Fan maple (Acer palmatum): description of varieties, winter hardiness, planting and care. Maple palmate or fan

Many people in modern world find time to maintain their garden. In it they grow vegetables, fruits, flowers and many others. exotic plants. The Japanese maple belongs to the latter category. We will teach you how to choose the right one. Let's talk about the rules of landing and various types decorative tree.

General characteristics

Today there are about 100 types of wood. The plant is easy to recognize by the following criteria:

bush or tree with foliage;
height can be from 2 to 10 meters, depending on the variety;
leaves small size bright shade;
acceptable colors: green, yellow, fiery red, pink;
leaf shape resembles a palm tree;
during flowering, small flowers are formed.

Japanese maple is suitable for people who love the autumn mood and its exuberant colors. There are many varieties of such a tree, it is worth mentioning separately some important varieties.

To the store

We will bring you the most unique and amazing trees that you will find in a store or nursery.

"Aconitifolium" . Foliage is bright green from spring to late summer. AT autumn period the shade of the tree is yellow-orange. The shape of the leaves resembles deep lobes.
Aureum . This is a variety of finger maple. The crown has a bright yellow tint. The shape of the leaves resembles finely indented blades. Among these representatives there are trees with colored bark.
"Atropurpurreum" . The shape of the leaves is the same as in the previous variety. Preferably different from all other types of its colors. Throughout the season, the crown changes from bright red to black-purple.
"dissectum" . The leaves have a semicircular flattened shape. Their color is most often red-purple.

The varieties of ornamental trees do not end there. You can choose a plant according to your taste preferences, which will harmoniously fit into the landscape of the garden plot.

Why is it needed?

The Japanese Maple is easy to plant and care for and looks great in the following locations:

pond;
rock garden;
lawn near the house or terrace;
front garden.

Professional garden designers grow trees on the roofs of buildings. You can beautifully and originally plant it in separate wooden barrels or tubs. If you are a fan of the bonsai style, then it is Japanese maple seedlings that are used to compose plant compositions. Let's move on to the next important step.

Landing

The procedure is simple, but requires special knowledge. Planting a Japanese maple requires necessary materials. To do this, prepare:

tree seedlings;
compost;
peat.

Landing is carried out according to the following algorithm:

Dig a hole. It should be twice as deep and wide as the root of the tree.
If you bought a ready-made plant cutting, then free it from the pot. Unravel the roots and loosen the soil before planting.
Add pre-prepared compost and peat to the pit.
Bury the plant.
Make a depression around the bush, which is required for convenient watering.
Moisten the tree thoroughly so that the roots take root in the new soil more quickly.
The next spring after planting, add a layer of mulch under the tree. It should consist of earth with rotten leaves.
If the summer is too hot, then the bush needs to be watered more often.

In order for the plant to take root well and quickly, you need to prepare the right place.

Where to plant?

Japanese maple will develop in an ideal place, which must meet the following indicators:

If you are planting a finger variety, then prepare a shade for it. For everyone else, the sunny side is suitable.
The soil must be permeable. If the tree will not come right amount moisture, the leaves will turn brown.
The place where the maple should grow should not be treated with lime. After contact with the substance, the leaves begin to fall off the bush.

Now you know where and how to plant Japanese maple. Grooming is the next stage of growing ornamental plant.

We save correctly

The basic care of the plant includes the following items, the implementation of which is mandatory:

Although the tree loves well-moistened soil, it should not be constantly wet. This can rot the roots.
If your site is small, no problem. The bush can take root on any plot of land, the lighting of which may not be suitable for the variety.
Maples are not afraid of drafts.
Trees need to be pruned every spring. This procedure in the first years of a plant's life will help it gain correct form. In the subsequent period, you can simply remove dry and diseased branches.
Once a month you need to carry out additional watering. About 15 liters of water per root.
In August, it is recommended to stop all feeding.

Remember! Additional watering in no way cancels on-demand humidification.

The quality of the tree will directly depend on the seed.

How to buy?

If you decide to add a touch of brightness and originality to your garden, then you should choose Japanese maple. Seeds can be purchased at specialized stores or ordered from a catalog. In this case, no one will give a guarantee that you can grow. It is better to make a purchase in nurseries and purchase ready-made seedlings. To do this, you are provided with the following recommendations:

Examine the plant. It must be healthy. It is better if the bush is sold in a pot or container.
Make a purchase in early spring or in the fall so that the plant can be planted immediately.
Do not purchase a tree in the summer. It is not recommended to plant it during this period, because the plant does not take root well due to drought.

Few people know, but Japanese maple can be grown not only in open field. This is ideal for home conditions.

indoor tree

At home, they grow a special dwarf variety. Japanese maple on the windowsill has a positive effect on the apartment. Namely:

humidifies the air;
increases the amount of oxygen in your apartment;
from spring to autumn will delight with its flowering.

Despite the fact that the plant is easy to plant and care for, it is constantly attacked by various pests, for example:

whitefly;
spider mite;

For the treatment and prevention of diseases, use this solution: dissolve 1 mg of decis in a liter of water. Mix thoroughly and spray your Japanese dwarf maple with it.

room care

The procedure should include the following:

thorough watering from spring to late autumn;
in winter time it is better to reduce the moisture content of a plant in a pot by half;
tree fertilization with complex preparations is allowed;
transplant the plant into a larger container every two years.

You met street and home Japanese maple. Now you can grow in your garden decorative ornament, for which you can take care of according to all the recommendations.

Kingdom: Plants
The Department: Flowering
Class: Dicotyledonous
Order: Sapindoflora
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Maple
View: Japanese maple - Acerjaponicum Thunb.

A brief description of.

Jap maple. - deciduous tree 7-10 m tall, with an openwork crown, dark red one-year-old shoots and almost rounded 7-11-lobed leaves. Blooms in June.

Spreading.

Japanese maple is a very rare species, in Russia it is known only from two localities in the south of Kunashir Island, Yuzhno-Kurilsky District, Sakhalin Region. Occurs sparsely along the stream. Border and in the district of the river. Dark, gravitating towards the Sea of Okhotsk, warmer and sunnier side of the island (1, 2). The main part of the range is located in Japan (the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu), where the species is found both in vivo, and is widely cultivated (3).

Peculiarities of ecology and phytocenology.

Japanese maple grows in mixed forests on mountain slopes, often as single small trees.

Number.

The approximate population size is about a dozen individuals. State of local populations. The population is extremely small. Seed renewal was not observed on Kunashir Island, however, in October 1999, one fruit-bearing plant was found.

Limiting factors

Small number of individuals in a population. Lack of seed renewal (4). Taken measures protection. Was included in (1988). The species is listed in the Red Book of the Sakhalin Region. (2005). Protected in the Kurilsky Reserve.

Required security measures.

Search for new localities of the species and accounting for the size of the island population. Monitoring the state of the population of the species. cultivation possibilities. Cultivated in botanical gardens Russia: Moscow (GBS RAS, MGUDSKhA), Samara, St. Petersburg (GLTA), Selivanovo (b). Due to the decorative effect (large purple flowers and beautiful foliage) deserves a wider introduction to green building (4), including in the south of the Russian Far East.

Information sources. Red Book Russian Federation. 1. Alekseeva, 1983; 2. Data from N.A. Eremenko; 3. Nedoluzhko, 1987; 4. Kharkevich, 1988; 5. Barkalov, Eremenko, 2003; b. Plants of the Red Book..., 2005. Compiled by V.Yu. Barkalov, N.A. Eremenko. Red Book of the Russian Federation (and mushrooms)

info

Momiji (紅葉)

Japanese maple (Ácer japónicum) is a species of perennial woody deciduous plant of the Maple genus, grows in Japan in Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, and also in southern Korea.

Japanese maple trees Momiji (紅葉) - exceptionally showy, ornamental trees and shrubs. Even in winter, these deciduous plants captivate the eye. unusual shape a bare crown resembling a mushroom or an umbrella, and many thin weeping branches. However, Japanese maple trees are at their peak in autumn, when their foliage turns bright, almost stunning colors.

Names in other languages: English. Downy Japanese Maple, Fullmoon Maple, fin. Hokkaidonvaahtera, fr. Erable du Japon, Jap. ハウチワカエデ・羽団扇楓 (hauchiwa kaede).

The maple genus (Acer) consists of approximately 110 species of deciduous (rarely evergreen) trees and shrubs that naturally grow in the humid forests of Europe, northern and Central America and Asia.

It's about only about a certain category of maples, which are commonly called Japanese (they come from Japan and Korea). Only two species belong to this group: Japanese maple (A.japonicum) and palm-shaped or mountain maple (A.palmatum) with its popular "fan" variety Dissectum, which has dissected, feathery leaves resembling a lace fan.

Maple was first described in 1784 by Murray from an unpublished work by Thunberg. Since then, many synonyms have appeared in the literature, the most common being Acer circumlobatum Maxim (1867). Its identity as Acer japonicum was shown by Koizumi in 1911.

Japanese maples began their victorious march in European garden culture in the distant 1600s, and by 1882, 202 varieties were already known in Britain. Currently, garden centers offer several hundred varieties of Japanese maples, which are distinguished primarily by the color of the leaves, especially impressive in autumn, when the maples change color dramatically.

The size of Japanese maples depends on the variety: Japanese and palmate maples can reach 8 m in height, while the dissected varieties usually do not exceed 2 m (in rare cases - 4 m at the age of about 25 years). The latter often grow more in width than in height.

The leaves of Japanese maples are small and extremely decorative. The color of the leaves comes in all shades of green, burgundy, red, yellow-orange and even pink and shows up best in open, well-lit spaces.

Maple flowers are small, yellow-green or reddish, depending on the plant variety. After the end of flowering, small paired lionfish fruits are formed on the plants. Some maples are also decorative with their bark.

Ancient Japanese legend about the wise emperor and maple leaves

Long ago, Japan was ruled by an emperor named Takakura no In. He loved nature, plants, and had a particular weakness for maples. Their beauty fascinated, bewitched and pacified him. Takakura no In ordered his gardeners to plant the mountain on top of which his palace stood with as many maple trees as they could find.

Many years passed, the maples grew and the Emperor's dream came true. The whole mountain was bizarrely covered with multi-colored maples that grew in the form of mushrooms, flowerpots or waterfalls, and their elaborate leaves resembled hands, lace fans and even the strings of an old harp.

Every year, the emperor patiently waited for the onset of autumn, when the foliage on his maples acquired a special bright colours. Postponing all his important state affairs, Takakura no In came to the mountain palace to admire the carpet of colorful maple leaves on the ground.

One cold autumn day, a new, very diligent gardener was working on the mountain, who knew nothing about the passion of the emperor. Trying to make a good impression on the owner, the gardener and members of his family raked literally all the fallen Maple leaves and made a huge fire from them, around which they settled down for the night. And in the morning, the courtiers, seeing the bare maples, blackening earth and ashes on the mountain, began to seriously fear for the life of the new gardener.

At this time, Takakura no In climbed alone to the top of the mountain to enjoy the long-awaited beauty. Instead of a multi-colored tapestry of leaves, his eyes were presented with a dull spectacle of black earth and a cooled ashes, around which the gardener's family slept peacefully. The Emperor understood. Contrary to the fears of the samurai, a soft, kind smile suddenly lit up his face.

Takakura no In returned to the palace and wrote a poem about the special gift that maple leaves have: they can not only pacify our souls with their exquisite beauty, but also warm our mortal bodies with their warmth.

AT natural environment Japanese maples grow as an undergrowth, so they are accustomed to high humus content in the soil, partial shade, as well as more or less constant levels of humidity. Japanese maples will thrive in any garden as long as the conditions are right for them.

Majority garden soil quite suitable for Japanese maples, with the exception of highly alkaline, as well as places with poor water permeability and standing water or completely dry out in the heat.

Another danger that awaits Japanese maples is late spring frosts, which can damage the tender young leaves. Although, as already mentioned, the color of Japanese maples is best shown in open spaces with an abundance of light, when choosing a place to plant plants, you should beware of direct hot sun during the midday hours. Particularly vulnerable to the scorching sun are varieties with bicolor or bordered leaves, they must be planted in semi-shady places or places with rarefied light.

Japanese maples are not affected by diseases and pests if grown in right conditions. Weakened plants can be attacked by aphids, weevil and scaly insects, as well as fungal infestations.

Japanese maples are perfectly combined with each other. You can create a whole garden of Japanese maples by gathering plants that are suitable in size, shape and color together. You can go further and create a whole Japanese garden by planting traditional Japanese shrubs and trees on a special area: azaleas, rhododendrons, camellias, kerias, magnolias, pieris, hydrangeas, witch hazel, stewart, skimmia, mahonia and maples.

Japanese maples are traditionally planted next to perennials: hostas, ornamental grasses(whose slender, straight stems make a magnificent contrast to the horizontal manner of the maples), low ferns, and flat, wide clumps of spring and autumn bulbs.

Japanese maples look great in rockeries, near the water, in a light forest belt, in shrub borders and on mixboreds. Japanese maples form topiari and bonsai.

There are several subspecies that slightly differ in the shape and degree of pubescence of lionfish and leaves; There are many cultivars used in ornamental gardening.

In culture, it is easily propagated by seeds, or by grafting on palmate maple.

Japanese maples are deciduous shrubs and trees that adorn gardens, patios, terraces and flower beds around the world. Red foliage looks attractive decorative look plants with a purple, orange, maroon crown are appreciated by landscape design professionals and amateur gardeners. (red) is a challenge to the author of the phrase “green spaces” that has set the teeth on edge. The unusual coloring of graceful leaves appeared as a result of natural processes and painstaking work of breeders.

Maple with red leaves and openwork crown

Japanese maple acquired its spectacular appearance due to a complex biochemical composition. From school, many people know about chlorophyll, which gives the leaves green color. In addition to this pigment, there are carotenoids in the composition of plants, their presence causes red, yellow and orange color. Purple, brown, orange and foliage are due to accumulation in cell sap anthocyanins. Beautifully shaped leaf blades can be painted in purple and carmine tones, in harmony with the gray tint of the bark. The crown of trees is usually rounded, found in the form of an oval or mushroom cap. The dissected leaves of red maples look like lace from a distance. Inflorescences, fruits, even bark patterns - the entire aerial part looks very decorative. In autumn, the leaves become more bright colors, and fall off in the winter. But the plant continues to please the eye with the grace of thin branches, an unusual crown.

Decorative red maple

The plant belongs to the Sapindaceae family (lat. Sapindaceae), belongs to the genus Maple. Homeland - forests South-East Asia. The variety of small forms of Japanese maples is surprising; they have been created in the Land of the Rising Sun for centuries. Now in many countries, breeders are breeding new cultivars of a popular ornamental plant. Varieties of maples belonging to three types look bright and elegant:

palm-shaped or fan-shaped maple (Acer palmatum);
Japanese red maple (Acer japonicum);
Shirasawa maple (Acer shirasawanum).

In the summer, the Shirasawa maple's golden foliage catches the eye in gardens and terraces, turning bright orange in autumn. Dutch varieties Fan maple leaves are covered in spring with glossy dark red leaves that change color to orange-red before falling off. The openwork crown acquires bright shades in good sunlight or in partial shade.

Palm maple (fan)

Compact in size, Fan Maple Red displays a wealth of purples, oranges and pinks. This species is native to the forests of Japan, East China and Korea. AT natural conditions trees reach a height of 8-10 m. The crown becomes rounded or mushroom-shaped with age. Young shoots of the plant are covered with colored skin. In spring, the leaves turn red, in summer they turn green in some cultivars, and turn purple in autumn. The flowers are collected in bright loose inflorescences. The shape of the winglets varies greatly different varieties fan maple. The plant is thermophilic, demanding on soil fertility and moisture, but does not tolerate excess water. Temperatures below -15 ° C lead to damage to the root system. The species is propagated by seeds, which can be sown immediately after they are collected. Common forms of palm-shaped maple: pink-bordered, crimson, purple dissected and others.

Planting a red maple

Trees with red leaves look good alone in groups. When planting, the distance between plants should be left 1.5-3.5 m. Prepare for seedlings landing pit a depth of 50-70 cm. In the wetland, you need to take care of good drainage (sand, gravel, construction waste). Red maple seedlings are placed in a hollow with a loose layer on the bottom. Fill the planting hole halfway with water and fill it with a substrate that is mixed with full mineral fertilizer. There are new varieties that do not exceed 1.5 m in height, they can grow in containers. Pots for planting should choose ceramic or plastic in the Japanese style. Red maple prefers loose, humus-rich substrates, does not like waterlogging. The soil for containers is mixed with compost in a ratio of 1: 1 or prepared from equal parts of soddy soil and peat, sand is added.

Japanese maple care

Red maples do not require radical pruning, but be sure to remove diseased and dry branches. In spring, care consists in replacing the top layer of compost with fresh, previously enriched with fertilizers. The mixture is prepared from 40 g of urea, 30 g of superphosphate and 25 g of potassium salt. can be covered with mulch to retain moisture and protect against crusting. Watering in the summer must be combined with top dressing and loosening. Red maple tolerates a lack of moisture, but loses its decorative effect. The irrigation regime must be adjusted depending on the climate of the area and weather conditions. Winter hardiness largely depends on the type, variety and age of plants. In autumn, the roots of young trees and bushes on the site should be insulated with dry leaves, and the containers should be brought into the room.

Diseases and pests

Propagation of red maple

cut for autumn vegetative propagation cuttings (20 cm). They are added dropwise for the winter, and rooted in containers or pots in the spring. Fill containers with light soil, be sure to mix with sand. In the spring, buds or cuttings of ornamental cultivars are grafted onto more winter-hardy and fast-growing varieties of the same species (or closely related ones). For seed propagation, lionfish are collected and sown in the fall in the soil. But it is better to create conditions for them that resemble stratification in nature, which occurs in winter at a temperature of about 3 ° C. In the spring, the seeds are soaked before sowing, and when they hatch, they are sown in the garden to a depth of 4 cm. In the summer, in the heat, the seedlings need to be shaded. Seedlings that have reached 50-80 cm can be transplanted to a permanent place.

Red maple in the garden

Maple red - hardy plant but vulnerable to direct sunlight, drafts. Trees and bushes affected by adverse conditions may shed their leaves prematurely. Branches and roots are damaged by frost if the temperature drops below -15 ° C. Maples do not like open areas facing south. The ideal place for them is protected from the wind, with mosaic lighting. All cultivars are suitable for Asian style garden, patio landscaping and front garden. The umbrella-shaped crown creates shade in the corners of the rest and on the paths of the garden, contrasts with the bright green of the evergreen hedge, plants typical of middle lane. Original shrubs and trees can be used in rocky gardens, they are in harmony with dark coniferous species. Fast-growing varieties of palmate and fan maple reach a height of 4-5 m. Perennial flowers can be planted under the crown of these redwoods, which do not require good lighting.

Japanese maple can decorate lawn, patio or pond, look great at home. Also, Japanese maple fits perfectly into the interior of the living room or lobby. Japanese maples are very popular in landscape design. They can be used in Chinese gardens, Japanese style and just decorate the entrance to the house.

Historically, Japanese maples have become a symbol of the landscape art of Japanese gardens. For centuries, Japanese breeders have bred Japanese maple trees of amazing beauty, which have become synonymous with grace and perfection.

Currently, one of the most famous and sought after is the Japanese maple Acer palmatum Atropurpureum with dark purple leaves that retain color all summer. Another interesting variety The Japanese maple is a maple tree with a marquee crown.

Many types of Japanese maple are grown in containers and used for bonsai.

Benefits of propagating from seedlings

Japanese maples do not always retain their bizarre characteristics during seed propagation. decorative properties mother plant. Therefore, most often reproduction is carried out by cuttings, grafting and mutation in tissue cultures. There are varieties of Japanese maples that are grown only in Japan.

If a gardener wants to plant a certain type of Japanese maple, it is better to buy a seedling, as in this case he can see the properties of the tree and imagine it in its adult state. Although a seedling can also change its external data with growth.

What varieties of Japanese maples can be seen for sale, what properties they have and where they can be grown.

Growing conditions for all types of Japanese maple are varied depending on the shape, color, size of the tree, leaf configuration. Some Japanese maples love the sun, others do well in the shade. root system Japanese maple is not big. Therefore, it can be planted next to other trees, not far from the house, along the alley, near the fences. Japanese maples do not like excess fertilizer. They are grown in loose, moist, acidic soil pH 5.5 -6.5.

Popular varieties of Japanese maples

Red Japanese maple of the Kiyohime variety reaches a height in the adult state of 1.2 1.8m. Green dissected leaves with a red border. This is a slow growing shrub. Prefers shady places. Japanese maples can withstand temperatures in winter period up to -23 to - 29C.

Variety Aka shigitatsu sawa pinkish dissected leaves with green veins. Wood 2.4 -3.0m. Prefers sunny place or openwork shadow.

The red Japanese clensort Wilson's Pink Dwarf is a shrub 2.5 m high and 1.5 m wide. In autumn, the fan leaves become Orange color on dark red shoots. Compact plant grows well in full sun or partial shade. Japanese maples of this variety can withstand frosts of -15C.

Japanese maples are planted like any ornamental or fruit trees.

Diseases and pests of Japanese maples

Japanese maples are prone to fungal diseases that you need to be aware of.

Verticillium wilt: On the young shoots of the Japanese maple, the leaves begin to wrinkle, then the branches dry up. The disease affects young plants whose wood has not matured. The defeat occurs with fungal diseases.

If Japanese maples get little moisture, then they get sick with black bark mold, which leads to the death of the plant. The disease is caused by the fungus Cryptostroma.

Sometimes the leaves of Japanese maples are affected powdery mildew Uncinula.

Japanese Maple Disease Control Measures

When Japanese maples are affected by various diseases in the spring, when the maples are at rest before the leaves appear, it is necessary to cut dead branches to healthy wood. Need to be disinfected garden tools after each cut. During the summer, periodically inspect the leaves and bark of the plant. If there are signs of the disease, various drugs are used to combat it. Fungal diseases are fought with the use of preparations containing sulfur.

Some insect pests attack Japanese maples. For example, aphids, Anoplophora glabripennis and others. For pest control, use BI-58, Aktara, Fozolon, Zolon according to the instructions, garden oil, spraying over the leaves from both sides.

Preventive measures for the healthy maintenance of Japanese maples

Japanese maples are less susceptible to disease and insect pests if grown in a ventilated area. An excess of nitrogenous fertilizers weakens the Japanese maple and defeats its aphids. The crown is periodically thinned out for better ventilation of the tree or bush.

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