The establishment of Soviet power on the Don is closely connected with the names of Fedor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov.

May 10, 1918 a gang of White Cossacks, fearing an open clash, deceitfully disarmed Podtelkov's detachment.

The next day, May 11, 1918 over the leaders of the Don government, Fedor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov, a massacre took place, as well as his entire detachment in the Ponomarev farm.
The mass murder was carried out in front of the inhabitants of the nearest farms - to intimidate the population.

It should be noted that they started their political Olympus from the village of Kamenskaya. The Kamensky Bolsheviks at the initial stage gave them great support.
The White Cossacks created special "hunting" detachments to capture and destroy "apostates" who were going to create red regiments. Convinced that the path to the north was closed, F. G. Podtelkov decided to go to the peasant volosts of the Donetsk district to join with the detachments of E. A. Shchadenko. But by this time his detachment was almost already surrounded by white Cossacks. The bandits demanded that the Podtelkovites surrender their weapons, promising to let them go north, to their native villages.

As soon as the weapons were handed over, the White Guards surrounded the podtelkovites and drove them under escort to the hut. Ponomarev camp. Krasnokutskaya. On the same day, the White Guard court sentenced F. G. Podtelkov and M. V. Krivoshlykov to hanging, and the remaining 78 captured members of the expedition to death.

May 11, 1918 near the farm. Ponomarev there was a massacre. Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov held themselves exceptionally firmly. With a noose around his neck, Podtelkov addressed the people with a speech, he called on the Cossacks not to believe the officers and chieftains.
“Only one thing: don’t go back to the old one!” - Podtelkov managed to shout his last words ...

So the best sons of the Don Cossacks met death courageously.

A year later, when the hut. Ponomarev by the Soviet troops, a modest obelisk was erected on the grave of the heroes with the words inscribed on it: "You killed individuals, we will kill classes."

In 1968, a monument was erected on the grave of F. G. Podtelkov, M. V. Krivoshlykov and their comrades-in-arms near the Ponomarev farm. On the 15-meter obelisk is carved: "To prominent figures of the revolutionary Cossacks Fyodor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov and their 83 comrades-in-arms who died from the White Cossacks in May 1918."

Volume 2 of M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don” describes the execution of Fyodor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov, as well as his entire detachment in the Ponomarev farm.
Fedor Grigorievich Podtelkov was born in the Krutovsky farm of the Ust-Khoperskaya village of the Ust-Medvedetsky district in the family of a poor Cossack Grigory Onufrievich Podtelkov. From early childhood, he helped his mother with the housework. Fedor lost his father at a very young age. He was raised by his grandfather. The boy had to walk six kilometers to school every day. It's time to serve in the army. The tall, broad-shouldered Fyodor Podtelkov was enrolled in the 6th Guards Battery, which served in the royal palace in St. Petersburg. During the First World War, for the courage and courage shown in battles, constable F.G. Podtelkov was awarded two St. George's crosses, the medal "For Courage". Received the rank of sergeant.
After the February Revolution, the cadet Podtelkov was elected commander of the 6th Guards Battery. After the October Revolution, the battery went over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

On the Don, after the proclamation of Soviet power, Ataman Kaledin launched an offensive. In the village of Kamenskaya, at the suggestion of the Bolsheviks, a congress of front-line Cossacks was convened. F.G. took an active part in its work. Podtelkov. The congress declared the power of Ataman Kaledin overthrown and formed the Don Regional Military Revolutionary Committee. Fyodor Podtelkov was elected Chairman of the VRC, and Mikhail Krivoshlykov was elected Secretary.
Podtelkov participated in the battles with the Kaledin Cossacks, the formation and strengthening of the revolutionary Cossack units, in the convening and work of the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Don Republic in 1918.
The Don Republic was formed at the end of March 1918, and on April 9, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Don Republic met in Rostov, at which the Central Executive Committee was elected, headed by the communist V.S. Kovalev. The Central Executive Committee formed the Council of People's Commissars of the Don Republic. F.G. became its chairman. Podtelkov.

Monument

Installed in front of the building of the city museum of local lore, where the military revolutionary committee worked in 1918.
The opening took place on November 5, 1974. S. I. Kudinov, an honorary citizen of the city of Kamensk, spoke at the rally, who knew F. Podtelkov and M. Krivoshlykov well.
The author of the monument is the Rostov sculptor A. Kh. Dzhlauyan.

The protagonist of the novel by M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don" Grigory Melekhov, looking for the truth of life, gets confused a lot, makes mistakes, suffers, because he does not find the moral truth he aspires to in any of the warring parties.

Gregory is faithful to the Cossack traditions, instilled in him from birth. But at the same time, he surrenders to the power of violent passion, capable of violating generally accepted norms and rules. Neither the formidable father, nor dirty rumors and ridicule can stop Gregory in his passionate outburst.

Melekhov is distinguished by an amazing ability to love. Unwittingly, at the same time, he causes pain to loved ones. Grigory himself suffers, suffers no less than Natalya, Aksinya, and his parents. The hero finds himself as if between two poles: love-duty and love-passion. Committing bad deeds from the point of view of public morality and meeting with a married woman, Gregory remains honest and sincere to the end. “And it’s a pity for you,” he says to Natalia, “to go to sleep, for these days we became related, but there is nothing in my heart ... Empty.”

Stormy historical events swirled Gregory in their whirlwind. But the more he goes into military operations, the more he is drawn to the land, to work. He often dreams of the steppe. His heart is always with my beloved, distant woman, with his native farm, kuren.

A new turn in history brings Melekhov back to the earth, to his beloved, to his family. Grigory meets with the house, with the farm after a long separation. The bosom of the family returns him to the world of shaken habitual ideas about the meaning of life, about the Cossack duty.

While fighting, “Grigory firmly protected the Cossack honor, seized the opportunity to show selfless courage, took risks, went wild, went disguised to the rear of the Austrians, removed outposts without bloodshed.” Over time, the hero changes. He feels that “that pain over a person that crushed him in the first days of the war has irrevocably gone. Hardened heart, hardened ... ". The initial portrait of Gregory is also changing: "... his eyes are hollow and his cheekbones are sharply sticking out."

The tragic upheaval that split the world of the Cossacks into friends and foes poses numerous difficult and acute questions for Grigory. The hero is faced with a choice. Where to go? With whom? For what? Where is the truth? Melekhov, on his path of search, encounters different people, each of whom has his own point of view on what is happening. So centurion Efim Izvarin does not believe in the universal equality declared by the Bolsheviks, he is convinced of the special fate and destiny of the Cossacks and stands for an independent, autonomous life of the Don region. He is a separatist. Grigory, delving into the essence of his speeches, tries to argue with him, but he is illiterate and loses in an argument with a well-educated centurion who knows how to consistently and logically express his thoughts. “Izvarin easily defeated him in verbal battles,” the author reports, and therefore Grigory falls under the strong influence of Izvarin's ideas.

Other truths are instilled in Melekhov by Podtelkov, who believes that the Cossacks have common interests with all Russian peasants and workers, with the entire proletariat. Podtelkov is convinced of the need for elected people's power. He speaks so competently, convincingly and passionately about his ideas that this makes Gregory listen to him and even believe. After a conversation with Podtelkov, the hero "painfully tried to sort out the confusion of thoughts, think over something, decide." In Gregory, an illiterate and politically unsophisticated person, despite various suggestions, the desire to find his truth, his place in life, something that is really worth serving is still actively pulsating. Those around him offer him different ways, but Grigory firmly answers them: "I myself am looking for an entrance."

There comes a moment when Melekhov wholeheartedly takes the side of the new system. But this system, with its cruelty to the Cossacks, injustice, once again pushes Gregory onto the warpath. Melekhov is shocked by the behavior of Chernetsov and Podtelkov in the scene of the massacre of Chernetsovites. It burns with blind hatred and enmity. Gregory, unlike them, is trying to protect an unarmed enemy from a merciless bloody race. Gregory does not stand up for the enemy - in each of the enemies he sees first of all a person.

But in war as in war. Fatigue and anger lead the hero to cruelty. This is eloquently evidenced by the episode of the murder of sailors. However, Gregory is not easily given such inhumanity. It is after this scene that Melekhov is deeply tormented by the realization of a terrible truth: he has gone far from what he was born for and what he fought for. “The wrong course in life, and maybe I’m to blame for this,” he understands.

An unrelenting truth, an unshakable value, always remains for the hero a native nest. In the most difficult moments of life, he turns to thoughts about the house, about his native nature, about work. These memories give Gregory a sense of harmony and peace of mind.

Gregory becomes one of the leaders of the Veshensky uprising. This is a new round in his path. But gradually he becomes disillusioned and realizes that the uprising did not bring the expected results: the Cossacks suffer from the Whites in the same way that they suffered from the Reds before. Well-fed officers - the nobles contemptuously and arrogantly treat the ordinary Cossack and only dream of achieving success with his help in their new campaigns; the Cossacks are only a reliable means of achieving their goals. The boorish attitude of General Fitskhelaurov towards him is outrageous for Grigory, foreign invaders are hated and disgusting.

Painfully enduring everything that is happening in the country, Melekhov nevertheless refuses to evacuate. “Whatever the mother, she is someone else’s kindred,” he argues. And such a position deserves all respect.

The next transitional stage, salvation for Gregory again becomes a return to the earth, to Aksi-nye, to the children. He is suddenly imbued with extraordinary warmth and love for children, he realizes that they are the meaning of his existence. The habitual way of life, the atmosphere of his native home give rise in the hero to the desire to get away from the struggle. Gregory, having passed a long and difficult path, loses faith in both whites and reds. Home and family are true values, real support. Violence, repeatedly seen and known, evokes disgust in him. More than once he does noble deeds under the influence of hatred towards him. Grigory releases the relatives of the Red Cossacks from prison, drives a horse to death in order to have time to save Ivan Alekseevich and Mishka Koshevoy from death, leaves the square, not wanting to be a witness to the execution of the underdogs.

Quick to reprisal and unjustifiably cruel, Mishka Koshevoy pushes Gregory to run away from home. He is forced to wander around the farms and, as a result, joins Fomin's gang. Love for life, for children does not allow Gregory to give up. He understands that if he does not act, he will be shot. Melekhov has no choice, and he joins the gang. A new stage of Gregory's spiritual quest begins.

Little remains with Gregory by the end of the novel. Children, native land and love for Aksinya. But the hero is waiting for new losses. He deeply and grievously experiences the death of his beloved woman, but finds the strength to search for himself further: “Everything was taken away from him, everything was destroyed by ruthless death. Only the children remained. But he himself still convulsively clung to the ground, as if in fact his broken life represented some kind of value for him and for others.

Gregory spends most of his life in captivity of hatred tearing the world, death, becoming hardened and falling into despair. Stopping on the way, he discovers with disgust that, hating violence, he does not set death. He is the head and support of the family, but he has no time to be at home, among people who love him.

All the attempts of the hero to find himself are the path of going through the torment. Melekhov goes forward with an open to everything, "tossed" heart. He is looking for wholeness, genuine and undeniable truths, in everything he wants to get to the very essence. His searches are passionate, his soul burns. He is tormented by an unsatisfied moral hunger. Gregory longs for self-determination, he is not without self-condemnation. Melekhov is looking for the root of mistakes, including in himself, in his deeds. But about the hero who went through many thorns, one can say with confidence that his soul, in spite of everything, is alive, it has not been ruined by the most difficult life circumstances. Evidence of this is Gregory's desire for peace, for peace, for the land, the desire to return home. Without waiting for an amnesty, Melekhov returns home. He has only one desire - the desire for peace. His goal is to raise his son, a generous reward for all the pains of life. Mishatka is Gregory's hope for the future, in him is the possibility of continuing the Melekhov family. These thoughts of Gregory are confirmation that he is broken by the war, but not broken by it.

The path of Grigory Melekhov to the truth is a tragic path of human wanderings, gains, mistakes and losses, evidence of a close connection between personality and history. This difficult path was traversed by the Russian people in the 20th century.

Critic Yu. Lukin wrote about the novel: “The meaning of the figure of Grigory Melekhov ... expands, going beyond the scope and specifics of the Cossack environment of the Don in 1921 and grows to a typical image of a person who did not find his way during the years of the revolution.”

Part five

In the autumn of 1917, Cossacks began to return from the front to the Tatarsky farm: Fedot Bodovskov, Petro Melekhov, Mitka Korshunov. According to them, Grigory Melekhov remained in Kamenskaya with the Bolsheviks. Grigory, by that time promoted to cornet for military merit, really succumbed to the strong influence of Fedor Podtelkov, a Cossack who played one of the main roles in the history of the revolutionary movement on the Don. Podtelkov stands for popular self-government, is not listed in any party, but he supports the doctrine of the Bolsheviks. The simple truth of Podtelkov outweighed in Grigory's soul the dubious rantings about the fate of the Cossacks of another fellow soldier, centurion Yefim Izvarin, who had seduced Melekhov with his ideas. Izvarin, an educated man, an expert on the history of the Cossacks, stood for the autonomy of the Region of the Don Cossacks, for the establishment of that order on the Don, which was even before the enslavement of the Cossacks by the autocracy. The idea of ​​autonomy attracted many Cossacks.

They were for the Bolsheviks, since they opposed the war, but against Bolshevism, since for the most part the Cossack is a prosperous person and is not going to divide his land. Gregory, cut off from his home for many years, also departed from the cramped Cossack truth.

In Kamenskaya, a congress of front-line soldiers was held, where Grigory met with fellow countrymen. Podtelkov presided. Bolsheviks from Moscow spoke at the congress. The congress of front-line soldiers gradually developed into the elections of the Cossack Military Revolutionary Committee. Lenin, who learned about this, announced that forty-six Cossack regiments on the Don called themselves the government and were fighting Kaledin. A delegation of Cossacks, headed by Podtelkov, went to Kaledin's headquarters with the intention of persuading him to voluntarily relinquish his powers and transfer power to the hands of the Soviet. The hope for a peace agreement with the Bolsheviks and with the Military Circle did not leave the front-line soldiers. Only members of the delegation Podtelkov, Lagutin and Krivoshlykov doubted this. The atmosphere of rejection and hostility that enveloped the members of the committee immediately upon their arrival in Novocherkassk cooled the peace-loving Cossacks. The unsuccessful meeting in the village of Kamenskaya between members of the Military Circle and the Military Revolutionary Committee was repeated, but this time in Novocherkassk.

Kaledin only had to buy time: Chernetsov's detachment began to operate in the rear of the Bolshevik-minded villages. The military government was not going to give up its powers, in the form of an ultimatum, offering the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Front-line Soldiers to terminate the agreement with the Council of People's Commissars.

Not only Gregory thought about the future fate of his relatives and homeland. Few Cossacks remained on the farm, who would have calmly experienced the formidable revolutionary years. Tatar, like the rest of the Don Army, was divided into obolevich front-line soldiers and Cossacks loyal to the government. There was a hidden, sometimes breaking civil strife. The beginnings of a civil war were ripening.

And no matter how much the Cossacks, tired of exhausting battles, wanted to avoid bloodshed, the confrontation escalated. Novocherkassk attracted everyone who fled from the Bolshevik revolution. Generals Alekseev, Denikin, Lukomsky, Markov, Erdeli arrived here. Kornilov also appeared here. Kaledin pulled all the Cossack regiments from the fronts and placed them along the Novocherkassk-Chertkovo-Rostov-Tikhoretskaya railway line. But there was little hope for the Cossacks, who were tired of the war. The first campaign against Rostov failed: the Cossacks turned around without permission, refusing to go on the offensive. However, already on December 2, Rostov was completely occupied by volunteer units. With the arrival of Kornilov, the center of the Volunteer Army was moved there. In turn, the poorly trained Red Guard detachments were preparing to fight back. On behalf of the Bolsheviks, Bunchuk arrived in Rostov from Novocherkassk. He had to organize a machine-gun team in a short time.

Among the former workers, and now students of the machine gunner Bunchuk, there was a woman, Anna Pogudko, who shows extraordinary abilities and an unfeminine desire to master military weapons. In the past, a schoolgirl, then a worker from the Asmolov factory, now a “faithful comrade”, Anna gradually wins Bunchuk's heart. Their relationship is uncertain.

Bunchuk had a chance to know the full extent of Anya's fidelity: she was by his side both in battle and during all the months of his protracted serious illness. It was she who left Ilya Bunchuk, who fell ill with typhus after the battle near Glubokaya. Caring for the seriously ill Bunchuk turns out to be a serious test of Anna's feelings, but she endures it. After Bunchuk's recovery, Abramson transferred Anna to a new job in Lugansk. Bunchuk went to storm Novocherkassk.

Chernetsov occupied the village of Kamenskaya, went to Glubokaya. Scattered, unorganized, although significant forces of the Doprevkom were forced to retreat. From among the elected commanders, the military foreman Golubov appeared. Under his strict command, the Cossacks gathered and defended Glubokaya. Grigory Melekhov took command of one of the divisions of the 2nd reserve regiment on the orders of Golubov. But in the first battle, Gregory was wounded in the leg. Then Chernetsov was taken prisoner, with him - officers.

Golubov bailed Chernetsov and the officers captured with him. However, despite the note from the military commander Golubov, Podtelkov killed Chernetsov, and committed brutal reprisals against the officers. This shook Grigory Melekhov's confidence in the importance of the cause of Bolshevism.

Having healed in the infirmary, Gregory decided to return home. His second return was bleak.

After the Kaledinites thrashed the revolutionary Cossack units, the Don Revolutionary Committee asked for support from the head of military operations against Kaledin and the counter-revolutionary Ukrainian Rada. Red Guard detachments were sent to help the Cossacks. They contributed to the defeat of the Chernetsov punitive detachment and the restoration of the position of the Don Revolutionary Committee. The initiative passed into the hands of the revolutionary Cossacks. The enemy was pressed to Novocherkassk. At an emergency meeting of members of the Don government in the ataman's palace, Kaledin spoke. He was weary of his power, tired of the senseless, protracted bloodshed. Having transferred the government to the City Duma, Kaledin finds the only way out for himself in suicide: the main thing is to stop the enmity and hatred that has swept over the Don. The news of Kaledin's death was brought to the farm by Pantelei Prokofievich, at the same time as this news came a message about the entry of the Red Guard detachments into the lands of the Don Cossacks and the retreat of the Volunteer Army.

All these events required an immediate decision from the farm Cossacks: which side to take, for whom to fight. That war was inevitable was beyond doubt. The Cossacks hesitated. They were tired of the bloodshed and were not too eager to enter a new war. Jack offered to run. Ivan Alekseevich and Khristonya expressed doubts about the timeliness and expediency of the escape. Gregory opposed the flight. Jack was supported only by Mishka Koshevoy.

However, the escape failed (Knave was shot on the spot, Mishka was pitied, flogged in the square and released), and Grigory, along with Khristonia and many other front-line Cossacks, was recorded as a "volunteer" in the counter-revolutionary Cossack detachment.

Pyotr Melekhov was chosen as a detachment, the military merits of his younger brother crossed out his biography: he fought on the side of the Bolsheviks.

The volunteer army retreated to the Kuban.

Only the marching ataman of the Don Cossacks, General Popov, with a detachment of about 1600 sabers, with five guns and forty machine guns, refused to speak. Perfectly feeling the mood of the Cossacks, who did not want to leave their native places, and fearing desertion, Popov decided to take the detachment to the winter quarters in the Salsk district in order to make partisan attacks from there to the rear of the villages.

But the Bolsheviks also missed the chance for an early peaceful end to the civil war on the Don. At the end of April, the upper villages of the Donetsk district broke away, forming their own Verkhnedonskaya district.

Under the influence of the criminal elements who flooded the detachments, the Red Guards committed excesses along the roads. Some completely decomposed subdivisions had to be disarmed and disbanded by the Revolutionary Committee.

One of these detachments of the 2nd Socialist Army camped for the night near the village of Setrakov. Despite the threats and prohibitions of the commanders, the Red Guards went to the farm in droves, began to slaughter sheep, raped two Cossack women on the edge of the farm, and opened fire on the square for no reason. At night, the outposts got drunk, and at that time three mounted Cossacks, expelled from the farm, were already raising parods in the surrounding farms, putting together detachments from front-line soldiers. An hour after the attack of the Cossacks, the detachment was destroyed: more than two hundred people were chopped and shot, about five hundred were taken prisoner. This was the reason for the split of the Donetsk district.

Only in the north were the centers of the revolution still glimmering. Podtelkov reached out to them, having assembled an expedition in order to mobilize front-line soldiers. However, this was not an easy task: the paths were clogged with trains of Red Army troops retreating from Ukraine.

guardsmen, rebel Cossacks blew up bridges, German airplanes bombarded the roads every day. Podtelkov decided to continue on foot. The population of the Ukrainian settlements received the detachment with noticeable cordiality, but the closer it moved to the Krasnokutsk village, the more tangible was the wariness and coldness of the local residents. Finally, the detachment entered the lands of the Krasnokutsk village, where Podtelkov's most disturbing fears were confirmed: according to the shepherd, the Council in the village was covered, the ataman was elected, who warned the Cossacks about the approach of the Podtelkov propaganda detachment. People fled from the Reds.

Podtelkov, who stood to the last for moving forward, began to doubt, decided to return, at that moment they were discovered by a Cossack patrol. They did not immediately attack, they waited for darkness, and at night delegates were sent to the Kalashnikov farm, where the detachment stopped, with a proposal for the immediate surrender of weapons. The Podtelkovsky Cossacks were ready for this: no one was going to fight with their former brother-soldiers. The apparent peace-loving attitude bribed the former front-line soldiers. Until the last, only Bunchuk resisted (he, along with Lagutin and Krivoshlykov, was part of the expedition).

In one of the battles, Anna Pogudko was mortally wounded. She died in the arms of Bunchuk. After that, Bunchuk could not come to his senses for a long time.

The Red Guards, who did not want to surrender their weapons, were disarmed by force. The prisoners began to be beaten. So they drove them to the Ponomarev farm, where, after rewriting, they closed them in a cramped shack. Bunchuk and three other Red Army soldiers refused to give their data. The military field court, hastily organized from representatives of the farms involved in the capture of Podtelkov, sentenced all the prisoners to death, Podtelkov himself and Krivoshlykov to hang. The following morning, the sentence was carried out. By this time, a detachment arrived under the command of cornet Peter Melekhov. In response to the offer to participate in the execution, Peter was indignant.

This picture seemed too familiar to Grigory, who arrived with Peter's detachment, therefore, when Podtelkov noticed him, Grigory remembered the same screams and groans, the same anger and cruelty unleashed with the connivance of Podtelkov himself. And again feeling the same bitterness, pain and alienation, Gregory left, accompanied by Christonya (who also did not want to be involved in this villainy).

Podtelkov and his deputy Krivoshlykov died by hanging. They tried to the end to maintain morale in their comrades. Before his death, Podtelkov delivered his last propaganda speech - about how he sought to protect the interests of the working people, but this protection, in the form in which he understood it, turned out to be unnecessary for the Cossacks. They tried to hang Podtelkov twice, and both times he broke down. He died only after someone dug a hole under his feet.

Fedor Podtelkov in the last minutes of his life understood all the ugliness of the civil war, all its hopelessness; he did not explode with anger and hatred for his murderers in his dying word, he forgave and pitied them for their deeds.

Lesson 4

Theme: The tragedy of the civil war on the pages of the novel by M.A. Sholokhov

Quiet Don

The purpose of the lesson: show the civil courage of Sholokhov, who was one of the first Russian writersXXcentury, he told the real truth about the civil war as the greatest tragedy that had grave consequences for the whole people; understand deep intention of "Quiet Flows the Don"; determine the author's position on the key issues of the novel; prove that any civil war - the greatest tragedy, which has grave consequences for both the individual and the entire nation.

Equipment: portrait of M. Sholokhov, illustrations, handouts.

Methodical methods: storytelling, analysis of episodes, analytical conversation, group work.

And the Lord said to Cain:

Where is Abel, your brother?

During the classes

teacher's word

For a long time in Soviet literature, the civil war was shrouded in the halo of a great feat and revolutionary romance. Sholokhov, one of the first Soviet writers, spoke of the civil war as the greatest national tragedy that had grave consequences for the country.

Why can the creation and publication of the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" be called Sholokhov's literary feat?

(The novel "Quiet Don" was published for twelve years (from 1928 to 1940). And all this time Sholokhov was under enormous pressure - from editors of all degrees to critics, who in one way or another expressed the position of the authorities. It was possible to withstand this pressure, only deeply related to the idea of ​​a thing that was more and more different from other works of Soviet literature and more and more threatening the well-being of the author, up to arrest and prosecution.

Why are the characters of the Bolsheviks less attractive in The Quiet Don than the characters of the Cossacks?

(Sholokhov in his novel came from the truth of life. When he created the characters of the same Podtelkov or Mishka Koshevoy, he painted them not as some kind of “ideal heroes”, but as people who were just groping for a new life path. Each of them has its own share guilt and responsibility to the people - more for Shtokman and Mishka Koshevoy, less for Ivan Alekseevich Behind the complexity of Sholokhov's attitude towards these figures is the complexity of his attitude to the revolution and the Civil War, which was initially not unambiguous).

Do you agree with Sholokhov's statement that the civil war did not end in 1920?

(“The civil war ... among other things, is so dirty that there are no victories or winners in it ...,” Sholokhov said.

After all, the troubles of the Civil War on the Don for Sholokhov are not an abstraction, but a bitter personal experience that went like a plow through their large family. Three cousins ​​​​of Sholokhov - Ivan, Valentin and Vladimir Sergin - died in the Civil War. He grew up with them on the Kruzhilin farm, where the sister of Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov, Olga Mikhailovna Sergina, after the death of her husband, moved with her four children and settled in the same kuren with Sholokhov. The death of the brothers could not but deeply affect the writer.

According to the writer, the Civil War, which brought people so much grief and trouble, did not end in 1920. After the “reconciliation”, “then all those who survived came to their broken kurens and broken families. Both winners and losers. And a peaceful life began: “They live from gate to gate, they drink water from one well, how many times a day they call each other's eyes ... What is it like? Enough imagination? Here, in my opinion, even the poorest will be enough to get frost on the skin. ” This split, which the war brought, continued for many years, nourishing mutual hatred and suspicion ...

“When did the civil war end there, according to your textbooks? In the 20th? No, my dear, she is still on her way. The means are just different. And don't think it's over soon...)

Conclusion: This characterization by Sholokhov of the time of the revolution and the Civil War at the very end of his life helps better. Sholokhov's bitter words about the break in the life of the people, which determined their troubles and suffering for many decades, reveal the very essence of this great work that called the people to national unity.

The events of the civil war on the Don, reflected on the pages of the novel by M. Sholokhov "The Quiet Don" (historical commentary)

In late 1917 - early 1918, the Cossack "governments" of the Don and Kuban, under the leadership of atamans A. M. Kaledin and A. P. Filimonov, declared non-recognition of the Soviet government and started a war against Soviet power. Then the Soviet government sent Red Guard detachments and detachments of Baltic sailors from the central provinces of Russia to fight them, uniting them on the Don under the general command of the famous Bolshevik V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko. The fighting at this stage of the Civil War was carried out on both sides, mainly along the railways by a few separate detachments (from several hundred to several thousand people) and received the name "echelon war". The Red Guard detachments of R. F. Sievers, Yu. V. Sablin and G. K. Petrov in January 1918 drove the units of General Kaledin and the White Guard Volunteer Army from the northern part of the Don region. The congress of the Don front-line Cossacks in the village of Kamenskaya on January 10-11 (23-24), 1918 formed the Donrevkom headed by F. G. Podtelkov and M. V. Krivoshlykov and formed revolutionary Cossack detachments, which a few days later defeated the officer volunteer detachment of Yesaul V. M. Chernetsova. Chernetsov and more than 40 officers who were captured, by order of F.G. Podtelkov, were executed without trial or investigation. On February 24, the Red Guard detachments occupied Rostov, on February 25 - Novocherkassk. General Kaledin shot himself, and the remnants of his troops fled to the Sal steppes. The volunteer army (3-4 thousand people) retreated with battles to the territory of the Kuban ...

Episode analysis "The scene of the massacre of Chernetsovites" (part 5, ch.12)

(Viewing film fragments of the movie "Quiet Don" (2nd series)

Twisting his wahmister's upraised mustaches, Golubov shouted hoarsely:

Melekhov, well done! You're hurt, aren't you? Hell! Is the bone intact? - and,

without waiting for an answer, he smiled: - Head on! Head-smashed!..

The officer detachment was so dispersed that it was impossible to assemble. Got them in the tail!

Gregory asked for a smoke. Cossacks flocked all over the field and

red guards. A riding Cossack trotted from the crowd, far blackening ahead.

Forty people have been taken, Golubov! .. - he shouted from afar. - Forty officers

and Chernetsov himself.

Are you lying?! - Golubov spun in fright in the saddle and galloped, mercilessly

chopping a tall white-legged horse with a whip.

Grigory, after waiting a little, followed him at a trot.

A dense crowd of captured officers was accompanied by a ring engulfing them,

a convoy of thirty Cossacks - the 44th regiment and one of the hundreds of the 27th. ahead

all went Chernetsov. Fleeing from persecution, he threw off his sheepskin coat and now

walked in a light leather jacket. The epaulette on his left shoulder was

cut off. There was a fresh abrasion on the face near the left eye. He went

quickly without breaking your feet. The papakha, worn on one side, gave him the appearance

carefree and youthful. And there was no shadow of fright on his pink face: he,

apparently, he had not shaved for several days - the blond growth was golden on his cheeks and

chin. Chernetsov looked sternly and quickly at the Cossacks who ran up to him;

a bitter, hateful crease loomed between her brows. He lit on the go

a match, lit a cigarette, squeezing a cigarette at the corner of pink hard lips.

Most of the officers were young, only a few had white frost.

gray hair One, wounded in the leg, lagged behind, he was pushed with a butt in the back

small big-headed and pockmarked Cossack. Almost next to Chernetsov walked

tall brave captain. Two arm in arm (one is a cornet, the other is a centurion)

walked smiling; behind them, without a hat, curly-haired and broad-shouldered, walked the cadet. On the

one had a soldier's overcoat thrown wide open with epaulettes sewn

to death. Another walked without a hat, pulling his beautiful black eyes

red officer's cap; the wind carried the ends of the hood over his shoulders.

Golubov rode behind.

Leaving behind, he shouted to the Cossacks:

Listen here!.. You are responsible for the safety of the prisoners to the fullest extent.

military revolutionary time! To be delivered to the headquarters in one piece!

He called one of the mounted Cossacks, sketched, sitting on the saddle, a note:

rolling it up, handed it over to the Cossack:

Download! Give it to Podtelkov.

Turning to Gregory, he asked:

Are you going there, Melekhov?

Having received an affirmative answer, Golubov caught up with Grigory and said:

Tell Podtelkov that I am bailing Chernetsov! Understood? .. Well, so

pass. Ride.

Grigory, ahead of the crowd of prisoners, galloped to the headquarters of the Revolutionary Committee, which was standing in

field near a farm. Near a wide Tachanka tachanka, with

Podtelkov walked around with frozen wheels and a machine gun covered with a green case.

Right there, tapping their heels, the staff, orderlies, several

officers and Cossack orderlies. Minaev only recently, like Podtelkov,

returned from the chain. Sitting on the goats, he bit the white, frozen bread,

chewed crunchy.

Podtelkov! Gregory stepped aside. - Now they will bring the prisoners.

Did you read Golubov's note?

Podtelkov waved his whip forcefully; dropping low-drooping pupils,

bleeding, shouted:

I don't give a damn about Golubov!.. You never know what he wants! On bail to him

Chernetsov, this robber and counter-revolutionary?.. I won’t let you!.. Shoot

all of them - and that's it!

Golubov said he was taking him on bail.

I won't give it!.. It is said: I won't give it! Well, that's all! The revolutionary court to judge him

and punish without delay. So that it was disgraceful to others! .. You know -

he spoke more calmly, peering sharply at the approaching crowd

prisoners - do you know how much blood he released into the world? Sea!..

How many miners did he transfer? .. - and again, boiling with rage, fiercely

rolled his eyes: - I will not give! ..

There is nothing to shout here! - Grigory also raised his voice: everything was trembling in him

inside, Podtelkov's rage seemed to take root in him. - There are many of you

judges! You go there! - trembling nostrils, he pointed back ... - And above

captured you a lot of stewards!

Podtelkov walked away, his whip crumpling in his hands. From a distance he shouted:

I was there! Do not think that you escaped on a cart. And you, Melekhov, shut up

Take it!.. Got it?.. Who are you talking to?

clean up! The Revolutionary Committee judges, and not everyone ...

Grigory touched his horse to him, jumped, forgetting about the wound, from the saddle and,

shot through with pain, he fell backwards... From the wound, burning, blood sloshed.

He got up without outside help, somehow hobbled to the cart,

leaned sideways against the rear spring.

The prisoners arrived. Part of the foot escorts mixed with the orderlies and

Cossacks who were guarding the headquarters. The Cossacks have not yet cooled down from the battle,

their eyes gleamed hotly and angrily, exchanged remarks about

details and outcome of the battle.

Podtelkov, stepping heavily on the falling snow, approached the prisoners.

Chernetsov, who stood in front of them all, looked at him, screwing up his sly eyes contemptuously.

desperate eyes; freely setting aside his left leg, shaking it, crushed his white

a pink lip seized from the inside by a horseshoe of the upper teeth. Podtelkov

walked straight up to him. He was trembling all over, his unblinking eyes crawled over

pitted snow, having risen, crossed with the fearless, despising

Chernetsov's glance and broke him off with the weight of hatred.

Gotcha... bastard! - Podtelkov said in a bubbling low voice and stepped

step back; His cheeks were slashed with a crooked smile.

Traitor of the Cossacks! Scoundrel! Traitor! - through clenched teeth

Chernetsov rang.

Podtelkov shook his head, as if dodging slaps in the face, - he turned black in

cheekbones, with an open mouth flimsy sucked in air.

What happened next played out with astonishing speed. bared,

Chernetsov, who had turned pale, pressed his fists to his chest, leaning forward all over, walked

on Podtelkova. From his convulsed lips, slurred

words mixed with obscene swearing. What he said - heard one

slowly backing Podtelkov.

You'll have to... you know? Chernetsov raised his voice sharply.

These words were heard by the captured officers, and the convoy, and staff.

But-oh-oh-oh ... - as if strangled, Podtelkov wheezed, throwing his hand on the hilt

checkers.

It immediately became quiet. The snow creaked distinctly under Minaev's boots,

Krivoshlykov and several other people who rushed to Podtelkov. But he

ahead of them; with the whole body turning to the right, crouching, pulled out of the scabbard

saber and, lunging forward, slashed Chernetsov with terrible force

head.

Grigory saw how Chernetsov, trembling, raised his left hand above his head,

managed to shield himself from the blow; I saw how a cut brush broke at an angle

and the saber soundlessly fell on Chernetsov's thrown back head. At first

a hat fell off, and then, like an ear broken in the stalk, slowly

fell Chernetsov, with a strangely twisted mouth and painfully screwed up,

wrinkled, as from lightning, eyes.

Podtelkov slashed him again, walked away with an aged, heavy gait,

on the move, wiping the sloping valleys of the checkers, blackened with blood.

Knocking against the cart, he turned to the guards, shouted exhausted,

Cut-and-and them... such a mother!! Everyone! .. Now there are no prisoners ... in the blood, in the heart !!

Shots fired furiously. The officers, colliding, rushed

scattered. A lieutenant with beautiful female eyes, in a red officer's

hat, ran, clutching his head with his hands. The bullet got him high

as if through a barrier, jump. He fell and didn't get up. high,

the brave captain was cut down by two. He grabbed the blades of the checkers, from the cut

blood poured from his palms on his sleeves; he screamed like a child - fell on

on his knees, on his back, rolled his head in the snow; alone were seen on the face

bloodshot eyes and a black mouth drilled with a continuous scream. By face

his flying checkers slashed across his black mouth, and he was still screaming

torn off the strap, finished him off with a shot. The curly-haired junker almost

broke through the chain - he was overtaken and killed by some

ataman. The same ataman drove a bullet between the shoulder blades of the centurion, who fled to

overcoat opened from the wind. The centurion sat down and until then scraped

fingers chest until he died. The gray-haired podsaul was killed on the spot;

parting with his life, he knocked out a deep hole in the snow with his feet and still beat,

like a good horse on a leash, if the pitiful Cossacks had not finished it.

Gregory at the first moment, as soon as the massacre began, broke away from

carts - without taking their eyes filled with dregs from Podtelkov, limping, quickly

hobbled towards him. From behind, Minaev grabbed him across, - breaking, twisting

hands, took away the revolver and, looking into the eyes with faded eyes, gasping for breath,

asked:

And you thought - how? Or they us, or we them! There is no middle!

1. What motivates the behavior of the characters?

2. How are Podtelkov and Chernetsov depicted in this scene?

3. Why does Sholokhov give a detailed description of the appearance of the executed white officers?

4. How does Gregory feel after the massacre of white officers?

Analysis of the episode "Execution of Podtelkov and his detachment" (part 5, ch.30)

The analyzed episode is one of the key ones for understanding the ideological content of M. Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Don". The most important problem is connected with this episode - the problem of humanism, the problem of a person's moral responsibility for his actions.

Grigory Melekhov, squeezing through the ragged crowd, went to the farm and came face to face with Podtelkov. He stepped back and frowned.

- And are you here, Melekhov?

A bluish pallor washed over Grigory's cheeks, and he stopped:

- Here. As you see…

- I see ... - Podtelkov smiled sideways, looking at his whitened face with a flash of hatred. - What, you shoot brothers? Turned around? .. What are you like ... - He, moving close to Grigory, whispered: - Do you serve both ours and yours? Who will give more? Oh you!..

Grigory caught him by the sleeve and gasped:

- Do you remember under Deep Fight? Do you remember how the officers were shot... They shot at your order! BUT? Now you're burping! Well, don't worry! You are not the only one to tan other people's skins! You, grebe, sold the Cossacks to the Jews! Understandably? Isho say?

Embracing Christonya, he took the enraged Gregory aside.

- Come on, let's go to the horses. Go! We have nothing to do with you. Lord God, what is happening to people! ..

They went, then stopped, hearing the voice of Podtelkov. Surrounded by front-line soldiers and old men, he shouted out in a high, passionate voice:

- You are dark... blind! You are blind! Officers lured you, forced blood brothers to kill! Do you think if you beat us, it will end like this? Not! Today is your top, and tomorrow you will be shot! Soviet power will be established throughout Russia. Here, mark my words! In vain you pour someone else's blood! You people are stupid!

1. How does Grigory perceive the execution of Podtelkov?

2. Why does Grigory leave the square where Podtelkov is being executed?

3. What is the similarity of this scene with the scene of the massacre of Chernetsovites?

4. What is the point of mirroring scenes like this?

(In the scene of the massacre of the Podtelkovites over the Chernetsovites near Glubokaya Balka, the force of class enmity and hatred that divided the Cossacks on the Don is clearly shown. Grigory carefully peers into the faces of the officers who are being shot (for him they are, first of all, not enemies, but living people). The execution of Podtelkov perceives, as a just punishment of God for all the evil that he inflicted on others. (“Remember how the officers were shot in the beam? They shot at your order! Eh? Now you get revenge!”) But he leaves the square because the massacre of unarmed people is disgusting, "is contrary to his nature. Gregory is lost, crushed psychologically. Everywhere - whether the whites, whether the reds - deceit, savagery, cruelty, which has no justification. War corrupts people, provokes them to such actions that in a normal state a person would never have committed From episode to episode, an internal tragic discrepancy between Grigory's aspirations and the life around him grows. flattery and must make a choice for himself, decide his own fate. The hero of the novel, having committed seemingly monstrous murders and atrocities, ultimately remains a man in the full sense of the word. He is still capable of doing good, disinterested, noble deeds).

Conclusion:“When did the civil war end there, according to your textbooks? In the 20th? No, my dear, she is still on her way. The means are just different. And don’t think that it will end soon”… This characterization by Sholokhov of the time of the revolution and the Civil War at the very end of his life helps to better understand the deep intention of The Quiet Flows the Don. Sholokhov's bitter words about the break in the life of the people, which determined their troubles and suffering for many decades, reveal the very essence of this great work, which called the people to national unity.

I. Talkov's song "Former podesaul" sounds

Exercise: while it sounds song by I. Talkov, write a sequence on the theme "War"

(Sequence - a short literary work that characterizes the subject (topic), consisting of five lines, which is written according to a certain plan:

1 line - one word. The title of the poem, usually a noun.

Line 2 - two words (adjectives or participles). Description of the topic.

Line 3 - three words (verbs). Actions related to the topic.

4 line - four words - a sentence. A phrase that shows the author's attitude to the topic.

Line 5 is one word. As a rule, this is an association that repeats the essence of the topic, usually a noun.)

Execution by Chekists of captured Cossack officers on the Don

They were given shovels, they were ordered to dig graves.

Chilling from the cold, the convoy was trampling nearby.

The young officers were blindfolded with a bandage.

The young Chekist read out the verdict to the doomed.

Crosses were torn from them, shoulder straps were cut off with knives.

The machine gun belt was gobbled up by a machine gun in a minute.

And the Latvian arrows, finishing off, no longer spared cartridges.

Proletarian lead killed both the stomach and the temple.

And the golden shoulder straps remained lying on the ground,

The officer's crosses are trampled into the mud with boots.

And the hot cartridge cases have not yet cooled down,

But life is over, there is a connection between the past and the future.

And the courage and glory of Russia remained in the grave,

Jesus children of the great, crucified country,

Young, beautiful, brave, smart, strong,

Blinded by the fury of the Russian civil war.

And in the morning bright stars fell from blue skies,

And above the mass grave, wormwood was already breaking through,

Hungry dogs barked, black crows croaked.

The bloody Crimean blue was washed with dew ...

An excerpt from the autobiographical story of R.B. Gul "The Ice Campaign with Kornilov"

Chapter. Massacre of the prisoners.

“Prisoners.
They are overtaken by Lieutenant Colonel Nezhintsev, galloping towards us, stopped - a mouse-colored mare is dancing under him.
"Wishing for reprisal!" he shouts.
"What is it? - I think. - Execution? Really?" Yes, I understood: execution, these 50-60 people, with their heads and hands down.
I looked back at my officers.
"Suddenly no one will go?" - passed me.
No, they are out of line. Some are smiling shyly, some with fierce faces.
Fifteen people came out. They go to strangers standing in a bunch and click the shutters.
A minute has passed.
Arrived: plee! ... Dry crackling of shots, screams, groans ...
People fell on each other, and from ten paces, tightly pressed into their rifles and legs apart, they were fired at, hastily clicking bolts. All fell. Silent groans. The shots ceased. Some of the shooters retreated.
Some, on the contrary, approached and finished off the still alive with bayonets and rifle butts.
Here it is, a real civil war ...
Near me is a staff captain, his face is like a beaten one. "Well, if we shoot like that, everyone will stand on us," he mutters softly.
The shooting officers approached.
Their faces are pale. Many have unnatural smiles wandering around, as if asking: well, how do you look at us after that?
"But how do I know! Maybe this bastard shot my relatives in Rostov!" - says, answering someone, the officer who shot.

In a poem by M. Voloshin, written in 1918, there are such lines: “I stand alone between them in a roaring flame and smoke, And with all my strength I pray for both of them.” On whose side, in your opinion, is the sympathy of the author of the poem "Execution"? Justify your answer.

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From the review of the poet Alexei Surkov about the novel by M. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don":

“... Here Sasha Busygin quite thoroughly questioned whether the proletarian or non-proletarian work The Quiet Don ... It seems to me that Sholokhov wanted to make The Quiet Don undoubtedly our proletarian work, but objectively, regardless of Sholokhov’s subjective desire , the work turned out to be non-proletarian ... The poor Cossack part, represented by Mishka Koshev, is so poor internally that you immediately feel from which bell tower the author is looking at the Don steppe. This situation is further exacerbated by the fact that the entire prosperous part of this same Don Cossacks, that most of the White Guard heroes, most of the officers, in one way or another affected by Sholokhov, they look, despite the fact that they are hostile to us, they look, from the point of view of of the author with crystal-clear ideological, pure people ... It turns out that Sholokhov, in a romantic form, as Shulgin does, is trying to present the White Guard Guards ... "Quiet Flows the Don" has not yet ended. But Bunchuk, whom Sholokhov put on high romantic stilts, he had already killed along with Podtyolkov. The entire poor part of the village fell out of the sphere of attention of Sholokhov ... Sholokhov does not represent either the aspirations of the middle peasants of the Don, or the aspirations of the weak Cossacks. This is a representative of a full-blooded owner, a strong, prosperous Cossacks.

Why is the poet A. Surkov convinced that M. Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Flows the Don" is not a proletarian work?

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Chernitsov E.P. My grandfather did not shoot at Podtelkov! // Donskoy Vremennik. Year 2008 / Don. state publ. b-ka. Rostov-on-Don, 2007. Issue. 16. P. 117-119..aspx?art_id=626

MY GRANDPA DID NOT SHOT IN PODTYOLKOV!

To the 90th anniversary of the death of V. M. Chernetsov

In the journal Donskoy Vremennik. Year 2006 th ”a search and local history work was published. And in February 2007, we received a letter from the village of Fedorovka, Neklinovsky district. The author of the letter, covering the events of January 1918 in a different way, gives a lot of interesting information about those dramatic days, and we considered it necessary to acquaint the readers of our magazine with this story-response.

I am the grandson of Vasily Mikhailovich Chernetsov, and "memory, my evil lord, torments my sore chest." And therefore it is difficult to remain silent, since the article, like in a good old textbook, reflects the facts of those days of January 1918. Let me make some clarifications.

Much has been written about the last battle and the last day of V. M. Chernetsov. A lot of fiction, as in the above article.

According to my grandmother, it was like this. It is known that the Don was declared autonomous by Ataman A. M. Kaledin. The Bolsheviks did not want to put up with this state of affairs, especially since they possessed manpower, and there was nothing to take away from the impoverished population of Russia.

What did they bring to the Cossack land? Nothing good. They robbed, raped, ate vodka, played cards, gnawed seeds - there were husks all around - and, of course, a little something was wrong - they rattled weapons and used them on various occasions and without. And who will like it? Especially in such a freedom-loving region as the Don.

These Red Army units invading our lands were opposed by a detachment of partisans under the command of V. M. Chernetsov. Previously, the detachment proved itself to be glorious deeds: Debaltsevo, Zverevo, Likhaya are the stages of its military path. Today is here, tomorrow is far away. How did they do it? Yes, because discipline was at a high level, looting and drunkenness were suppressed.

Everyone knew their own maneuver, they paid special attention to the technical equipment. Priority was given to machine guns: "Hotchkiss" - very respected. They did not trust the systems of Colt, Shosh, Lewis: they often refused. They were not embarrassed to study, the authority of the chief was at such a height that many would envy. Songs and poems were composed about Chernetsov. And he is small in stature, but strong, with a healthy blush on his cheeks, with an open look, he immediately disposed to himself, especially since he had the glory of an honored officer, sensible. He always emphasized that he knew what he was fighting for, and he was not afraid to die, that he was faithful to the oath. He loved young people, he was young himself - about 28 years old in total.

It is said that he had many officers in the detachment. Yes it is. But that they were yesterday's high school students, cadets, students, etc., are silent. In battle, they knew no fear, so Chernetsov generously assigned them officer ranks. There were, of course, the Cossacks, the backbone of the detachment. They taught the youth what they themselves had been taught from childhood by their elders. There were also competitions for the best in the profession - hence the success.

Intelligence reported that after the arrival of the Red Guard echelons at Glubokaya station, endless rallies were held there, in the order of things - drinking, turning into excesses. To have some idea of ​​that time, imagine that the drunks were given weapons. And the population of those years lived in such an environment every day.

After two shots from the gun, all this drunkenness fled, because they were useless warriors.

The outcome of the battle was already predictable. But ... how sometimes this “but” changes a lot! So then. The fact is that in the neighboring echelons there was a cavalry under the command of the military foreman Golubov, an experienced warrior, brave to the point of madness, an honored officer, an ambitious, adventurer in character, sixteen times wounded in battle. His cherished goal was to seize the ataman power. It was the Red Guard commanders who begged Golubov to save the situation.

Chernetsov immediately noticed that the situation on the battlefield was changing, as the Cossack units entered the battle against him. And the whole point was that Ataman Kaledin, admonishing Chernetsov, ordered: do not engage in battle with the Cossacks! You need to know Colonel Chernetsov, he would have carried out this order at any cost.

Parliamentarians were appointed and negotiations began with the Cossacks, mind you: only with the Cossack units. The fight was stopped on both sides. On horseback, since he had a wound in the foot, Chernetsov rode out to meet Golubov. They reached an agreement on a ceasefire. Chernetsov briefed Golubov on the ataman's order. They wrote a note to General Usachev, commander of the troops fighting in the Donetsk district: “1918, January 21, I, Chernetsov, was taken prisoner with a detachment. In order to avoid completely unnecessary bloodshed, I ask you not to advance. We are guaranteed against lynching by the word of the entire detachment and the military foreman Golubov. Colonel Chernetsov. Under the signature of Chernetsov there is also the signature of Golubov: “Military foreman N. Golubov. 1918, January 21.

With this note, General Usachev was sent as a delegate to the constable Vyryakov.

This note is still kept in the GARO.

The Cossacks of Golubov forced the Red Guards to clear the Glubokaya station and escorted their echelons towards Millerovo. Therefore, the units of General Usachev did not find anyone at the Glubokaya station - it was empty.

And then events developed like this. Podtelkov and his committee members did not like the position and order of Golubov. They learned that Chernetsov's detachment was being escorted to the Astakhov farm to be handed over to units loyal to Ataman Kaledin. This did not suit Podtelkov very much, he had a plan of reprisal against the Chernetsovites. As I wrote, Chernetsov was fully armed, even with orders, and his thirty people - loyal to him vigilantes - walked on foot, carrying machine guns, though without cartridges. Podtelkov, although this was not part of his function, decided to be accompanied.

A few words about the cadet F. G. Podtelkov. In the article about him only laudatory reviews. He fought well in World War I. But then he broke off the chain. Possessing great physical strength, he could force himself to listen to someone who was weaker. And he loved to talk. A drunkard, and most importantly, a mentally ill, ambitious and liar, as they would say now. He loved seeds very much, he was always in the husk. Unclean at hand, he did not hesitate to use the regimental cash desk for selfish purposes. So, he spent money on his election to the committee and, of course, on vodka and moonshine. At all times, elders were greatly respected on the Don - this was the law. But not for people like Podtelkov. An example of this is his meeting with Ataman Kaledin, a respected man on the Don, and not only on the Don. After all, Kaledin was the second checker in the Russian Empire, he was the first ataman, popularly, according to all the rules, chosen by the Circle, he was a cavalry general and, last but not least, he was Podtelkov’s matchmaker, that is, the closest relative.

Truly they say: from rags to riches. Podkhorunzhy behaved defiantly in the ataman's palace on January 15, 1918 - as if power had already passed into the hands of the Military Revolutionary Committee. Kaledin compromised at the meeting, but he rejected all reasonable proposals of the ataman, demanding the transfer of all power into his own hands. In April 1918, Podtyolkov was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Don Soviet Republic. During a punitive expedition to the north of the Don region, his echelon will be broken up at the Belaya Kalitva station; the survivors will transfer to carts and move to the north of the region. The path will be accompanied by looting, violence, drunkenness, beatings, executions...

On May 10, the expedition was taken prisoner by the insurgent Cossacks. 78 members of the expedition were shot by a court verdict, and two of them, Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov, were sentenced "for special merits" to be hanged. Such an honor has always been awarded to absolutely hated "copies". In an old photo, you can see them keeping their hands in their pockets to hold up their trousers, as the buttons have been cut off. It can be seen that they were not mocked - they look quite tolerable. Moreover, the old people of the Ponomarev farm themselves carried out the sentence of the court. This is where history has come to an end. And in 1962, an 11-meter bronze monument by the Rostov sculptor B. Usachev was erected on this site. For what merit? Apparently, for having managed to unleash a civil war on the Don. So someone needed it. The answer can be obtained from Y. Sverdlov's secret directive on universal decossackization. Something Podtyolkov would have been happy if he had survived.

In the 60s, I specifically chose the city of Belaya Kalitva as a place of residence and work - very close to the place where the described event took place. I had to travel, talk to people. Some even remembered those events, and no one defended Podtyolkov. Again, I changed my place of residence and work - albeit only for a year - in order to be closer to the events in the city of Makeevka, where my grandfather served as a military commander. And there he was not a punisher, as he is described in the literature of the Soviet era. They emphasized to me that he did not shoot anyone, did not hang anyone, but poured Cossack whips on someone. People thanked him for putting things in order on the streets, otherwise it was impossible to get out. Therefore, they write one thing, but there is nothing to confirm, since the grandfather was an honest officer, devoted to the oath until the end of his days.

But I will return to the scene on January 21st. It's all a lie that the grandfather pulled out a hidden revolver, which misfired when the grandfather wanted to shoot Podtyolkov. He didn't hide anything. There was absolutely no need for grandfather to shoot at someone. Otherwise, they could be accused of attacking a Cossack, which means that he would not have complied with the order of the ataman. Chernetsov knew this for sure and coolly (and he possessed restraint) did not respond to the antics of Podtelkov, who was only looking for an excuse; although he waved his saber over his grandfather's head, threatening to hack him to death, the grandfather did not use weapons. Then Podtyolkov, seeing that Chernetsov was ignoring threats, decided to act. With a blow from behind, he cut his grandfather on the left shoulder and, when he fell from the horse, inflicted eight more stab wounds on him. In the meantime, Podtyolkov's henchmen began to shoot Chernetsovites. At dusk, some managed to escape.

In order to dismiss suspicions of arbitrariness from himself, Podtelkov brought to light the eternal excuse of the executioners that, they say, he himself almost became a victim, since Colonel Chernetsov wanted to shoot him. This is from that opera when they say that they were killed, they say, while trying to escape. In the future, this will not apply.

Golubov, when he found out about what had happened, called Podtyolkov a scoundrel.

At the cost of his life, at the cost of the lives of his warriors, Chernetsov, as far as he could, put off the arrival of the Red Guards in Novocherkassk. His body was in the steppe for a day, and after it was found, they buried it in the cemetery of the Astakhov farm according to the Christian rite. Not for long walked, sowing death, the Bolsheviks-podtelkovtsy. The Cossacks rose up for their rights. Many then changed their minds, God be their judge.

The body of Chernetsov, as a recognized hero, was reburied at the Novocherkassk cemetery. At that time, Ataman Kaledin, Chernetsov, Ataman Bogaevsky, Ataman General Nazarov, General Alekseev were lying in one fence, and the grave of L. Kornilov was purely symbolic. Arriving again on the Don, the Bolsheviks destroyed the burial. Now nobody knows where it was...

Yes, many in that troubled time did not know what they were doing. They are the monuments of reconciliation. As for my grandfather, I will say: "Hallowed be thy name."

When the issue was being made up, a message came from the author: on November 28, 2007, in the village of Kalitvenskaya, at the Council of Atamans of the All-Great Army of the Don, Astrakhan, Voronezh and Volgograd regions, a decision was made to erect monuments to the partisan hero Vasily Mikhailovich Chernetsov in the village of Kalitvenskaya and at the place of death near the Astakhov farm ( both settlements in the Kamensky district).