Types of vegetative propagation of angiosperms. Vegetative propagation of flowering plants

Biology lesson in grade 6 on the topic "Vegetative reproduction of flowering plants"

The purpose of the lesson:

explore ways vegetative propagation flowering plants and learn how to apply the acquired knowledge in practice;

Educational tasks: 1) disclosure of the meaning of concepts: cuttings and their types, layering, root offspring, bud grafting (budding), scion, stock, brood buds, daughter rosettes, 2) consider the features of vegetative propagation of indoor plants.

Development tasks: the formation of practical skills for the implementation of vegetative propagation of indoor plants.

Educational tasks: implementation of environmental, labor education;

Equipment:

PC, presentation "Vegetative propagation of plants",

table "Vegetative reproduction of plants",

various indoor plants (tradescantia, violet, kalanchoe),

tubers, bulbs,

flower pots with soil

water vessel,

rubber gloves (for practical tasks),
textbooks, notebooks,

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Greeting, mark absent.

II. Knowledge check.(Individual survey) ( slide 3 ) .

What two groups can all the organs of flowering plants be divided into, depending on the main functions they perform? (On vegetative and generative.)

What organs are generative? (Flowers, fruits and seeds.)

What is their main function? (Reproduction.)

What organs are vegetative? (Root, stem, leaf.)

What is their main function? (Providing the plant with water, organic and mineral substances.

III. Learning new material.

Problem question :p why plants, which are characterized by a largely immobile lifestyle, are widespread throughout the globe?

Knowledge update

What is characteristic of all living organisms? (Reproduction, i.e. the ability to reproduce their own kind - the most important property all living organisms.)

Plants settle, occupy new territories due to reproduction; thanks to this, plants, animals, fungi exist on Earth for millions of years, although each organism lives for a limited time.

What are the methods of plant propagation?

(Seeds - sexual, vegetative organs - asexual).

Today we will study asexual reproduction, and the topic of the lesson is “Vegetative propagation of flowering plants”. (Slide 1 ) Open notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.

Formulation of the purpose of the lesson.

Methods of vegetative propagation of flowering plants.

(Teacher's explanation new topic.)

Vegetative reproduction consists in the formation of new individuals from vegetative organs. It is of great theoretical and practical importance. Widespread in wild plants, and is also used in agriculture. It is based on regeneration, those. the ability of plants to regenerate the entire organism from any part. Vegetative propagation can be divided into natural(occurring in nature without human intervention) (Slide 4) and artificial used in the practice of crop production using all types of natural vegetative propagation, as well as a special technique - vaccination (merging part of the propagated plant with the corresponding rootstock) (Slide 5).

Natural vegetative propagation

Shoots separated

from mother plant: Aboveground Rhizomes: Bulbs:

duckweed, elodea, tradescantia creeping wheatgrass, horsetail, onion, tulips,

field willow, narcissus, lily

Tubers: (antennae, Ivan-tea

Layering: potatoes, whips)

dahlia fir. strawberry,

stone carcass Wintering buds:

Root growth: pemphigus, pondweed,

poplar, aspen, cutter

Bud broods: lilac, blackberry,

thin-legged, stonecrop, kam-horseradish.

non-fragile, Kalanchoe (zhi-

rebirth)

ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

Tubers: Bulbs: Dividing Shoots: Layers:

potatoes, onions, garlic, bush: trees and gooseberries,

lilies, daffodils, phlox bushes, grapes,

amaryllis daisies forming mulberry,

peonies. root azalea.

CUTTINGS

GRAFT

Stem: Root: Leaf:

grapes, raspberries, lemon,

currant, cherry, begonia, glazkom

roses, rat- plum, gloxinia, split

zhovnik mountain ash violet uzum- Vaccination Copulation

In notebooks, draw a table of three columns: reproduction method, examples of plants, drawing . We will start filling it out in class, and you will finish it at home.

Vegetative propagation of plants

Reproduction method	plant examples

Ways of vegetative propagation of flowering plants:

1) tubers
2) root cuttings;
3) root suckers;
4) stem cuttings;
5) layering;
6) budding (budding), etc.

As the teacher talks:

students' attention is focused on basic concepts: cuttings and their types, layering, root offspring, bud grafting (budding), scion, stock (presentation is used);

looking at the illustrations in the textbook;

students in notebooks fill in the first two columns of the table (the necessary drawings in the third column are done by students at home).

Teacher's message:

“Reproduction by layering ”(Slide 6).

layering Tradescantia, ivy.

“Kidney grafting (budding)” (Slides 7 and 8).

The following breeding method is quite complex and can be performed with the necessary skills. Not a single gardener can do without it, so follow the order in which the actions are carried out and remember the names.

Vegetative propagation of indoor plants.

Teacher's message.

Kalanchoe (Bryophyllum) breeds brood buds . (Slide 9). They fall from the leaves, take root quickly, and daughter plants soon grow.

Special devices for vegetative reproduction are available in some species. cacti- This side shoots – "kids" . Sometimes already at an early age they are provided with rudimentary roots.

Indoor plant cyperus multiply dividing an adult plant into parts . mature plant with a sharp knife they are divided into several parts and each of them is immediately planted in a separate pot. But for this plant there is another interesting propagation method: the top of the shoot can be tilted and lowered into a glass of water. After two weeks, the plant is ready for planting in the soil!

Indoor plant chlorophytum propagated by planting child sockets , which are formed on horizontal shoots, easily take root and quickly begin to grow as independent plants . (Slide 10).

Many plants take root when the stem comes into contact with the soil, i.e. multiply layering . One of the shoots is pinned and sprinkled with soil in the middle part. The best time for layering - the beginning of a period of active growth. Propagated in this way Tradescantia, ivy.

One of the most common ways to propagate indoor plants is cuttings . Most often used stem or leaf cuttings depending on the type of plant. (Slides 11 and 12). Root cuttings houseplants practically do not propagate. When breeding stem cuttings you can use the apical cutting, then the apical bud will grow. But if the cutting is without a top, then it must contain at least one node (a new shoot will not grow from the internode). The stalk must be healthy, without extraneous stains, damage.

Cuttings of some plants can simply be put in water and wait for the roots to appear, and then transplanted into the ground. Such plants include ficuses, Tradescantia. Cuttings of other plants take root more difficult. This, for example, indoor roses . For their rooting, it is better to use a mixture of sand and peat.

They also propagate by stem cuttings. aloe(agave), monstera, fat woman (Money Tree). This is how it reproduces indoor liana hoya. At the same time, each harvested cutting must have at least two pairs of leaves. It is necessary to cut below the node, since the roots appear at the internodes. Roots in water and in a mixture of sand and peat.

Another type of cuttings are leafy . For a leaf cutting, it is important to correctly determine its age. If the leaf is still very young, then all its strength will be spent on completing growth. If too old, it can easily fade.

A popular indoor plant is easily propagated by leafy cuttings. Saintpaulia (Uzumbar violet). In spring or summer, a leaf with a petiole 2-3 cm long is cut off and placed in water or immediately in the soil (at the same time, it is buried by one third of the leaf blade). After a while, miniature rosettes with leaves grow.

Leaf cuttings can be propagated begonias, gloxinia, as well as sansevieria (pike tail). A sheet of sansevieria is cut across into several parts (5-7 cm long) and planted with an inclination in slightly damp river sand or a special mixture, maintaining an air temperature of 20-22 degrees.

Reproduction of plants using modified shoots: tubers, bulbs and rhizomes. (Slides 13,14,15).

Thus, knowledge of the characteristics of vegetative propagation of plants will allow us to decorate our home, class, school with a variety of indoor plants, create comfort and improve the ecological situation.

IV. Anchoring(performing practical tasks according to the instructions in paragraph 34).

Teacher's message.

The task is as follows: carry out vegetative propagation of the proposed indoor plants

Safety briefing before the practical task.

Houseplants grow in every classroom and in many homes. How are they propagated?

Knowledge of vegetative propagation of plants great importance in indoor floriculture.

/Presentation using the materials of the research work on ecology of the 9th grade student Victoria Semyonova. 2014/ (Slides 16 - 19).

To complete the task, call several students to a specially prepared table (according to the number of indoor plants presented). Using necessary equipment, the guys carry out plant propagation and name the method used.

V . Summing up the lesson.

Flowering plants have specific reproductive organs (generative), so why do we need vegetative reproduction?

(Student answers. The teacher summarizes, systematizes the students' answers.)

With the help of vegetative propagation, many plants are able to quickly spread, capturing new territories, since vegetatively young plants obtained are usually much larger and stronger than seedlings formed from seeds. In addition, at adverse conditions the formation of flowers and fruits, as well as the ripening of seeds, may be difficult.

VI . Homework.

Complete the table.

Vegetative reproduction It is a method of reproduction of plants as a result of the development of roots, stems and leaves. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. Vegetative propagation of flowering plants is widespread in nature, but even more often it is used by humans in the reproduction of agricultural and ornamental plants.

Vegetative propagation of plants by shoots

Reproduction by cuttings

Most plants reproduce vegetatively. cuttings. When the wind breaks the plant, the roots remaining in the soil give adventitious roots and take root. So poplar, willow, or another plant grows in a new place.

The ability of many plants to easily form adventitious roots on shoots is widely used in horticulture and floriculture. stem cuttings(a piece of shoot with several buds) propagate currants, roses, poplars, willows and many other trees and shrubs. To do this, in the spring, before bud break, annual lignified cuttings 25-30 cm long are planted in well-prepared soil. By autumn, adventitious roots will grow on the cuttings. Then the cuttings are dug up and planted on permanent place. Perennials are also propagated by stem cuttings. ornamental plants, such as phloxes, many indoor plants: balsam, coleus, pelargonium, etc.

In agriculture, plants are used to propagate root cuttings. The root cutting is a segment of the root 15-25 cm long.

Root cuttings propagate only those plants in which adnexal buds can form on the roots.

On a root cutting planted in the soil, adventitious shoots develop from adventitious buds, from the bases of which adventitious roots grow. A new, independently existing plant develops. Root cuttings propagate garden raspberries, rose hips, some varieties of apple trees and ornamental plants.

Reproduction by layering

Potato tuber ( Solanum tuberosum) with young lateral shoots developing from axillary buds.

There is different ways propagate plants layering. The easiest way is to bend the young shoot so that its middle part touches the ground, and the top is pointing up. Then cut the bark on the lower part of the shoot under the kidney. In the place of the incision, attach the shoot to the soil, water and spud. The top of the shoot should stand vertically, for this you can stick a stick into the ground and tie the shoot to it. In autumn, adventitious roots grow at the incision site. Now the shoot should be cut off from the bush and planted in a separate place.

Reproduction by tubers

Plants can be propagated tubers. To grow potatoes, it is enough to plant one tuber (preferably weighing about 80 grams) in the soil in the spring, and in the fall, a dozen new tubers can be harvested from each tuber. Buds, sprouts and tops are also suitable for propagation, and this is also considered vegetative propagation by shoots. To propagate potatoes with eyes, you need to cut the kidneys with a small part of the tuber pulp and plant them in a box with fertile soil. Sprouts will develop from the buds, adventitious roots will grow in their lower parts. This is a seedling that can be planted in the field. In a similar way, tubers can be propagated by the tops, that is upper parts tubers where the kidneys are located.

To get sprouts, tubers should be germinated in the light. Break off the grown sprouts. Long ones must be cut into several parts - cuttings - so that each has a kidney. Then planted in boxes or greenhouses. After the cuttings take root, they should be transplanted to a permanent place.

Kidney grafting: 1 - the scion bud is removed along with the underlying tissues; 2-4 - the kidney is inserted into the T-shaped incision on the stem of the rootstock and is fixed there, 5 - the kidney forms an escape

Reproduction by vaccinations

Vaccinations commonly propagated by fruit trees. For this, the stalk (or bud-eye) cultivated plant it is necessary to grow wild with the stem. wild it young plant grown from seed fruit tree. The root system of a wild game has more power, unpretentiousness to the soil, frost resistance and some other qualities that the grafted cultivated plant does not have. A grafted eye or cutting of a cultivated plant is called scion, and the wild (to which they are grafted) - rootstock.

It is done like this. An annual shoot is cut from a cultivated fruit tree. Leaves should be removed from it, leaving only petioles. This is a wild-rootstock. At its base with a sharp knife, an incision in the form of the letter T should be made. In the incision, the bark of the game must be separated from the wood. Now we need a graft. A well-developed bud with a thin layer of wood 2–2.5 cm long should be cut off from the shoot of a cultivated variety. The vaccination site should be tightly tied. The kidney itself should remain free from the strapping.

In previous articles, we talked about seed propagation. vegetable crops and flower flyers through and through. Today we will talk about vegetative propagation (by rhizomes, bulbs, corms, root tubers, layering and cuttings) - the most common method of propagation of flower perennials.

Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative propagation has a number of advantages: it allows you to get plants that are identical to the mother (with seed way characteristics varieties are often not preserved at all or are not stored in in full), reduces the juvenile (young) period of plant development. Some perennials are preferably propagated only vegetatively, because. it significantly reduces the period of entry of new plants into the most decorative phase - flowering. With seed propagation in plants such as saffron, peony, skewer, etc., it often occurs at 4-6 years of age.
Vegetative propagation can be carried out rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, root crops, layering and cuttings, which are used to obtain a new plant. Propagation methods for some plants are listed below.

Division of rhizomes

The most common method of vegetative propagation is division of rhizomes. Rhizome - an elongated underground part of the plant, bearing the remains of leaves, buds and adventitious roots. For propagation of plants by rhizome, delenki ** obtained from the periphery of the old bush are used. To get quality planting material irises, peonies, daylilies, etc. it is better to propagate plants at the age of 3-4 years. With age, the rhizome develops a large number of renewal kidneys, which eventually begin to compete for living space. As a result, in the center of the bush, the buds are weak, and on the periphery - stronger and more viable. Therefore, when dividing old bushes, it is better to use material from the outer part of the rhizome, and remove the central part. Some gardeners grow the central part of the old bush and after a while re-divide.

Most rhizomatous plants have a loose rhizome that is divided by hand or with a sharp knife. A very old plant or a plant with a dense root system is cut with a shovel.

If the task is not to get as much planting material as possible, it is better to divide the bush into 3-5 divisions. Plants from such divisions can bloom in the first year, from the second year they form powerful, well developed and normally flowering bushes. If you need to get a lot of plants from one mother bush, then it can be divided into smaller divisions (with one bud), but in this case, in the first two years after division, the plants will develop slowly and bloom only in the second or third year. In order for such a plant to grow better, it is not allowed to bloom in the second year, breaking off the flower stalks. With a small division, a complete renewal of the root system occurs and in the future this plant will be stronger and more durable than the one propagated by a standard division.

Plant division is best done in a cool, shady area.. To stimulate the growth of young lateral roots in the resulting divisions, the roots are cut to about 1/3 of their length. Long, uncut roots when planting are difficult to evenly distribute in landing pit, which can lead to their twisting, decay and death of the entire plant.

The division and transplantation of perennials is carried out in early spring (April-early May) or at the end of summer (late August - early September). At spring terms division, while the buds have not yet begun to grow, it is enough just to trim the roots. During summer-autumn transplants, it is necessary to cut off the above-ground part of the plants, leaving about 15-20 cm, because. the roots will not yet be able to provide the plants with everything they need, which can lead to illness and a delay in flowering.

The division of certain cultures often has its own characteristics. So, for example, when propagating a peony, you should not use large delenki with large quantity buds and many long roots, as it will hurt for a long time and bloom poorly.
In order to form a large iris bush faster, the delenki are planted in a circle or in rows, taking into account the area required for an adult plant, etc.

When dividing the daylily, the old roots are cut, leaving no more than 7-8 cm, the places of the cuts are sprinkled with ash.

Before planting delenok preferably root system dip in clay talker. To prepare it, a small amount of clay is added to 10 liters of water (so that, after dipping into a mash, it remains on the hand thin layer clay), 1 tablet of heteroauxin or a bag of root (you can use any other root formation stimulator, according to the instructions) and 1 kg fresh manure. Add components in the order listed. The roots treated with mash must be dried for 30 minutes on outdoors, and then plant the delenki in prepared, moistened pits.

The division of the bush

Some perennials (primroses, carnations, perennial bows, ivy-leaved bud, veronica, common oregano, bellflower, cinquefoil, daylily, large-rhizome geranium, marjoram, daisy, medicinal lungwort, rejuvenated roofing, stonecrop, evading peony, thyme, sage, etc.), which form daughter plants, propagate by dividing the bush. If the bush is loose, then the rhizome is cut with a shovel, if it is dense, then the whole plant is dug up, inspected, removing all doubtful places, then daughter plants are separated with a sharp knife. When planting delenok, compost or long-acting fertilizer is added to the planting holes. Delenki are planted immediately, at the same depth as before, but at a greater distance.

Deadlines for harvesting cuttings

Very important for success cutting time. It is determined by the nature of the growth and development of the mother plant. By these indications perennials are divided into two groups.

To first group include species with active growth of young shoots for most of the growing season. These include:

all perennials with overwintering above-ground shoots,
plants that form pillows and sods;
rhizomatous, rhizomatous, stolon plants with herbaceous shoots, flowering in late autumn or flowering in early spring, but characterized by a long vegetation, the ability to form summer rosettes of leaves and shoots.

This group of plants, when cutting, easily forms adventitious roots; cuttings can be harvested for a long time - end of April to mid August.

Second group combines species with active shoot formation at the beginning of the growing season, sometimes continuing until flowering.

Shoots for cuttings are harvested from healthy, well-developed, fairly young (3-4-year-old) plants.

Species first group long shoots can be cut into cuttings from 3 cm or more in size (2-4 internodes). In this case, the lower cut is made at a distance of 3 mm from the leaf node, the upper one is 6-10 mm higher than the leaf node.

Species second group not the entire shoot is cut into cuttings, but only the apical part of the young shoot with close internodes and poorly developed leaves, when the shoot has not yet become hollow. Such cuttings give a higher percentage of rooting compared to more lignified cuttings from the bottom of the shoot. The exception is peony., from which they take the lower part of the shoot with a heel. At moisture-loving plants with large or medium-sized, but highly evaporating leaves, part of the leaf blade is shortened by 1/2 or 1/3.

Propagation by stem or green cuttings

Many spicy-flavoring plants (wormwood, sage, mint, lavender, catnip, etc.) are propagated by cuttings, receiving cuttings when pruning plants. Pruning is carried out in June-July, cutting off the tops of the shoots above the axillary bud. The end of such a cutting should already be slightly lignified. All leaves, with the exception of the top two or three, are removed. The cuttings are planted in a sandy substrate, which should always be moderately moist, and covered glass jar or plastic bag. They take root within 3-4 weeks.

In some cases, the cuttings are not cut, but are broken out from the mother plant. In May, this is how cornflower is propagated. When its shoots reach a length of 5-7 cm, they are broken out or cut off with a heel, leaving at least half of the shoots on the plant. Cuttings are planted in greenhouses or greenhouses, on ridges sprinkled with a layer of pure river sand, to a depth of 1.5-2 cm; plentifully watered and covered with glass or film. Cuttings take root, as a rule, quickly, for 10-15 days. After about a month, they can be planted in open ground.

Reproduction by leaf cuttings

Some perennials, in which adventitious or dormant buds are formed not on the stem in the axil of the leaves, but on the basis of the extended end of the petiole or on the basis of the leaf blade of the sessile leaf (as, for example, in the cornflower), can be propagated leaf cuttings. Only fully formed leaves with normally developed petioles are suitable for rooting. Depending on sizes leaf petioles they are planted to a depth of 0.6-1.5 cm, with an inclination to one side. Ridges are made in shady places. For normal root formation, a constant moisture content of the substrate is maintained through regular watering and spraying.

Propagation by root cuttings

Perennials, in which adnexal buds form in the places of root wounds, can be propagated root cuttings. When part of the root is separated from the mother plant, the buds develop new shoots with a new root system. Root cuttings are the most reliable way reproduction in primroses. They are dug up no later than the first days of May. The roots are washed and a few of the healthiest ones are cut with a knife directly under the leaf rosette. The separated roots are cut into pieces of 5 cm, and the lower cut is made oblique. Cuttings are planted one at a time in a loose substrate with an oblique cut down. The straight cut should be level with the surface of the substrate. spring next year they are planted in a permanent place. For propagation of horseradish, it is preferable to use long root cuttings (30-40 cm). They are dug up in the fall, stored in the sand until spring, then planted, deepening into the soil with the lower end by 10 cm, and the upper, thickened end by 5 cm.

In principle, the technology of propagation by root cuttings involves digging up queen cells with the preservation of all roots. Then the selection of roots with a thickness of 0.3 to 2 cm, which are cut into pieces 5-7 cm long, are laid out in horizontal rows on a previously prepared shaded bed. From above they fall asleep with a layer of sand 0.5 cm thick and earth -2 cm, after which they are compacted and watered. As practice shows, cuttings harvested in August take root within a month, harvested in September are best kept for spring rooting in order to avoid rotting during autumn planting.

Reproduction by bulbs

Among ornamental perennials, vegetable crops are enough bulbous plants that can be propagated by bulbs.

Bulb- This is a perennial underground organ that serves to preserve storage nutrients and renew plants after a dormant period. In structure, it is a modified shortened shoot, consisting of a bottom - a shortened stem and scales - modified leaves. An apical bud is formed on the upper part of the donut, from which an aerial stem, leaves and flowers develop in the future, and roots on the lower part of the donut. The bulb can be of a different structure:

tiled (lilies), consisting of individual scales;
concentric with closed inner succulent scales and with a covering thin outer scale (most bulbous);

The bulb can be perennial or replaced with a new one every year.
Bulbous plants are planted at a depth 3-4 times the diameter of the bulb, and in such a way that there is no empty space under the bulb. It is important to correctly position the bulb when planting: with the kidneys up, and with the roots or bottom down. After planting, water abundantly.

Reproduction by tubers, corms, root crops, layering

Corms
Some perennials (crocosmia, crocus) store nutrients in corms, which also serve as breeding material. The corm looks like a bulb, but has a different structure. This is the overgrown lower part of the stem. It can be covered with a dense shell or have the remains of lower leaves in the form of dry scales. During the growing season, the corm uses nutrients and dies off along with the roots (with a few exceptions). A replacement corm grows above it, and children grow from the sides. Due to the large number of tuber buds, corms can be cut into several pieces that form a normal corm, sometimes blooming in the same year.

tubers
Everyone knows that dahlias and potatoes are propagated by tubers. Tuber- storage underground organ. In structure, this is a modified shoot, but it has neither a bottom nor a single stem growth point; renewal buds ("eyes") are scattered over the entire surface of the tuber. Tubers are thick, knobby, different shapes; as they grow, they can increase or decrease in size. For propagation, use whole tubers or cut them into pieces with one or more "eyes".

Root tubers and root crops
Pip(for example, in Jerusalem artichoke) - storage substances are formed in overgrown powerful roots. They depart from the base of the old stem from one point. During the growing season, thin roots grow from them.
For plant propagation root crops(well-known carrots, beets, radishes, etc.) the leaves of the root crops are cut so as to leave petioles 1-2 cm long and the apical bud.

layering plants can be propagated, the shoots of which, lying on the ground, give adventitious roots, and new plants develop from the buds. Such a rooted shoot is cut into pieces according to the number of new shoots formed and planted as independent plants - layering. Planting material can serve as mature plants ( mint, basil, thyme, lavender, etc.), which are transplanted into greenhouses, greenhouses or pots before the onset of frost.

Selection and processing of planting material, planting

Whatever method is chosen for propagation and planting, it must be remembered that the planting material must be healthy, free from diseases and pests: various kinds of root rot, nematodes, aphids. Therefore, when harvesting planting material, plants are examined for infestation and special treatment is carried out to avoid the spread of infection or pests.

The quality of the planting material directly affects how your plants will look: density of shoots, size of flowers, fruits, etc. If the rhizomes are too finely divided, underdeveloped annual seedlings, small bulbs or green cuttings of the first year of rooting are planted, then you will have to reap the fruits of failure: the plants of the first year, and some species will bloom poorly in the second year.

It is not recommended to replant undivided old perennial bushes. As a result of a long stay in one place, the shoots become crowded, the stems become thinner and become slightly leafy, and the flowers and inflorescences become very small. Therefore, old bushes must be rejuvenated by division or thinning, i.e. by cutting out part of the stems.

All perennials propagated by seeds or vegetatively (except when the rhizomes are divided into large parts) must be grown for 1-2 years on well-cultivated, fertilized ridges before planting in permanent places.

Planting perennials is as follows. In the intended place, they dig a hole, the size of which allows you to freely place the root system of the plant. Humus is brought into the pit. Preliminarily inspected roots (broken, rotten ones are removed with a sharp knife, the sections are sprinkled with coal powder) are evenly distributed in the pit, covered with soil, pressed tightly and watered abundantly.

Planting depth depends on the size and type of plant. A guide can be the root neck of the old shoot, which should be at the same level as it was before planting.

Plants with a basal rosette of leaves are planted so that the center of the rosette is not buried in the ground.

Methods of reproduction of some flower annuals, perennials and vegetable crops

layering
Creeping tenacious, medicinal watercress, goose cinquefoil

bulbs
Onions, garlic, saffron, yellow goose onion, crocosmia

Tubers, root tubers, root crops
Jerusalem artichoke, potatoes, tuberous buten, sweet potato, tuberous stalks, spanish kozelets, goat's beard, tladianta, floating pondweed, edible sytch, Siebold's chist

cuttings
Chrysanthemum, rosemary, sage, marjoram, tarragon tarragon, creeping clover, narrow-leaved lavender, bitter wormwood, large-rhizome geranium, veronica, white-tomentose dubrovnik, great source, common stonecrop, fragrant rue

Seedlings from seeds
Garden : artichoke, basil, cabbage, eggplant, zucchini, squash, melon, tomato, pepper, leek, chives, physalis, okra, celery, capers, amaranth, marjoram, lagenaria, momordica, tladianta, anguria, catnip, benincasa
Garden : marigold, daisy, hyssop, calendula, elecampane, perilla, loofah, bergenia

rhizome
Garden: artichoke, common sorrel, mint, asparagus, oregano, thyme
Garden : large-rhizome geranium, rapunzel-shaped bell, coltsfoot, tansy, tarragon tarragon, lake reed, reed, yarrow, hops, rosea rhodiola, calamus, marshmallow, thick-leaved bergenia, small cornflower, veronica, river gravel, elecampane high, angelica, creeping tenacious, large source, common canuper, medicinal burnet, kupena, meadowsweet, goose cinquefoil, cattail, meadow core, umbrella susak, narrow-leaved chamenerion, cumin, arrowhead

By dividing the bush
Garden: tubular onion, fragrant onion, drooping onion, shallot, chives, lovage, marjoram, rhubarb, rosemary, asparagus, thyme, oregano, sage
Garden : daisy, bluebell, garden carnation, evasive peony, wormwood, daylily, speedwell, medicinal lungwort, ivy-leaved bud, yellow gentian, white-felt dubrovnik, hyssop, cinquefoil, garden quinoa, fennel polygrate, young roofing, common bracken, common stonecrop , primrose, fragrant rue.

Fill the table:

Task 8. "The most important terms and concepts of the topic"

Define the terms or expand the concepts (in one sentence, emphasizing the most important features):

1. Vegetative reproduction. 2. Root offspring. 3. Leaf babies. 4. Budding. 5. Scion. 6. Rootstock. 7. Propagation by cell culture. 8. Advantages of vegetative reproduction.

Exercise 1.

1. Ode to an individual. 2. There is no fusion of genetic material. 3. Division, sporulation, vegetative reproduction. 4. Division and sporulation. 5. Haploid. 6. Meiosis. 7. Mitosis. 8. Diploid. 9. Aplanospores, zoospores. 10. Sporophyte. 11. Gametophyte. 12. Plants that form spores, morphologically indistinguishable. 13. Plants morphologically different - microspores and megaspores. 14. Algae, mosses, horsetails, some club mosses and ferns. 15. Some club mosses, aquatic ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants.

Task 2.

1. 1 - root offspring; 2 - root cuttings; 3 - root tubers. 2. Raspberries, plums easily form adventitious buds on the roots from which root offspring develop, it is enough to separate them and deposit them in a permanent place. Horseradish root can be cut into pieces and planted, each root cutting gives a new plant. Dahlias are propagated by root tubers. In the autumn they are dug up and divided, planted in the spring. 3. 4 - adnexal buds on leaves; 5 - whole leaves; 6 - leaf cuttings. 4. In bryophyllum, adventitious buds form along the edge of the leaf and miniature plants- children who easily take root in a new place. Whole leaves propagate begonia, Saintpaulia. In water, cut leaves form adventitious roots and buds that take root well. Sansevieria and begonia can be cut into leaf cuttings and from which new plants are formed.

Task 3.

1. 1 - reproduction by aboveground stolons (whiskers); 2 - reproduction by creeping shoots; 3 - reproduction by layering; 4 - propagation by cuttings. 2. 1 - after the formation of a daughter plant, the stolon is cut off, the plant is transplanted to a permanent place; 2 - it is enough to divide the plant into several independent ones; 3. In the spring they bend down and dig in the middle part of the branch, it is better to tie the top to a peg. In summer, adventitious roots form and in autumn the plant can be separated from the parent. 4. Many plants propagate by cuttings, for example, a cut shoot of tradescantia in water or moist soil gives adventitious roots and becomes an independent plant.

Task 4.

1. 1 - rhizome; 2 - tuber; 3 - onion. 2. By cutting the rhizome of indoor plants into cuttings, you can increase the number of plants. This is how irises and perennial asters propagate. Potatoes are propagated by whole tubers or parts of tubers with buds. Bulbs often form babies that are used to grow new plants.

Task 5.

1. 1 - copulation (the diameter of the scion and rootstock are the same); 2 - budding, eye grafting; 3 - grafting by approach; 4 - grafting into a split (the diameter of the scion is less than the diameter of the rootstock); 5 - grafting into the butt (the diameter of the scion is less than the diameter of the stock). 2. Scion - a plant that is grafted, rootstock - a plant to which it is grafted.

Task 6.

1. Growing cells on a nutrient medium is called cell culture. 2. Growth cone cells are taken from the plant, sterilized to kill microorganisms and placed in a nutrient medium where the cells multiply. Then they can be separated and in test tubes, creating certain conditions, you can achieve their transformation into miniature plants. 3. Growth cone cells retain the ability to divide, are an educational tissue.

Task 7.

plant organ	Reproduction method	plant examples	Description of the method of reproduction
Root	1. Root suckers 2. Root cuttings 3. Root tubers	Raspberry Horseradish Dahlias	Adnexal buds form on the roots, from which root suckers develop. The root is cut into pieces, each root cutting gives a new plant. Root tubers are dug up in autumn and divided, planted in spring.
Sheet	1. Leaves 2. Leaf cuttings 3. Leaf babies	Saintpaulia Begonia Briophyllum	In water, cut leaves form adventitious roots and buds that take root well. Cut leaf cuttings and put in water. They form new plants. Babies that form along the edge of the sheet easily take root in a new place.
aboveground shoots	1. Mustaches (stolons) 2. Creeping shoots 3. Layering 4. Cuttings	Strawberry Creeping Clover Currant Tradescantia	After the formation of roots in the daughter plant, the stolon is cut off, the plant is transplanted to a permanent place. After the formation of roots, it is enough to divide the plant into several independent ones. In the spring they bend down and dig in the middle part of the branch. In autumn, the plant can be separated from the parent. A cut shoot of tradescantia in water or moist soil gives adventitious roots and becomes an independent plant.
underground shoots	1. Rhizome 2. Tuber 3. Bulbs	Iris Potato Onion	By cutting the rhizome of indoor plants into cuttings, you can increase the number of plants. Potatoes are propagated by whole tubers or parts of tubers with buds. Bulbs often form babies that are used to grow new plants.
Vaccinations	1. Approximation 2. Grafting with cuttings (copulation, splitting, under the bark) 5. Budding	apple tree cherry apple tree	Cut off part of the bark with wood from the scion and stock, combine them and bandage them. If the diameter of the scion and rootstock is the same, cut obliquely, combine the bark and wood and bandage. Or grafted into a split or under the bark, if the diameter of the scion is larger. A bud with bark and wood is cut from the scion and inserted into the T-shaped incision of the stock. Bandaged.
tissue culture	Educational tissue cells	Ginseng	The growth cone cells are taken from the plant, sterilized and placed in a nutrient medium where the cells multiply. Then in test tubes, creating certain conditions, you can achieve their transformation into miniature plants.

Task 8.

1. Reproduction using vegetative organs. 2. Plants formed from adventitious buds on the roots. 3. Plants formed from adventitious buds formed on leaves. 4. A method of vegetative propagation by bud grafting. 5. The plant that is being grafted. 6. The plant to which they are grafted. 7. A group of cells in an educational tissue from which a large number of new plants are grown. 8. Vegetative reproduction completely preserves the properties of the mother plant.

lesson type - combined

Methods: partially exploratory, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory-illustrative.

Target:

Students' awareness of the importance of all the issues discussed, the ability to build their relationship with nature and society based on respect for life, for all living things as a unique and priceless part of the biosphere;

Tasks:

Educational: to show the multiplicity of factors affecting organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of "harmful and beneficial factors", the diversity of life on planet Earth and the options for adapting living beings to the whole range of environmental conditions.

Developing: develop communication skills, the ability to independently acquire knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; the ability to analyze information, highlight the main thing in the studied material.

Educational:

Formation of an ecological culture based on the recognition of the value of life in all its manifestations and the need for a responsible, careful attitude to the environment.

Formation of understanding of the value of a healthy and safe lifestyle

Personal:

education of Russian civil identity: patriotism, love and respect for the Fatherland, a sense of pride in their homeland;

Formation of a responsible attitude to learning;

3) Formation of a holistic worldview, corresponding to the current level of development of science and social practice.

cognitive: the ability to work with various sources of information, convert it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

Regulatory: the ability to organize independently the execution of tasks, evaluate the correctness of the work, reflection of their activities.

Communicative: Formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, older and younger in the process of educational, socially useful, teaching and research, creative and other activities.

Planned results

Subject: know - the concepts of "habitat", "ecology", "environmental factors" their influence on living organisms, "connections of living and non-living";. Be able to - define the concept of " biotic factors»; characterize biotic factors, give examples.

Personal: make judgments, search and select information; analyze connections, compare, find an answer to a problematic question

Metasubject:.

The ability to independently plan ways to achieve goals, including alternative ones, to consciously choose the most effective ways solving educational and cognitive problems.

Formation of the skill of semantic reading.

Form of organization learning activities - individual, group

Teaching methods: visual and illustrative, explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory, independent work with additional literature and textbook, with DER.

Receptions: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, transfer of information from one type to another, generalization.

Goals: to introduce the methods of vegetative propagation of flowering plants; show the role of vegetative propagation of plants in nature.

Equipment and materials: tables: "Vegetative organs of plants", "Vegetative propagation of plants"; drawings and photographs of plants, indoor plants, herbariums; potato tuber, onion bulb.

Key words and concepts: vegetative propagation, reproduction by creeping shoots, reproduction by rhizomes, reproduction by tubers, reproduction by bulbs, reproduction by leaves, reproduction by root suckers, reproduction by brood buds; the importance of vegetative reproduction in nature.

During the classes

Knowledge update

Answer the questions.

In what direction is the movement of organic substances in the plant?

By what structures does the movement of organic substances occur in the plant?

In what layer of a plant stem are sieve tubes located?

What kind of cells are they made up of?

Describe an experiment proving the movement of organic matter from the leaves to the roots of a plant.

In what direction is the movement of water and minerals dissolved in it in the plant?

In what structures does water move with minerals dissolved in it?

Through what structures does water move in the stem?

Where are the vessels located?

Specify the features of the structure of plant vessels.

Describe an experiment proving the movement of water and minerals through the vessels of wood with an upward current?

Where does the water come from and minerals into a plant?

As a result of what processes are organic substances formed in the plant?

Learning new material

Teacher's story with elements of conversation

Recall into which two groups plant organs can be divided, depending on the main functions they perform. (On vegetative and generative.)

What organs are generative? (Flowers, fruits and seeds.)

What is their main function? (Reproduction.)

What organs are vegetative? (Root, stem, leaf.)

What is their main function? (Providing the plant with water, organic and mineral substances.)

But we know that, in addition to the main ones, the vegetative organs sometimes perform other functions that are unusual for them.

Give examples of plants whose vegetative organs perform some additional functions. (For example, a modified carrot root, as well as dahlia root tubers, a modified potato stem store nutrients. Special nodules on the roots leguminous plants capable of absorbing gaseous nitrogen.)

In addition, with the help of vegetative organs, some plants can reproduce.

What is the name of this method of reproduction? (Student answers.)

Reproduction of plants with the help of vegetative organs (without the participation of generative ones) is called vegetative reproduction.

Any vegetative organs of the plant can participate in it. Vegetative propagation is widely represented in nature.

Independent work students with textbook

Reproduction method	Description	plants
Reproduction of creeping shoots	On the plant, elongated shoots are formed, creeping along the ground. In places of contact with the ground, adventitious roots are formed. After a while, the old shoots die off at the base and the plant becomes independent.	Strawberry, clover, meadow tea, ivy-like buddra, Veronica officinalis, cranberry
Reproduction of rhizomes	On the rhizomes(modified shoots) young shoots are formed from the buds. After some time, the rhizomes between plants can collapse	Creeping couch grass, lily of the valley, anemone, blackberry, lingonberry, iris, nivyanik, minnik, snot
Reproduction by tubers	tubers separated from the stolons. Above-ground shoots develop from the apical and lateral buds, on which adventitious roots are formed.	Potato, Jerusalem artichoke,
Reproduction by bulbs	From the lateral kidneys on the maternal onion vice(modified shoot) “babies” are formed - daughter bulbs	Wild onion, tulip, hyacinth
Reproduction by leaves	Parts of the leaf blade of some plants may separate from the mother plant and fall to the ground. On the separated part adventitious roots are formed	Meadow core
Reproduction by root sprouts	On the roots of some plants, buds can form, from which shoots grow - root suckers	Lilac, aspen, cherry, thistle, sow thistle, fireweed
Reproduction by brood buds	On the leaves of the plant, special brood buds which subsequently fall to the ground and take root	Briophyllum, aspelenium viviparous fern

(The teacher checks the completion of the table and draws a conclusion, while demonstrating indoor plants, herbaria, tables with images of various methods of vegetative reproduction of plants. Then students are called to the board, who, using the visual material presented in the classroom (tables, drawings, indoor plants, herbariums), talk about each of the methods of vegetative propagation and give examples. If any of the students answering at the blackboard finds it difficult to answer, the class helps him.)

Consolidation of knowledge and skills

Answer the questions.

What is the purpose of vegetative propagation?

What is the significance of this method of reproduction in nature?

What organs can plants reproduce in the vegetative way?

What plants are characterized by reproduction by modified shoots?

What plants are characterized by reproduction by parts of unmodified shoots?

Which plants reproduce by root offspring?

Independent work

Finish filling in the table.

Creative task. sketch various ways vegetative propagation of plants. Each of the ways to depict on a separate sheet, sign the title. On the reverse side, list the plants that are characterized by this method of vegetative propagation.

A task for students interested in biology. Think about the cases in which it is possible to reproduce plants exclusively by vegetative methods. Describe these cases.

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