Pulp and paper industry. Pulp and paper production

Introduction

Currently, the pulp and paper industry is one of the leading in Russia and directly affects the country's economy. This is primarily due to the fact that Russia, and especially its Asian part, has huge inexhaustible forest resources.

Over the past few years, the pulp and paper industry in Russia has made a huge leap forward. This happened due to the fact that the leaders of pulp and paper enterprises began to pursue the right policy and attract both foreign and domestic investors.

Objective is to

1. characterize the pulp and paper industry in Russia.

2. show the problems of the pulp and paper industry in Russia

3. compare the pulp and paper industry in Russia with other countries

4. show the state of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian part of Russia, and the prospects for its development

5. characterize the pulp and paper industry of the Komi Republic on the example of the Syktyvkar timber industry complex

FOREST RESOURCES

Forest resources are a renewable type of resource, which allows not only to regulate their use, but also to reproduce them. However, the long period of forest growth (50-150 years) is practically incommensurable with the duration of conventional production cycles. Therefore, when assessing forest resources, not only the rate of their annual growth is taken into account, but also the amount of accumulated stock. Half of Russia's forest reserves are located in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. Approximately 1/5 of the reserve comes from the Far East. Of the European regions of the country, the Northern (about 10%) and Ural (about 4.4-5%) regions have the largest reserves. The Republic of Komi and Karelia, the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, in which spruce and pine predominate, are distinguished by the quality of the forest. Very valuable forests with broad-leaved and rare species are located in the southern regions of Primorsky Krai and on Sakhalin Island.

Characteristically, there is a mismatch between the main areas of forest resources and areas of timber harvesting, processing, and production. pulp and paper , furniture industry areas

FOREST INDUSTRY

Industries related to the harvesting, processing and processing of wood raw materials are combined into a group with a common name - the forest industry, it is also called the forest complex.

The timber industry is the oldest in Russia. It distinguishes about 20 industries, sub-sectors and industries. The most significant are logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and the timber industry.

The significance of the forest industry in the Russian economy is determined by the colossal reserves of timber, the wide territorial distribution of forest resources, and the fact that at present there is practically no such sphere of the national economy where wood or its derivatives are not used. If at the beginning of the 20th century 2-2.5 thousand types of products were harvested from wood, then at the end of the 20th century the industry's products include over 20 thousand different products.

Logging.

The logging industry is an industry for the harvesting, hauling, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging residues. It includes the following productions:

Logging, consisting of a complex of logging operations and timber hauling;

Undercutting of the forest, which includes work on the extraction of resin and the preparation of stump resin;

Timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers and reservoirs), including work on the rafting of wood, its initial rolling into the water and the formation of boards;

Timber transshipment operations related to the transfer of timber products from one mode of transport to another.

In addition, the logging industry includes production for the use of low-value wood and waste: sawmilling, sleeper sawing, production of wood chips, container boards and other products.

Placement of logging in the territory of Russia.

The location of logging in the territory of Russia is determined by the availability of timber and labor resources, the location of enterprises and consumers of timber, the historical course of the economic development of the territory, the conditions for transport development, etc. However, the raw material factor plays the main role.

This industry in Russia is characterized by a mismatch between the reserves of forest resources and the main areas of the logging industry. Thus, 75% of the total timber stock falls on Siberia and the Far East, but the share of these regions in timber harvesting does not exceed 40%, although in recent years the richest resources of the Asian part of Russia have been developed at a high rate. During the 90s, the share of the European part of the country in the total volume of timber exports decreased from 64.4 to 61%, while the share of the eastern zone increased from 35.6 to 39%. In 1995, timber exports in Russia amounted to 174 million cubic meters. m of commercial wood compared to 499.3 million cubic meters. in the USA.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Pulp and paper industry - the most complex branch of the forest complex, associated with the mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them. This industry is different:

o High material consumption: to obtain 1 ton of pulp, an average of 5-6 cubic meters is required. wood;

o Large water capacity: 1 ton of pulp consumes an average of 350 cubic meters. water;

o Significant energy intensity: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kWh;

Consequently, pulp and paper enterprises are oriented towards forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country.

The first place in the production of paper belongs to the northern economic region, in which Karelia stands out (Kondopoga and Serzhsky pulp and paper mills). Solombala pulp and paper mill is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.

The second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.

In third place is the Volga-Vyatka region. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky Pulp and Paper Mill), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari Pulp and Paper Mill in Volzhsk).

The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikal pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk and others.

Paper production has historically originated in the Central Economic Region close to raw material consumers. It is currently the most developed

In the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia, which provides 20% of the total production of Russia, in the Komi Republic, whose share is 12%;

In the Ural economic region, mainly in the Perm region, which provides 15.1% of the total production of Russia;

In the Volga-Vyatka economic region, primarily in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which produces 8.6% of all paper in the country;

The highest indicators for the production of cardboard are characterized by:

the northern economic region, mainly the Arkhangelsk region, which provides 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;

Northwestern economic region, primarily the Leningrad region - 7.8% of total production;

the East Siberian economic region, in which the Irkutsk region stands out, giving 7.3%, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4.8%;

the Far East economic region, especially the Khabarovsk Territory, which produces 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;

Central economic region, including the Moscow region, giving 2.0%.

In the structure of the forest complex, 12% by value falls on cellulose, 8% on paper, cardboard and products made from them.

A modern feature of the industry has become the creation of timber industry complexes (LPK), which are a territorial combination of logging and various forest industries. There are Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yenisei, Asinovsky forestry complexes - in Siberia; Amur LPK - in the Far East; Arkhangelsk and Syktyvkar forestry complex - in the Northern economic region.

Timber industry complexes are especially promising for areas with rich forest resources, but characterized by a lack of labor resources, a low degree of development, and harsh climatic conditions. This is predominantly Siberia and the Far East.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF PPI IN RUSSIA. INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

To date, production activities in the industry are carried out at 165 pulp and paper and 15 wood chemical enterprises. Despite the fact that Russia has the largest forest resources in the world (81.9 billion m3), and the pulp and paper industry could become the locomotive of the Russian economy, the technical condition of the industry and its share in the national economy leaves much to be desired. So, the available production capacities in the pulp and paper industry are used only by 35-50% (Fig. 1). Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets is 60-70%.

Figure 1. Pulp, paper and paperboard production capacities in Russia and production of these products in 1999:

At the same time, 70-90% of the technological equipment at enterprises was purchased from other countries and has not been updated for the last 15 years. About 80% of continuous digesters have been in operation for over 25 years, and half of batch digesters have been in operation for over 45 years. 40% of the installed fleet of paper and board machines has been in operation for over 20 years. And only 10% of the main technological equipment corresponds to the modern level. The peculiarity of the pulp and paper industry of Russia, its main trouble is the depreciation of fixed assets, which is clearly seen in pic 2-3

Figure 2. Distribution of capacities of paper machines at the enterprises of the CIS depending on the cut width, thousand tons

Figure 3. Distribution of capacities of cardboard machines at the enterprises of the CIS depending on the cut width, thousand tons:

Hopes for the rise of the pulp and paper industry with the beginning of perestroika did not materialize. Russia used to take 4th place in the world in the production of paper and cardboard, but moved to 18th.

The industry of Russia after 10 years experienced the adverse impact of such general economic factors as the aggravation of the payment crisis in the country, which increased the barterization of the market; imperfection of tax and customs policy, lower prices for exports of products, competition from imported goods. And only in the last year the decline in production has stopped in the industry, and there has been some stability.

It is gratifying to note that the increase in the efficiency of the industry began even before the notorious August 17, 1998, so if the profitability of pulp and paper production in 1997 was (-2%), and for 9 months. 1998 (+5.4%). Decreased costs per 1 ruble of marketable products from 108.3 kopecks. in 1997 to 94.9 kop. for 9 months 1998 (Fig. 4)

What happened in Russia on August 17, 1998? In the context of declining world oil prices, the Asian crisis, and serious internal political disagreements, the budget deficit that arose in Russia was eliminated due to external debt, including through the volume of attractiveness of GKOs (yield on GKOs increased from 20 to 70-90%). In addition, there was an outflow of funds from the manufacturing sector to financial markets and a subsequent decline in production. The artificial maintenance of the ruble exchange rate led to a decrease in the profits of enterprises, which, in turn, significantly reduced tax payments to the budget.

As a result, the devaluation of the ruble increased sharply (from 6.4 to 17-20 rubles per 1 US dollar), a number of major Russian banks went bankrupt, and the financial and payment system was disrupted. Due to delays in transferring funds by banks, there was a significant loss of working capital by enterprises.

In the conditions of the financial crisis of the Russian economy after August 17, 1998, export-oriented enterprises received the prerequisites for increasing revenue in ruble terms. And prices for pulp and paper products for the domestic market have become lower than similar imported goods.

In December 1998, due to the appreciation of the US dollar, after the restoration of the financial structure, there was some revival in the production activities of enterprises, which led to an increase in exports of products and an increase in its efficiency (in December 1998, the production of market pulp increased by 4%, paper - by 21.3, cardboard - by 21.5%).

At the same time, there was a decrease (more than 1.5 times) in imports of paper products and an increase in demand for domestic cardboard packaging, boxed and bound cardboard, paper bags, notebooks, toilet paper and sanitary ware, which allowed manufacturers of these products to improve their financial performance. . As you can see, after August 17, there is an increase in production.

There is a lot of talk that all industrial growth is due to devaluation. However, it only created the conditions for the revival of production, and this factor would not have worked so quickly if the prerequisites for industrial growth had not been created since 1997.

In 1999, the growth of production volumes and the increase in its profitability continued. In the first half of 1999, pulp production increased by 22%, market pulp by 20%, paper by 11%, offset paper by 26%, cardboard by 49%.

The production of pulp, paper and cardboard in 1999 increased at most enterprises in the industry. Compared to the first half of 1998, the output of marketable products increased significantly at the Ust-Ilimsk timber mill, the Arkhangelsk, Kotlas and Solombala pulp and paper mills, the Bratsk and Syktyvkar timber mills, Volga OJSC and other enterprises.

The export of the industry's products also increased: in 7 months of 1999 it exceeded by 12% the level of the same period in 1998.

Profitability of production is growing in the industry. If for 1998 it was (+12.9%), then for the I quarter. 199 – (43.7%) (fig3). Decreased costs per 1 ruble of marketable products from 101.1 kopecks. in the I quarter. 1998 up to 77.2 kop. in the 1st quarter of 1999 (pic 4).

Figure 4. Dynamics of profitability of pulp and paper production in Russia in 1997, 1998, and Q1 1999 (%)

The economic data of the last months of 1999 indicate that the Russian economy is growing not due to foreign trade, but due to production oriented to the domestic market. There is an increase in the Gross Domestic Product, which means an increase in the need for paper products.

The data presented show that industry is working better, but far from being at full capacity, and simultaneously with the rise in production, urgent intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, reconstruction and modernization of equipment and technologies are required.

In connection with the growth of production volumes, export deliveries and an increase in profitability in the industry, favorable conditions are being created for the sale of these products at the expense of enterprises' own funds, attracting long-term loans, including investments from foreign companies.

At the same time, the main goal of solving the problem at this stage is to increase the competitiveness of products, environmental safety, both production and products.

The situation cannot be improved without a clear understanding of the prospects, the possibilities of the economic system, and the objective constraints to growth.

The necessary economic developments that allow increasing the pace of development of the industry are set out in the Federal Program for the Development of the Timber Industry, approved by the Government of Russia, which includes the pulp and paper industry. This document provides for the implementation within 10 years of a set of measures to ensure the industry's recovery from the crisis, stabilization and subsequent development of the production of all types of timber and paper products to better meet the needs of the national economy and the population and increase the export potential of Russia.

Financing of works according to the Federal program is provided mainly at the expense of own funds of enterprises (44%) and private investments, funds from investment auctions and money auctions, foreign investments (36%).

At a number of enterprises: Svetogorsk, Solikamsk, Kondopoga, Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Syktyvkar TPP are consistently and systematically implementing a program of technical re-equipment, and of course the products of these enterprises will be at the proper level.

Further development of the pulp and paper industry of Russia is possible due to the most important sources of economic growth:

Internal reserves of the national economy (capacity mastered up to 50%);

The colossal capacity of the Russian market;

Intellectual potential of science;

Natural wealth and favorable geographical position in the Eurasian space.

It should be taken into account that Russia has the largest renewable forest resources, which are currently not used efficiently. Figure 6 shows the opportunities available to the industry. Using natural resources as the most important sources of economic growth, we must get away from the flawed ideas about the role of Russia as a raw material appendage of developed countries, and the economic effect of natural resource use should be directed to expanding production.

What should be done to make full use of the already mentioned sources of economic growth?

First of all, to ensure the efficient use of existing capacities, the creation of new capacities, the creation of new industries for the production of competitive products. To do this, it is necessary to create attractive conditions for attracting foreign and domestic investors. We are talking about the creation of laws protecting property and investment in Russia.

Second direction- make wider use of domestic scientific and technical potential, for which it is necessary to increase the amount of funding for R&D.

Very important, third, to orient the customs tariff policy towards the growth of domestic production and increase of competitiveness. In particular, the abolition of export duties on products, import duties and VAT on technological equipment, spare parts and materials not produced in Russia for the period of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises in the industry is being worked out.

Fourth, it is necessary to ensure the improvement of tax policy, the reduction of the tax burden. Thus, the abolition of income tax for reconstructed enterprises is being worked out with the subsequent establishment of this tax in the amount of 20%, the abolition of VAT on the turnover of timber used within integrated structures at enterprises in the industry, draft laws are being prepared to protect investment funds and current assets, to attract foreign investment under a pledge of liquid assets, the exclusion in determining taxable income of the costs of reconstruction of enterprises for priority investment and innovation projects, etc.

The imperfection of Russian legislation greatly affects the economy as a whole and, in particular, the work of the pulp and paper industry. To a large extent, as a result of this, the enterprises lost their working capital. The lack of state regulation of the economy has led to sharp price imbalances, tax policy and practice has become a tool for the destruction of domestic producers and the curtailment of the tax base of the state, there has been an outflow of financial capital to the shadow economy and abroad, state support for exports and protection from imports is weak.

Currently, a lot of work is being done at all levels to prepare and adopt the necessary laws. The disunity of enterprises did not allow solving common issues in the legislative plan, as well as in current moments. A number of business leaders, realizing the need to combine efforts for joint work, established the Russian Association of Organizations and Enterprises of the PPI "RAO Bumprom".

Association "RAO Bumprom" was created to coordinate the development of common positions and interests of its members in all areas of the economy, as well as to protect their rights and interests in government agencies, courts, international organizations. To this end, the Association has entered into a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Guild of Periodicals, Unicom / MS Consulting Group, established the necessary contact in the State Duma to participate in the preparation of laws in which the industry is interested.

Currently, economic proposals prepared jointly with the founders of the Association are submitted to the State Duma and the Government of the Russian Federation, aimed at creating a favorable tax and customs climate in the industry, stabilizing the work of enterprises, as well as taking urgent measures to provide publishing houses with newsprint.

From the foregoing, it can be seen that at the present stage in the pulp and paper industry of Russia, certain prerequisites are ripe and created for the implementation of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, updating equipment and technologies with the aim, first of all, of increasing the competitiveness of products, environmental safety of production and products, more efficient use of production capacities.

In solving this big problem, there will be enough work for everyone, including both Russian and foreign investors.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN SIBERIA AND THE FAR EAST

Siberia and the Far East have great potential. They account for 78% of the forest area of ​​Russia. Basically, these are conifers: spruce, fir, aspen, larch.

However, the efficiency of using forest resources and export potential in Siberia is extremely low. One of the reasons for this situation is the lag in the creation and development of enterprises for the chemical processing of wood, the level of use of deciduous wood remains insufficient, the level of use of logging and woodworking waste, and secondary timber resources is low.

In the regions of Siberia and the Far East, illegal logging, offenses in the field of entrepreneurial activity related to forest resources are observed. There are large losses of wood raw materials in logging and in the process of transportation and primary processing of wood in the lower warehouses, which is up to 30% of the volume of harvested wood. For comparison, in Finland and Sweden, mainly products from wood subjected to deep chemical processing are exported (60 and 70%, respectively). The volume of harvesting in these countries is more than 2 times less than in Russia, and foreign exchange earnings from exports 2.5 times more. Finland, having 0.5% of the planet's forest resources, provides 25% of the world's exports of pulp and paper products, while Russia, having 21% of the world's forests, provides less than 1% of the exports of these products. The existing timber resource potential of Russia makes it possible to harvest more than 500 million m3 of wood without harming the environment, but it is used only by 18%. In particular, in the Irkutsk region, the volume of timber exports from 1989 to 2000 decreased from 37.8 million to actually 16.0 million m3, market pulp production - from 1230 thousand to 1036 thousand tons. It should also be noted that over the past 10 years, the production of the main types of timber and paper products has decreased by 2-4 times.

According to export estimates, per capita consumption of paper and paperboard has decreased from 35-36 kg to 13-14 kg. In the Siberian region, this figure is up to 10 kg. For comparison, in Japan this figure is in the range of 200-322 kg, in China - 30, in South Korea - 150 kg.

One of the major shortcomings of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian region of Russia is its focus mainly on the production of market pulp. The only enterprise in Siberia for the production of newsprint and writing paper - Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Mill, but its equipment and technology are morally and physically obsolete. Also available in the containerboard production region (Bratsky LPK, Selenginsky TsKK), also require significant funds for their renewal.

Another significant problem of the industry in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, on the island of Sakhalin, which have significant unused timber reserves. There, mainly, commercial timber is exported. Pulpwood and its waste remain in the felling areas, polluting the environment. Losses of wood in this case amount to millions of cubic meters. Previously operating enterprises: Amur Central Control Commission and factories on about. Sakhalin, practically stopped.

There is no production in the region of high-quality writing paper, coated paper and cardboard (primarily coated), paper for office equipment, sanitary and hygienic purposes, etc.

In this regard, in recent years there has been a negative trend in the growth of imports of certain types of paper and cardboard (except for newsprint). Despite some positive developments in recent years, Siberian pulp and paper industry has serious problems:

· Lack of financial resources and defense means;

· Outdated technologies and equipment, high depreciation of fixed assets (70% or more);

· Limited range of products;

· Poor information security;

For these reasons, the scientific potential of the industry and design, orders for machine-building plants for technical re-equipment and equipment replacement remain little in demand.

Big problems are experienced by the enterprises of the forest complex in connection with the redistribution of property. Growing credit debt, which leads, in turn, to social tension. This is especially true for logging companies. In general, wages in the forest complex are significantly below the industry average.

Strategic Directions for Reforming the Timber Industry Complex in Siberia and the Far East

The main goals (landmarks) of the timber industry development strategy in the first decade of the 21st century, taking into account the general tasks of the country's economy, are as follows:

· Achievement by Siberia of the leading position appropriate for it in the production of competitive timber and paper products in the global forestry sector;

· Ensuring highly profitable production and stable financial position of all branches of the timber industry. Focus on self-financing and provision of current and one-time costs for the development of production at the expense of own funds;

· Improving the structure of timber industry in the direction of increasing the share of deep chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of all harvested wood biomass, including wood waste;

· Increasing the production of a wide range of competitive products for the needs of the population, industry, construction, agriculture, printing and other areas;

· Orientation to the export of products of deep chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of wood;

· Reducing the impact of industrial activities on the environment to an environmentally friendly level;

· Development of market relations and mechanisms with the active role of state regulation of the economy.

At the first stage of the development of the timber industry complex, the exit of the existing enterprises of the industry from the crisis state, the technical renovation and stabilization of their work, and the increase in economic efficiency should be ensured.

At the second stage, work should be further developed to increase the share of deeper chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of raw materials, expand the range of manufactured products, and build new timber enterprises for the integrated use of raw materials.

Directions for the development of existing pulp and paper enterprises in Siberia and the Far East

The main pulp and paper enterprises of the Asian part of Russia are located in Eastern Siberia. This is - Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk timber processing complexes, Baikal pulp and paper mill(Irkutsk region), Seleginsky Central Control Commission(The Republic of Buryatia), Krasnoyarsk pulp and paper mill(Krasnoyarsk region).

These enterprises are located in areas with a long period of logging with an excess of the estimated cutting area for coniferous species, with the selection of mainly sawlogs, which led to the depletion of timber resources in easily accessible cutting areas.

The main problems here lie in the urgent improvement of the production structure of existing enterprises for the rational and integrated development of the remaining composition of the operational forest fund.

For this, it is necessary to create workshops (lines) for the use of low-grade and hardwood at existing enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the work on reforestation.

In general, the technical level of pulp and paper enterprises does not meet modern requirements, the quality of products in a number of indicators is inferior to similar products manufactured in foreign countries with a developed industry. For the technical re-equipment and development of existing pulp and paper enterprises, capital investments are required.

The real way to address these issues in these conditions is to attract investment.

Prospects for the construction of new enterprises

At the second stage, the implementation of strategic directions for the development of the timber industry complex involves the construction of new integrated facilities for the integrated and deep processing of wood raw materials.

Such enterprises in Siberia include Asinovsky pulp and paper mill in the Tomsk region with the production of pulp and packaging paper - 440 thousand tons.

A particularly large network of new pulp and paper enterprises was previously envisaged in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. District Lesosibirsk(Krasnoyarsk Territory) over the past decades has remained one of the priority areas for the location of a large timber industry complex - Yenisei pulp and paper mill. Its capacity was planned to be up to 800 thousand tons/year of pulp and paper products.

Another major enterprise in the Lower Angara region was planned Kodinsky LPK with the release of 500 thousand tons / year of bleached pulp from high-quality softwood.

It is also expedient to create new forestry complexes in the north of the Irkutsk region in areas gravitating towards the BAM. More than 750 million m3 of wood raw materials are concentrated here and it is possible to build new pulp and paper enterprises (Kirensky pulp and paper mill, Kazachinsky pulp and paper mill, Chunsky pulp and paper mill)

Undoubtedly, these large enterprises should be considered as part of an integrated scheme for the development of this region, since the development of infrastructure requires large expenditures.

Conclusion.

The regions of Siberia and the Far East have huge reserves of renewable forest resources, which are currently not used fully and efficiently.

In countries with a developed timber and pulp and paper industry (Finland, Sweden, Canada, the USA), the return per unit of wood is 4-6 times higher than in Russia due to its complex and deep chemical processing.

The development of the enterprises of the forest complex of Siberia and the Far East is of great national economic importance for the revival of the economy and the improvement of the social sphere of Russia and, first of all, the regions themselves.

The forest complex is closely connected with related industries: printing, chemical, light industry, food, construction complex, railway transport, etc.

According to experts. One workplace in the pulp and paper industry provides up to 10 jobs in related industries.

An increase in the export of timber and paper products will significantly replenish the country's foreign exchange resources and take one of the leading places in the total foreign exchange earnings.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF THE KOMI REPUBLIC

The timber industry complex is the second most important in the economy of the Komi Republic. It is represented by forestry enterprises, logging, woodworking pulp and paper and hydrolysis industries. In 1995, the share of the timber industry complex accounted for 21% of the marketable output of the republic, of which 59% gave pulp and paper and hydrolysis production.

Development in the Komi Republic pulp and paper and hydrolysis industry began in the 1960s.

Construction began in 1967 SYKTYVKAR FOREST COMPLEX - one of the largest enterprises of its kind in Russia

The group is currently "Syktyvkar timber industry complex" (SLPK) is one of the largest vertically integrated paper and pulp producers in Russia with a total production capacity of more than 700 thousand tons of pulp and paper products per year. SYK specializes in office paper, offset paper, food packaging board, and also produces newsprint, top liner and kraft liner corrugated board, plywood, chipboard, tissue paper and wallpaper. In addition, SYK produces electricity, sells roundwood, and provides transport and other services.

The Group controls a number of logging enterprises in the Republic of Komi, the volume of logging of which exceeds 3 million m3 of wood per year.

SYK has its own thermal power plant, operating on natural gas and combustible secondary energy resources. It can generate up to 436 megawatts of electricity and 3,200 tons of steam per hour. The CHP provides the production of electricity and heat up to 200% of the plant's needs, which allows the excess heat to be sold for the needs of the city of Syktyvkar. The group operates three paper machines and a board machine with a total capacity of over 700,000 tons/year: BM1 with a capacity of 144,000 tons/year, BM4 with a capacity of 240,000 tons/year, and BM5 with a capacity of 180,000 tons/year, a paperboard machine with a capacity of 170,000 tons/year and one machine for the production of tissue paper with a capacity of 15,000 tons/year. The production process is characterized by flexible reconfiguration possibilities. Each machine can produce different types of products, responding to the requests (needs) of different customers.

Over the past five years, SYK has been consistently increasing production volumes through a combination of new, more profitable products and extensive equipment upgrades. The Group's management forecasts continued growth in production from 555,000 to 700,000 tons/year, based on the planned production of A4, A3 office paper and sheet paper, taking into account the growing demand within Russia and further expansion of exports to qualified markets in Europe and America.

The number of working and maintenance personnel of the Syktyvkar Timber Complex Group is 16,521 people. In the parent company - 5.356 people

The company's policy in the field of environmental protection and social security is directly related to the objectives of the company's sustainable development. Ensuring environmental social and economic requirements is the Group's main task on the path to prosperity.

Conclusion

So, summing up the work done, we can say with confidence that the pulp and paper industry in Russia is gaining momentum. Pulp and paper enterprises are embarking on the path of prosperity and are already competing on an equal footing with foreign manufacturers of pulp and paper products. This did not happen by chance, since Russia

has the largest renewable forest reserves in the world. Enterprises began to pursue a more correct policy than before, and the attraction of both foreign and domestic investors had a positive impact on the development of the country's pulp and paper industry. The Government of the Russian Federation also played an important role. The state is interested in the development of the pulp and paper industry, because this industry brings large revenues to the budget, and the programs developed by the government stimulate its development.

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9. Materials of the meeting "On the state, problems and measures to improve the work of the timber industry complex of the Irkutsk region based on the results of work for 6 months of 2000": Irkutsk, 2000

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
complex branch of the economy, which is due to the originality of its production processes. There are over 5,000 grades or types of paper, which are usually divided into three main classes: 1) paper itself, such as wrapping, hygienic, writing and printing; 2) cardboard, for example, used for the production of paper containers; 3) building (insulating, facing) cardboard, used mainly in construction. Due to the technological proximity between the production of raw materials (pulpwood and wood pulp) and the final product (paper and board), this branch of the economy has become more integrated and autonomous over time: the manufacturer of the finished paper is usually also the manufacturer of the pulp from which the paper is made, and harvester of pulpwood from which paper pulp is obtained.

PAPER PRODUCTION
Paper machines. There are two types of machines for making paper and cardboard - flat wire (canteen) and round wire (cylinder). Flat wire is used for the manufacture of single-layer paper, cylinder - multi-layer cardboard. Numerous mechanisms and devices have been created for these basic machines for producing various grades of paper and cardboard.
Flatbed machine. The section of the ebb of the paper web of the flat mesh machine is a stretched uniform wire mesh with a length of 15 m or more. The water-suspended fibers (at a concentration of approximately 0.5% of paper solids) are poured onto the front of the moving screen through a device called a headbox. Most of the water drains through the mesh as it moves, and the fibers are tangled into a weak, wet web. This web is moved by woolen felts between several sets of rollers that wring out the water. The press section with suction boxes, net and its supporting components constitutes the wet section of the machine. The paper web then enters the dryer section of the paper machine. A typical dryer consists of a series of hollow cylinders with a diameter of 1.2 m, which are heated from the inside with steam. Each drying cylinder is covered with a thick coarse cloth, which ensures drying and transfer of the wet cloth to the next cylinder; more and more water is removed until 5-10% remains. After that, the paper web enters the finishing part. Here one or more calenders iron the paper; calenders are a vertical row of chilled iron rolls. The web is guided into the nip gap between the top two rolls and is passed through each gap all the way to the bottom. When moving between the shafts from top to bottom, the web becomes smoother, denser and uniform in thickness. Then the canvas is cut into strips of the desired width and wound into rolls. The rolls are sent to a printer, a converting plant, or another branch of the same plant for coating, cutting into sheets, or processing into another product. The width of the flat mesh machine can be from 30 to 760 cm. The working speed is up to 900 m/min. There is a kind of flat mesh machine, where the fabric is dried on a heated, carefully polished shaft with a diameter of 3-3.6 m. This machine is designed specifically for the manufacture of tissue paper.
cylinder machine. A cylinder (round-mesh) machine differs from a flat-mesh machine in that the paper ejection section in it is a cylinder wrapped with a mesh. This cylinder rotates in a bath filled with fiber slurry. The water drains through the mesh, leaving a kind of mat of fibers, which is removed by a woolen cloth on contact with the top of the cylinder. By placing several tubs in a row and using the same felt to remove the matted fibers from each tub in succession, a layered structure can be obtained; the thickness of this sheet or paperboard is limited by the number of cylinders and the drying capacity. Residual water is removed by passing the web through press and dryer sections similar to those used on a flatbed machine. The centrifugal action of the rotating cylinder tends to throw off the fibers on it. This makes it necessary to limit the speed of the PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY to 150 m/min. The primary web taken off by the felt is quite weak, but in combination with others and by varying the types of fiber, a strong product can be obtained. Both flat wire and cylinder machines can be used in machine coated paper and board production. The resulting paper web after cutting is suitable for high quality printing.
PAPER MATERIAL PRODUCTION
The raw material for paper pulp is wood and other cellulose-rich materials. It is not uncommon for pulp and paper mills to form one entity. Recyclers or factories turn paper pulp into paper and cardboard, which are used to make items such as envelopes, wax paper, food packaging, labels, boxes, and more.

Sources of raw materials for obtaining paper pulp. Paper and paperboard can be made from any cellulose-rich material. Waste paper is being used more and more; previously, printing ink and other impurities are removed from it. It is then usually mixed with fresh pulp to give extra strength when used on higher grades of paper such as book paper; without discoloration, waste paper is used mainly in the production of cardboard for boxes and other containers. To some extent, waste rags are also used, which makes it possible to obtain high-grade writing paper, paper for bonds and banknotes, pigment paper and other special papers. Rough cardboard is made from straw pulp. Asbestos and natural and synthetic fibers such as linen, hemp, rayon, nylon and glass can be used in special products.
Wood pulp. Wood is the preferred material for making paper pulp; it contains approximately 90% of the fibrous material used in the manufacture of paper. Depending on the region and the capabilities of the enterprise, pulpwood can be imported or rafted to the pulp and paper plant, having a length from the height of a tree to blanks measuring 1.2 m. Slabs and sawmill waste are also suitable for pulp production; while at the sawmill or pulp and paper mill they are first converted into chips.
Processes for obtaining paper pulp from wood. Since paper can be made from almost any fibrous material, there are many different methods for producing paper pulp, which vary according to the requirements of the final product. There are, however, three main processes for turning wood into paper pulp: mechanical, chemical and semi-chemical. Logs entering the plant in an uncleaned form must be cleaned of bark (debarked). The wood is then passed through a chipper, which cuts it into 6-7 cm pieces (chips) to prepare the wood for chemical processing (this is not necessary for mechanical pulping).
mechanical process. In a mechanical process, the bark-free logs are crushed. There is no chemical change, and the resulting wood pulp contains all the components of the original wood. It is bleached with peroxides, but remains unstable and deteriorates over time. Because the shredding operation does not ideally separate the fibers, resulting in clumping, the paper from the mechanically produced stock is relatively weak. Therefore, such wood pulp is used together with paper pulp obtained through chemical processes. The use of mechanically produced pulp is limited to paper and paperboard products such as newsprint and recycled board where high quality and strength are not essential.
sulfite process. The preparation of pulp by the sulfite process requires the treatment of chips in a cooking liquid containing bisulfite ions (HSO32-) in combination with calcium and/or magnesium, ammonia or sodium. The calcium-magnesium combination is used primarily in pulp mills. Among timbers, spruce and western hemlock are preferred. The resulting wood pulp is easily bleached and resistant to mechanical abrasion. Unbleached stock is used for packaging board, mixed with mechanically produced stock for newsprint, and bleached stock for all white papers such as books, bonds, paper napkins and fine wrapping paper. As a reagent for the production of paper pulp, you can use neutral sodium sulfite. It gives paper pulp similar to that obtained in the acid-sulfite process. However, due to the high cost and difficulty of disposal, its use in the production of high-quality paper pulp by the chemical method has been negligible. More widely, it is used in the production of pulp in a semi-chemical way, which goes to the manufacture of corrugated cardboard.
soda process. This process is one of the types of alkaline processes. Wood chips are boiled in a solution of caustic soda, or caustic soda (NaOH). Soda paper pulp is made mainly from hardwoods such as aspen, eucalyptus and poplar. It is used primarily in a mixture with sulfite mass for the manufacture of printed grades of paper.
sulfate process. This process also applies to alkaline. Sulfur is added to the cooking liquid, which is a caustic solution, which speeds up the mass production process, reduces the operating pressure and heat consumption, and acts effectively on all types of wood. The sulphate process is used where product strength is needed, such as high quality wrapping paper and board. Pine, which has long strong fibers, dominates among the wood species used in this process. Although sulphate pulp is more difficult to bleach than sulphite pulp, the resulting white product can be of high quality.
semi-chemical process. This process is a combination of chemical and mechanical processing. The wood is heated with a small amount of chemicals just enough to loosen the bonds between the fibers. One variation of this process is the cold soda process, in which the wood chips are lightly treated with sodium hydroxide solution at atmospheric pressure and temperature. After that, the chips, which retain their properties during such processing, are fed to the abrasive device, which separates the fibers. The degree of "purity" of paper pulp depends on the depth of chemical treatment. Depending on the chemicals used, this process is suitable for any type of wood; the chemical requirements here are lower than in the chemical process, and the yield - the weight of the mass per cord of wood - is higher. Since the fiber glomeruli are not completely removed, the quality of the pulp obtained in this way decreases with increasing output to the quality of the pulp obtained in a mechanical process.
Paper stock preparation. The bleaching process is independent of the paper pulp production process. However, there are varieties of it, determined by the type of wood, the chemicals used and the final product. Chlorine, in one form or another, is the main bleaching agent. Peroxides and bisulfites are used for clarification in mechanical pulping. Before and after bleaching, this mass is sieved and washed in different sequences until it consists entirely of individual fibers, free from trace chemicals. After that, the resulting mass, especially if it contains products obtained from rags and sulfite paper pulp, must be further flattened. To this end, the fibers are passed between fixed knives and knives mounted on a rotating shaft. When this happens, the fibers are frayed, and their surface characteristics change, which makes it possible to obtain a stronger paper. Further, dyes, mineral pigments and organic materials (adhesives) are added, which give wet strength, water resistance and facilitate the adhesion of printing ink. When flattening is not required, these additives can be added to the stock as it is fed to the paper machine.
see also PAPER AND OTHER WRITING MATERIALS .
LITERATURE
Akim E.L. etc. Technology of processing and processing of cellulose, paper and cardboard. L., 1977 Shitov F.A. Technology of pulp and paper production. M., 1978 Kogan O.B., Volkov A.D. Processes and devices of the pulp and paper industry. M., 1980

Collier Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what "PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY" is in other dictionaries:

An industry that produces various types of fibrous semi-finished products (including sulfite and sulphate pulp), paper, cardboard and products made from them. The main raw material is coniferous (spruce, pine, fir, larch) and hardwood (aspen, beech … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

An industry that produces various types of fibrous semi-finished products (including sulfite and sulphate pulp), paper, cardboard and products made from them. The main raw material is coniferous (spruce, pine, fir, larch) and hardwood (aspen … encyclopedic Dictionary

Pulp and paper production is a process aimed at obtaining pulp, paper, cardboard and other related products of the final or intermediate processing. The history of the appearance For the first time paper is mentioned in Chinese chronicles in 12 BC ... Wikipedia

A branch of industry that produces various types of paper (see paper), cardboard and products made from them, cellulose (see cellulose), insulating fibrous and hard fibreboards. By-products of the industry are ethyl ... ...

- (Pulp and paper industry of Russia) branch of the Russian industry. The main products of the industry are pulp, paper and cardboard. The presence of the industry is due to large forest reserves. Contents 1 History 2 Pulp and Paper Corporation ... Wikipedia

Economic essay. Pulp and paper industry- Economic essay. Pulp and paper industry The share of the pulp and paper industry in the total value of Latin American manufactured products increased from 2.4% in 1950 to 4.9% in 1975. Almost all paper and ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Latin America"

Africa. Economic essay. Woodworking and pulp and paper industry- Began to develop actively in the 1960s and 70s. in West and Central Africa. In a number of countries (Congo, Cameroon, BSC) in the 70s. special laws were passed obliging logging companies to process on site from 30 to 60% ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Africa"

Great Soviet Encyclopedia

I Paper industry, see Pulp and paper industry. II Paper industry ("Paper industry",) monthly scientific, technical and production journal, an organ of the Ministry of Pulp and Paper ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia, A. V. Mironov. The paper studies the trends in the development of the pulp and paper industry in Russia. An analysis of the production and financial results of pulp and paper mills was carried out.… electronic book

To obtain high-quality paper consisting of several fibrous semi-finished products, it is advisable to grind each of them separately, i.e. in various modes and on equipment separately installed for this purpose. However, in some cases, for fibrous semi-finished products, the content of which in the paper composition does not exceed 20-30%, joint grinding is allowed, since this eliminates the need to install additional equipment and the grinding process is simplified and proceeds more economically. At the same time, it should be noted that cases are known when the joint grinding of softwood pulp with additions of straw and cane pulp to it contributes to a better development of fibers due to the influence of the latter's hemicelluloses, which act on grinding like hydrophilic additives. Therefore, the question of how best to grind semi-finished products, separately or jointly, must always be decided in relation to specific production conditions and the type of paper produced.[ ...]

To obtain paper, cellulose of various tree species and annual plants and wood pulp are used. Cellulose is also a valuable raw material for textile production. It is also widely used in other industries.[ ...]

Bleached sulfate hardwood pulp from a mixture of birch and aspen, without rationing the ratio of species, is produced according to TU 814) 4-429-77: LB-0 - for the manufacture of high-quality types of paper and cardboard from 100% cellulose; LB-1 - for the production of writing paper, printing paper, notebook paper, white cover layers of multilayer cardboard; LB-2 - for writing paper and paper for printing, some types of technical paper; LB-3 - for the production of sanitary and hygienic types of paper.[ ...]

Production of paper pulp and pulp from straw. In addition to wood, straw can serve as a raw material for the production of wrapping paper, cardboard and pulp.[ ...]

In order to emphasize the difference between an aerobic process and fermentation, consider two examples of obtaining a valuable product from sulfite liquor waste. Sulfite liquor is the most dangerous water pollutant in sulphate pulping and papermaking. Wood pulp is obtained by boiling debarked crushed wood in bisulfate liquor. The cellulose fiber used to make paper does not dissolve. Lignin, resins, sugars and other wood components are soluble. These materials account for about half of the total mass of wood. Sulfite liquor waste is dark brown in color, contains 8 to 12% (by weight) dissolved solids, a small amount of suspended solids, 2% sugar, 0.6% sulfur dioxide, and is completely free of living organisms. For 1 ton of pulp produced, from 7500 to 15 000 liters of sulphite liquor is formed, that is, a huge amount of waste that is difficult to process. Although many useful substances can be obtained from this waste, only 20% of pulp mills can benefit economically from the resulting materials, since one large pulp mill can satisfy most of the market demand for any of the products produced.[ ...]

Cellulose can be dispersed in hot concentrated solutions of a number of highly soluble salts. Back in 1852, Barresville discovered that paper swells and dissolves in a hot concentrated solution of zinc chloride. Cellulose dissolved in zinc salts was used for the preparation of threads and fibers, but later this was abandoned due to the degradation of cellulose. Until now, however, in the production of vulcanized fibers, solutions are used at a concentration at which swelling occurs.[ ...]

For cellulose fibers intended for the production of paper, their yield from wood is of great importance, as well as a number of properties due to the presence of hemicelluloses. Conversely, for cellulose used in chemical processing, the hemicellulose content should be kept to a minimum. In accordance with these requirements, the modes of sulfate cooking also differ.[ ...]

Cellulose grade NS-2 is used for the production of wrapping, packaging, waterproof, opaque, bobbin and other types of paper. When cooking pulp grade NS-2, the addition of hardwood is allowed, subject to compliance with quality indicators.[ ...]

For comparison, data are given on the consumption of water for the production of certain grades of pulp and paper in the Polish People's Republic, m3/t.[ ...]

Cellulose and paper. Solid waste in the pulp and paper industry is settled sludge: for every ton of paper, approximately 9-72.5 kg of solid waste is generated and must be discarded. Some factories use the sludge to produce chemicals such as vanillin, calcium oxalate, lignin and sodium sulfate.[ ...]

In the production of kraft paper and kraft pulp, wood chips are heated in an environment containing a mixture of sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide, and foul-smelling gases are produced in large quantities. The complexity of the process lies in the large variation in the amount of emitted gases, for example, for a volley release it can be 1000 times higher than a normal release.[ ...]

In addition to the production of wood-based panels and plastics, other branches of the chemical processing of wood have also been widely developed. One of the largest industries, the pulp and paper industry, is constantly developing. In terms of the amount of wood used in the world for chemical processing, pulp production ranks first. Various types of paper and cardboard are produced from wood pulp and wood pulp. Wood pulp is the main raw material for the production of artificial viscose fibers. Cellulose nitrates are used to produce smokeless powder, varnishes, films, and plastics. From cellulose acetates, artificial acetate fibers, low-flammable films, varnishes and plastics are produced.[ ...]

In addition to cellulose, a mass semi-finished product in the production of paper is wood pulp - a product of mechanical abrasion of wood (white), with preliminary steaming of wood (brown), mechanical abrasion of wood with simultaneous heat treatment (thermomechanical or TMM) and thermomechanical with simultaneous treatment with chemicals (chemi-thermomechanical, or HTMM). According to the type of equipment used to obtain wood pulp, there are defibrer wood pulp (DDM) and refined wood pulp (RDM).[ ...]

Bleached pulp from hardwood, the production of which is constantly increasing, is usually used in a mixture with bleached softwood pulp for the production of printed papers.[ ...]

The principle of cellulose production lies in the most complete dissolution of lignin under the action of various chemical reagents /27/. The most common methods use dolingifying solutions based on sulfite at various pH (acidic, weakly acidic, neutral and alkaline methods of delignification) or delignifying solutions based on alkalis (soda, sulfate methods and their modifications). In addition to these methods, there are some others. Currently, in the production of pulp, they are striving for such a method in which only lignin and related substances would be selectively removed and the entire polysaccharide part of the wood would go to the production of paper. The most recent trend is to neglect, if possible, the lignin content of the fiber, but to change its properties to such an extent and in such a direction that it is suitable for paper production.[ ...]

Bleaching of pulp for paper production. Pulp washing and use of washing water. Bleaching of pulp for chemical processing. . .[ ...]

Paper production does not require the production of chemically pure cellulose, therefore, to increase the yield, some hemicelluloses are retained in it. The content of oc-cellulose in pulp for paper production usually does not exceed 60-80%. The purity requirements for cellulose for the production of artificial fiber are much more stringent.[ ...]

When bleaching pulps for paper production, in addition to obtaining high and stable whiteness, it is necessary to maintain the mechanical properties at the proper level. For pulps going for chemical processing, physical and mechanical properties are of secondary importance, and the main ones are physical and chemical properties, which are determined by the degree of pulp purification and the conditions for bleaching and refining. Thus, the goals and objectives that are set during pulp bleaching are diverse and their achievement depends on the type of processing that the original pulp is subjected to.[ ...]

The sources for writing this part of the project are the resolutions of the party and government, the journal "Paper Industry", abstract information "Pulp, Paper and Cardboard", "Express Information on Pulp and Paper Production". The specified periodicals should be viewed not less than for the last 3 years. In abstract information "Pulp, Paper and Cardboard" No. 36 and in the journal "Paper Industry" No. 12, semi-annual or annual table of contents are placed, from which you can find out in which issues of these periodicals articles on the topic of the ongoing project are placed.[ ...]

Refined pulp is obtained as a result of alkaline refining in the process of bleaching pulp obtained by the sulphate or sulfite method. This pulp is low in lignin and hemicelluloses, so it is used for the production of durable and special papers with high absorbency.[ ...]

Cellulose is the most important raw material for making paper. For this purpose, the bulk of the pulp produced in Germany is used. At the same time, sulfite cellulose is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of printing paper. For especially durable grades of paper (for bags, packages, etc.), soda cellulose (kraft cellulose) is used. Large quantities of wood pulp and waste paper are processed to produce paper of low strength and poorer quality, such as newsprint. Rags, rags and other wastes of the textile industry are practically used only for the manufacture of especially valuable grades of paper (paper for banknotes, certificates, documents), then for the production of tissue paper. Painted waste of the worst quality is used to obtain roofing paper.[ ...]

Pulp and paper production is usually divided into the production of semi-finished products (various types of pulp and wood pulp) and the production of various types and grades of paper. Cellulose is used in the manufacture of paper, artificial fibers, explosives, etc. Two methods are currently used for the production of cellulose: sulfite and sulfate, the second method being more widespread, since it allows the use of more diverse types of raw materials. ..]

During sulphite pulping, especially when producing high yield pulp, part of the hemicellulose remains together with the pulp in the fibrous material (technical pulp) used to produce various types of paper. Upon receipt of pure cellulose for chemical processing, hemicelluloses are transferred into solution, and sulfite cellulose contains their minimum amount.[ ...]

In the practice of papermaking, mineral fillers are usually added to the paper pulp to make the paper opaque. The greater the difference in the refractive indices of the rays between the mineral filler and the cellulose fibers from which the paper is made, the greater is the opacity effect. In table. 18 provides information on the refractive indices of cellulose rays by various fillers and some substances introduced into the paper composition.[ ...]

Technical wood pulp, sulfite and sulphate, is used in the manufacture of paper and for chemical processing. For chemical processing, cotton cellulose is also used as a raw material.[ ...]

The use of bleached pulp for the production of high-quality paper and chemical processing determines the requirements for the purity of the semi-finished product. Thorough cleaning of the bleached stock is usually achieved in two stages: fine screening and centric cleaner cleaning.[ ...]

Determination of the ability of cellulose to swell is of great practical importance. There is a close relationship between the degree of swelling of cellulose and its refinability and, consequently, the properties of the resulting paper. It is known that unmilled cellulose fibers are relatively stiff and brittle. When using cellulose for papermaking, the increased plasticity and flexibility of the fibers is of great importance. These properties of the fibers are largely related to their ability to swell, since a significant swelling of the fibers contributes to less damage to them during the refining process, which in turn affects the properties of the paper. The ability of cellulose to swell is of particular importance in the manufacture of man-made fibres. This property of cellulose determines its behavior during mercerization, during alkaline cellulose xanthogenation, and also during various other chemical reactions. The swelling of cellulose during mercerization contributes to the removal of low molecular weight fractions from it. Carbon disulfide diffuses better into swollen cellulose during xanthogenation. Spinning and stretching of the fibers are also associated with the swelling process.[ ...]

The main types of sulfite pulp are: unbleached and bleached for the production of various types of paper or cardboard and bleached refined for chemical processing.[ ...]

The ash content in bleached pulp varies over a very wide range - from 0.02 to 1%. If the pulp is used in the manufacture of paper, the content and composition of the ash is in most cases of no practical importance. When using cellulose for chemical processing, the influence of minerals increases.[ ...]

The characteristics of wastewater from the production of marketable unbleached sulphate pulp for sack and wrapping paper are given in Table 123.[ ...]

Water quality requirements in the production of paper and pulp are set by the American organization TAPP1 (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry) for each type of product (fine paper, bleached and unbleached, kraft paper, various types of pulp) .[ ...]

In terms of chemical composition, bleached pulp contains less lignin, hemicellulose, ash and resin. However, it also has lower strength compared to unbleached pulp. The decrease in mechanical strength occurs due to the partial destruction of the cellulose fiber during bleaching. Bleached pulp is used to produce many types of paper.[ ...]

In the tenth five-year plan (1976-1980), it was planned to increase the production of pulp by 35%, and paper and cardboard by 15-25%. It was also envisaged to use raw materials more rationally, to accelerate the build-up of capacities for the chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of wood waste, low-quality wood and softwood; to develop at an accelerated pace the production of paper for printing, for automatic information processing, paper and cardboard for packaging and packaging of food products and industrial goods.[ ...]

Resin formed during sulphite pulping. The acidic environment used in the sulphite pulping process does not dissolve the tar, so it remains in the pulp after pulping. When the pulp then enters the papermaking industry and is vigorously mixed in the rolls, the ray cells containing the wood resin are ruptured and the resinous substance becomes a colloidal suspension in the cooking liquor. These particles eventually stick together and settle in the form of a sticky mass on the fibers and especially on the sieves, nets and siphon boxes of the paper machine. It is this settled substance that is meant when one speaks of "harmful" tar, and it consists not only of tree tar, but also of occluded materials such as fibers and dirt.[ ...]

Spruce is the main wood species used for the production of sulfite pulp. This is due to the large length of fibers in this breed, which is necessary to obtain high mechanical strength of the product, low resinousness and high prevalence. Hardwoods are sometimes used: aspen, poplar, beech. However, such pulp is usually used in the paper industry as an additive to spruce pulp, since the fiber length of hardwoods is shorter than that of softwoods.[ ...]

Methods of chemical processing of wood are widely used for the disposal of wood waste. A good example is the production of paper: from 1 m3 of slats and slabs, you can get 0.9 m3 of wood chips for pulping and then produce about 220 kg of paper.[ ...]

The value of manufactured products and the requirements for it determine the GOST for wood (coniferous) sulphate unbleached pulp for the production of various types of paper and cardboard, which must be used when writing a course project.[ ...]

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest branches of the chemical industry and is continuously expanding as the world's paper consumption increases. This industry is active in the field of extensive research work on wood chemistry, on pulping from hardwood and from wood waste from the forest and wood processing industries, on the development of such new methods as the semi-chemical process and the process of partial chemical processing of wood, followed by grinding it into wood. mass. The pulp industry now supplies pulp for almost all of the world's rayon. Increasing amounts of wood pulp, as well as some lignin, are being used to make plastics and other chemically synthesized materials, to name but a few - cellophane, radio tape, artificial leather goods, shoe insoles, and vanillin. [...]

Directives adopted by the 24th Congress of the CPSU on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the Soviet Union for 1971-1975. provide for a sharp increase in the production of pulp and paper industry products. By 1975, compared with 1970, the production of paper will increase 1.3 times, paperboard - 1.8 times, and pulp - 1.7 times. For 1960-1970 More than 50 new paper and paperboard machines have been manufactured by papermaking equipment plants, including the first wide-ranging domestic machines: cardboard making brand K-09 with a trim width of 6300 mm, with a capacity of 500 g per day of corrugated base cardboard and papermaking brand B-15 with a trim width of 6720 mm , with a productivity of 330 g per day of newsprint. By 1975, the volume of production at paper-making equipment plants will have increased significantly in comparison with 1969. When designing new and upgrading existing paper and board machines, one of the important tasks is to choose a rational layout of the press part and determine its dewatering capacity.[ ...]

In the first years after a fire, mainly fungi develop that cause corrosive rot, for example, Irpex fusco violaceus Fr., Peniophora gigantea Mass. These rots cause a decrease in lignin, in connection with which the amount of cellulose increases relatively, therefore wood with rots of this type is suitable for use in pulp and paper production (■ '. 12, 9). The question of the use of wood from burners in this production was raised at one time by A.F. Grigoriev (), who noted for the fires of the Mari ASSR that the “white rot” common on pine is suitable for the production of medium grades of paper and cardboard; wood infected with white rot contains more than 70% cellulose (of the dry weight of all wood with rot).[ ...]

It is always, of course, useful to determine the entire chemical composition of wood according to the most rational analysis scheme. However, such a study is too laborious and lengthy. Therefore, the problem arises of choosing the components that need to be determined during analysis for one or another practical purpose. So, for example, in the production of cellulose, it is first necessary to establish the possible yield of cellulose from wood raw materials. To do this, it is necessary to determine the content of cellulose and lignin in the wood raw material, which is removed during the isolation of cellulose. Hemicelluloses are also removed from the wood during cooking, which leads to a decrease in the yield of the carbohydrate complex and an increased consumption of chemical potassium. Therefore, in order to correctly build a technological process, taking into account the purpose (for paper production or for chemical processing) of the resulting wood pulp, it is necessary to know the content of these components in wood raw materials. Minor components of wood, such as extractives, etc., are usually of lesser importance. However, for example, a high content of resinous substances can have a negative effect on the production and subsequent processing of cellulose. In wood-chemical industries, on the contrary, the content of extractive substances in wood is of paramount importance.[ ...]

A series of experiments were also carried out to modify the kraft pulp to increase the amount of xylan deposited on the cellulose fibers. So, when replacing part of the white liquor with black liquor, taken at the end of the temperature rise of the previous pulping, it was possible to increase the fiber yield by 1–1.2% of the weight of birch wood due to additional sorption of pentosans from the solution. The quality of pulp for paper production has not deteriorated.

The composition of pulp and paper production includes the production of fibrous semi-finished products - cellulose and wood pulp - and their processing into various types of paper and cardboard.

When cooking chopped wood, i.e., processing it with a solution of chemical reagents (cooking solution) at elevated temperature and pressure, its delignification occurs - most of the lignin dissolves, the wood cells are separated and fibrous technical cellulose is obtained.

The main methods of obtaining cellulose are sulfate and sulfite; bisulfite, neutral sulfite, various combined and step cooking methods are also used. Oxidative methods are promising - oxygen-soda, oxygen-alkaline, etc., which are not associated with the use of sulfur-containing reagents and therefore have a lesser impact on the environment.

By appropriate selection of reagents and cooking conditions, the yield of technical pulp and its properties, primarily the residual content of lignin, are regulated. The more completely the lignin is removed during cooking, the lighter the fiber, but its yield is less. Cellulose is produced with a normal yield (40-50% by weight of absolutely dry raw materials), which is divided into hard (containing 3-8% lignin), medium-hard (1.5-3%) and soft (less than 1.5% lignin) and high yield (50-60%) Semi-cellulose is also obtained (yield 60-85%), containing half or more of the original lignin and requiring mechanical grinding to turn it into pulp.

Technical unbleached pulp is suitable for the manufacture of many types of products - newsprint and sack paper, containerboard, etc. To obtain the highest grades of writing and printing paper, where increased whiteness is required, medium-hard and soft pulp is used, which is bleached with chemical reagents, for example, chlorine, chlorine dioxide , calcium or sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide.

Specially purified (refined) cellulose containing 92-97% alpha-cellulose (i.e., a fraction of cellulose insoluble in a 17.5% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide) is used to make chemical fibers, including viscose silk and high-strength viscose cord fiber for the production of car tires.

Wood pulp is obtained by mechanical separation of wood into fibers. A large amount of fibrous mass is produced from recycled materials - waste paper, the share of which in the production of paper and cardboard exceeds 20% of the total fiber used. In some factories, pulp is obtained from cane.

Raw material for- production of fibrous semi-finished products. The main raw material is wood. Wood of any species is suitable for the production of sulfate pulp; Pine and larch woods are most commonly used, but the share of hardwoods is increasing. At the same time, the production of sulfite pulp requires low-resin wood, mainly spruce and fir. Therefore, the further development of pulp production occurs mainly due to sulphate, as well as new methods of cooking.

Wood is supplied to enterprises mainly in the form of pulpwood - logs 4.5 m or more long (longitude), with a thickness of 6-24 cm in the upper cut or pieces 1.25-1.5 m long (short), as well as in the form of technological chips. Such chips are produced at logging and sawmilling and woodworking enterprises from the waste of the main production. Some enterprises also use large sawdust.

Delivery of wood to enterprises is carried out by rafting (in barges or rafts), by rail and by road. Chips are delivered by railway chip trucks and special large-capacity chip trucks, 12-40 m3.

Timber warehouses of modern pulp and paper enterprises are well equipped with mechanisms for unloading raw materials from vehicles, stacking them and supplying them to production - wagon dumpers, overhead, cable and jib cranes, conveyors, stackers (stackers), etc. Store wood in piles, heaps and in non-freezing raids on the water.

Pulpwood is stacked in heaps in debarked form, using debarking (barking) drums or rotary debarking machines for debarking. Longitude is pre-cut on multi-saw machines (slashers). Debarking is a very important operation, since the bark is poorly cooked, and with the sulfite method it is not cooked at all, as a result of which the productivity of the cooking equipment is reduced and the pulp is contaminated with bark particles. The removed bark is used as fuel, for the preparation of agricultural fertilizers, etc.

Chips are stored in piles of 150-250 thousand m3, the height of the piles is up to 30 m. The chips are poured into a pile and fed into production mainly by pneumatic transport.

Pulpwood and technological wood are crushed on disk multi-blade chippers. Wood chips dimensions, mm: length (along the fibers) 16-20, width 20-25, thickness 2-3. Larger chips (on average 8% of all chips) and fines (sawdust, dust - about 2%) are separated from good chips on flat chip sorting plants. Large chips are additionally crushed in disintegrators. Waste from grinding and sorting (about 3% in total) is incinerated.

Production of sulfate pulp. The scheme for the production of sulfate pulp is shown in fig. 2.1. Pulp is cooked with a cooking solution (sulfate or white liquor) containing sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, a small amount of carbonate and sodium sulfate.

/ - digester; 2 - blow tank; 3 - knotter; 4 ~ washing filter; 5 - liquor collector; 6 - sorting; 7 - centrifuge; 8 - thickener; 9 - cellulose pool; 10 - collection of white liquor; 11 - lime recovery furnace; 12 - causticizer; 13 - melt solvent; 14 - soda recovery boiler unit; 15 - evaporator; / - brewhouse; // - washing shop; /// - cleaning shop; IV- Regeneration shop

Caustic soda and sodium sulfide make up the active part of white liquor. Their total concentration in terms of Na20 ranges from 70 to 120 g/l. The more active alkali in the digestion solution and the higher the temperature and pressure in the digester, the faster the digestion and the more completely the lignin is removed, but the lower the fiber yield. Typically, the cooking temperature is 165-180 ° C, the pressure in the boiler is 0.7-1.2 MPa (1 MPa is equal to 9.81, rounded 10 kgf / cm2). The hydromodule, i.e. the volume of liquid in cubic meters per 1 ton of absolutely dry raw materials, is 4-f-4.5: 1.

The procedure for pulping in batch boilers is as follows. Chips are loaded into the boiler in the amount of 0.3-0.35 m3 per 1 m3 of boiler capacity, and when steaming chips or special seals are used, 0.4 m3 or even more. Then the cooking solution is poured, the boiler is closed and its contents are heated, for which the liquor is continuously pumped through the heater by a circulation pump. The temperature in the boiler is raised to a predetermined final value (this period is called brewing), then parking at this temperature follows (actually brewing). Welding is carried out slowly so that the chips are well saturated with cooking liquor; during this period, to remove air and the resulting volatile products (turpentine, methyl alcohol, etc.), the gas-vapor mixture is blown off - turpentine blowing. The vapor-gas mixture enters the alkali trap and then undergoes fractional condensation. Raw sulfate turpentine is separated from the condensate in florentine in the amount of 8-12 kg from pine wood, 1-2 kg from spruce wood per 1 ton of produced cellulose.

In the production of viscose and cord pulp, the chips in the boiler are first subjected to pre-hydrolysis in order to remove hemicelluloses. To do this, it is treated with 0.3-0.5% sulfuric acid at 120-130 ° C or water at 160-170 ° C. The prehydrolyzate is taken from the boiler and sent to the production of yeast, after which the cooking solution is poured into the boiler and cooking begins. At the end of cooking, usually without reducing the pressure in the boiler, the pulp mass is blown out of it into the blow tank, the boiler is inspected and prepared for a new load.

A full turn of the boiler lasts 5-8 hours, including the loading of wood chips and pouring liquor about 1-1.5 hours, brewing 2-4.5 hours, boiling up to 1 hour, final blowing, pulp unloading and inspection of the boiler about 1 hour.

The stationary digester (Fig. 2.2) is steel, lined inside with alloyed steel. The total height is 13-17 m, the diameter of the cylindrical part is 3.6-4.5 m, the loading neck is 800 mm, the unloading neck is 700 mm, the capacity is 100-200 m3. The liquor is taken from the middle part of the boiler and returned by the circulation pump to its upper and lower parts.

/ - circulation pump; 2 - body; 3 - suction pipeline; 4 - intake pipe; 5 - sieves; 6 - lye level; 7 - chips; 8 - blower pipe; 9 - boon Ker; 10 - loading neck; // - ring shower; 12 - valve columns; 13 - Delivery pipelines; 14 - heater; 15 - isolation; 16 - spigot according to Dachas pair; 17 - blow valve; 18 - discharge mouth

At many plants, batch boilers are equipped with automated process control systems (APCS) that brew according to a given program.

Pulp unloaded from the boiler is washed with water in diffusers or on drum filters and then subjected to multi-stage cleaning from knots, lack of fusion, particles of bark, sand, etc. ) and etc.

The continuous digester "Kamyur" (Fig. 2.3) has a total height of 45 m, a diameter of 4.7 m, produces 450-500 tons of pulp per day (there are also installations with a capacity of 800-900 tons / day).

The chips from the bunker are fed by means of a low-pressure feeder into the steaming tank, where

Water and turpentine. The steamed wood chips are moved by a screw conveyor to a high pressure rotary feeder, which feeds them to the boiler and at the same time serves as a shut-off valve. The chips leaving the high-pressure feeder are transported by liquor to the boiler feeder equipped with a vertical rotating screw. Cooking liquor is pumped into the upper part of the boiler. The chips fall in the boiler under their own weight.

In the upper zone of the boiler, brewing takes place, in the middle zone, cooking, in the lower zone, partial washing of cellulose with weak liquor. Cellulose mass with a concentration of 14-16%, cooled to 80-85 ° C, is continuously unloaded and enters the blow tank. Chips in each zone are 1.5 hours, and only 4.5 hours.

To obtain high-yield cellulose and semi-cellulose from hardwood, a predominantly continuously operating Pandia plant is used (Fig. 2.4). Cooking is carried out in cooking tubes at 160-180 °C. The number of pipes is from 2 to 8, they have a diameter of 0.6-1.2 m, a length of 6-12 m, equipped with screws.

There is no brewing zone in the Pandiya installation, the pulp is unloaded without washing, so the residence time of the chips in the apparatus is reduced to 15-60 minutes, but the fiber yield and its strength are somewhat reduced.

At the end of pulping, the liquor (7-10 m3/t of pulp) is almost black in color, which is why it is called black liquor. Most of the wood lignin passes into the lye in the form of alkaline lignin, as well as part of the hemicelluloses, which are hydrolyzed and oxidized in an alkaline medium, forming mainly hydroxy acids. The acetyl groups of wood are split off during cooking, forming acetic acid, which is in the liquor in the form of sodium acetate.

Black liquor is evaporated in multi-vessel vacuum evaporators, sodium sulfate is added to compensate for alkali losses occurring in production (hence the name of the method), and then the liquor is burned in the furnaces of special steam boilers - soda recovery boilers (SRK). In this case, the organic part of the liquor burns, and sodium sulfate turns into sodium sulfide; sodium hydroxide turns into sodium carbonate.

The melt is dissolved in weak white liquor or in water and green liquor is obtained, which is treated with slaked lime to transfer sodium carbonate to caustic soda. It turns out white liquor, which is again used for pulping.

Resin and fatty acids contained in wood are converted into sodium salts during cooking. These salts, when settling, collect on the surface of black liquor, forming a sulfate soap.

By acidifying black liquor with sulfuric acid or carbon dioxide, alkaline lignin can be isolated from it, which is used in the production of plastics, rubber products, etc. Other wood chemical products can be obtained from black liquor. For example, acetic and formic acids, various hydroxy acids, etc. can be extracted from acidified evaporated black liquor with methyl ethyl ketone.

Production of sulfite pulp. Spruce or fir chips from well-barked wood are cooked with sulfite cooking acid in periodically operating steel lined or bimetallic digesters with a capacity of 160-400 m3.

Cooking acid is an aqueous solution of calcium bisulfite, or magnesium, sodium, ammonium with a large excess of free sulfur dioxide. To obtain cooking acid, sulfur or sulfur pyrites are burned in furnaces, furnace gases are cleaned, cooled and passed through towers with limestone irrigated with cold water, or through absorbers irrigated respectively with milk of magnesia, an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide.

The finished cooking acid contains 3-4% sulfur dioxide with a calcium base, including more than half in the free form. With a sodium or ammonium base, the content of sulfur dioxide reaches 8% or more, including more than 3/4 in free form.

The order of cooking is as follows. Chips are loaded into the boiler, they are steamed in order to completely remove air, which makes it difficult for the chips to be impregnated with cooking acid, and cooking acid is pumped at the same time. When brewing chips, the temperature in the boiler is increased to 104-115 ° C and maintained for the required time. Welding lasts 2-6 hours. After that, the temperature is raised to 130-155 ° C and brewing is carried out at this temperature. So that the pressure in the boiler does not exceed the specified value (from 0.4 to 0.7 MPa), during the heating process, the gas-vapor mixture is blown off. The total duration of the boiler turnover is 6-10 hours.

There are 6.5-8 m3 of sulfite liquor for each ton of pulp produced. Part of the liquor is removed from the boiler after gravity cooking, part is displaced by recycled liquor. Then the pulp mass is washed out of the boiler with recycled liquor, the liquor is separated from the mass. This stepwise method makes it possible to use up to 90% of the total liquor for further processing without significant dilution with water.

The pulp remaining in the screen is washed, cleaned, sorted, bleached and refined in the same way as kraft pulp. With the same degree of delignification, i.e., with the same residual lignin content, the yield of sulfite pulp is slightly higher than that of sulfate pulp, and the strength is slightly lower.

The turpentine contained in wood changes greatly during sulfite pulping. It is captured from the purge gases and is called sulfite oil, or sulfite turpentine, or raw cymene. Sulfite oil contains up to 80-85% p-cymene, which is formed during the cooking process from terpene hydrocarbons, mainly from pinene. The output of sulfite oil from spruce wood is 0.6-1 kg/t of pulp.

Production of wood pulp. There are two main ways to obtain wood pulp. By abrasion of spruce or fir balance sheets 1-1.2 m long with grinder stones, grinder wood pulp is obtained, and by grinding wood chips of any species in disk mills (refiners), refiner pulp is obtained. Predominant development in recent years has been the production of refined wood pulp. Its quality improves significantly if the chips are steamed before grinding; the resulting product is called thermomechanical wood pulp. The highest quality is in chemical-thermomechanical wood pulp, for which the chips are impregnated with certain chemicals and steamed before grinding.

The output of ordinary wood pulp is 95-96% of wood, chemical-thermomechanical about 90%. Wood pulp is used in the manufacture of most types of paper and cardboard, accounting for about 40% of all semi-finished fibrous products used.

Manufacture of paper and cardboard. The range of paper and cardboard is very wide - more than 500 types of paper and 100 types of cardboard. For each type of paper and cardboard, a specific composition is established, i.e., the ratio of the number and type of fibrous semi-finished products and various additives (filling, sizing and other substances). For example, the newsprint fiber composition includes 25-30% unbleached sulfite pulp and 70-75 ° / o wood pulp; in the composition of top quality printing paper - 70-80% sulphite bleached softwood pulp, 0-20% sulphate bleached softwood pulp and 10-20% sulphate bleached hardwood pulp, and bag paper - 100% sulphate unbleached softwood pulp, etc. More 40 types of paper and cardboard (mainly packaging materials and sanitary and hygienic products) contain refined pulp from waste paper. The composition of some special types of paper includes asbestos, glass, synthetic fibers.

The production of paper and board begins with the preparation of paper pulp (a suspension of fibers in water). First, mass grinding of fibrous semi-finished products is carried out in conical, cylindrical and, more recently, mainly in disk mills in order to increase the plasticity of the fibers and their ability to adhere to each other. Next, the mass is glued with hydrophobic (water-repellent) substances, mainly rosin glue. There are brown glue, in which the resin acids are completely neutralized with alkali, and white glue, where part of the resin acids (usually up to 20%) remains in a free form. The finished adhesive is filtered, diluted with hot water in an injector or a rotary pulsation apparatus to achieve fine emulsification, mixed well and adjusted with cold water to the required concentration (20-25 g/l).

The glue is introduced into the paper mass, mixed and the resin particles are deposited on the fiber using coagulants (aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, alum) that create an acidic environment (pH 4.5-5). The consumption of rosin is 0.5-3.5% by weight of the fiber, depending on the required degree of sizing, however, many types of paper are produced without sizing. Apply

Also, various types of composite glue, for example, kani - paraffin wax, sintal, etc. For sizing some types of cardboard, where a dark color is acceptable, cheaper sizing agents are used - bitumen and latex emulsions, tall oil pitch glue, etc. For sizing wrapping paper also use adhesive compositions based on sulfate lignin.

In the manufacture of many types of paper, especially for printing and writing, mineral fillers are introduced into the mass, most often kaolin, which improve the whiteness and printing properties of the paper. For better retention of the filler by the fiber, polyacrylamide or other reagents are added. Appropriate dyes are also added to the mass for the production of colored paper grades.

Paper is made on flat-screen paper machines (Fig. 2.5). Paper pulp, diluted with water to a fiber concentration of 0.1 to 0.8% (depending on its composition and degree of fiber refining) and cleaned of impurities, enters the headbox of the wire part of the machine. From it, the mass is poured onto a horizontal grid, which is continuously moving with the help of a grid drive shaft. The headbox is designed so that the mass is evenly distributed on the grid over its entire width. Under the mesh there are hydrobars and suction boxes, in which a slight vacuum is created, which contributes to the gradual dehydration of the mass and the formation of a paper web. The content of dry matter in the paper web (dryness) reaches 8-12%. The rarefaction in the suction chamber of the couch shaft is more significant, after which the dryness of the web reaches 20-22%.

From the grid, the wet paper web is picked up by a moving press cloth with the help of a vacuum transfer device and enters the press part of the machine, where it passes sequentially between the press shafts and is dehydrated to a dryness of 30-40%. Then the paper is sucked onto a drying cloth and enters the drying part of the machine for final dehydration on hollow drying cylinders heated from the inside with steam up to 80-115 °C. The drying part of the machine is covered with a hood, which facilitates the removal of water vapor and improves the working conditions of workers.

Next, the paper web enters the finishing part of the machine. Passing between the ground and polished rollers of the machine calender, the paper acquires increased strength and smoothness. On the reel, it is wound into a roll, which is cut into narrower rolls of a given width on a slitting machine.

Some paper machines are equipped with two wires and the paper web is formed between them.

Containerboard is also produced on flat-wire machines, and binding, boxboard and other types of multilayer cardboard are produced on round-wire (cylinder) machines. The mesh part of such machines consists of several baths with a mesh cylinder. The tubs contain paper pulp. In the first bath, the first elementary layer of the mass is formed on the surface of the cylinder, in the second bath, the second elementary layer is layered on it, etc. Multilayer cardboard is stronger than a single layer of the same thickness, moreover, the inner layers of multilayer cardboard can be made from cheaper semi-finished products.

On modern machines, its individual parts and even individual presses in the press section, groups of cylinders in the dryer section are driven by individual electric motors. Ensuring the constant speed of the machine parts in the steady state of its operation is carried out by an automated system for regulating the speed of the machine and its sections.

The performance of paper and board machines depends on their speed, the cutting width of the web and the weight of 1 m2 of paper or cardboard. Most types of writing and printing paper have a weight of 60-80 g/m2, newsprint is much lighter, 45-50 g/m2. Weight of 1 m2 of cardboard is 170-250 g/m2.

The speed of the machine is determined on the reel and when making paper it is 600-1000 m/min and even higher when making cardboard 200-800 m/min. Cutting width of paper 1680-10500 mm, cardboard up to 6300 mm.

Modern wide-format high-speed machines produce over 300 tons/day of newsprint, 800-900 tons/day of containerboard.

The paper is also obtained in a dry way, i.e., the pre-dried fiber is supplied by an air stream to the mesh of the machine.

Timber complexes. A very effective form of organization of production is the timber industry complexes (LPK), which are large plants that combine chemical, chemical-mechanical and mechanical processing of wood. Thus, according to the project, the Ust-Ilimsk CPP will process 7 million m3 of wood raw materials per year and produce 550 thousand tons of cellulose, 250 thousand m3 of chipboard, 1200 thousand m3 of sawn timber, 44 thousand tons of fodder yeast, 12 thousand tons furfural and over 30 thousand tons of tall products. As a result of complex processing, up to 94% of incoming wood will be used at modern forestry complex, and only 6% will be waste and losses.

7. WOOD PULP

Fibrous material obtained from pulpwood, wood chips, shavings and waste by mechanical and/or chemical processing and used for the production of paper, cardboard, fibreboard or other types of pulp products. In JQ1 and JQ2, this general category includes mechanical wood pulp; hemicellulose; cellulose; and cellulose for chemical processing. Data are reported in metric tonnes absolute dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

7.1 MECHANICAL WOOD PULSE

Wood pulp obtained by grinding or grinding pulpwood and waste, and by refining chips or shavings. It is also called ground or refined wood pulp, and can be bleached or unbleached. This term includes chemical-mechanical and thermomechanical wood pulp. This term does not include blasted wood pulp and defibrated wood pulp. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

7.2 HALF-CELLULOSE

Pulp obtained by a combination of mechanical and chemical processing of pulpwood, wood chips, shavings and waste, none of which by itself can provide delamination of the fibers. It may be bleached or unbleached. This term includes chemical pulp; chemical-mechanical mass, etc. (names are given depending on the order and relative importance of a particular operation within the production process). Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

7.3 cellulose

Pulp obtained from pulpwood, wood chips, shavings and waste by chemical processing. This term includes sulfate (kraft), soda and sulfite pulp. It can be bleached, semi-bleached or unbleached. This term does not include pulp for chemical processing. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content). Please also provide statistical data, if available, for the following four pulp classes: unbleached sulfite pulp; bleached sulfite pulp; unbleached sulfate pulp; and bleached sulfate pulp.

7.3.1 SULFATE UNBLEACHED PULP

7.3.2 BLEACHED SULFATE PULP

Pulp obtained by mechanical grinding of pulpwood, wood chips, shavings and waste, followed by pulping in a pressure vessel with the addition of sodium hydroxide cooking liquor (soda cellulose) or a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sulfite liquor on a sodium basis (sulphate cellulose). This term does not include pulp for chemical processing. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content). Please provide data for two classes (bleached including semi-bleached and unbleached).

7.3.3 SULFITE UNBLEASHED PULP

7.3.4 BLEACHED SULFITE PULP

Pulp obtained by mechanical grinding of pulpwood, wood chips, shavings and waste, followed by pulping in a pressure vessel with the addition of bisulfite cooking liquor. Commonly used bisulfites are ammonium, calcium, magnesium and sodium. This term does not include pulp for chemical processing. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content). Please provide data for two classes (bleached including semi-bleached and unbleached).

7.4 PULP FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSING

Cellulose (sulfate, soda or sulfite) from special quality wood with a high alpha pulp content (typically 90% or more). It is always bleached pulp, and it is used not for paper production, but for other purposes. It is used primarily as a source of fiber in the manufacture of products such as man-made fibres, cellulose-based plastics, varnishes and explosives. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

8. OTHER MASSES

Pulp made from waste paper and fibrous plant materials, other than wood, and used in the manufacture of paper, paperboard and fibreboard. In JQ1 and JQ2, this general category includes non-wood fiber pulp and recovered fiber pulp. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

8.1. NON-WOOD FIBER MASS

Pulp made from fibrous plant materials other than wood and used in the manufacture of paper, paperboard and fibreboard. This term does not include recovered paper stock. This term includes a mass of: straw, bamboo, sugar cane, esparto, other types of cane and grasses, cotton lint, flax shives, hemp, raw rags and other textile waste. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

8.2 RECOVERED FIBER PULSE

Pulp made from recovered paper or paperboard and used for the production of paper, paperboard and fibreboard. This term does not include the mass of: straw, bamboo, sugarcane, esparto, other types of cane and grasses, cotton linters, flax shives, hemp, raw rags and other textile waste. Data are reported in metric tonnes dry weight (i.e. 10% moisture content).

9. RECOVERED PAPER

Waste paper and waste paper and paperboard collected for reuse as raw material for the production of paper and paperboard. This term includes used paper and cardboard, as well as waste paper and cardboard production.

10. PAPER AND CARDBOARD

The paper and paperboard category is a general category. In production and trade statistics, it covers the following commodities: printing and writing paper; hygienic and household paper; packaging materials; and other grades of paper and cardboard. This term does not include paper and paperboard products such as boxes, boxes, books and magazines. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.1 PAPER FOR PRINTING AND WRITING

The category of paper for printing and writing is a general category. In production and trade statistics, it covers the following commodities: newsprint; uncoated paper containing wood pulp; uncoated paper without wood pulp content; and coated paper. Products included in this category are usually produced in rolls over 15 cm wide or in rectangular sheets over 36 cm long and over 15 cm wide when unfolded. This term does not include paper and paperboard products such as books and magazines. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.1.1 NEWSPAPER

Paper primarily used for printing newspapers. It is made mainly from mechanical wood pulp and/or recycled paper, with or without the addition of a small amount of filler. Products included in this category are usually produced in rolls over 36 cm wide, or in rectangular sheets over 36 cm long and over 15 cm wide when unfolded. m 2. Newsprint is machine-smooth or lightly calendered, may be white or have a slight tint, and is used on rolls for letterpress, offset or flexo printing. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.1.2 UNCOATED WOOD POPULAR PAPER

Paper for printing and other graphic purposes, in the composition of which the proportion of cellulose fibers is less than 90%. This grade is also known as wood pulp paper and also includes magazine paper, such as highly filled glazed paper used in rotogravure and offset magazine printing. This term does not include wallpaper backing. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.1.3 UNCOATED WOOD-FREE PAPER

Paper for printing and other graphic purposes, the composition of which contains at least 90% cellulose fiber. Woodfree uncoated paper can be made from a variety of fiber materials using various mineral fillers and finishing processes such as sizing, calendering, machine glazing and watermarking. This grade includes most types of office paper, such as letterhead paper, carbon paper, computer paper, letter paper and book paper. Also included in this category are pigmented and pressure-laminated "coated" papers (with less than 5 g of fillers per side). This term does not include wallpaper backing. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.1.4 COATED PAPER

Paper for printing and other graphic purposes, one or both sides of which is coated with carbon or mineral substances, such as china clay (kaolin), calcium carbonate, etc. Coating can be carried out using various methods, both machine and manual, and supplemented by calendering. This term includes carbon base paper and self-copying paper in rolls and sheets. This term does not include other grades of copying and transfer paper. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.2 HYGIENE AND HOUSEHOLD PAPER

This category includes various grades of paper, which serves as a raw material for the production of cosmetic and other hygienic paper used in everyday life, as well as in commercial and industrial premises. Goods included in this category are usually produced in rolls over 36 cm wide, or in rectangular sheets over 36 cm long and over 15 cm wide when unfolded. Examples include toilet paper and sanitary napkins, kitchen paper, hand paper and industrial disposable towels. Some grades of this paper are also used in the production of baby wipes, sanitary towels, etc.

The base paper is made from virgin pulp, recycled fiber or a mixture of both. Finished products cut to size or in rolls less than 36 cm wide are excluded from this category. Data are reported in metric tons.

10.3 PACKAGING MATERIALS

Paper and board used primarily for wrapping and packaging. Goods included in this category are usually produced in rolls over 36 cm wide, or in rectangular sheets over 36 cm long and over 15 cm wide when unfolded. This term does not include unbleached kraft paper and paperboard, which are not sack kraft paper or kraft liner, weighing more than 150 g/m 2 but less than 225 g/m 2 ; slip paper and cardboard; wax paper; uncoated base paper weighing 225 g/m 2 or more. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.3.1 CARTOON MATERIALS

Paper and paperboard used primarily for the production of corrugated board. They are made from a mixture of virgin pulp and recycled fiber and can be bleached, unbleached and unevenly dyed. This term includes kraft paper, recycled paper, cellulose pleated base and waste pleated (Wellenstoff) pleated base. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.3.2 CARDBOARD FOR FOLDING BOXES

Often referred to in English literature as cardboard board, can be single-layer or multi-layer, coated or uncoated. Manufactured from virgin pulp and/or recycled fiber, it has good bendability, strength and foldability. It is mainly used in the production of food cartons such as frozen food boxes and beverage containers. This term includes paper and paperboard coated or treated with plastics (excluding binders), coated multi-ply paper and paperboard unevenly bleached throughout the mass. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.3.3 WRAPPING PAPER

Paper (up to 150 g/m2) used primarily for wrapping and packaging. It is made mainly from a mixture of virgin pulp and recovered fiber, and can be bleached or unbleached. May be subjected to various finishing and/or marking processes. This term includes sack kraft paper, other wrapping kraft papers, sulphite and grease-proof papers, and coated papers and boards unevenly bleached throughout the mass, excluding multilayers. This term does not include wax paper. Data are presented in metric tons.

10.3.4 OTHER PAPER TYPES USED PRIMALLY FOR PACKAGING PURPOSE

This category includes all grades of paper and paperboard not listed above used primarily for packaging purposes. Most are made from recycled fibre, such as recycled paperboard, and are recycled for use in some cases other than packaging. Data are reported in metric tons.

10.4 OTHER GRADES OF PAPER AND CARDBOARD NOT INCLUDED IN OTHER CODES

Other grades of paper and cardboard for industrial and special purposes. This category includes cigarette and filter papers, as well as insulating papers and specialty papers for waxing, insulation, roofing, asphalting, and other special applications. This term does not include multilayer uncoated paper and paperboard, coated paper and paperboard unevenly bleached throughout the mass, paper and paperboard coated or treated with plastics (excluding bonding materials). The term includes wallpaper backing, unbleached kraft paper and paperboard other than sack kraft paper or kraft liner paper weighing more than 150 g/m 2 but less than 225 g/m 2 ; slip paper and cardboard; wax paper; uncoated base paper weighing 225 g/m 2 or more, base for carbon and transfer paper in rolls and sheets, excluding carbon paper and self-copy paper.

Standard Conversion Factors
Conversion from the former British system to the metric