Verbal words examples. How to distinguish a verbal adjective from a participle

Some parts of speech are very similar in a number of ways. You can often confuse adjectives with participles: at first glance, both parts of speech answer the question “which?” and play similar roles as members of a sentence. It is important to distinguish between adjectives and participles in writing: this allows you to correctly express your thoughts. To understand how these parts of speech differ, consider and compare their features.

What is characteristic of adjectives and participles?
Adjective always denotes a sign, property, belonging to a noun and is closely related to it. It answers questions which? (what?) or whose? Just like a noun, an adjective has a gender, a number, a declension (i.e. it changes in cases). An adjective is never associated with a noun action, process.

Participle is a special form of the verb. It denotes an action (like a verb), but this action acts as a sign of an object (like an adjective). So, the question for the sacrament can be like this: doing what? what did he do? etc.

There is a special group of adjectives called verbal. They lose the typical features of the verb (kind, voice, tense), lose the possibilities of verb control. They are formed from participles, since:

• the subject of the action has a new value: refined taste(not from the verb "find", but close in meaning to the adjectives "refined", "graceful"), honored artist, well-read boy;
  
• the word has a figurative meaning: strained relationships, brilliant abilities;
  
• participle means that an object or phenomenon is subjected to some action: shabby look.
  

Sometimes verbal adjectives are very different in meaning from participles, although at first glance there is complete homonymy. Compare: beaten (by someone) person, beaten phrase. Verbal adjectives do not have prefixes (like participles), as well as dependent words.

Features
So, adjectives and participles can have a lot in common. But there are also very characteristic features.

• The participle does not indicate the quality (as an adjective), but the action being performed. Light (adj.) - luminous (adj.).
  
• The participle, together with all the words dependent on it, is isolated, i.e. separated by commas when placed after the noun with which it is associated. A neighbor, who was sitting on a bench under a tree, waved his hand in a friendly manner..
  
• The participle, unlike the adjective, always has verbal features:
  • time is present ( doing), past ( doing);
    
  • pledge - valid ( leading) and passive ( slave);
    
  • view - perfect started) and imperfect ( beginning).
    
• Unlike adjectives, participles can have a reflexive suffix -sya: read - reading + -sya – readable; build - built + -Xia – under construction.
  
• And, finally, the most obvious sign is suffixes, which adjectives do not have:
  • -ash- (-ash-) : holding, hanging;
    
  • -usch- (-yusch-) : writing, tugging;
    
  • -sh- (-vsh-) : carrying, doing;
    
  • -t- : compressed, open;
    
  • -om- (-em-) : driven, recommended;
    
  • -them- : moving, invisible;
    
  • -enn- (-enn-) : bought, baked;
    
  • -nn- : seen, read.
    

Attention: we write short participles with one n : seen, read, short adjectives have the same number of suffixes n how much in full form: desert - desert, green - green.

The last examples can be bewildering, because adjectives can also have a suffix in the form of a doubled n . Let's see examples: leafy, stone, pocket. All these words are formed from nouns and do not talk about any action - only about a sign. Therefore, suffixes should not be misleading.

So, despite the fact that the participle has a number of properties characteristic of adjectives, it has enough of its own features to distinguish it from an adjective. These signs must be remembered.

Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn with a suffix -box- participle is formed burning, and with the help of the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-) are more difficult to distinguish.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in an action”), cf .:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules.) - participle;

She was educated (=She was educated).

2. Word in full form with suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NE and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb NE and / or has dependent words, cf .:

unmowed meadows(adjective),

not mowed oblique meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows(participle, because CB).

3. Since the passive participles of the present tense can only be in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with suffixes - im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CB or intransitive verb:

waterproof boots get wet in the meaning of "pass water" is intransitive),

invincible army(adjective because verb win SW).

Morphological analysis of the sacrament

There are several ways to morphologically parse participles, depending on whether the participle is considered a form of a verb or an independent part of speech.

Parsing the participle as a form of the verb, it is logical to describe all the signs related specifically to the participle as inconstant; thus, in non-permanent signs, the following should be indicated: in the form of participle, present / past tense, active / passive voice, full / short form (for passive), gender, number, case (for complete).

However, in all school textbooks, including those that describe the participle as a special form of the verb (complex 3, previous editions of complex 1), the parsing scheme of the participle is given, corresponding to the understanding of the participle as an independent part of speech. If we consider the participle as an independent part of speech, then the real and passive participles of the present and past tense will be separate words, and not forms of the same word. So, reading, reading, readable and read will be recognized as 4 independent words. Based on this logic, the following scheme for parsing the participle is proposed:

1. Communion. Initial form - I. p. husband. kind of unit numbers.

2. Morphological features:

a) permanent:

recurrence,

real / passive,

b) inconstant: in the form of a participle

Full / short (only for passive),

Genus (in singular),

Case (for full).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence.

It is this scheme proposed in complex 3; in complex 1, the scheme is similar, minus the sign of recurrence. In complex 2, for some reason, the full / short form is also included in the category of permanent features.

Let's bring sample parsing participles as a form of the verb and as an independent part of speech.

A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails pushed him into a large pink marble vestibule. An information desk was located in a grounded elevator. A laughing woman's face peeked out from there.

(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:

spinning- verb, beginning the form twirl;

fast. signs: non-transitional, return, NSV, II ref. (excl.);

synth. role: definition.

grounded- verb, beginning the form ground;

fast. signs: transitional, non-returning, NE, II ref.;

non-post. signs: in the form of a sacrament, suffer., past. time, full form, male kind, unit numbers, P. p.;

synth. role: definition.

laughing- verb, beginning the form laugh;

fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, I ref;

non-post. signs: in the form of a participle, really, present. time, female kind, unit numbers, I. p.;

synth. role: definition.

Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:

spinning- prich., early. the form revolving;

fast. signs: return, NSV, actual, present time;

synth. role: definition.

grounded- prich., early. the form grounded;

fast. signs: non-returning, SV, passive, past. time;

non-post. signs: in full. uniform, husband. kind, unit number, P. p.;

synth. role: definition.

laughing- prich., early. the form laughing;

fast. signs: return, NSV, valid, present. time;

non-post. signs: in wives. kind, unit number, I. p.;

synth. role: definition.

gerund

Like the participle, the participle can be considered as an independent part of speech (complex 2 and the latest editions of complex 1) or as a special form of the verb (complex 3 and previous editions of complex 1). We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verb form.

gerund is a special form of the verb that has the following features:

1. Indicates an additional action, answers questions doing what? or having done what?

2-3. It has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.

The features of the verb include the form ( reading- NSV, having read- SW), transitivity ( while reading a book- transitional, sitting on a chair- intransitive) and recurrence ( washing- irrevocable, washing your face- return). In addition, the gerund participle is characterized by the same control as the rest of the verb forms: reading / reading / reading / reading a book, but book reading.

Adverbial signs of gerunds include immutability (germs do not have morphological signs of inclination, time, person, gender, number, characteristic of conjugated forms of the verb, and do not decline, unlike participles); the syntactic function of the gerund is a circumstance; in a sentence, the participle depends on the verb.

Imperfect participles answer the question doing what? and denote an action simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate): Standing on a stool, he took out books from the top shelf..

The gerunds NSV are formed from the verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense with the help of a formative suffix -and I).

At the verb be the gerund is formed with the suffix - teach from the basis of the future tense: bud-learn. The same suffix is ​​used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs: game-i - game-yuchi.

Imperfect participles are not present in all NSV verbs; so, gerunds NSV are not formed:

From verbs to -whose: bake - * baking (oven);

From verbs to -nut: wither - *wilting,;

From some sibilant verbs in the present tense stem: write, write - *writing, lick - *licking(but adverb lying down);

From verbs with the stem of the present tense, consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them: drink, drink (pj-ut) -*drunk.

At the verb give the gerund is formed from a special stem: Giving (come on).

Perfect participles answer the question having done what? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb: Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf..

The gerunds SV are formed from the verbs SV from the stem of the past tense with the help of suffixes

-in from verbs with stem to vowel: done-in,

-lice from reflexive verbs with a stem to a vowel (or obsolete, stylistically non-neutral gerunds like seeing, glancing etc.): mind-lice,

-shea from verbs with a stem to a consonant: baked-shi.

Some verbs have variant forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other - by adding the suffix - and I) to the basis of the future tense: frown-lice-s - frown-I-s.

Verbs read, gain do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are used read, find, formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the suffix - I.

Two aspect verbs may have two gerunds formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and CB, for example:

promise: promise-i- NSV, promise-in- SW,

marry: Zhenya - NSV, marry-in- ST.

The participle must indicate the action of the object (person) that is called the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the participle. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like

*Leaving the house gave me a headache(the gerund and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).

*Lost, the puppy was soon found by the owners(the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).

A gerund can name an additional action related to the main member of a one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence expressed by the infinitive, participle or other participle. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example: When crossing the street, you should look around.

Sometimes parts of speech are very similar to each other in a large number of ways. Most often, you can get confused in the definition of participles and adjectives, because both of these parts of speech are able to answer the question “what?” and have a similar meaning as a member of a sentence. At the same time, it is very important to determine the adjective and participial word in writing, as this allows you to most accurately express your thoughts in the text. To understand how these parts of speech differ, you need to disassemble them and find their features.

Adjective - This Part of speech, which denotes a property, belonging, or sign of another part of speech, for example, a noun, without denoting a sign of any action. It is a dependent part belonging to a noun, so in most cases it copies its features and definition. So, an adjective can form as many as three genders: masculine, neuter and feminine, can have a singular or plural number, and also change its case, which will depend on the main noun with which it is associated. Basically, the adjective is able to answer the questions “what?” or "whose?"

Participle is a special form of the verb, which denotes the action of a noun, but represents this action as a sign. It has the characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It is able, like an adjective, to answer the question “what?”, But the main questions in the meaning of the participle are: “what is he doing?”, “what is he doing?” and “what did you do?”.

What are the similarities between adjectives and participles

To determine the main differences between the two parts of speech, two examples can be taken: beautiful and decorating. First, let's identify the special features of two words.

• Both parts of speech can be declined by gender.

Beautiful dress, beautiful color.

Decorating decor, decorating hat.

• Both parts of speech are declined numerically.

Beautiful dresses and decorating hats.

• Parts of speech are also declined according to cases.

beautiful dress- R. p.

Decorating hat- TV. P.

• The participle can be in short form in the same way as an adjective. For example, created(from created) is a sacrament and white(from white) is an adjective.
• As members of a sentence, both the participle and the adjective act as definitions.

Main differences between parts of speech

Next, let's look at examples distinctive features of these parts of speech, which indicate the presence of participle signs.

Also in Russian there are adjectives that are created from participles. They are called verbal adjectives, the second name is adjectively educated.

Verbal forms come from:

1. The appearance of the subject of a new meaning. Example − driving force.
2. The appearance of the sacrament of a figurative meaning. Example − brilliant performance.
3. When a participle means a description for performing an action, but then becomes a permanent connotation for that noun. For example, condensed milk. Look carefully, because in this case even the spelling of the word changes, since when using the participle it will be correct to write "condensed".
4. In the case when the part of speech indicates the possibility of an object to be subjected to some kind of influence. For example, an indefinable adjective.

Methods for determining

The way to determine these parts of speech is quite easy.. To do this, you need to insert a word into the sentence after the selected participle or adjective that has a similar meaning. For example, a proposal "He found a crawling snake" can be changed to "He found a snake crawling on the ground." The word creeping in this case will act as a participial form.

But in a sentence like this "He entered the classroom with a quick step," we cannot change its meaning and insert additional words, since the word fast is an adjective that is completely dependent on the noun of the word - step.

The next way to distinguish between two parts of speech is no longer so easy. It relies on knowledge on the formation of both participles and adjectives. In most sentences, the participle has double H in its suffix, and the attributive word is only one, but both of these rules have their exceptions, which should be paid special attention.

How to find the sacrament in a letter

To quickly find a participial word among other parts of speech, you should clearly remember its distinctive features. First, this having a special verb form, which denotes the attribute and quality of the object by its action. Secondly, participial word can form two signs at once, which are transferred to him from the verb and from the adjective.

1. Immediately try to ask a question to the proposed participial word. If the word answers the questions “what?”, “what does he do?”, “what did he do?”, then this is the part of speech that we need.
2. In order not to get lost in the meanings of words, one must not forget that participial words, unlike adjectives, have a form, time, and modal and transitional properties can also be applied to them. Also remember that participial words are always formed from verb words, and adjectives from nouns.
3. Check the suffix of the selected word. If this is a valid passive participial word, then you will have the suffixes -usch, -yushch, -ashch or -yashch. For example, working. If the participle has a passive form and is in the present tense, then these are suffixes -em or -im. For example, generated.
4. Also learn to find participle words in the past tense. For them, there are suffixes -lice, -sh. For example, eaten, gone. Passive participles in the past tense have the suffix -nn, -t, -enn. For example, decorated, reflected, knocked down.
5. It will be useful to be able to find a short participial word among the whole sentence. The short form is created by passive participial words. For example, glued. It must be remembered that in short participles one letter H is always used.

Adjective- an independent part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering questions which? which? which? which? whose?

For example: cold; broken.

Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers questions which? which? which? what kind?

For example: broken, broken by hands.

Adjectives can be formed from nouns ( cold - cold;

glass - glass) and from verbs ( break - broken).

Adjectives formed from verbs should be distinguished from participles.

incl. p adj.

Compare: The Frenchman spoke broken Russian. - A bundle of firewood was collected from branches I had broken.

The main features of distinguishing verbal adjectives and participles

Verbal adjectives have no prefix (except NOT) or dependent word.

adj. communion communion

Compare: painted (unpainted) floor - painted brush floor - on painted floor.

Verbal adjectives can be formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs, and participles from non-prefixed perfective verbs.

adj. participle

Compare: worn suit - purchased suit.

wear - unsov.v. buy - sov.v.

Words with the suffixes -ovn-/-evn- without prefixes or dependent words are verbal adjectives.

adj. incl.

Compare: forged chest - a savvy horse.

Some participles can turn into adjectives. To distinguish them, let's define the lexical meaning of these words.

For example: named (brother)- named higher brother. We select synonyms: twinned and the one named above. We see that the lexical meaning of words is different. The participle maintains a connection with the verb.

Examples of verbal adjectives:

- planted father - acting as a father at a wedding;

- smart the kid is smart, quick-witted, grasps on the fly.

Pay attention to the stress in these words.

Bibliography

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

1. How to distinguish participle from adjective? ().
2. Russian language in diagrams and tables. Spelling participle suffixes ().
3. Devyatova N.M. Participles and verbal adjectives ().
4. Didactic materials. Section "Communion" ().
5. Participle formation ().

Homework

Task number 1

Divide the phrases into two columns: a participle or a verbal adjective.

Wound ... th fighter - from the wound ... th soldier, sowing ... th grain - sowing ... th flour, haircut ... th boy - haircut ... hair cut to zero - haircut ... th head , distilled ... th water, linen ... th notebook, burnt ... th coffee - burned ... th letter.

Task number 2. Form from each verb all possible variants of participles and verbal adjectives according to the model:

adj. adj. incl. incl.

Paint:painted floor - unpainted boards - painted bench - painted

walls - frames are not painted.

Verbs: boil, confuse, weave, dry, stew, bake, frighten, fry.

Task number 3. Say phrases. Justify the place of stress in verbs, participles and verbal adjectives.

Pampering a child is a spoiled child; carbonate water - carbonated water; pleated skirt - pleated skirt; date the manuscript - a dated manuscript; decollete - a decollete dress; dose medicine - dosed medicine; block solution - blocked solution; validate ticket - validated ticket; mask input - masked input; seal a wagon - a sealed wagon; spoil a dog - a spoiled dog; copy documents - copied documents; a fancy-dress ball, to normalize the working day - a normalized day; group sentences - grouped errors; mount equipment - mounted equipment; form a team - a formed team; cartoon image; equip team - equipped team.

I am trying to create something like a reference summary for those who find it difficult to determine the part of speech and, accordingly, get confused in the spelling of participles and verbal adjectives.

Questions, clarifications and attempts to round off will only be welcome.

Participles differ from adjectives not only in the presence of signs of the verb, but also in their meaning.

Adjectives denote constant signs items, and participles - signs that develop over time.

For example: red (generally red) - blushing, reddened (becoming, becoming red over time); old (generally old) - aging, aging (becoming old over a certain period of time).

offtopic

Participles can lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case, the participle denotes a permanent sign of the object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer.

For example: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... beloved by everyone (communion) and loving by everyone. (I. Goncharov)

When she played my favorite (adjective) pieces on the piano... I enjoyed listening to them. (A. Chekhov).

Passive participles are most easily converted into adjectives: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Participles are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in everyday colloquial speech.

To distinguish between a participle and an adjective, for starters, just remember one simple thing:

the participle can be replaced by a turnover with the verb from which it is formed.

For example, a built house is a house that is built;

offtopic

A participle can have a dependent word.

For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion.

and an adjective can be replaced by another adjective.

For example:

shining (participle) eyes with joy - replace: eyes that shine + there is a dependent word "with joy"

brilliant (adjective) performances - replace: amazing performances, excellent performances, great performances.

offtopic

Terms are always adjectives (typewriter);

The particle NOT reduces the verb, so the word is already used as an adjective (inappropriate conditions - an adjective);

Communions on - shi often turn into adjectives (the past year is an adjective).

How to distinguish the unloved from the unloved?

Participle - if there is a dependent word + the form is formed from an imperfective verb, i.e. answering the question "what to do?"

For example:

unloved (derived from the verb - “what to do?” - “to love”, inn. view) by a child (< - это зависимое слово) игрушки.

Let's repeat and clarify:

If a a word can be replaced by a verb without changing the essence phrases, and substitute dependent word in the instrumental case, then this is a sacrament

(refined reserves - find reserves, refined (by whom?) Head of reserves);

If I may replace with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or form an adverb on -O from the word, then it's an adjective

(refined manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);

In every doubtful case, experiment with synonyms or try to form a verb form, add a dependent word, and over time it will become easier to distinguish.

Letters Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles

One letter H written in adjectives with suffixes -n-, -en-, formed from imperfective verbs without a prefix:

For example: loaded (one “n”, because the word is formed from the verb “load” without a prefix, the verb is imperfect, because it answers the question “what to do?”) Machine, knitted (one “n”, because it is formed from the verb "knit" without prefix) sweater.

Adjectives here do not have dependent words. If the dependent word is not attached in any way, you have an adjective in front of you.

Two letters HH are written:

a) in participles, as well as verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs, with and without prefixes:

salted butter, broken things (participles);

absent-minded person (an adjective formed from the verb "to disperse" of the perfect form, answering the question "what to do?"), a desperate step (an adjective formed from the verb "to despair" of the perfect form, answering the question "what to do?")

Exceptions: smart boy, named brother;

b) in participles with a dependent word:

loaded with (what?) bricks, knitted (with what?) crocheted;

And if the assiduous J. explains to me in her own words in the comments why “loaded car” is written with one “n”, and “car loaded with bricks” with two, then she will get a bun.

c) We memorize (cheat. cramming, so that forever and ever) adjectives-exceptions: unprecedented, unheard, unexpected, unexpected, desired, sacred, unexpected, minted (step), made (look), cutesy, slow;

d) in adjectives formed from passive participles on -ovanny, -ovanny: rhymed, qualified, uprooted (exceptions: forged, chewed).

They saw "ovanny, yovanny" - they wrote two "n"

3. In short participles, one letter H is written,

in short verbal adjectives, two letters N are written.

To distinguish between a short form participle and a short form adjective in a sentence, you can use the same principles as for distinguishing the full form.

a) if it is possible to replace the short form with a synonym in the short form, you have an adjective in front of you.

Their views are very limited (i.e. narrow, narrow - short adjective);

b) if we see a dependent word, we have a sacrament.

The interests of the Oblomovites were limited to a narrow circle of everyday concerns (limited (by what?) to a narrow circle of concerns - a short communion).