Why is the ink color traditionally blue in pens, but black in printed texts? Children's project: "Making ink at home" Washing powder or bleach.

To make ink or ink with your own hands, you will have to tinker a lot. But if you look from the other side, when will we have to do these seemingly simple and ordinary things ourselves? Probably only after a global catastrophe or when we are completely cut off from the civilized world. Then we will have a lot of time and, perhaps, there will be a desire to write in ink or ink. But how to make them? Read the answer to this question below.

How to make ink?

hazelnut ink
To prepare ordinary stationery or school ink by infusion or extract in cold water, take: 3 ink nuts, 2 iron sulfate, 2 gum arabic, 60 water. Nuts are crushed into powder and poured into a glass bottle, doused with water. In another vessel, ferrous sulfate and gum arabic are dissolved together or separately. The infusion of nuts should stand for several days until the water has removed all the tannin from it, while vitriol and gum arabic are completely dissolved within a few hours. Both solutions are poured together, mixed well and, after allowing to stand for a day or two, carefully poured off to separate the liquid from the precipitate.

Alizarin ink
Ink is completely incorrectly called by this name, since alizarin is not included in their composition at all. Alizarin ink is also prepared from the extract of ink nuts, and they contain acetic acid. In ordinary ink, the dye is in the smallest particles floating in the liquid. In alizarin ink, however, due to the presence of a significant dose of acid and glue in them, sedimentation does not occur. Acetic acid, which is part of the ink, has the purpose of dissolving and maintaining the dye in a dissolved form. However, alizarin ink has the disadvantage that it dries quickly, as a result of which it forms a thick mass and the pen often has to be wiped with a cloth.

To prepare "alizarin" ink, take: 10 ink nuts, 6 iron sulfate, 1 gum arabic, 100 vinegar, 20 indigo carmine solution. Crushed nuts are insisted in vinegar for 4-6 days, as for vitriol and gum arabic, they are dissolved separately in vinegar, and it is necessary to boil them once. When the liquids are then drained together and strained, then the indigo carmine solution is added. The latter should not be added at once in a large amount, but little by little, and with each addition, shake the solution. Vinegar can be taken ordinary, but wood-acetic acid is better, as it contains a small amount of carbolic acid, which prevents the formation of mold.

Another recipe for "alizarin" ink is as follows: 20 ink nuts, 5 gum arabic, 5 wood vinegar, 2 ½ indigo carmine, 50 water. The ink nut is insisted for a week in half the vinegar and water. At the same time prepare a solution of iron in vinegar; to do this, you need to take some wooden utensils, pour the rest of the vinegar into it and put various old iron into it, for example, nails, horseshoes, hoops, etc. After three days, drain the liquid and strain, dissolve the gum arabic in the infusion of the ink nut and combine everything strained together. Add as much indigo carmine to the finished nuts as needed to give the ink the desired strength of blue-green color. The presence of acetic-iron salt in these inks makes steel nibs less likely to deteriorate.

How to save ink?

If the ink is not clogged well, then it will become moldy, especially if it is in a damp place. Some substances tend to prevent the appearance of mold: these include in the first place: creosote, formalin, carbolic and salicylic acid. For ordinary stationery ink, it is enough to add 30-40 g of creosote or 100 g of carbolic acid per 100 kg of ink. For the highest quality ink, 100 g of salicylic acid is added to the same amount of ink.

How to make ink?

Chinese liquid ink for drawing, similar to the products of Günter Wagner and others.
Take 2 shellac, 1 borax per 15 water, heat, with frequent stirring, until the shellac dissolves and add aqueous aniline paint until the desired tone is obtained. For ordinary black ink, water nigrosine is used, for other colors: sepia, terdisiens, etc., mixtures of water aniline paints are used. If the colors are too bright, then a few drops of an aqueous solution of nigrosine are added to neutralize.

Chinese ink according to Winkler
Apricot kernels are burned in the oven into coals. The burnt grains, after cooling, are crushed into the smallest powder in a porcelain mortar and sifted through a fine sieve. The resulting black powder is triturated on a stove with soft water and gum arabic, a little camphor is added, evaporated with a water bath, then it is molded into long square bars, which are then dried in air.

Chinese ink according to Vosvel
Dissolve horn sawdust in lye of caustic potassium until saturation; the resulting dark brown liquid is evaporated and melted in a crucible. Then the mass is dissolved with double the amount by weight of boiling water and mixed with a solution of alum, due to which a precipitate is formed, which is washed, dried and triturated with gum arabic diluted in water.

The preparation of ink is not associated with factory equipment, and therefore in small industries it is possible to successfully produce ink that meets all the requirements for them. Old barrels or vats can serve as dishes, copper or iron cauldrons both for making ink and for filtering, and, finally, glass bottles are needed into which ready-made ink is poured.

In addition to ordinary writing inks, special inks are also produced for copying, hectograph, glass, drafting, linen marks, etc. The production of ink can also include the manufacture of inks for typewriters, stamp pads, etc., since they are in their composition similar to ink.

All manufactured inks must meet the following requirements. They should not act corrosively on the pen, should not give sediment in the inkwell, should not contain highly toxic substances. The ink should flow easily from the pen and be free of insoluble solids so that the finest line can be drawn. In addition, they must be durable and must not be moldy.

The ink currently in use (1925) can be divided into two groups. The largest and most important group is formed by black inks containing tannic acid. The inks of the second group do not contain tannic acids in their composition.

The ink of the first group is still the most widely used and, moreover, the cheapest. They are prepared mainly from tannic and gallic acids or from substances containing tannin.

Solutions of tannins with iron salts give a colored liquid, which is the basis for numerous simple and cheap recipes for all kinds of inks. Of the tannins of plant origin, ink nuts, knoper, bark of horse chestnut, willow and pine, Persian berries (Avignon pear), blackthorn, etc. are most often used for this purpose.

ink nuts are painful growths on oak leaves, resulting from an injection of a nutcracker.

Knopers are also painful growths on the calyxes of oak acorns. The cheapest is the use of tanning bark, used and re-dried. Such bark contains a sufficient amount of tannin to prepare ink.

In the manufacture of ink, the main work is the preparation of tannin extracts obtained from the raw material with the help of water; at present, however, factory-made tannic extracts are often used, as well as chemically pure tannic acid. Tannin, found commercially as a yellowish-white or brownish powder, is quite suitable for making small quantities of ink.

The water used for the manufacture of ink must not contain foreign impurities, which, with tannins, can form insoluble compounds. It is best to use rain, snow or distilled water. As thickeners for the preparation of ink, glycerin, gum arabic, gelatin, dextrin, etc. are used. To protect against mold, carbolic acid, salicylic acid, creosote, etc. are used.

With the development of the colorful aniline industry, the production of ink has been simplified to the extreme. By simply dissolving an appropriate aniline dye in water, ink of any shade is obtained, the proportions of the dye being determined depending on the desired intensity of one or another color of the ink.

To improve the quality of ink, ink, etc., it is recommended to add to coloring liquids small amounts of aliphatic volatile organic compounds that contain at least 4 carbon atoms per molecule, such as valeric or caproic acid, alcohol, ether and ketones.

Making your own ink can be a fun and rewarding activity! And why, you ask, should they be made, because every house is already full of ballpoint pens and pencils? Of course, you won’t surprise anyone with ink today, but just imagine how many emotions their creation will bring to your child! With what enthusiasm and curiosity he will take part in this process, and with what joy he will then draw letters and numbers on paper with his ink, or simply squiggles that he alone understands! And the benefits of such an activity are obvious! Firstly, children love to learn something new and literally “absorb” any information received. Secondly, you must agree that spending time in this way is much more useful than sitting near the TV or computer!

But before proceeding to the description of the ink recipe and how to prepare them, let's dive into history a bit and find out how and when they appeared.

According to archaeologists, the very first ink appeared in ancient Egypt. It was there during the excavations that their oldest cooking recipes were found. According to the description found, scientists managed to find out that the Egyptians used gum to make ink - a thick and sticky juice that is released from cherries or acacias and ash that remained after the burning of papyrus or its roots. By the way, scientists also managed to find out that about two and a half thousand years ago, the same ink was used in China.

Already in the III century BC, the Greeks and Romans used several types of ink and even made red! They were intended for special occasions and were considered sacred in those distant times. Only the emperor had the right to write in red ink. Isn't it true, now it seems not accidental that in educational institutions only teachers can write with a red pen! This, of course, is a joke and it was just a small digression, but now let's go back to the third millennium BC and find out what ink was made of then. For this, people used fruit seeds, soot, charcoal and grapevine. The ink that was found during the excavations of one ancient Roman city consisted of soot, which was diluted in oil.

A little later, ink appeared, made on the basis of a decoction of the peel from green chestnuts or walnuts, then from nuts that cover oak leaves - galls. These nuts are peculiar growths that form on oak branches and leaves. In these galls, the larvae of gall wasps develop. To prevent the ink from being washed off, a fixative was used - again the same gum that was used by the ancient Egyptians. Surprisingly, the manuscripts that have survived to this day, which were made with gall ink, still have not lost their brightness and clarity! By the way, in our time, some graphic artists use such ink to create their own unique works and, of course, make them on their own.

Well, let's try and prepare the ink. Moreover, on gall ink, their ancient history ends and modern begins. Already in the 19th century, they began to produce alizarin ink, then the natural dye (Marena root) was replaced with a synthetic one, and the next step was fully synthetic modern aniline ink. It is impossible to make these at home. Therefore, we will consider simple recipes and prepare ink from the available ingredients.

● Gall ink

You will need:

Galls (growths on oak branches and leaves)

metal can

Copper sulfate (solution)

Cooking method:

Put the galls in a metal jar and fill with water so that it completely covers them

When the water darkens a little, add a small amount of iron sulfate solution to the jar to the consistency of ink and insist for several hours

Ink ready

● Oak bark mortar ink

You will need:

oak bark

Iron vitriol (solution)

Cooking method:

Plane oak bark

Boil the chips in water for 15-20 minutes

When the water darkens and becomes dark brown, it is necessary to strain it from the chips.

Add a solution of ferrous sulfate to the broth until a black color is obtained, insist for several hours

Ink ready

As you can see, it's not that hard to make ink! It remains only to figure out what can be used as an inkwell! Good luck with your experiments!

Manufacturing
ink at home
conditions

4th grade student

municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum"

Karasev Prokhor Timofeevich

Work manager

Gubina Marina Nikolaevna,

primary school teacher MBOU "Lyceum"

2017

Content

Introduction

Theoretical part

4-9

1.1. The history of the invention of ink

4-6

1.2. Ink Requirements

1.3. Disappearing and developing ink

7-9

Practical part

10-16

2.1. Resistant ink

2.1.1. Recipe No. 1 "Soot and oil mixture"

10-11

2.1.2. Recipe No. 2 "Decoction of oak bark, iron sulfate solution, PVA glue"

11-12

2.2. Developing ink

2.2.3. Recipe No. 5 "Concentrated solution of baking soda"

2.2.5. Recipe No. 6 "Spy ink"

13-14

14-15

2.3. Disappearing ink

2.3.1. Recipe No. 8 "Dextrin, alcohol solution of iodine"

15-16

Results of the work and conclusions

16-17

Bibliography

Introduction

Last year, pen ink leaked from my jeans pocket. The clothes were ruined, but the "stain" made me wonder: what is the ink made of? What were they made from before? When did ink first appear? Can you make ink at home? Thus, the theme of this project was born.

This work seems relevant, since at the present stage ink is usually produced at specialized chemical plants and factories. Chemical production causes serious damage to the environment and human health. In the past, inks were made from naturally occurring ingredients, so these inks are more environmentally friendly.

Objective of the project : study the history of ink, make ink at home.

Project objectives :

1. Learn the history of origin and recipes for making ink.

2. Make ink according to the recipe at home.

3. Identify the most stable ink.

The declared goal and objectives of the project determinedmethods used in this work, namely: analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, descriptive method, observation, experiment.

Hypothesis The project lies in the fact that at the present stage it seems possible to make ink according to a number of preserved old recipes and find application for them.

Theoretical significance The project consists in finding recipes for making ink at home from ancient times to the present day.

Practical value The project is to determine the scope of practical application of ink at the present stage.

Project object: ink.

Project subject: ink making process.

1. Theoretical part

1.1. The history of the invention of ink

Before presenting recipes for making ink, it is necessary to define what ink is. For this, I turned to the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov and to Internet resources.

In Russian, the wordink from the word black (also in a number of other languages: Fin.musta , Swede,black ), but this word was subjected to deetymologization very early: ink of different colors has been known since ancient times. "Ink is a coloring liquid for writing." “Ink is a liquid dye suitable for writing and / or creating any images using writing tools and stamps. From these definitions it follows that ink is primarily intended for writing, therefore, the first ink was created in ancient times.

After analyzing various ink recipes found in scientific publications and Internet resources, I presented them by the time of invention in the table "Historical stages of the invention of ink.

Table No. 1

Epoch

Composition and method of making ink

Note

Ancient Egypt

The root of the reed that grows in the stagnant waters of the Nile,

called "Cyperus Papyrus"

Black ink was used by people of various backgrounds.

Red ink was considered sacred and was only available for use by priests and emperors.

A mixture of soot and oil

Already known in ancient Greece and China

Ancient Rome

A mixture of soot and oil

Used in painting and writing. Ancient Roman artists made ink from fruit pits, vines, softwoods, soot, charcoal, and bone charcoal. Interestingly, even to this day the best black paint is prepared from the soot obtained by burning grape seeds.

Purple and cinnabar - Red 'court ink', which was used only for state documents. Even an imperial decree was born, forbidding the use of red ink outside the imperial court under pain of death.

This ink was guarded by special guards. The process of obtaining purple was very laborious. At first, literally hundreds of thousands, millions of shells were collected. In southern Italy, a "shell mountain" has been preserved, consisting almost entirely of the shells of the brandaris mollusk. The bodies of mollusks were removed from the shells and placed in salt water. Then, for three or four days, they dried in the sun, then boiled, and as a result, out of every ten thousand mollusks, they received ... only one gram of paint!

Ancient Russia

Soot with gum (cherry glue), diluted in plain water

This is the so-called "smoked" ink.

From a decoction of the bark of tanning plants - "Boiled Ink", XVcentury

Their recipe is:

"part of the oak bark, the other alder, half ash, and this put a full vessel of iron or clay and cook with water until the water boils, not all of it is boiled, and the rest of the water is stuck in the vessel, and the packs pour water, boil it on the skin, and put fresh bark and then cook without bark, and put the tin into the boards, tie it up and put the iron in and interfere, and on the third day write.

Ink nut juice, iron sulfate*, glue

With this method, the ink was thick, durable, cheap. But they do not turn black immediately, but 10-12 hours after they write something. Ink nuts do not appear on all types of oak, so oak bark was often used instead of mix. It needs to be planed, boiled in water for 15-20 minutes, until the liquid becomes dark brown, filtered and poured with a solution of iron sulfate, black ink is obtained. If ferric chloride is added instead of vitriol, the ink will be dark blue.

Germany 1855

german teacherChristian-August Leonhardi invented alizarin ink

Leonhardi's ink was also made from ink nuts, but the inventor added a substance called krapp to them. Krapp is extracted from the roots of the oriental madder plant. Later, a synthetic substitute for krappa was found, and ink nuts were replaced with gallic acid similar in composition to them. So alizarin ink began to be made entirely from artificial substances. Making them has become easier and cheaper.

USA 1900s

Everyone knows the great inventorT. Edison . He invented the phonograph, the carbon filament light bulb, and many other wonderful things, including ink for the blind.

Pale gray ink had the following property: as soon as they wrote the text, the paper on which the letters were inscribed rose, hardened and formed a relief. The blind easily "read" these raised letters with their sensitive fingers.

Comparing different ways of making ink, you can do the following:conclusions :

1. The composition of the ink for a long time (before the active development of the chemical industry) included only components of natural origin.

2. The process of making ink was quite laborious and lengthy.

3.Inkdifferent colors were used by people of different classes and were used in the fields of human activity.

4. Any ink contains the following main components:

solvent (usually pure or distilled water);

coloring matter (vegetable or chemical origin);

modifiers* (for example, viscosity, wettability, resistance, etc.).

1.2. Ink Requirements

The main requirements for ink are: :

1. They should not act corrosively on the pen, should not give sediment in the inkwell, should not contain highly toxic substances.

2. The ink should come off the pen easily and be free of insoluble solids so that the finest line can be drawn.

3. In addition, they must be durable and must not be moldy.

4. Particular attention is paid to the saturation and color fastness for a long time under normal storage conditions, the relative cheapness, availability and safety of components and finished inks.

Additional ink requirements may apply :

1.increased water resistance or resistance to certain solvents;

2.increased thermal, light, frost resistance;

3. the possibility of mixing different colors of the same type of ink to obtain a given shade.

The list of possible additional requirements is not exhausted by the given requirements.

1.3. Disappearing and developing ink

As follows from the above material, the ink was used and is being usedinthe field of writing and paperwork and / or other paper media. In addition, one of the important requirements for ink is its stability, i.e. the ability to maintain the brightness of color in any conditions. However, in the course of studying scientific sources, I found recipes for disappearing and appearing ink.

A characteristic sign of all disappearing ink is the loss of color by the ink composition. The term for the disappearance of such ink is from 1-2 days to 2 weeks.

Developing ink is a special type of ink widely used and used in "secret" correspondence. The text written with such ink is developed under the influence of heat, processing with special reagents or in ultraviolet or infrared rays. There are many recipes for such ink.

It is believed that the "secret" ink, which does not leave marks on paper and appears when heated or wetted with a certain solution, first appeared in the 17th century in France.

But ink for secret correspondence, that is, sympathetic, was used in ancient times. In the 1st century ADPhilo of Alexandria described a method for making "secret" ink fromjuice of ink nuts,for the development of which a solution of iron-copper salt was used.

Romanpoet Ovid suggested to use for writing textmilk,manifested after sprinkling it with soot powder.

The secret of cryptographyPliny the Elder was to useplant juice. Chinese emperorQing Shi Huang (249-206 BC), during whose reign the Great Wall of China appeared, used thick rice water for his secret letters, which, after drying the written hieroglyphs, does not leave any visible traces. If such a letter is slightly moistened with a weak alcohol solution of iodine, then blue letters appear. And the emperor used a brown decoction of seaweed, apparently containing iodine, to develop writing.

In the 15th century, a Swiss physician and scientistParacelsus made a drawing of a landscape that, when heated, turned from “winter” into “summer”: bare branches of trees were covered with green foliage.

secret agentsIvan the Terrible wrote their reports with onion juice. The letters became visible when the paper was heated.

famous spyMata Hari also used secret ink. When she was arrested in Paris, a vial containing an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride was found in her hotel room, which was one of the pieces of evidence in the exposure of her espionage activities. Cobalt chloride can be successfully used for cryptography: the letters written with its solution containing 1 g of salt in 25 ml of water are completely invisible and appear, turning blue when the paper is slightly heated.

Secret ink was widely used in Russia by underground revolutionaries. The revolutionaries used cryptography to pass secret information to each other. The secret text, written in milk between the lines of a seemingly harmless ordinary letter, appeared when the paper was ironed with a hot iron. The tsarist secret police knew about this secret correspondence and successfully read it.

In 1878Vera Zasulich shot at the St. Petersburg mayor Khrenov. Zasulich was acquitted by a jury, but the gendarmes tried to arrest her again as she left the courthouse. However, she managed to escape, informing her friends in advance about the plan to escape at the end of the trial, whatever his decision. A note asking to bring some of the clothes contained information on the back of the sheet, written in an aqueous solution of ferric chloride.FeCl 3 . Zasulich took this substance as a medicine. Such a note can be read by treating it with a cotton swab moistened with a dilute aqueous solution of potassium thiocyanate: all invisible letters will turn blood red due to the formation of the iron thiocyanate complex.

Members of a secret organization"Black redistribution" also used invisible ink in correspondence. Secret letters were written with a dilute aqueous solution of blue vitriol. The text written in such ink appeared if the paper was held over a bottle of ammonia. The letters turn bright blue due to the formation of the copper ammonia complex.

Lenin used lemon juice or milk for cryptography. To develop the letter in these cases, it is enough to hold the paper for several minutes over the fire.

DuringWorld War II the military has used a variety of substances to covertly transmit military reports, including copper sulfate (manifested as sodium iodide), ferrous sulfate (sodium carbonate), sodium chloride, i.e. common table salt (manifested by silver nitrate). Often vials with such substances were hidden in completely unexpected places - keys, door handles, switches, etc.

In 2006, two researchers from the University of Michigan uncovered the secret of invisible messages used by Germanspecial services (Stasi). A sheet of paper impregnated with cerium oxalate was placed between two blank sheets of white paper. After that, a message was written on the top sheet, which was then transferred to the bottom sheet. For the message to appear, it was necessary to treat the "letter" with a mixture of magnesium sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and several other substances, after which the hidden message appeared in orange.

Today, there are special inks that appear only under ultraviolet light, which is used in the manufacture of paper money. Another area of ​​application of such ink is various public events, discos in nightclubs as passes, a pen for making school cheat sheets. A number of household chemicals glow under ultraviolet light, so they can also be used as inks. For development, you can use ultraviolet flashlights, miniature currency detectors, and even parts of copiers (there are often used lamps with an ultraviolet radiation spectrum).

2.Practical part

After analyzing the studied theoretical material, let's move on to the experimental part of my project. As the main criteria for choosing one or another recipe for making ink, I identified the following:

1) the ink must be safe to manufacture and use

2) the constituent components of the ink must be available

3) The ink must be environmentally friendly

4) ink must have scope

During the experiment, I will adhere to the following plan:

1) preparation of components necessary for the manufacture of ink

2) production of ink according to the recipe;

3) the use of the received ink on the letter.

Since in the theoretical part of the project it was determined that all existing ink can be classified into stable, appearing and disappearing, I will produce ink in accordance with this classification.

2.1. Resistant ink

When studying theoretical sources, several recipes for stable ink were identified. 2 recipes were selected for the study, since the constituent components of this ink are available, safe, and the ink manufacturing process itself is simple.

2.1.1. Recipe No. 1 « A mixture of soot and oil "

In the sources available to me, the ratio of the components of this recipe was not found, therefore it was decided experimentally to establish the necessary proportion of the components (soot and vegetable oil). I suggested that you first mix the components in a 1: 1 ratio. However, the resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and did not come off the pen well, so writing something with such thick ink seemed rather difficult. By adding another part of vegetable oil, I got a more liquid ink, which easily came off the pen, but left blots and smeared. It was decided to add 1 more part of soot to this mass. At a ratio of 1 part soot to 1.5 parts vegetable oil, ink was obtained that easily left the pen and did not cause difficulties in writing.

Table number 2

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink Requirements

Do not corrode the pen

Doesn't leave sediment

in an inkwell

Easily come off

pen

Color saturation

Soot,

vegetable

butter

1:1

1:2

2:3

+

+

+

+

+

2.1.2. Recipe number 2 "Decoction of oak bark,

ferrous sulfate solution, PVA glue "

The manufacturing process for this ink recipe is more complex and time consuming. First I prepared a decoction of oak bark. To do this, poured oak bark (1 tsp) bought at the pharmacy with 200 ml of cold water, brought to a boil, boiled for 20 minutes. Then the resulting broth was cooled, filtered. To make a solution of ferrous sulfate, I used the ratio of water and salt presented on the package (1: 1). Then he mixed in equal proportions a filtered decoction of oak bark, a solution of iron sulfate and PVA glue. The resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and viscous and hardly left the pen, so it was decided to add one more part of the decoction of oak bark to the resulting composition. After that, the ink mass became suitable for use.

Table No. 3

"Changing the qualities of ink when changing the ratio of the composition of the components"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink Requirements

Do not corrode the pen

Doesn't leave sediment

in an inkwell

Easily come off

pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

A decoction of oak bark, a solution of iron sulphate,

PVA glue

1:1:1

+

+

-

-

-

2:1:1

+

+

+

+

-

2.2. Developing ink

In the sources I analyzed, a significant number of recipes for developing ink were found. Most of the components of this ink are readily available and safe to use.

2.2.1. Recipe No. 3 "Onion juice"

The recipe for such ink is quite simple: you just need to peel the onion (preferably large and juicy) and squeeze the juice out of it manually or using a press. The only difficulty in the manufacture and use of these inks is that they have an unpleasant odor and cause tearing.

write heat up

2.2.2. Recipe number 4 "Lemon juice"

Similar to the ink described above - lemon juice ink. They are also affordable and easy to make and use.

write heat up

2.2.3. Recipe number 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

I have also tested ink made from a concentrated solution of baking soda. In order to make this ink, a significant amount of baking soda must be dissolved in water. In my experiment, the ratio of water to baking soda was2:1.

write heat up

2.2.4 Comparative analysis of the above inks

Table No. 4 "Comparative table of the qualities of developing ink"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink Requirements

Do not corrode the pen

Doesn't leave sediment

in an inkwell

Easily come off

pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

onion juice

1:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

Lemon juice

1:2

+

+

+

+

+ -

Concentrated baking soda solution

2:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

2.2.5. Recipe No. 6 "Spy Ink"

1. Pour one tablespoon of starch into a metal bowl or small saucepan.

2.Pour one glass of cold water and mix thoroughly.

3. We heat the resulting starch solution over low heat for 10-15 minutes, mixing thoroughly and breaking up lumps, do not allow boiling.

4. We will see how the solution thickens and becomes like a liquid colorless jelly.

5. The paste is ready - this is the “ink”. They can draw a “message to a friend” on paper. When the paper dries, the pattern will "disappear".

6. To manifest it, you will need "iodine water" (20-30 drops of iodine per half a glass of water): spray paper with a message with iodine water.

result next day

2.2.6. Recipe No. 7 "Ink from milk"

The recipe for this ink has been known for a long time, this ink has been used by underground revolutionaries for a long time. However, none of the recipes indicated the fat content of milk, so it was decided to try milk with different mass fractions of fat as ink. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Table No. 5

Change in ink quality when changing the fat content of milk

Mass fraction of milk fat

Ink Requirements

Not

corrode pen

Does not leave sediment in the inkwell

Easily come off

pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

1,8%

+

+

+

-

-

3,2%

+

+

+

+

+-

6%

+

+

-

+

+-

10%

+

+

+

+

+-

Since one of the requirements for ink is the ability to draw the thinnest line with such ink, a pen with a thin pointed tip was used in the experimental part of the study. Thus, a thin line was drawn, the ink easily left the pen, however, when heated, not all of the text appeared, but for the most part only the final part of the text, since by the end of the work, milk droplets accumulate on the pen and the drawn lines become thicker.

It is also interesting to note that not all "milk" ink appeared. It was assumed that the higher the mass fraction of milk fat, the brighter the "milk" ink appears when heated. Therefore, it is not surprising that the text written with 1.8% milk did not appear at all. As the mass fraction of fat increases from 3.2% to 6%, the text becomes brighter. However, the text written with Toptyzhka milk with a mass fraction of fat of 3.2% practically did not appear. Only some elements of the letters are faintly visible.

It was decided to re-experiment with milky ink using a wide tip nib. The results of the experiment showed that with an increase in the mass fraction of milk fat, the color saturation of "milk" ink increases. However, as in the first experiment with "milk" ink, the ink from "Toptyzhka" milk did not appear as clearly as the ink from milk with a similar mass fraction of fat.

The recipes for "milk" ink indicated that they appeared when heated under a lamp, on a battery, or when paper was steamed with an iron. It should be noted that the text written with this ink appeared only under the influence of the heat of a hot iron.

In addition to "milk" ink, other inks can also be used. One of the most affordable is ink made from onion juice.

2.3. Disappearing ink

Of all the disappearing ink recipes I found, one was chosen for the experimental part of the study for reasons of availability and safety.

Recipe number 8 "Dextrin, alcohol solution of iodine"

The only difficulty in making this ink was getting the dextrin. Turning to the resources of the Internet, I found out that "dextrin is a polysaccharide obtained by heat treatment of potato or corn starch."

For the manufacture of dextrin, starch, a heating device, and baking dishes are needed. An oven is usually used as a heating device. Dishes - the most convenient is a baking sheet from the oven, but you can also use a frying pan. Starch is evenly distributed over the surface and placed in the oven at the very top. I bring the temperature in the oven to 200C and stand for an hour and a half. It needs to be stirred well from time to time so that it does not melt and does not gather into lumps. The resulting dextrin is usually yellowish brown in color. Starch may not completely decompose, but this does not affect the quality of dextrin and its properties. Then 1 tsp. I mix dextrin with 50 ml of an alcohol solution of iodine, and the ink is ready.

Table No. 6

"The Qualities of Disappearing Ink"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink Requirements

Do not corrode the pen

Doesn't leave sediment

in an inkwell

Easily come off

pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

Dextrin, alcohol solution of iodine

1 hour a spoon

Dextrin: 50 ml alcohol solution of iodine

+

-

-

-

+

3. Results of the work and conclusions

In the course of the study, I was able to establish that the first ink was invented in ancient times. The recipes for making ink were constantly changing in accordance with those natural materials that were available in each particular territory, and improved in connection with the development of science and technology.

Various recipes for making ink have come down to us. Their study made it possible to classify ink into stable, appearing and disappearing. Many inks can be made at home, but not all inks are safe in my opinion.

All inks I've made have been evaluated on the following ink criteria: availability, safety, color saturation and fastness, and ease of use. The maximum score for each criterion is 10 points, the minimum score is 1 point. To the maximum extent corresponding to these requirements, is "milk" ink, then the ink made from soot and vegetable oil. The ink that least meets the requirements for them is ink made from a solution of copper sulphate.

Thus, all the tasks of the project are solved, the goal is achieved. The hypothesis put forward by me at the beginning of the project was confirmed.

It seems promising to create a creative project using more ink available for home production.

4. List of references

Dietrich A., Yurlin G., Koshurnikova R. Why. - M.: Pedagogy, 1988. - 384 p.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - Ed., 24th revision - M .: Mir and education, 2003. - 895 p.

That which no longer exists // School stories. Children's encyclopedia. - M., 2010, No. 10. - S. 35-38.

I know the world: Children's encyclopedia. Chemistry / Ed.-comp. L. A. Savina, - M .:ACT, 1997. - 448 p.

Nemirovsky E.L. Journey to the origins of Russian book printing. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 224 p.

Yurlin G. About a notebook and a hag, a pencil and a school desk. - M.: Children's literature, 1983. -64 p.

How to prepare invisible ink? /U. Scanwordenok. - 2011. - No. 9. - S. 56.

Tereshin A. Nostalgia for the inkwell // Kalina Krasnaya. - 2012. - No. 4. - S.

Learn to make your own ink

Equipment and materials

1. Ingredients for homemade ink.

2. Instruction or numbering of actions. (follow instructions)

3. You will need a camera to photograph your result.

Why the study needs input from other participants

So that everyone knows many ways to make homemade ink.

Study protocol

1. Find the ingredients

2.Make ink according to instructions

3. Take a picture of what you need

4. Fill out the form

If you do not know how ink is made, you can choose the method:

Making Invisible Lemon Ink

Entertaining experience For the experiment you will need: half a lemon, cotton wool, a match, a cup of water, a sheet of paper.



Squeeze the juice from the lemon into a cup, add the same amount of water.



Dip a match or a toothpick with cotton wool wrapped in a solution of lemon juice and water and write something on paper with this match.



When the "ink" is dry, heat the paper over the included desk lamp. Previously invisible words will appear on paper.

You can make ink according to more complex instructions:

● Gall ink (you will learn what it is on the Internet, books or from relatives).

You will need:

Galls (growths on oak branches and leaves)

metal can

Copper sulfate (solution)

Cooking method:

Put the galls in a metal jar and fill with water so that it completely covers them

When the water darkens a little, add a small amount of iron sulfate solution to the jar to the consistency of ink and insist for several hours

The ink is ready.

Here is another way:

● Oak bark mortar ink

You will need:

oak bark

Iron vitriol (solution)

Cooking method:

Plane oak bark

Boil the chips in water for 15-20 minutes

When the water darkens and becomes dark brown, it is necessary to strain it from the chips.

Add a solution of ferrous sulfate to the broth until a black color is obtained, insist for several hours

The ink is ready.

milk ink

If you write on plain paper with a brush or cotton swab dipped in milk, then after drying the inscription becomes colorless. It manifests itself under the influence of high temperature - for this, the paper must be ironed.

I think the older generation is well aware of this method from school stories about how grandfather Lenin made an inkwell from bread crumbs in prison and wrote his messages to the will with milk. And this is not a legend - indeed, among the revolutionaries, this way of writing secret messages was in use!

soda ink

An invisible inscription is obtained by writing on paper with a 1:1 solution of baking soda. After drying, the paper is completely colorless.

The inscription appears when exposed to high temperature (iron)

juice ink

Try writing on plain paper with lemon juice. The ink appears after smearing the text with an aqueous solution of iodine (use a cotton pad or cotton wool). The iodine reacts with the starch in the paper and turns it light purple. And those places where there was juice remain white!

Another version of the development using a solution of methyl orange (it can be found in the kit for children's experiments in chemistry)

You can choose one of the proposed ink options, or you can find the recipe yourself!

Safety

Do the experiment only under adult supervision! If you are not sure about something, it is better to check with your parents, teachers, friends, the Internet or look in books.