytes) rhyming like aaba, less often - aaaa, that is, the first, second and fourth (sometimes all four) lines rhyme. Rubai are built in the aruz meter.

Knightly poetry- one of the most striking expressions of the worldview developed by chivalry and which replaced the more severe and coarse spirit of the feudal period proper is the poetry of the Provencal troubadours, which then passed to neighboring countries.

sadistic rhymes- a genre of modern Russian humorous folklore. Rhymes are quatrains with pairwise rhyming lines (rarely couplets), most often in dactyl, which tell about the death or injury of the main character, usually as a result of some kind of technogenic impact.

Most of the sadistic rhymes are parodies of safety rules and illustrate the tragic consequences of a flagrant violation of these rules.

Sijo, sijo- a genre of Korean lyric poetry, originally called tanga (literally "short song"). Shijo is related to the Japanese style of haiku. Each line of the sijo poem contains 14-16 characters (or hangul syllables), for a total of 44-46 in three lines. There is a pause in the middle of each line, so when translating into other languages, six lines are often used rather than three. The most famous author of sijo is Yoon Sung Do.

Sirventa, sirventes- one of the most important genres of poetry of the troubadours of the XII-XIII centuries. The form resembled a love canson, but differed in the topics raised in it. The main issues in the sirvent were socio-political, religion, morality, personal attacks of the poet against his enemies (“personal” sirvents). There were several varieties of personal sirventa: literary parody (ridiculing fellow troubadours), boasting - a playful song in which the troubadour often ironically lists his virtues, lamentation - to the glory of the virtues of the mourned person: patron, troubadour, Lady. Moralizing sirvents are first found in Markabrune. Sirvents on political topics with calls for war or, conversely, for peace, censure of enemies - were one of the most common types of the genre. The famous master of political sirventa is Bertrand de Born.

stanzas(French stance from Italian Stanza - room, room, stop) - a poem consisting of compositionally complete stanzas and isolated from each other. This is expressed in the prohibition of semantic transfers from one stanza to another and in the obligatory nature of independent rhymes that are not repeated in other stanzas.

Laudatory- the main genre of skaldic poetry. The song of praise includes drape and flock.

Elegy(Greek ελεγεια) - a genre of lyric poetry; in early ancient poetry, a poem written in elegiac distich, regardless of content; later (Callimach, Ovid) - a poem with the character of thoughtful sadness. In the new European poetry, the elegy retains stable features: intimacy, motives of disappointment, unhappy love, loneliness, the frailty of earthly existence, determines the rhetoric in the depiction of emotions; the classical genre of sentimentalism and romanticism (“Recognition” by Evgeny Baratynsky).

Epigram(ancient Greek ἐπίγραμμα "inscription") - a small satirical poem ridiculing a person or social phenomenon.

I used the epigrams of the actor Valentin Gaft.

Literature:

Analysis of the poem. Teaching aid. Moscow. Publishing house "Exam", 2005.

Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.

Zhirmunsky V.M. The theory of verse. - L .: Nauka, 1975.

Kvyatkovsky I.A. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.

Literary encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1987.

Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.

Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of the poetic text. - L .: Education, 1972. Informatics and programming Test work >> Informatics

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