Parsing sentence is its complete grammatical characteristic as a syntactic unit. It helps to correctly and accurately draw them up. With it, you can check the correct use of punctuation marks. In addition, the syntactic analysis of the sentence helps to consolidate knowledge on the topic "Syntax".

To fulfill parsing suggestions you need to know:

What is the difference between a sentence and a phrase?

What is the difference between simple and compound sentences?

What signs are characteristic for him: the purpose of the statement, intonational and semantic completeness,;

Types according to the number of grammatical bases;

8. Determine the complicating components (complicated, uncomplicated. If complicated, then indicate what exactly).

Parsing complex sentence

1. Disassemble the members of the proposal, determine how they are expressed.

2. Indicate his purpose of the statement (interrogative, incentive, narrative).

3. Describe by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory, exclamatory).

4. By the presence of more than one grammatical basis, determine that it is complex.

5. Specify the type of syntactic relationship (allied, non-union, combination of allied and non-union).

6. Indicate its type (compound, compound, unionless) and the means of communication in it.

7. Indicate the type of complex sentence (which compound or complex sentence).

8. After that, each part of it is characterized separately using the scheme simple sentence).

9. Make a diagram showing the links between its parts.

EXAMPLE OF SYNTAX ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE:

Lilacs are blooming in our gardens.

-˖-~~~~~ ˖-˖-˖-˖-=======−−−−−−.

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.

EXAMPLE OF SYNTAX ANALYSIS OF A COMPOUND SENTENCE:

I loved him very much, and he answered me the same.

− − − ˖-˖-˖-˖ =======, −− − − =======− − − −.

Yes and.

The sentence is compound, narrative, non-exclamatory, consists of two parts, which are connected by intonation, the joining union "yes and" and separated by a comma.

The first part (I loved it very much): simple, narrative, two-part, common, uncomplicated.

The second part (He answered me the same): simple, narrative, two-part, common, uncomplicated.

REMEMBER!

Performing a syntactic analysis of a sentence that is part of a complex one, we omit its characteristics in terms of emotional coloring and the purpose of the statement.

Words and phrases are the components of every sentence in writing and in oral speech. To build it, you should clearly understand what should be the connection between them in order to build a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in school curriculum Russian language is the syntactic analysis of the sentence. With such an analysis, a complete analysis of all components of the statement is carried out and the connection between them is established. In addition, the definition of the structure of the sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. As a rule, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after the children are taught to parse the sentence.

Phrase parsing rules

Parsing a specific phrase taken from the context is relatively simple in the Russian language syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main one, and which is dependent, and determine which part of speech each of them refers to. Next, you need to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:

• Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship, in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase determines the main word. For example: a receding train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
• Control is also one of the types of subordination, it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
• Adjacency is also a subordinating type of connection, however, it applies only to unchangeable and non-inflected words. Dependence such words express only meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scared.

An example of parsing phrases

The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “says”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word "says" is used in the present tense in the singular and in the third person. The word "beautiful" is an adverb, and therefore this phrase expresses a syntactic connection - adjacency.

Scheme for parsing a simple sentence

Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:

1. First of all, they determine the purpose of the statement of a single sentence, they are all divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a declarative sentence that tells about an event, there is a point; after the question, of course, - a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
2. Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
3. The next step is to describe the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, it is additionally necessary to indicate what kind of sentence is in terms of the nature of the grammatical basis: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there is a statement in the structure minor members, and indicate whether it is common or not. At this stage, you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications are considered homogeneous members, appeals, turns and introductory words.
4. Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
5. The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks put in the sentence.

An example of parsing a simple sentence

Theory is theory, but without practice it is impossible to fix a single topic. That is why in the school curriculum a lot of time is devoted to syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training, you can take the simplest sentences. For example: "The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf."

1. The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
2. The main members of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
3. This proposal is two-part, complete and widespread. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
4. Analysis of all the words of the sentence:

• "girl" - acts as a subject and is a noun female in singular and nominative case;
• “lay” - in the sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine gender, singular and past tense
• “on” is a preposition, serves to connect words;
• "beach" - answers the question "where?" and is a circumstance, in the sentence it is expressed by a masculine noun in the prepositional case and singular;
• "and" - union, serves to connect words;
• “Listened” - the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
• "surf" - in the sentence is an addition, refers to a noun, has masculine, singular and used in the accusative case.

Designation of parts of a sentence in writing

When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used, which indicate the belonging of words to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is denoted wavy line, addition - dotted line, circumstance - dotted line. In order to correctly determine which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should put a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the questions of the name of the adjective are answered by the definition, the addition is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: "where?" "where?" and why?"

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence

The order of parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. For analysis, a complex statement is proposed, which has several grammatical foundations. And here you should follow this scheme:

1. First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
2. Next, highlight the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
3. The next step is to define the relationship, which can be done with or without a union.
4. The next step is to indicate the link that connects the two grammar basics in a sentence. It can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating unions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: compound, compound or non-union.
5. The next stage of parsing is the syntactic analysis of the sentence by its parts. Produce it according to the scheme for a simple proposal.
6. At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to build a diagram of the proposal, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.

Connection of parts of a complex sentence

As a rule, unions and allied words are used to connect parts in complex sentences, before which a comma is required. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:

• Compound sentences connected by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: "The sun was shining, and the clouds were floating."
• Compound sentences that use such unions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, where, since, although other. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: "The sun's rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."

OFFER

Offer - this is a word or a group of words that are related in meaning, from one word to another, you can put a question. The sentence expresses a complete thought.

The first word in a sentence is capitalized, and the sentence ends with a period, exclamation mark, or question mark.

Every sentence is said with a purpose.

According to the purpose of the statement, sentences are : narrative, interrogative. incentive.

Declarative sentence - this is a sentence in which something is reported (narrated).

Interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks for something.

incentive offer - this is a sentence that encourages action, advises or asks to do something.

By intonation offers are exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that is pronounced with strong feeling. At the end of an exclamatory sentence, Exclamation point (!).

Non-exclamatory sentence is a sentence that is pronounced calmly, without a strong feeling. A non-exclamatory sentence ends with a period (.) or a question mark (?).

The offer has main and secondary members.

The main members of the proposal is the subject and the predicate.

Subject - This main member sentence, which names who or what the sentence is talking about. The subject answers the question who? or what? The subject is underlined with one line.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which indicates what is said about the subject, names what the subject does. The predicate answers one of the questions: what does it do? what do they do? what will do? What did you do? what will he do? The predicate is underlined by two lines.

Members of the proposal

Main
Examples	Information
	Subject - the main member of the sentence, which names the one who acts, experiences some state, has a certain sign. Answers the questions: Who? What?
	Predicate - the main member of the sentence, which names the action, state or sign of the subject. Answers the questions: What is he doing? What? What? Who it?
The subject and predicate are the basis of the sentence.

Minor

Examples	Information
	Addition- a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object. Answers questions of indirect cases.
	Definition- a minor member of the sentence, which denotes a sign of the subject. Answers the questions: Which? Whose?
	Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, which denotes time, place, mode of action. Answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? What for? And How?

Offers

1. Role in language	Expresses a thought that is complete in meaning and intonation.
3. Types of sentences by the number of grammatical bases	Simple - one base, complex - two or more grammatical bases.
4. Types of sentences for the purpose of the statement	Narrative (contains a message); interrogative (contains a question); incentive (incitement to action).
5. Types of sentences by intonation	Exclamatory, in which the thought is accompanied by a strong feeling, and non-exclamatory.
6. Types of proposals for the presence or absence of secondary members	Common (besides the main members, there are also minor ones) and non-common (consist only of the grammatical basis).
7. Types of proposals by complexity	Can be complicated by appeals, homogeneous members

Parsing a sentence

Words and phrases are the components of each sentence in writing and in oral speech. To build it, you should clearly understand what should be the connection between them in order to build a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in the school curriculum of the Russian language is the syntactic analysis of the sentence. With such an analysis, a complete analysis of all components of the statement is carried out and the connection between them is established. In addition, the definition of the structure of the sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. As a rule, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after the children are taught to parse the sentence.

Phrase parsing rules

Parsing a specific phrase taken from the context is relatively simple in the Russian language syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main one, and which is dependent, and determine which part of speech each of them refers to. Next, you need to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:

• Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship, in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase determines the main word. For example: a receding train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
• Control is also one of the types of subordination, it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
• Adjacency is also a subordinating type of connection, however, it applies only to unchangeable and non-inflected words. Dependence such words express only meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scared.

An example of parsing phrases

The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “says”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word "says" is used in the present tense in the singular and in the third person. The word "beautiful" is an adverb, and therefore this phrase expresses a syntactic connection - adjacency.

Scheme for parsing a simple sentence

Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:

1. First of all, they determine the purpose of the statement of a single sentence, they are all divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a declarative sentence that tells about an event, there is a point; after the question, of course, - a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
2. Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
3. The next step is to describe the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, it is additionally necessary to indicate what kind of sentence is in terms of the nature of the grammatical basis: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there are secondary members in the structure of the statement, and indicate whether it is widespread or not. At this stage, you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications are considered homogeneous members, appeals, turns and introductory words.
4. Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
5. The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks put in the sentence.

An example of parsing a simple sentence

Theory is theory, but without practice it is impossible to fix a single topic. That is why in the school curriculum a lot of time is devoted to syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training, you can take the simplest sentences. For example: "The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf."

1. The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
2. The main members of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
3. This proposal is two-part, complete and widespread. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
4. Analysis of all the words of the sentence:

• "girl" - acts as a subject and is a feminine noun in the singular and nominative;
• “lay” - in the sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine, singular and past tense;
• “on” is a preposition, serves to connect words;
• "beach" - answers the question "where?" and is a circumstance, in the sentence it is expressed by a masculine noun in the prepositional case and singular;
• "and" - union, serves to connect words;
• “Listened” - the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
• "surf" - in the sentence is an addition, refers to a noun, has a masculine gender, singular and is used in the accusative case.

Designation of parts of a sentence in writing

When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used, which indicate the belonging of words to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is indicated with a wavy line, the addition with a dotted line, the circumstance with a dotted line with a dot. In order to correctly determine which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should put a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the questions of the name of the adjective are answered by the definition, the addition is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: "where?" "where?" and why?"

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence

The order of parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. For analysis, a complex statement is proposed, which has several grammatical foundations. And here you should follow this scheme:

1. First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
2. Next, highlight the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
3. The next step is to define the relationship, which can be done with or without a union.
4. Next, you should indicate by what connection the two grammatical bases in the sentence are connected. It can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating unions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: compound, compound or non-union.
5. The next stage of parsing is the syntactic analysis of the sentence by its parts. Produce it according to the scheme for a simple proposal.
6. At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to build a diagram of the proposal, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.

Connection of parts of a complex sentence

As a rule, unions and allied words are used to connect parts in complex sentences, before which a comma is required. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:

• Compound sentences connected by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: "The sun was shining, and the clouds were floating."
• Compound sentences that use such unions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, where, since, although other. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: "The sun's rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."

Syntax is the most complex section of the modern Russian language. At school, the syntactic analysis of a sentence almost always causes serious difficulties, since in the analysis it is necessary to use the previously acquired knowledge in a complex way: to be able to distinguish parts of speech, access information from the vocabulary, to navigate perfectly in the semantic load and functions of different members of the sentence, to correctly indicate simple sentences in the composition complex and define their role.

At school and university are presented different requirements to the syntactic analysis of the sentence. Schoolchildren usually designate parts of speech, and comment on each word during analysis. The requirement is due to the fact that for correct parsing it is necessary to know morphology well, the concepts of syntax and morphology should not be confused (there is a common mistake when parts of speech and members of a sentence are mixed). At the philological faculties of various higher educational institutions parsing schemes are individual: it depends on how educational complex undergoing training, which are methodological developments at the department. When preparing for admission, the applicant will need to find out the requirements of a particular university, otherwise the analysis may be considered incorrect.

To correctly parse a sentence, you need to master large volume theory, be able to accurately use the terms, get a practical skill. Practice plays a particularly important role, so it is advisable to train regularly by analyzing sentences. different levels difficulties.

Strict requirements are imposed on parsing: it can only be done according to a clear scheme, without deviating from a given algorithm. Often it is also necessary to draw a graphic scheme of the sentence, reflecting in it the levels of division, the dependence of simple sentences on each other. Also, the members of the proposal are graphically highlighted different signs directly in the text (several types of subscripts).

General scheme for parsing a sentence
Exist general scheme, on which the syntactic parsing of the sentence is carried out. It varies depending on specific requirements, but the basic base remains the same.

1. The purpose of the statement is indicated: declarative, motivating, interrogative sentence.
   
2. On the this stage you should write what the sentence is in terms of intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
   
3. The type of sentence is determined: simple or complex, consisting of several simple ones.
   
4. For complex sentences, you need to specify the type of construction: simple (of the same type), complex ( different types connections between simple sentences in a complex one).
   
5. The type of connection of proposals is indicated: allied, allied.
   
6. There are two types of allied sentences: compound and complex.
   
7. For a complex sentence, the type of the subordinate clause is determined: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, adjunctive;
   
8. It is necessary to indicate the type of circumstance subordinate clause:
   • mode of action;
     
   • places;
     
   • time;
     
   • conditions;
     
   • measures and degrees;
     
   • comparisons;
     
   • concessions;
     
   • consequences;
     
   • goals;
     
   • causes.
     
9. If the sentence is complex, a description of the connection of parts in the complex is performed. The parts are numbered, all types of communication are indicated (unionless and allied, subordinating and coordinating), if necessary, division into levels is made.
   
10. Then they proceed to the characteristics of each simple sentence, indicating its number.
    
11. The analysis of a simple sentence continues to indicate the presence of main members: one-part or two-part.
    
12. In a one-part sentence, its type is determined: nominal, generalized-personal, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinitely-personal.
    
13. At this stage, you need to write the type of predicate: PGS (simple verbal predicate), CGS (compound verbal predicate) or SIS (compound nominal predicate).
    
14. Now it is necessary to determine the presence of minor members: common (there are minor members), non-common (there are no minor members).
    
15. At this point in the analysis, it is indicated whether the sentence is complicated, what exactly it is complicated by.
    
16. At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence in terms of completeness: complete or incomplete. Incomplete sentences are those in which the main or secondary members are omitted, but they can be easily restored from the context.
    

You will also need to graphically designate the members and boundaries of sentences in the text, draw diagrams, indicating in them the numbers of sentences, unions, asking questions to subordinate clauses from the main ones.

Ways of expressing sentence members
Knowing how to express the members of a sentence will help you parse the sentence correctly without confusing parts of it. Often, school students find it difficult to even determine the main members of a sentence, since there are a number of difficulties, and generally accepted stereotypes make it difficult to correctly find the basis and accurately analyze the secondary members.

It must be remembered that different parts of speech have practically unlimited possibilities and can be almost any part of the sentence, with rare exceptions. Often, students get used to the fact that the subject is a noun, and the predicate is a verb. Not seeing the appropriate parts of speech in a sentence, they find themselves in a difficult position and do not know how to parse it by composition. In fact, it is impossible to conclude analysis in such a framework.

Subject answers questions of the nominative case and is expressed different parts speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals. The subject can also be expressed:

• adjective (red is my favorite color);
  
• a participle that has turned into a noun (the others were silent);
  
• union (and - connecting union);
  
• an indefinite form of the verb (for example, an indefinite form of a verb with a noun in the accusative case: having a doctor in the house is a serious advantage).
  

Predicate answers the questions: what does the object do? what happens to the subject? what is the subject? what is he?

To differentiate different types predicates, it is important to remember the lexical and grammatical meaning of words. Lexical meaning reflects the meaning of the word, and grammatical contains grammatical categories(for example, mood, tense, number and gender of the verb). Types of predicates:

• PGS: the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb, in which the GZ and LZ coincide. Sometimes PGS is expressed by a phraseological unit containing a conjugated verb form.
  
• GHS: Must consist of at least two words. Each word has its own meaning: the infinitive of the verb ( lexical meaning) and modal or phase connective ( grammatical meaning). The phase link indicates the phase of the action, and the modal link reflects the attitude towards the action. The link can be expressed in words reflecting the assessment of the action, desirability, necessity, short adjectives.
  
• SIS: must consist of at least two words. Nominal part (LZ) and formal or semi-significant copula (GZ). A more common formal link is the verb to be. All nominal parts of speech, adverbs, phrases act as a nominal part. Semi-significant connectives are verbs to become, to become, to be, to seem, and others; verbs of state, movement.
  

Definitions answer questions what? whose? They are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

• The agreed definition is easy to recognize, it is expressed by a pronoun-adjective, adjective, participle, ordinal number. The main thing is not to confuse it with the nominal part of the SIS.
  
• An inconsistent definition is usually expressed by nouns in indirect cases, but sometimes adverbs, phrases, infinitives, adjectives become them. comparative degrees. There are also inconsistent application-definitions.
  

Addition answers the questions of indirect cases. Most often expressed as a noun.

Circumstance answers to general question as? Expressed by adverbs and nouns. Circumstances are divided into categories:

• circumstance of time;
  
• places;
  
• mode of action;
  
• causes;
  
• comparisons;
  
• concessions;
  
• conditions;
  
• goals;
  
• measures and degrees.
  

It is necessary to take into account the nuances of the expression of the members of the sentence by different parts of speech in order to correctly perform the syntactic analysis of the sentence.

Types of subordinate clauses
Analyzing complex sentence, it is important to correctly determine the type of the subordinate clause. It can be circumstantial, explanatory and attributive.

1. Subordinate explanatory sentences answer the questions of indirect cases. Unions, allied words act as means of communication.
   
2. Subordinate attributive clauses refer to a noun, join with the help of allied words, sometimes conjunctions, answer the questions of whose? which?
   
3. Adverbial adverbial clauses differ depending on the category:
   • PO places answer questions where? where? where? join with allied words;
     
   • How long do they answer questions? how long? when? for how long? Joining with the help of unions is common only, when, bye, as soon as, etc .;
     
   • ON measures and degrees answer the questions to what extent? how much ?, refer to a word expressing a concept that can have a degree of manifestation;
     
   • The software of the mode of action answers the question how ?, you can insert words into the main part in this way, so;
     
   • ON conditions answer the question under what condition ?, connecting unions - when, if, how soon;
     
   • ON reasons reveal the question why ?, unions due to the fact that, since, because, due to the fact that;
     
   • By purpose: questions for what purpose? why? etc. Unions if only to, in order to;
     
   • ON consequence: the consequence follows from the first part, the union so;
     
   • ON concessions: questions in spite of what? in spite of what? Unions let, for nothing, despite the fact that;
     
   • Comparative software: questions like what? like what? Unions as if, as if, exactly, as;
     
4. Subordinate adjectives do not answer questions, do not express the semantic relations of circumstances, but give Additional information to the main part. Means of communication: allied words (relative pronouns what, where, where, when, how, why, why, why).
   

In polynomial sentences, the type of subordination must be indicated. It can be sequential: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main one, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first, and so on. At parallel subordination subordinate clauses depend on the main clause, but answer different questions. When the subordination is homogeneous, the subordinate clauses depend on one main word, answer one question.
Universities mainly analyze polynomial sentences, therefore, they distinguish the levels of division, the connections between them, indicate all the blocks and the features of their relationship with each other, and draw complex diagrams. At school, they usually limit themselves to sentences consisting of two to four simple ones.