The power, which was in the hands of one emperor, ceased to suit the multi-million dollar empire. Discontent generated by many problems, both political and social spheres turned into a revolution. Unrest increased. The monarch could no longer handle the situation. He had to compromise, which was the beginning of the end of the empire.

Internal prerequisites for revolution

The inhabitants of the vast state were dissatisfied with the conditions of their residence and work on many issues. Revolution 1905-1907 embraced all classes of Russia. What exactly could unite people from different social groups and ages?

1. The peasants had almost no rights. Despite the fact that this group of the population made up the majority of the inhabitants Russian Empire(70%), they were begging and starving. This situation brought the agrarian question to the fore.
2. The supreme power did not seek to limit its powers and carry out a number of liberal reforms. At that time, ministers Svyatopolk-Mirskaya and Witte put forward their projects for consideration.
3. The issue of labor was also acute. Representatives of the working class complained that there was no one to take care of their interests. The state did not interfere in the relationship between the subordinate and the employer. Entrepreneurs often took advantage of this and created favorable working and payment conditions only for themselves. As a result, the revolution in Russia set itself the goal of solving this.
4. The dissatisfaction of the inhabitants of the empire, on whose territory there were 57% of non-Russian citizens, intensified due to the unresolved. Forced Russification did not take place as calmly as the authorities imagined.

As a result, a small spark instantly turned into a flame that engulfed the most remote corners of the empire. The betrayal by some high military officials also played a significant role. It was they who provided the revolutionaries with weapons and tactical recommendations and determined the outcome of the case, even before the start of popular unrest.

External Causes of the Revolution

The main external reason was the defeat of the empire in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. Failures at the front gave rise to dissatisfaction with that part of the population that hoped for a successful outcome of hostilities - the soldiers and their relatives.

According to the unofficial version, Germany was very afraid of the growing power of Russia, so they sent spies who urged local population and spread rumors that the West would help everyone.

Bloody Sunday

The main event that shook the social foundations is considered to be a peaceful demonstration on Sunday, January 9, 1905. Later this Sunday will be called "bloody".

A peaceful demonstration of peasants and workers was led by a priest and active public figure Georgy Gapon. The protesters planned to arrange a personal meeting with Nicholas II. They were heading for the Winter. In total, about 150,000 people gathered in the center of the then capital. No one imagined that a revolution would begin in Russia.

Officers came out to meet the workers. They began to demand that the protesters stop. But the demonstrators did not listen. The officers began to fire their weapons to disperse the crowd. The military, who did not have guns, beat people with sabers and whips. That day, 130 people were killed and 299 wounded.

The king during all these events was not even in the city. He prudently left the palace with his family.

Society could not forgive the tsarist authorities for such a number of innocently killed citizens. Together with whom they managed to survive that Sunday, plans began to be prepared to overthrow the monarchy.

The words "Down with autocracy!" were heard everywhere. Revolution 1905-1907 became a reality. Skirmishes broke out in Russian cities and villages.

Uprising on the Potemkin

One of the turning points of the revolution was the mutiny on the largest Russian battleship, the Prince Potemkin Tauride. The uprising took place on June 14, 1905. The crew of the battleship consisted of 731 people. Among them were 26 officers. Crew members were in close contact with workers at shipyards. From them they adopted the idea of ​​strikes. But the team took decisive action only after they were served rotten meat for dinner.

This became the main starting point. During the strike, 6 officers were killed and the rest were taken into custody. The Potemkin team ate biscuits and water, standing under the red flag for 11 days on the high seas, after which they surrendered to the Romanian authorities. Their example was adopted on the George the Victorious, and later on the cruiser Ochakov.

climax

Of course, it was impossible to predict the outcome of the revolution of 1905-1907 at that time. But when a large-scale All-Russian strike took place in the fall of 1905, the emperor was forced to listen to the people. It was started by printers and supported by workers from other trade unions. The authorities issued a decree that from now on certain political freedoms were granted. The emperor also gave the green light to the creation of the State Duma.

The freedoms granted suited the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, who took part in the strikes. For them, the revolution was over at that time.

RSDLP

The revolution was just beginning for the radicals. In December of the same year, members of the RSDLP organize an uprising with weapons on the streets of Moscow. At this stage, the results of the revolution of 1905-1907. are supplemented by the published law on elections to the first State Duma.

Having achieved active actions from the authorities, referring them to the results of the revolution of 1905-1907, the representatives no longer wanted to stop. They were waiting for the results of the work of the State Duma.

Decline in activity

The period from 1906 to the first half of 1907 is characterized by relative calm. The State Duma, which consisted mainly of cadets, set to work, becoming the main legislative body. In February 1907, a new one was created, consisting almost entirely of leftists. They were dissatisfied with it, and after only three months of work the Duma was dissolved.

Strikes also continued regionally, but the power of the monarch by that time had become much stronger.

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907

The first revolution ended with not so radical changes, which were sought by representatives of radical workers. The monarch remained in power.

Nevertheless, the main results of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907 can be called significant and fateful. They not only drew the line of the emperor's absolute power, but also forced millions to pay attention to the appalling state of the economy, belated technical progress and the underdevelopment of the army of the Russian Empire in comparison with other states.

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907 can be briefly characterized by several points. Each of them has become a symbol of victory over the power of the empire. Nicholas II managed to keep power in his hands, actually losing control of the army and navy.

Summary results of the revolution 1905-1907: table

This is how you can briefly characterize the events of 1905-1907. and their consequences.

Bourgeois revolution 1905 - 1907 was the result of deepening antagonism between labor and capital, the agrarian question and the unfavorable foreign policy situation. The autocracy was able to extinguish the popular indignation, but did not eliminate the causes of the revolution.

Announcement: as Bismarck said: "The revolution is invented by geniuses, carried out by fanatics, and the fruits of it go to crooks." Revolution is always blood, murder, destruction of everything, the victory of stupidity, dirt and lawlessness.

Revolution This is a fundamental revolution in the development of society.

REASONS for this revolution:

1. Unresolved contradictions between peasants and landowners, workers and capitalists.
2. Political lawlessness and lack of political freedoms.
3. Increasing poverty after the crisis of 1900-1903.
4. Defeats in Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905.

CHARACTER: bourgeois-democratic.

PECULIARITIES:

Stage 1: January - September 1905 - January 9 - provocation and execution of a demonstration of workers (about 1 thousand killed, about 5 thousand wounded), protests of workers (more than 600 thousand), creation in Ivanovo - Voznesensk Council of Authorized Deputies, the uprising of sailors on the battleship "Prince Potemkin - Tauride", mass uprisings of peasants.

Stage 2: October - December 1905 - the highest upsurge of the revolution. The All-Russian October political strike (more than 2 million participants), the publication of the "Manifesto on October 17" - the introduction of certain political freedoms, the convening of the 1st State Duma, the December armed uprising in Moscow.

Stage 3: January 1906 - June 1907 - strikes of workers, uprisings of peasants and sailors of Sevastopol and Sveaborg. Activities 1 and 2 of the State Duma. They were disbanded on charges of inciting unrest.

RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION:

1. The bourgeoisie has achieved the coming to power (work in the State Duma).
2. Some political freedoms appeared, people's participation in elections was expanded, parties were legalized.
3. increased wage, the working day has decreased from 11.5 to 10 hours.
4. The peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments, which had to be paid to the landowners.

Of course, there were results from the revolution, but how much blood was shed. It was made with the money of enemies - the Japanese. Through this revolution they achieved our defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. To be continued.

Answers History .docx

23. Revolution 1905 - 1907 In Russia: causes, main events, results.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. sharply aggravated social and political contradictions in Russia, which led to the first revolution in its history of 1905-1907.

Causes of the Revolution: the indecision of the agrarian-peasant, worker and national issues, autocratic system, complete political lack of rights and lack of democratic freedoms, deterioration in the material situation of workers due to the economic crisis of 1900 - 1903. and a shameful defeat for tsarism in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905.

Tasks of the revolution- the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic system, the elimination of class inequality, the destruction of landlordism and the allocation of land to the peasants, the introduction of an 8-hour working day, the achievement of equality among the peoples of Russia.

Workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors, and the intelligentsia took part in the revolution. Therefore, in terms of goals and composition of participants, it was nationwide and had a bourgeois-democratic character.

The revolution was triggered by Bloody Sunday. January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg workers who went to the tsar with a petition containing a request to improve their financial situation and political demands were shot. 1,200 people were killed and about 5,000 wounded. In response, the workers took up arms.

There are several stages in the history of the revolution. First stage (January 9 - end of September 1905)- the beginning and development of the revolution in an ascending line.The second stage (October - December 1905) - the highest rise of the revolution.

The third stage (January 1906 - June 3, 1907) - the decline and retreat of the revolution. Main events: political strikes of workers; new scope of the peasant movement.

Revolution 1905 - 1907 was defeated for a number of reasons - the army did not completely go over to the side of the revolution; there was no unity in the party of the working class; there was no alliance between the working class and the peasantry; the revolutionary forces were insufficiently experienced, organized and conscious.

Despite the defeat, the revolution of 1905-1907 was of great importance:

Democratic freedoms were introduced, trade unions and legal political parties were allowed;

The material situation of workers has improved: wages have increased and a 10-hour working day has been introduced;

The peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments.

The first Russian revolution 1905 - 1907 is defined as bourgeois-democratic, since the tasks of the revolution are the overthrow of the autocracy, the elimination of landownership, the destruction of the estate system, the establishment of a democratic republic.

24. P. A. Stolypin's reforms: their essence, results and consequences.

After the end of the revolutionary events in Russia, a period of reform began, in which the Minister of the Interior P.A. took an active part. Stolypin. Considering the preservation of the peasant community as the main reason for the stagnation, he directed all efforts towards its destruction. At the same time, the strengthening of peasant private ownership of land began.

All reforms had to take place with the consent of the autocracy, the nobility and the bourgeoisie. Their ultimate goal was to change the balance of class forces in favor of the bourgeoisie, to join the peasants, who, becoming small landowners, were to serve as a support for autocratic power in the countryside. The most important goal of the reform is the need for Russia's integration into the world economic system.

The main problem facing the rural producer was land hunger in the European part of Russia. The lack of land of the peasantry was explained by the concentration of huge allotments in the hands of the landowners and the very high population density in the center of the country.

In June 1906, Stolypin began to carry out moderate reforms. The decree of November 9, 1906 allowed the peasant to leave the community. He had the right to demand the unification of allotment plots into a single cut or move to a farm. A fund was created from part of the state, imperial and landlord lands for sale to peasants. A specially opened peasant bank issued cash loans for purchases.

The Stolypin reform was generally progressive in nature. Having finally buried the remnants of feudalism, it revived bourgeois relations and gave impetus to productive forces in the village. By 1926, 20-35% of the peasants separated from the community, 10% were brought into farmsteads, the specialization of agriculture increased, the area of ​​sown land, the gross grain harvest and its export increased.

A significant part of the peasantry, which consisted of the middle peasants, was in no hurry to leave the community. The poor left the community, sold their allotments and went to the city. 20% of the peasants who took loans from banks went bankrupt.

In an effort to turn Russia into a prosperous bourgeois state, Stolypin tried to carry out reforms in various areas (the law on civil equality, personal immunity, freedom of religion, the development of local self-government, the transformation of the judiciary and police system, the national and labor question).

Almost all of Stolypin's bills were not adopted by the State Council. His initiatives were not supported by both tsarism and democratic forces. The failure to reform the country predetermined the revolutionary events of 1917.

Russian Revolution 1905-1907 refers to the number of late bourgeois revolutions. 250 years separated it from the English revolution of the 17th century, more than a century from the Great French Revolution, more than half a century from the European revolutions of 1848-1849. The first Russian bourgeois revolution was different from its predecessors in European countries. This was explained, first of all, by the fact that the level of Russia's economic development by the beginning of the 20th century, the severity of class contradictions, and the degree of political maturity of the proletariat were significantly higher than in the West on the eve of the first bourgeois revolutions.

The immediate causes of the revolution were economic crisis 1900-1903 and Russian japanese war. 1905 began with a big strike of workers at the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. The revolution was triggered by the events of January 9, when the priest Gapon, who was connected simultaneously with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Okhrana, organized a procession of workers to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar. It set out demands to improve working conditions, introduce political freedoms, convene constituent Assembly etc.

About 140 thousand people, including old people, women, children, festively dressed, came out on Sunday morning with icons and portraits of the king. With hope and faith in the sovereign, they moved to the Winter Palace. They were met with gunfire. As a result, about 1,200 people were killed and over 5,000 wounded. The senseless and brutal massacre shook the country.

After January 9 (“Bloody Sunday”) protest strikes took place in many cities. In St. Petersburg, the workers began to build barricades. Strikes, demonstrations, clashes with the troops swept across the country.

The alignment of political forces

The main issue in any revolution is the question of power. In relation to him, various socio-political forces in Russia united in three camps. The first camp consisted of supporters of the autocracy: landowners, higher ranks government agencies, army, police, part of the big bourgeoisie. They advocated the creation of a legislative body under the emperor.

The second camp is liberal. It included representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie and the liberal intelligentsia, the advanced nobility, the petty urban bourgeoisie, office workers, and part of the peasants. They proposed peaceful democratic methods of struggle and advocated a constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage and a legislative parliament.

In the third camp - revolutionary-democratic- included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, representatives of the petty bourgeoisie, etc. Their interests were expressed by the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries and some other political forces. They advocated the demolition of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic.

Revolution on the rise

From January to March 1905, about 1 million people took part in the strikes. In the spring and summer, revolutionary events intensified. During a two-month strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Russia was created, which became an organ of revolutionary power in the city.

On August 6, in the context of the development of the revolution, the tsar issued a Manifesto on the establishment of a legislative body - the State Duma. Under the electoral law, most of the population (women, workers, military personnel, students, etc.) was deprived of voting rights. Therefore, the supporters of the liberal and democratic camps came out in favor of a boycott of this Duma.

In October 1905, about 2 million people (workers, employees, doctors, students, etc.) took part in the All-Russian political strike. The main slogans of the strike were demands for an 8-hour working day, democratic freedoms, and the convening of a Constituent Assembly.

Manifesto October 17, 1905

Frightened further development revolution, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on the abolition of unlimited monarchy in Russia. The emperor considered it necessary to “grant the population the unshakable foundations of civil freedom”: inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, press, meetings and unions, representative government - legislative State Duma. Significantly expanded the circle of voters.

In the conditions of the rise of the revolution of 1905, the Manifesto was a concession to the autocracy, but it did not bring the desired reassurance.

Formation of new political parties

During the revolution, the "old" political parties (RSDLP and Socialist-Revolutionaries) were strengthened. At the same time, new parties emerged. In October 1905, the first legal political party in Russia was created - the Constitutional Democratic Party (Party of Cadets). The well-known historian P. Milyukov became its head. It included representatives of the middle commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. Soon after the Manifesto of Nicholas II, the Union of October 17, or the Octobrists, was created, a political party headed by the Moscow industrialist A. Guchkov. It included representatives of large landowners, industrial-financial and commercial bourgeoisie. Both of these parties stood for the speedy termination of the revolution, for political freedoms within the framework of the Manifesto of October 17 and the creation of a constitutional-monarchist regime in Russia.

Performances in the army and navy

In the summer and autumn of 1905 there were mass demonstrations in the army and navy. In June, an uprising broke out on the battleship Potemkin. The sailors hoped that other ships would join them. Black Sea Fleet. But their hopes were not justified.

"Potemkin" went to the coast of Romania and surrendered to the local authorities.

In October - December, there were about 200 performances by soldiers in different cities, including Kharkov, Kyiv, Tashkent, Warsaw. At the end of October, a riot of sailors broke out in Kronstadt, but was suppressed. In November, the sailors of the cruiser Ochakov rebelled in Sevastopol. The ship was shot from fortress guns and sunk.

December armed uprising

It was the pinnacle of the events of 1905. About 6,000 armed workers took part in it. Up to 1,000 barricades were erected in Moscow. The tactics of the barricade struggle of the workers' squads were combined with the actions of small combat detachments. The government managed to transfer troops to Moscow from St. Petersburg, and the uprising began to weaken. Presnya, a working-class area near the Prokhorovskaya manufactory, resisted most stubbornly. On December 19, the uprising in Moscow was crushed. Many of its members were shot. With the help of troops, the government succeeded in suppressing the armed uprisings of workers in other Russian workers' centers (Sormov, Krasnoyarsk, Rostov, Chita).

National Liberation Movement

Revolutions of 1905-1907 sparked a national movement. Demonstrations and rallies demanding the equality of nations, granting national regions "internal self-government" took place in Poland and Finland. They were supplemented by demands for the right to receive education in their native language and the right to develop national culture, which were voiced in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine and the Transcaucasus.

During the revolution, tsarism was forced to allow the printing of newspapers and magazines in the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, as well as teaching in schools in their native language. National parties of a socialist orientation arose and actively operated - the Polish Party of Socialists, the Belarusian Socialist Community, the Jewish Bund, the Ukrainian Spilka, the socialists of Georgia, etc.

Generally national movement on the outskirts it merged with the revolutionary struggle against tsarism.

I and II State Dumas

In April 1906, the State Duma solemnly opened in the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg. It was the first in the history of Russia legislative assembly people's representatives. Representatives of the bourgeoisie and the peasantry predominated among the deputies. The Duma put forward a project to create a nationwide land fund, including at the expense of part of the landlords' lands. This did not please Nicholas II. On his instructions, after having worked for three months, the First State Duma was dissolved.

The II State Duma began its work at the end of February 1907. The deputies were elected according to the old electoral law. She became even more naughty. Then, several dozen deputies were arrested on charges fabricated by the Okhrana in an anti-state conspiracy. On June 3, the Second State Duma was dispersed. The government introduced a new electoral law. Since it was adopted without the approval of the Duma, this event went down in history as the "June 3rd coup d'état”, which meant the end of the revolution.

The results of the revolution

The revolution not only significantly changed the life of the country, but also influenced the change political system Russia. A parliament was introduced in the country, consisting of two chambers: the upper - the State Council and the lower - the State Duma. But a constitutional monarchy Western type was not created.

Tsarism was forced to come to terms with the existence in the country of various political parties and the "Russian parliament" - the State Duma. The bourgeoisie was involved in the implementation of economic policy.

In the course of the revolution, the masses of the people gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy. Workers were given the right to form trade unions and savings banks, to participate in strikes. The working day was streamlined and shortened.

Peasants were equalized with other estates in civil rights; since 1907 redemption payments for land received by them under the reform in 1861 were abolished. However, the agrarian issue was not resolved in the main: the peasants still suffered from land shortages.

THIS IS INTERESTING TO KNOW

On the eve of Bloody Sunday, the capital's garrison was reinforced by troops called in from Pskov and Revel (Tallinn). An additional 30,000 soldiers were brought into St. Petersburg. The commanders convinced the soldiers that on January 9 the workers wanted to destroy the Winter Palace and kill the tsar. When workers from the outskirts moved towards the Winter Palace, the police and soldiers blocked their way.

At the Narva Gates, on the Petersburg side and Palace Square, the troops opened fire with volleys at the columns of workers. Following this, the workers were attacked by the cavalry, who cut them with sabers and trampled them with horses.

The government report, which was published in the press on January 12, indicated that during the events of January 9, 96 people were killed and 333 wounded.

References:
V. S. Koshelev, I. V. Orzhehovsky, V. I. Sinitsa / The World History New time XIX - early. XX century., 1998.

Lecture 47

Russia in 1907-1914 Stolypin agrarian reform

In the summer of 1906, the youngest governor of Russia, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, was appointed by Nicholas II as Minister of the Interior and then as Prime Minister.

Agrarian reform - was the main and favorite brainchild of Stolypin.

The goals of the reform.

1. Socio-political. To create in the countryside a firm support for the autocracy in the person of strong peasant farms (wealthy peasant proprietors).

2. Socio-economic. To destroy the community, giving the peasants the opportunity to freely leave it: to determine their own place of residence and the type of their activity.

3. Economic. To ensure the rise of agriculture, to accelerate the industrial development of the country.

4. Resettle the small-land peasants beyond the Urals, contributing to the more intensive development of the eastern regions of Russia.

Essence of reform.

Solve the agrarian question at the expense of the peasants themselves, leaving the landlords' lands intact, at the same time eliminating the basis for possible social conflicts.

The results of the Stolypin agrarian reform

Positive:

Up to 1/4 of the households separated from the community, the stratification of the village increased, the rural elite gave up to half of the market bread,

3 million households moved from European Russia,

4 million dess. communal lands were included in the market turnover,

Consumption of fertilizers increased from 8 to 20 million poods,

The per capita income of the rural population increased from 23 to 33 rubles. in year.

Negative:

From 70 to 90% of the peasants who left the community retained ties with the community,

Returned back to Central Russia 0.5 million migrants,

The peasant household accounted for 2-4 dess., at a rate of 7-8 dess. arable land,

The main agricultural tool is a plow (8 million pieces), 52% of farms did not have plows.

The yield of wheat is 55 pounds. from dec. in Germany - 157 pounds.

OUTPUT.

Thanks to the successful course of the agrarian reform, by 1914 Russia had made great strides in economic and financial development, which allowed it to play a significant role in world politics. However, Russia's entry into the war and the subsequent defeat again threw the country back, increasing its gap from the leading European powers.

Lecture 48

The formation of political parties in Russia at the end XIX- early 20th century

The workers and the growing strike movement with economic demands had a significant impact on the political life of the country. The peasant movement also grew. It was caused by the agrarian crisis, the political lack of rights of the peasantry and the famine of 1901. From 1900 to 1904 there were 670 peasant uprisings.

Opposition moods in the early twentieth century. embraced broad strata of the intelligentsia, the petty and middle bourgeoisie and students. The lack of freedom of public activity in Russia made it difficult to form legal political parties.

The consignment - this is the organization of the most active part of the class, which sets as its task the conduct of a political struggle for the interests of this class and most fully and consistently expresses and defends them. The main thing that interests a political party is state power.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. in Russia there were up to 50 parties, and in 1907 - more than 70. The largest and most influential among them were the following:

Illegal parties

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) in 1901 - 1902 - completed the unification of revolutionary organizations into the party. Its number is several thousand (by 1907 - up to 40 thousand). Newspaper "Revolutionary Russia". Party leader, program author, newspaper editor, leading theorist - Viktor Chernov.

The goal of the party is to build a socialist society through revolution, but society is not a state, but a self-governing union of productive associations, whose members receive the same income.

Tactics - a combination of political terror in the "centers" and agrarian terror (violent actions against the property or against the person of "economic oppressors") in the countryside.

RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) formed in 1903. at the 2nd congress.

The main task is to build socialism by social revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the III Congress, the party split into two parts: the Bolsheviks (leader V. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Mensheviks - (Yu. Martov)). Martov opposed the Leninist idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat, believing that the proletariat would not be able to play a leading role, since capitalism in Russia was in its initial stage of development. He believed that "the bourgeoisie will still take its rightful place - the leader of the bourgeois revolution." Martov shared Herzen's fears that "communism could become a Russian autocracy in reverse." At the party conference in Prague (1912), the final split took shape organizationally.

Legal parties

Union of the Russian people founded in 1905. The printed organ is the Russian Banner. (100 thousand people) Leaders - A. Dubrovin and V. Purishkevich.

Main Ideas Keywords: orthodoxy, autocracy, Russian nationality.

Main trends : acute nationalism, hatred of all "foreigners" and the intelligentsia. The bulk of the party members: petty shopkeepers, janitors, cab drivers, lumpen (people of the "bottom"). They created fighting squads - "Black Hundreds" for pogroms and murders of progressive public figures and revolutionaries. It was the first Russian version of fascism.

Constitutional Democratic Party of People's Freedom (Kadets). Created in 1905 (100 thousand people). Edition "Speech". Leader P. Milyukov. The Bourgeois Reform Party: An Evolutionary Path to Revolution.

Union of October 17 (Octobrists). 30 thousand people Edition "Word". Leaders: Guchkov and Rodzianko. Party of the big bourgeoisie. With the help of reforms, come to a constitutional monarchy coexisting with the Duma.

Output: The creation of socialist and bourgeois parties is an indicator of a significant shift in the socio-political development of the country. The active part of the population realized the need to fight for the democratic rights of freedom.

Lecture 49

Russia at the turnXIX- XXcenturies (90sXIXcentury - 1905). Russo-Japanese War.

Causes and nature of the war

The Russo-Japanese War was one of the first wars of the era of imperialism. Its main reason is the clash of interests between Japanese and Russian imperialism. ruling classes The Japanese have been plundering China for many years. They wanted to capture Korea, Manchuria, to gain a foothold in Asia. Tsarism also pursued an aggressive policy in the Far East; the Russian bourgeoisie needed new markets.

Exacerbation of contradictions between Japan, Russia, England and the United States due to influence in China.

The construction of the Siberian railway by Russia (Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok) - 7 thousand km in 1891-1901, which caused discontent in Japan.

Russia's attempt to reduce the aggressive plans of Japan as a result of the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895. Russia demanded in an ultimatum (supported by Germany and France) that Japan give up the Liaodong Peninsula.

The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Russia and China against Japan, according to which:

a) the construction of the CER Chita - Vladivostok (through China) began

b) China leased the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur to Russia for 25 years

The interest of European countries and the United States in the clash between Japan and Russia

II . Preparing Japan for War

The conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese treaty against Russia

Japan building a modern navy in England

Britain and the United States helped Japan with strategic raw materials, weapons, and loans. France took a neutral position and did not support its ally - Russia.

Carrying out trial mobilizations, maneuvers, creating arsenals, training landings. The entire winter of 1903, the Japanese fleet spent at sea, preparing for naval battles.

Ideological indoctrination of the Japanese population. Imposing the idea of ​​the need to capture the "northern territories due to the overpopulation of the Japanese islands."

Carrying out extensive intelligence and espionage activities in the future theater of operations.

III . Russia's unpreparedness for war

Diplomatic isolation of Russia

By total strength Russia outnumbered Japan in troops (1 million against 150,000 army), but reserves from Russia were not brought up, and at the beginning of the war, she put up only 96,000 people.

Difficulties in the transfer of troops and equipment over 10 thousand km (At Lake Baikal Sibirskaya Railway has not been completed. The goods were transported by horse-drawn vehicles). From central Russia to Far East only 2 divisions could be transferred per month.

The navy was dispersed, there were half the number of cruisers, and three times less destroyers than Japan.

Technical backwardness in armaments, sluggishness of the bureaucratic apparatus, embezzlement and theft of officials, underestimation of the enemy's forces, unpopularity of the war among the masses.

I V . The beginning and course of hostilities

Using the superiority of forces and the surprise factor on the night of January 27, 1904, without declaring war, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked the Russian squadron on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur and disabled 2 battleships and 1 cruiser. On the morning of January 27, 6 Japanese cruisers and 8 destroyers attacked the Varyag cruiser and the Koreets gunboat in the Korean port of Chemulpo. In an unequal 45-minute battle, Russian sailors showed miracles of courage: on both ships there were four times fewer guns than the Japanese, but the Japanese squadron was seriously damaged, and one cruiser was sunk. The damage prevented the Varyag from breaking through to Port Arthur, Command both ships were transferred to French and American ships, after which the “Korean” was blown up, and the “Varangian” was flooded so that they would not get to the enemy.

The commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice-Admiral S.O. Makarov, began intensive preparations for active operations at sea. On March 31, he led his squadron to the outer roadstead in order to engage the enemy and lure him under fire from coastal batteries. However, at the very beginning of the battle, the flagship Petropavlovsk hit a mine and sank within 2 minutes. Most of the crew died: S.O. Makarov, his entire staff, as well as the artist V.V. Vereshchagin, who was on the ship. After that, the fleet went on the defensive, as the commander-in-chief, mediocre Admiral E.I. sea.

On land, hostilities were also unsuccessful. In February-April 1904, Japanese landing forces landed in Korea and on the Liaodong Peninsula. The commander of the land army, General A.N. Kuropatkin, did not organize a proper rebuff, as a result, the Japanese army cut off Port Arthur from the main forces in March 1904.

In August 1904, the first assault on Port Arthur took place. 5 days of fighting showed that the fortress could not be taken by storm, the Japanese army lost a third of its composition and was forced to move on to a long siege. At the same time, the stubborn resistance of the Russian soldiers thwarted the Japanese offensive near Liaoyang. However, Kuropatkin did not use this success and ordered a retreat, which made it easier for the enemy to launch a new attack on Port Arthur.

The second assault on Port Arthur in September 1904 was again repulsed. The defenders of the fortress, led by the talented general R.I. Kondratenko, fettered almost half of the Japanese forces. The counteroffensive of the Russian troops on the Shahe River at the end of September did not bring success. The third assault in October, the fourth - in November of Port Arthur did not bring victory to the Japanese, although the defenders of the fortress were 3 times smaller than the enemy forces. The constant bombardment destroyed most of the fortifications. On December 3, 1904, General Kondratenko died. Contrary to the decision of the Defense Council, on December 20, 1904, General Stessel surrendered Port Arthur. The fortress withstood 6 assaults for 157 days. 50 thousand Russian soldiers fettered about 200 thousand enemy troops.

In 1905, Russia suffered two more major defeats: land (in February near Mukden) and sea (in May near the Tsushima Islands). Further conduct of the war was senseless. The Russian army was losing its combat capability, hatred of mediocre generals grew among the soldiers and officers, and revolutionary ferment intensified. In Japan, the situation was also difficult. Lack of raw materials, finance. The United States offered Russia and Japan mediation for negotiations.

Under the peace treaty, Russia recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence.

Russia transferred to Japan the right to lease part of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and southern part Sakhalin Islands

The ridge of the Kuril Islands passed to Japan

Russia made concessions to Japan in fisheries

V I . Results of the Russo-Japanese War

1. Russia spent 3 billion rubles on the war

   Killed, wounded, captured about 400 thousand people (Japan - 135 thousand killed, 554 thousand wounded and sick)

   The death of the Pacific Fleet

   A blow to Russia's international prestige

   The defeat in the war hastened the beginning of the revolution of 1905-1907.

OUTPUT:

The adventure of the tsarist government in the Far East revealed the rottenness of the autocracy, its weakening. The autocracy came to a shameful defeat.

Lecture 50

Russia in the First World War: the main military operations,

domestic political development, economics

The causes of World War I were the transition of the leading European countries to imperialism, the formation of monopolies, the pursuit of monopoly high profits, which pushed the capitalist states to fight for the redivision of the world, for new sources of raw materials and new markets.

On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed by a member of the national-patriotic organization "Young Bosnia" G. Princip. The monarchical circles of Austria-Hungary and Germany decided to use the assassination of the Archduke as a direct pretext for a world war.

This war was the result of inter-imperialist contradictions between two military-political blocs that formed in Europe in the late 19th - early 20th centuries:

1882 - Tripartite Alliance, which united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

1907 - Entente uniting Russia, England and France.

Each of these countries had its own predatory goals, except for Serbia and Belgium, which defended the territories of their states.

It should be noted that wars are different - large and small, just and predatory, liberation and colonial, people's and anti-people's, cold and hot, long and fleeting. There are also absurd ones. It was precisely such a bloody and brutal massacre that claimed millions of lives that began on August 1, 1914, with the declaration of war on little Serbia by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All participants expected to carry out their military plans within 3-4 months. However, already from the first days of the war, the calculations of the leading military strategists on the lightning-fast nature of the war collapsed.