Complex for the production of structural materials.

§ 21. Composition and significance of complexes

Some intersectoral complexes interact and complement each other so strongly that they are combined into larger systems. Such a system is formed by complexes that produce structural materials and chemical substances. Combining them makes sense for a number of reasons. First, they all participate in the production of materials called structural.

Structural materials are the materials used to make finished products or structures.

Table 22

Classification construction materials

Secondly, their products are often interchangeable. For example, instead of metal and building materials plastics and polymers are being used more and more. They are cheaper, have the best properties significantly reduce the weight of products. For example, 1 ton of plastic replaces 10 tons of steel, 5 tons of copper, 16 tons of wood.

Russia produces a lot of structural materials (Table 22), especially traditional ones that have long been used in the economy: metals, cement, wood. Release latest materials(plastics, polymers) is insufficient. However, for the normal provision of the economy with structural materials, it is necessary not only to increase their production, but also to use secondary resources: scrap metal, waste paper, etc.

Questions and tasks

1. What are construction materials? What industries are included in the complexes for their production?
2. How is the production of structural materials related to the mining industry?

Attention! Problem!

The proportions between the complexes under consideration, their share and role in Russian industry other than in the developed countries of the world (Table 23).
1. Compare the share of the considered complexes in the industry of Russia and other countries. How do the proportions between complexes that have developed in Russia affect the development of the domestic economy?
2. What are the ways to improve the system of complexes of structural materials in Russia?

Table 23

The share of complexes producing structural materials and chemicals

in the manufacturing industry of some countries, % of the cost of production

§ 22. Metallurgical complex

Metallurgical complex- a set of industries that produce a variety of metals.

Contemporary economy cannot do without metal. Even in developed countries, for every percent of economic growth, metal consumption increases by almost 1%. The metallurgical complex also plays an important role in the Russian economy. It consumes 1/4 of the coal mined and the electricity produced. It accounts for 30% of freight rail traffic.

The state of Russian metallurgy significantly affects the standard of living population, since many enterprises are city-forming.

Find on the map the cities that grew up next to the metallurgical enterprises.

The metallurgical complex consists of two major industries- ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Despite significant differences, they share a number of common features.

1. Production of most of the metal in large enterprises. As part of the metallurgical complex includes about 3 thousand enterprises. But most of the metal is produced at a few of the largest enterprises. The three largest ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises produce about x/3 of the total metal. Thus, metallurgy is an industry with a high level of production concentration.

2. High level of combined production. Metallurgy includes not only the production of metals, it also includes other industries related to the production of metals: mining and preparation of ore, fuel, production auxiliary materials(refractories, oxygen, etc.). Therefore, the bulk of black and non-ferrous metals produced in so-called factories.

Combines- these are enterprises that carry out not only all stages of the actual metallurgical process, but also technologically and economically related productions of other industries.

This form of organization of production is called combination (Fig. 47). In ferrous metallurgy, the combination is based on the sequential processing of raw materials (ore -> cast iron -> steel -> rolled metal). In color - its complex use, since from ores non-ferrous metals you can get several metals at the same time.

3. Large consumption of raw materials. To obtain 1 ton of steel, it is necessary to spend 7 tons of various raw materials and fuels. In non-ferrous metallurgy, their consumption is even greater. Thus, metallurgy is one of the industries with high material consumption.

4. Metallurgy is a major polluter environment. The share of ferrous metallurgy accounts for 1/7, and non-ferrous - 1/5 of industrial emissions into the atmosphere. Every year, metallurgical enterprises emit atmosphere up to 10 million tons harmful substances. Discharge of each of the industries of metallurgy contaminated Wastewater is 5%. Russian metallurgical enterprises, as a rule, have a large capacity and are located directly in cities, so they determine in them ecological situation and the level of morbidity in the population.

According to Figure 47, determine the fundamental differences between the "old" and "new" technologies for the production of ferrous metals. How does blast-furnace technology change the traditional location factors of the iron and steel industry?

Questions and tasks

1. What is a metallurgical complex?
2. Tell us about in general terms characteristic of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
3. What is the basis for combining production in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy?

Attention! Problem!

Metallurgy pollutes not only air and water. During open-pit mining of ores, tens of thousands of hectares of land are withdrawn from economic circulation. Is it possible to mine ore without disturbing landscapes? Can! Geo- and biotechnologies come to the rescue.

When using geotechnologies, an ore solvent is pumped into one of the drilled wells. Through another well, the ore solution obtained underground is pumped to the surface. In biotechnological production methods, instead of a solvent, a bacterial solution is pumped into the well. The bacteria contained in it are able to accumulate the mined metal in their bodies. The extraction of ore using these methods allows to reduce the cost of the metal by 2 times, and the costs - by 4 times, increases labor productivity.

In the United States, more than 300 thousand tons of copper are mined per year using biomethods. But in Russia, these methods of ore extraction are practically not used due to the lack of modern technologies.

§ 23. Factors of location of enterprises

metallurgical complex. Ferrous metallurgy
The location of metallurgical enterprises is most influenced by: 1) the quality of the raw materials (ore) used; 2) the type of energy used to obtain the metal; 3) geography sources of energy and raw materials (Table 24).

It is most profitable to create metallurgical enterprises: 1) in the areas of ore mining (Urals, Norilsk); 2) in areas where coking coal is mined (Kuzbass) or where cheap electricity is produced (Eastern Siberia); 3) at the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets). When placing, water availability is also taken into account, transport routes, the need to protect nature.

Give examples on the atlas map various options placement of metallurgical enterprises.

Under the influence of the considered factors, metallurgical enterprises are not distributed evenly across the country, but in clusters, which are called the main metallurgical bases.

Main metallurgical base- a group of metallurgical enterprises using common ore or fuel resources for production a large number metal.

On the territory of Russia three metallurgical bases stand out: Ural, Central and Siberian. Each of them has its own characteristics of provision with raw materials, fuel, electricity, set and capacity of production (Fig. 48).

Ferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metals are called, the basis of which is iron (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys). 90% of all metals used in modern production, - black metals . For the production of ferrous metals, iron ore, chromium, manganese, coke and other components are needed.

The share of Russia in the world reserves of iron ore is 32% (57 billion tons). And their annual production in the country is 15% of the world. Domestic metallurgy is provided with its own iron ore for at least a century. But 90% of the mined ore has a low iron content. And Russia almost entirely imports manganese and chromium: manganese from Ukraine and Georgia, and chromium from Kazakhstan.

The Ural Metallurgical Base is the leading base for the production of ferrous metals (slightly less than 50% of steel and rolled products). It has large reserves of iron ore (15 billion tons, or 24% of the total Russian reserves). But rich deposits have already been worked out.

Historically, on the basis of the once richest Ural deposits, several dozen metallurgical plants of various sizes arose. Many of them still exist today. But the main part of the metal is produced on four largest enterprises located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. All Ural enterprises are very old and need reconstruction. They don't produce much metal yet. High Quality and heavily pollute the environment.

Central metallurgical base in terms of production scale, it almost caught up with the Urals (about 40%). The bulk of the country's iron ore reserves are concentrated here (42 billion tons, or 59%). High quality ore (45% iron). It is almost entirely concentrated in the KMA, the world's largest deposit (54% of the total Russian reserves). The Central Base includes deposits of iron ore mined on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Kostomuksha). Large stocks of scrap metal. The extraction of local coking coal (Pechora basin) does not cover the demand for it. The missing coal is imported from Ukraine (Donbass). Major centers metallurgy - Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol. In Stary Oskol, there is the only enterprise in Russia where metal is produced using blast-furnace technology.

Siberian metallurgical base develops on the Kuznetsk coal and iron ore deposits of the Angara and Gornaya Shoria. They are used by two metallurgical enterprises in Novokuznetsk. The share of this base in the production of steel and rolled products is slightly less than 15%.

In the future, it is expedient to form another base in Russia - the Far East, since the import of metal here from other regions is very expensive. resource base a unique combination of iron ore from the Taezhnoye deposit and coal from Chulman could become a base for this.

Questions and tasks

1. What factors have the greatest influence on the location of metallurgical enterprises?
2. Name the main metallurgical bases of Russia.

Geography of Russia. population and economy. Grade 9: textbook. for general education institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. - 17th ed., stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2010. - 285 p.: ill., maps.

Structural materials include metals and their alloys, chemical materials(plastics, ceramics), building materials and composites (complex materials based on metal, plastics, glass, ceramics). In Ukraine, more than 50% of the cost of industrial products and the bulk of exports are precisely construction materials.

Complex for the production of structural materials includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, timber industry, building materials industry.

Despite the fact that in the conditions of modern Ukraine, the complex of structural materials is one of the leading in industrial production, its structure does not correspond to the current market situation due to an excess of capacities for the production of cast iron, rolled steel, a lack of production of non-ferrous metals and products of organic synthesis chemistry. At the same time, the enterprises of the complex have very good development prospects in the field of composites production, as well as significant scientific and industrial resources.

Ferrous metallurgy

The complex of ferrous metallurgy productions is one of the most important basic directions of the economy. It includes:

Extraction and enrichment of ferrous metal ores;

Production of iron and steel;

Coke production.

Japan, China, Russia, and the United States are leaders in the world production of cast iron. Approximately the same group of leaders is typical for world steel production. The leading principles for the location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises are: fuel, raw materials, consumer. The consumer principle has recently played a decisive role in the location of the ferrous metallurgy of economically developed countries, since these countries are on the path of closing environmentally harmful blast furnace production on their territory and exporting pig iron and ordinary rolled products.

On the territory of Ukraine, the geography of ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the context of regions is presented as follows:

Dnepropetrovsk region - 40%

Donetsk region. – 36%

Zaporozhye region - 12%

Lugansk region. – 7%

Rice._________________

Metallurgical enterprises of Ukraine, as shown in fig. , are concentrated in three branch areas of ferrous metallurgy: Prydniprovsky, Donetsk and Pryazovsky ..

Prydniprovsky metallurgical region includes four metallurgical units:

Dnepropetrovsk (Dnepropetrovsk, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Novomoskovsk) specializing in the production of cast iron, rolled steel, wheels and pipes;

Zaporozhye specializing in the production of steel, rolled products;

Krivorozhsky, covering mines, quarries, 5 mining and processing plants and a sinter plant, Yuzhnotrubny and Ferroalloy plants of Nikopol, extraction of manganese ores;

Kremenchugsky is an emerging GOK.

Donetsk Metallurgical District producing 50% of Ukrainian coke, 50% of pig iron, 30% of metal and covering three metallurgical units: Donetsk-Makievsky, Alchevsk, Enakievsky.

Priazovsky Metallurgical District- plants in Mariupol, quarries and GOKs of Kerch.

Current state ferrous metallurgy Ukraine is characterized by a significant lag behind the world level of production, due to outdated technologies and equipment, a range of products that do not meet the requirements of the world market. To the most promising areas development of ferrous metallurgy in Ukraine can be attributed to: restructuring in favor of the most profitable industries, improving the quality of metal (grade, standards), expanding the existing product range, increasing production efficiency, introducing new technologies (powder metallurgy, electric furnaces, secondary processing of ferrous metals).

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes enterprises engaged in exploration, mining and enrichment of ores, metallurgical processing of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals, production of alloys, procurement and processing of secondary non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metallurgy of the world produces about 70 types of metals. More than 3/4 of the cost and about 99% of the production volume falls on aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, tin, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, magnesium. Main Feature geography of non-ferrous metallurgy of economically developed countries is high level its territorial concentration, its raw material base, as well as the gap between the areas of extraction of raw materials and the leading areas of production and consumption of non-ferrous metals. The main areas of resource concentration are: Canada, Australia and South Africa, while production and consumption dominate in Western Europe, USA, Japan. Developing countries also have significant reserves of non-ferrous metal ores: 3/4 of bauxite reserves, 2/3 of copper ore reserves, but the share of production in them is much lower.

The features of the placement of enterprises in the industry include;

1. Consumer Orientation Placement- transportation of "rough" metal and its processing in port industrial zones;

2. Energy orientation placement- the attraction of enterprises to sources of cheap electricity;

3. Complex use ore raw materials- production of aluminum, soda, cement.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine in terms of production and importance for the country's economy lags far behind ferrous metallurgy. main reason lagging behind is the lack of significant own reserves of non-ferrous metal ores. The most significant volumes of production of non-ferrous metals in Ukraine are typical for aluminum industry(about 20% of output). The largest aluminum plants operate on imported raw materials, not so much because of the lack of their own reserves of aluminum ores, but because they are technologically oriented towards export bauxite (Nikolaev, Zaporozhye, Sverdlovsk (Lugansk region).

Titanium and magnesium industry Ukraine, in contrast to aluminum, is completely focused on domestic raw materials (Samotkannoe and Irshanskoe titanium ore deposits, Kalushskoe, Stebnikovskoe and Sivashskoe magnesium ore deposits.). The largest titanium and magnesium plant operates in Zaporozhye.

mercury industry developed on the basis of the Nikitovsky deposit in the Donetsk region, one of the largest in Europe, where the Nikitovsky mercury plant operates.

Zinc production represented by the Konstantinovsky lead-zinc plant in the Donetsk region, operating on imported concentrates. Nickel production developed on the basis of deposits in the Bug region, gold- in the town of Beregovo (Transcarpathian region).

Due to the lack of prospects for expanding its own raw material base of non-ferrous metals in Ukraine, the most promising are: secondary processing of non-ferrous metals and processing of dumps of ferrous metal ores.

Due to a large number of factors, mechanical engineering is developed in all regions of Russia, however, to a greater extent in the Western macro-region. The Western macro-region accounts for 95% of the output.

largest specific gravity mechanical engineering is in the industry of the Volga-Vyatka (39%), Volga (36%), Central (29%) and North-Western (25%) economic regions. At the same time, the central and Volga economic regions together provide more than 40% of the output. In the Eastern Macroregion, mechanical engineering is concentrated mainly in large cities.

The geography of engineering enterprises is presented in the "cramming".

Complex of structural materials

Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress, intersectoral complexes interact and complement each other, forming large systems, an example of which is a complex that processes natural resources into structural materials and chemicals.

The bulk of the 70 types of mineral raw materials mined in Russia (excluding fuel resources), as well as wood, are used in the production of structural materials

Construction materials - natural and artificial materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures

Construction materials subdivided into:

traditional (cast iron, steel, clay, sand, wood, natural rubber, natural fibers, etc.);

new (plastics, polymers, cermets, fiberglass, metal-plastic, glass concrete, etc.).

The composition of the complex of structural materials:

Complex of structural materials

Metallurgical complex

Production of building materials

Chemical-forest complex

Rolled products production

Household and perfumery

Polymer recycling

wood chemistry

Pulp and paper

hydrolysis

Smelting production

Fertilizer production

Polymer production

Production

refining

Off-domain production

draft

Production of other products of basic chemistry

organic synthesis

sawmilling and woodworking

Domain production

MINING

In this complex, industries that produce structural materials are combined, i.e. materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and timber industries, production of building materials. Such an association is due, firstly, to the participation of these industries in the production of structures intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures, and secondly, many types of products of the complex are interchangeable (for example, metal and building materials are currently being actively replaced by plastics and polymers).

mining industry underlies not only this complex, but the problems of rational use of natural resources and formation of the environmental policy of the state. The geography of the development of this industry depends on natural resources. The extractive industry in Russia has an imperfect structure: it is extremely hypertrophied and accounts for 22.5% of production, although in developed countries it does not exceed 9%. The reason for this is not only the richness and diversity of natural resources in our country, but also the technological backwardness of industry, which makes it impossible to effectively use the extracted resources. The extractive industry in Russia has a number of negative features:

large disturbances of the lithosphere due to extensive processing of rocks;

losses in the extraction of a huge amount of raw materials;

progressive mining methods are poorly introduced, which affects the cost of the metals obtained;

poor use of secondary resources;

there is no decrease in the rate of development of the extractive industry, which is typical for developed countries.

Large combinations of resources that are of national importance and cover vast areas are called resource bases countries. In Russia it is:

Ural-Volga,

central,

South Siberian,

Northeast,

Classification of structural materials, problems of proportionality of the industries producing them.

Metallurgy, its composition and structure, place in the economy, connection with other industries. Contemporary Issues Russian metallurgy and their geographical implications. Russia's place in the world in terms of metal ore reserves and production of metallurgy products.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Traditional and new technologies for the production of metals. Types of metallurgical enterprises and location factors. Features of the geography of metallurgy of ferrous, light and heavy non-ferrous metals. Metallurgical bases, the largest metallurgical centers. Export of metals and its role in the country's economy.

Chemical industry. Composition and importance in the economy, connection with other industries. The role of chemicalization of the economy. The main factors for the location of enterprises chemical industry. Grouping of branches of the chemical industry, features of their geography. The main chemical bases, the largest chemical complexes. Problems of development of the industry. Chemical industry \ and environmental protection.

Timber industry. Composition and importance in the economy, connection with other industries. Russia's place in the world in the production of forest industry products. Grouping of branches of the timber industry, features of their geography. The main forest bases, the largest timber processing complexes. Timber industry and environmental protection. Production of building materials, structures and parts.

Practical work : 1. Drawing up the characteristics of one of the metallurgical bases according to maps and statistical materials; 2. Determination on the maps of the main factors for the location of metallurgical enterprises for the production of copper and aluminum; 3. Compilation of characteristics of one of the bases of the chemical industry on maps and statistical materials.

Topic 6. Agro-industrial complex (AIC)

Agriculture. Differences of agriculture from other economic branches. Land is the main wealth of Russia. Agricultural land, their structure. The role of melioration in development Agriculture countries. The concept of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The main problems of the development of the Russian agro-industrial complex.

Agriculture. The leading role of grain farming. The geography of growing the most important cereals and industrial crops, potatoes. Horticulture and viticulture.

Livestock. The leading role of cattle breeding. Geography of the main branches of animal husbandry.

Forestry. The role of the forest in people's lives. Russian forests are an important part of its national wealth. The role of the forest in the Russian economy. Geography of forests for operational purposes.

Hunting. Fur harvesting is a traditional industry Russian economy. Geography of the fur trade. Cultivation of a fur-bearing animal.

Fish farm. The dominant role of the marine industry. Specifics of the main fishing basins. The leading role of the Far East basin. Geography of fish processing. Insufficient development of pond and lake fish farming.

Complex producing structural materials and chemicals. Chemical-forest complex.

1. Chemical-forestry complex 2. Consumption of structural materials. 3. Raw material base. 4. Variety of chemical technologies. Lesson plan.

As a result of the crisis and low competitiveness of products. Almost 40% of enterprises in the industry are unprofitable. Another serious problem is the heavy wear and tear of the equipment. It is 57%, and 65% of the equipment is morally and physically obsolete. More than 2/3 of production has been in operation for over 25 years. lesson problem;

Tell us about the importance of the chemical industry for the development of the economy? Tell us about the features of the chemical industry that affect the location of chemical enterprises? Tasks for the lesson:

Terms: The chemical-forest complex is composed of two branches - the chemical and timber industries. Chemicalization is the widespread use of chemical technologies and materials in all economic sectors.

It creates new materials that do not exist in nature. They often outperform natural products. Their use saves labor and raw materials. Therefore, ENTERPRISES OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ARE FREQUENTLY CREATED IN ALREADY FOLDED AREAS, CENTERS OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF TRADITIONAL STRUCTURAL MATERIALS (MACHINE-BUILDING CENTERS, METALLURGICAL BASES). First of all:

The chemical industry has an almost unlimited raw material base: oil, gas, wood, water, air, etc. At the same time, very often the same product can be obtained from different types raw materials. For example: Nitrogen fertilizers can be produced based on coal coking, water electrolysis, oil refining and natural gas. Therefore, theoretically, chemical industry enterprises can be created everywhere. Secondly:

But today, oil and gas processing products are mainly used, i.e. specially prepared raw materials. As a result, modern chemistry gravitates to the areas of extraction and processing of these types of raw materials (Volga region, European center).

Chemical technologies are very diverse. This opens up huge opportunities for complex processing of raw materials. For example, hundreds of types of products are obtained from oil. Therefore, both in the chemical industry itself and in its interaction with other industries, combination is widely developed. It contributes to the formation of various plants: chemical, coke, petrochemical, wood chemical, etc.

Some features of the chemical industry, on the contrary, limit the potential ubiquity of its location. These include: high energy-water intensity of many industries, especially modern ones. AT last years growing influence environmental factor, because most of chemical industries is a strong environmental pollutant.