Fundamentals of survival of rescuers in extreme situations. When stars twinkle, they cast a red or bluish light.

Centuries of experience of mankind shows that psychologically prepared people are able to quickly and without panic cope with fear, excitement, anxiety and confront danger in emergency situations. Those who do not know how to control their psyche, most often find themselves helpless in the face of impending disaster. Fear and panic paralyze the will and consciousness of a person, cause disorderly, disorganized behavior. In a panic, a person is like a driven animal, which, by its unconscious actions, destroys itself.

Mentally trained people- these are those who are constantly working to increase their attention, develop their sensations (especially visual and auditory), improve their memory, thinking, control over emotions and will. The science of psychology, which you met in biology classes, can offer many exercises to develop all of the listed qualities in a person. However, it is important not only to know and want, but also to engage in psychological improvement, Because your ability to survive in various dangerous situations depends on this.

Temperament is the basis of human character. Psychologists under temperament They understand the characteristics of a person by the intensity, speed, pace and rhythm of his mental processes and states.

Allocate 4 main types of a person by temperament.

sanguine- a person is balanced, active, mobile, easily experiencing troubles and failures, practical;

Phlegmatic person- a person with slow reactions, imperturbable, constant in his feelings, measured in actions and speech;

Choleric- a person excitable, impulsive, unrestrained in emotions, with frequent mood swings, speaking quickly;

Melancholic- person with a weak type nervous system, very impressionable, touchy, deeply worried about everything, but able to subtly feel and perceive more information than others, which makes him tired faster.

The images of the musketeers from the famous novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers" have long become classic in practical psychology. Therefore, in order to determine the 1st swap type of temperament, decide which kyu you liked most of the 4 musketeers, if the eccentric and romantic d "Artagnanlo you are most likely a choleric: if the silent, reserved and mysterious Athos, then the melancholic: friendly, self-sufficient and balanced Porthos - phlegmatic: restrained, purposeful and reasonable Aramis - sanguine

In emergency situations, people can behave differently depending on their temperament. For example, in dangerous situations Choleric He will start to thrash about, get nervous and, if he cannot control himself, will most likely succumb to panic. Melancholic Falls into deep despondency and begins to imagine possible terrible pictures of what could happen. This is. usually prevents him from accepting correct solution. Phlegmatic person Because of his inhibition, he most often underestimates the danger. sanguine Most likely, he will be able to quickly overcome his fear and even find the strength to make fun of what is happening. But at the same time, he lacks sensitivity to his neighbors.

But if temperament is given to us by nature, then character is that. what we create in ourselves. The older a person is, the more life experience he has, the more the formation of his character depends on himself. Therefore, if in case of any, even the most insignificant danger, you are used to avoiding responsibility, constantly hiding behind someone's back, then you are developing a dependent character. And in case of danger, when no one is around, he can let you down. Learn to make decisions and act competently on your own in emergency situations!

Any emergencies of a natural or man-made nature are frightening, first of all, to those. that they are usually sudden. It is impossible to get used to emergencies and completely protect yourself from them. Almost all the people who survived them. have severe psychological trauma. But nonetheless, Remember:You can help yourself survive if you confront emergency their knowledge, skills, willpower, character and abilities! A way out of an emergency situation, if it did develop, must be found. The main thing is to have confidence in this. But it cannot be brought up either by a book, or a film, or a conversation, even though both and the third will be beneficial. It takes experimentation and experience.

From the media, from this and other books, you get knowledge about certain emergency situations, about the rules safe behavior at the threat of their occurrence and during their action. If a person assumes in advance the possibility of a particular emergency situation, thinks out the course of action, then when such a situation arises, this person feels more confident and calmer.

However, sometimes destructive power natural Disasters, the consequences of emergencies are so great that even battered, hardened, psychologically trained people sometimes find it difficult to cope with their emotions and feelings. Therefore, with a threat to life and health, a person, regardless of the nature and type of temperament, can survive panic attacks to one degree or another. During a panic in fear, people can commit ridiculous and sometimes dangerous actions for themselves and those around them, they cannot consciously take measures for self-rescue and mutual assistance.

Panic It has both physiological and psychological manifestations. To Physical manifestations of panic Relate:

Strong heartbeat:

Profuse sweating:

Vomiting and indigestion (so-called "bear disease");

Chest tightness, inability to breathe deeply;

Trembling all over;

Numbness of the limbs and tingling in the body;

Poor sleep or insomnia;

Muscle tension and pain;

Fast fatiguability. Psychological manifestations of panic are:

clouding of consciousness, feeling like you are going crazy;

Unrealistic perception of what is happening; the body becomes as if not yours;

Feeling like you are dying or about to die;

nervousness; a person is on the first stage of a psychological breakdown;

fearfulness;

A person cannot concentrate or even disconnect from what is happening.

Remember:Panic can be dealt with! Learn to do the following exercises:

Relax the muscles of the face, limbs, the whole body;

Breathe calmly and deeply:

Inspire yourself with the desired state (there are other exercises that you will learn in biology lessons).

The mental state of people in emergency situations is characterized as stressful. Stress- this is a state of the body that occurs under the influence of significant in strength or duration of adverse effects (the so-called "stressors").

To adverse effects of various kinds, causing strong negative emotions, experiences, unrest (fear, humiliation, pain, illness - one's own and loved ones, loss, death of loved ones, social upheavals, epidemics, disasters), the body responds with an appropriate reaction. Stress is a phenomenon in which both psychological and physiological mechanisms. The creator of the theory of stress, Canadian scientist G. Selye, defines it as a set of genetically programmed non-specific reactions of the body that primarily prepare the individual for physical activity (resistance or flight).

With weak negative effects on the body that do not cause a negative reaction, a person can cope with the usual protective actions. Stress occurs when the influence of the stimulus (stressor) exceeds the adaptive capabilities of the body and psyche.

Physiological mechanism of stress It consists in. that under the influence of a strong stimulus, certain hormones are released into the blood. Under their influence, the mode of operation of the heart changes, increases blood pressure, pulse rate, the protective properties of the body change (for example, blood clotting increases). Psychological mechanism stress It manifests itself in the need to make a particularly responsible decision, a sharp change in the strategy of behavior, etc.

There are 3 stages in the development of stress:

1. Anxiety stage. It lasts from several hours to 20 days. Includes Phases of shock And countercurrent. During

The last phase is the mobilization of the body's defenses and capabilities.

2. resistance stage. It is characterized by increased resistance of the organism to various influences.

3. Stage of stabilization (recovery). If the level of stress exceeds the protective reserve capacity, then the state of the body may deteriorate until it dies.

Unfortunately, stress is integral part our life. Sometimes it is simply impossible to avoid its occurrence. However, the degree of response to it various people different. Some react actively to stress, their performance continues to grow up to a certain limit (the so-called "lion stress"), while others have a predominantly passive reaction, and the level of activity decreases sharply ("rabbit stress").

Often the process of waiting for danger turns out to be much more unpleasant, exhausting, requiring great tension than the danger itself. It has been proven that when there is a lot of stress in a person's life, the reserves and protective capabilities of his body are gradually reduced. As a result, a number of so-called psychosomatic diseases develop (hypertension, peptic ulcer, cardiovascular disease, cardiac arrhythmia, up to a heart attack and stroke).

Special studies have allowed psychologists to describe various forms stress manifestations in people after they experienced emergency situations.

Hysterics It manifests itself in a sharp motor excitement: a person moves quickly or even runs without any visible goal; makes strange sounds, shouts something, exclaims; laughs or weeps bitterly at every little thing; becomes aggressive, overexcited; quickly aroused.

Stupor - the second, no less common form of behavior of people in emergency situations. This reaction to stress manifests itself in the form of immobilization, stupor. A person who is in a stupor is often silent, stands or sits motionless, hunched over, crouching. The gaze is directed to nowhere.

Apathy Or Depression It manifests itself in a person in lethargy, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, increased irritability, in complete indifference to everything that happens. A person who is in a state of apathy suffers from dizziness, often faints.

If there are no professional psychologists nearby who can help people return to normal health and behavior, then they must do it themselves. Moreover, in an emergency human body shows his hidden abilities - unusual physical endurance, strength, endurance. This is a kind of protective reaction of the body to a stressful situation.

It is known, for example, that a person ordinary life uses the intellectual and physical capabilities of his body only by 10-20%. There are cases in history when, at critical moments in life, the human body showed remarkable capabilities: a young mother lifted huge floor slabs with her bare hands in order to extract her child from under the rubble; soldier-ar gillerist during the Great Patriotic War one of them dragged an artillery gun up a high mountain, while in a normal situation the gun was moved with difficulty by a special tractor; elderly woman took out a chest of drawers from a burning house, which, after a fire, was hardly lifted by 2 men.

To make it easier to cope with your mental state in an emergency and not succumb to panic, you must follow the following rules.

Don't despair when you're alone or surrounded by people in the same mental state;

Provide all possible assistance to adults in the aftermath of emergencies (in clearing rubble, providing first aid medical care etc.), this will distract you, especially if people close to you have been injured as a result of an emergency. Remember:caring for someone- Here is salvation in a difficult psychological situation!

Spend more time in the company of those who endured the danger more easily, engage in joint work with them;

Organize the daily routine;

Avoid the one who sows panic, talks about the hopelessness of the situation, try to isolate the alarmist;

If you still find yourself alone, then voice everything that happens around you, express your thoughts aloud (the so-called "Chukchi method"); if you can't speak, write; Speak out yourself and let someone who also finds himself in a similar situation speak out;

Engage in psychological training to improve your will and ability to manage your emotions.

Try to understand your own and forgive other people's mistakes;

Decide on your life values and priorities Assess your strengths and weaknesses, set yourself worthy but realistic goals Sometimes incredible efforts are spent on the wrong goals,

Be more tolerant and generous with the actions of others Avoid uncomfortable life situations and people you don't like to hang out with Life is too short to waste time on them1

Enjoy fellowship with active people by feeling the energy they radiate1

Trust yourself, appreciate your life success even if there are very few

The basics of survival must be known not only to a reasonable man, but to all people without exception, regardless of status. There are a lot of situations as a result of which a person can be left alone with nature. You can simply get lost in the forest while picking mushrooms, you can fall behind a tourist group, you can survive after a plane or car accident, and so on…

Basics of survival: where to start?

The conditions in which a casual tourist may find himself may be very different. Therefore, the algorithm of actions and the method of survival in each case are unique. Much will depend on air temperature, precipitation, the presence or absence of shelter and water sources, landscape, and the number of people. Plus many other factors that make things easier, or vice versa, aggravate the situation.

Based on all this, the survivors will have to build and, possibly, correct actions for the most reasonable survival in each individual situation. The fundamentals of this harsh science are vitally important to observe, regardless of the influencing factors and threats.

Briefly about threatening factors

Thirst . It must be remembered that a person without water will last no more than three days. Thus, the extraction of water always becomes one of the primary tasks.
Temperature . Whether it is cold or heat, in any case, they can lead to negative consequences in the body. Heatstroke, hypothermia, etc.
mental problems(loneliness, sadness, fear). They can be detrimental to the individual if they develop into a severe form (panic, apathy, hysteria).
Hunger . At first, the lack of food does not have a strong negative effect. But, according to the basics of survival, after a week or so, exhaustion of the body can become a serious threat.
Injury and pain . Received injuries or diseases significantly reduce the chances of survivors for a successful outcome.
Aggressive environment . It includes all sorts of nuances of the situation: wild animals, poisonous plants, swamps and other delights of the habitat.
Overwork . Excessive fatigue and physical exhaustion will sooner or later play a cruel joke on any person.

Based on these factors, the survivor needs to build for himself in his head survival plan. Whatever the reason for the victim remaining cut off from civilization - in the first place, he should always try to determine his location. The ideal option would be to have a map and a compass, which is unlikely in case of a sudden emergency.

If there are natural shelters nearby or broken vehicles, a crashed plane, and so on, then the victim is advised to stay in this place. It is worth moving on only in 2 cases:

1) the missing person will not be searched for in the near future;

2) the missing person knows exactly how to get to the settlement or camp.

If it is impossible to determine your location on the ground, you need to look around from the most convenient and high point(hill, tree). Having found signs of civilization or a reservoir, one should advance towards the goal.

If the terrain is too homogeneous around, then it is better to stay put and start other ways of surviving. First you need to understand what is more profitable to do first. If sunset is coming soon, then you should start building a shelter. At low temperatures, it makes sense to start your actions with a fire. If this is the case in the morning and in the summer, then you can deal with the provision of water (search, cleaning, disinfection). Each action must be logical and consistent.

Universal Survival Plan

It is necessary to understand that, by and large, in conditions of a threat to life, nothing universal can exist. However, there are some fundamental truths.

The elements of survival include the following concepts: food, shelter, fire, water, location and medicine. To prioritize them, a certain abbreviation with a speaking name is used: PLAN. No matter where in the world the survivor is, the priority is the same - whether it is the Gobi desert, the Amazon jungle, Pacific Ocean or the expanses of the Arctic.

P - protection (protection)

It is in the interests of a person in distress to provide their own protection from an aggressive environment. To do this, you need to use all the means at hand, but without the need to do "extra movements". You must always remember the expediency of efforts. Preference should be given to organizing shelter and making fire.

L - localization (location)

Next on the list of priorities will be locating and equipping distress signals. The survivor must by all means attract attention and indicate his presence.

A - adaptation (provision)

While waiting for help, you should constantly look for new sources of food and water, emergency supplies should be used only when emergency. This way of survival can be described as follows: "preserve and increase."

N - navigation (route)

If you hope for someone long and pointless, you can try the last option. In order to move forward, you need to accumulate a sufficient amount of resources and supplies. A person who dares to take such a step needs to correctly assess his strength and make an informed decision, otherwise this campaign may be the last.

In addition to the above, you must be extremely attentive to your own health and constantly monitor your well-being. Wounds must be treated without delay, preventing infection and inflammation. Purified and boiled water is the key to success.

Additional materials

The basic ways of survival that you need to take at the very beginning of "unity" with nature remain unchanged. Only their order changes depending on the accompanying factors. Each of the aspects of life in the wild has its own nuances and features that deserve separate materials and articles.

A quite natural question arises: what topics should be mastered first of all, starting to study the basics of survival?

You need to start with a clear understanding that any autonomous existence consists of individual elements, skills, factors. Due to the extensiveness, at the initial stage, the following free materials are recommended for reading:

After studying these articles, it is advisable to proceed to more specific ways of survival, the necessary skills and abilities. Books in this regard are an indispensable source of knowledge.

When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks away from settlements, spend a few days in " field conditions”, to face a variety of extreme situations, which places additional demands on their ability to work in these conditions.

Solid knowledge in various fields, the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. Going to the RPS, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of 30-40 km; hunting matches, a candle or tablets of dry fuel for making a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for signaling; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; axe; shovel; prison; compass; a piece of thick foil and polyethylene; fishing equipment; signal cartridges; emergency kit of medicines; supply of water and food.

Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to put into practice special signals.

Rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright lights at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, oil rags into a fire, black smoke will be emitted, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To get white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and damp moss should be thrown into the fire.

To give a signal from the ground to the air vehicle(aircraft) Signaling by a mirror You can use a special signaling mirror. It is necessary to keep it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the aircraft, turning the mirror, combine the light spot with the sighting hole. In the absence of a signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. For sighting, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line, even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire built on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good funds alarms - brightly colored objects and a special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, earth, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (shout, shot, knock), signal rockets, smoke bombs can be used.

One of recent achievements in the development of "target designation" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon sheath, covered with four candles

Content | Index

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index

lingering colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90m by a nylon cable. The mass of the set is 1.5 kg.

In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Ground-to-Air Air Signals Code Table. Its signs can be laid out with the help of improvised means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie down on the ground, snow, ice or trampled on the snow.

Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in the field, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Monitoring the state and forecasting of the weather is carried out by special meteorological services. Weather information is transmitted by means of communication, in special reports, is applied to maps using conventional signs.

In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it according to local characteristics. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast simultaneously for several of them.

International Code Table for Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals:

1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury;

2 - Medicines are needed; 3 - Unable to move
sya; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Requires weapons and
ammunition; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - Need
we have a signal lamp with a battery and a radio station;
8 - Specify the direction of travel; 9 - I move
I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off;
11 - Vessel seriously damaged; 12 - Here you can
safely land; 13 - Fuel required
in and oil; 14 - All right; 15 - No or deny
meaningfully; 16 - Yes or positive; 17 - Did not understand;
18 - Need a mechanic; 19 - Operations completed;

20 - Nothing found, keep searching;

21 - Information received that the aircraft is on
walks in that direction; 22 - We found everyone
of people; 23 - We found only a few people;
24 - We are unable to continue, we return
going to the base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each
follows in the indicated direction.

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RUSSIAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS MINISTRY

FEDERAL STATE STATE INSTITUTION

"1 TEAM OF THE FEDERAL FIRE-FIGHTING SERVICE

FOR THE UDMURT REPUBLIC"

FPS TRAINING STATION

APPROVE

Head of the Training Center of the FPS

FGKU "1 detachment of FPS

for the Udmurt Republic"

lieutenant colonel of internal service

S.A. Churakov

"____" __________________ 2017

PLAN-SUMMARY

Conducting classes on the discipline "Fire Tactics"

with students of special initial training of firefighters

Topic number 5.3.2. "Fundamentals of Survival in Various Emergencies"

Considered at a meeting of the pedagogical council

Protocol No. _____ dated ______________

"_____" ________________20 years

Type of lesson: lecture

Lesson time: 80 minutes

The purpose of the lesson: to familiarize students with the basics of survival in various emergencies

Literature:

Fire tactics / Terebnev V.V., Yekaterinburg: "Publishing house" Kalan "2007.

Handbook of the head of fire fighting. Povzik Ya.S. Moscow "Special equipment" 2001

Rescuer's Manual M 2011

Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of December 23, 2014 No. 1100n "On approval of the Rules for labor protection in the divisions of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service."

Belov SV et al. Life safety. Textbook. M., " graduate School", 2001

Psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firefighters / ed.

Study questions:

Study question

Time, min.

Moving in the natural environment

Educational issues (including control of classes)

Basics of survival, signaling

When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from settlements, spend several days in the “field conditions”, and face various extreme situations, which imposes additional requirements on their ability to work in these conditions.

Solid knowledge in various fields, the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. Going to the RPS, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 3 (M0 km) hunting matches, a candle or tablets of dry fuel for making a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for signaling; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; an ax; a shovel; a spear; a compass; a piece of dense foul and polyethylene; fishing accessories; signal cartridges; medicines supply of water and food.

Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to put into practice special signals

Rescuers can use the smoke of a fire during the day and bright lights at night to indicate their own location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, oil rags into a fire, black smoke will be emitted, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To get white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and damp moss should be thrown into the fire.

To give a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (aircraft), a special signal mirror can be used. It is necessary to keep it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the aircraft; turning the mirror, match the light spot with the sighting hole. In the absence of a signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. For sighting, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line, even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire built on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good means of signaling are brightly colored objects and a special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, earth, water, and ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (shout, shot, knock), signal rockets, smoke bombs can be used.

One of the latest developments in the development of "targeting" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon cable. The mass of the kit is 1.5 kg.

International Code Table for Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals:

1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury; 2 - Medicines are needed; 3 - Unable to move; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Requires weapons and ammunition; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - We need a signal lamp with a battery and a radio station; 8 - Specify the direction of travel; 9 - I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off; 11 - Vessel seriously damaged; 12 - Here you can safely land; 13 - Fuel and oil required; 14 - All right; 15 - No or negative; 16 - Yes or positive; 17 - Did not understand; 18 - Need a mechanic; 19 - Operations completed; 20 - Nothing found, keep searching; 21 - Information received that the aircraft is in this direction; 22 - We found all the people; 23 - We found only a few people; 24 - We are unable to continue, returning to base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each follows in the indicated direction.

Organization of housing, shelter, food, protection

The weather imposes certain requirements on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and rest during multi-day RPS. With this in mind, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche and rock-fall safe areas, close to the source drinking water, have a supply of deadwood or firewood. It is impossible to arrange a bivouac in the dried up beds of mountain rivers, near the shallows, in dense shrubs, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can proceed with setting up the tent.

Tents differ in design features (frame, frameless), capacity, material. Despite this, they are all designed to protect a person from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.

The procedure for setting up the tent is as follows:

deploy a tent;

stretch and secure the bottom;

install racks and tighten guy lines;

fasten the exit and tighten the roof braces;

eliminate creases on the roof by tensioning (loosening) the guys;

dig a ditch around the tent with a width and depth of 8-10 cm to drain water into
case of rain.

Under the bottom of the tent, you can put dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, moss. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, polyurethane foam mats should be placed on the floor.

The pegs are hammered at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, ledges can be used to secure the tent. back wall tents must be placed in the direction of the prevailing winds.

In the absence of a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or equip a hut from improvised materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.

In winter, the campsite should be cleared of snow and ice.

In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. From above, the pit must be closed with branches, dense cloth, covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clean your clothes from snow and dirt, take a shovel or knife with you, which can be used to make ventilation holes and a passage in case of snow collapse.

For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: "hut", "well" ("log house"), "taiga", "no-dya", "fireplace", "Polynesian", "starry" , "pyramid".

"Shalash" is convenient for fast food tea and camp lighting. This fire is very "gluttonous", it burns hot. “Well” (“log house”) is kindled, if you need to cook food in a large bowl, dry wet clothes. In the "well" the fuel burns more slowly than in the "hut", a lot of coals are formed, which create a high temperature. On the "taiga" you can cook food at the same time in several pots. On one thick log (approximately 20 cm thick) put several thinner

Types of fires: a - "hut"; b - "well"; c - "taiga"; g - "nodya"; d - "fireplace"; e - "Polynesian"; g - "star"; h - "pyramid"

Any fire must be made only after careful preparation of the site: collection of dry grass and deadwood, making a deepening in the ground, fencing with stones the place where it will be bred. The fuel for the fire is dry forest, grass, reeds, shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, larch give a lot of sparks. Quietly burning oak, maple, elm, beech.

To quickly kindle a fire, kindling is needed (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It fits tightly with a "hut" or "well". To make the kindling light up better, put a piece of candle in it or put dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are laid around the kindling, then thick firewood. In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, a backpack, or a thick cloth.

You can light a fire with matches, lighters, sunlight and magnifying glass, friction, flint, shot. In the latter case, you need:

open the cartridge and leave only gunpowder in it;

lay dry cotton wool on top of the gunpowder;

shoot at the ground, while observing security measures;

smoldering cotton wool will ensure further kindling of the fire.

For making a fire in winter time it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.

To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be made under low tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side, relative to the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reeds and reeds, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine undergrowth. In these places, the fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish. In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones.

The safe distance from the campfire to the tent is 10 meters.

The energy consumption of the human body with an average and above average intensity of loads ranges from 3200 to 4000 kcal per day. Under extreme loads, energy costs increase to 4600-5000 kcal. In this case, the diet should consist of various products containing all the elements necessary for the body. An example of a balanced diet is shown above.

This list may be supplemented by forest products (mushrooms, berries, fruits of wild trees), hunting, and fishing.

Food consumption is carried out in the established mode, which includes two or three meals a day. hot food whenever possible, every day at the same time. For lunch, 40% of the daily diet is spent, for breakfast - 35% and for dinner - 25%.

For supporting high level The rescuer must adhere to the optimal mode of consumption of drinking water.

The water lost by the body must be replaced, otherwise the process of dehydration begins. The loss of water in the amount of 1-2% of body weight makes a person very thirsty; at 3-5% nausea, fever, apathy, fatigue occur; at 10%, irreversible changes appear in the body; at 20% a person dies. The need for water depends on the intensity of the work, the temperature and humidity of the air, and the weight of the human body. With relatively limited physical mobility, the need for water ranges from 1.5-2.0 liters per day in areas with moderate temperatures, to 4-6 liters or more per day in the desert and tropics. With high physical and nervous stress, the need for water increases by 2-3 times.

In natural and artificial reservoirs, water quality often does not meet the requirements for safe use. Therefore, it is advisable to boil it before use. Contaminated or swamp water must be treated with potassium permanganate or special preparations before boiling. Water can also be filtered using depressions in damp earth, thick cloth, special filters.

Moving in the natural environment

RESCUER MOVEMENT OVER ROUGH TERRAIN

Rough terrain is a piece of the earth's surface without high mountains. It is characterized by a variety of conditions, including the presence, along with flat plots of land, hills, hills, ravines, valleys, screes, rivers, reservoirs, vegetation.

Movement on flat areas of rough terrain is characterized by the rhythm of steps with approximately the same length and frequency. Rhythm of movements is provided optimal performance circulatory, respiratory and other functional systems of the body. At the moment of unsupported position of the leg, its muscles must be relaxed as much as possible. When lowering to the ground, the leg muscles tighten again. The foot must be placed on the entire surface, and not on the edge, to avoid injury to the ankle joint. Walk with slightly bent knees.

The length and frequency of the step are purely individual and depend on many factors: height, weight, strength, experience, fitness of a person, terrain, mass of the load carried. On steep sections, the stride length is reduced by more than half, sometimes it is equal to the length of the foot or can even be shorter.

When driving on level ground average speed is 4-5 km / h and decreases when driving through the forest, swamp, bushes, thickets, snow, sand.

On the rises, the leg must be placed on the entire foot, the toes of the legs should be slightly turned to the sides. This provides a reliable grip of the sole of the shoe with the supporting surface. The body leans slightly forward. With an increase in the steepness of the slope of more than 15 °, the ascent is carried out using the “herringbone” method. At the same time, the toes of the legs turn to the sides. The steeper the slope, the greater the angle you need to turn your feet.

The ascent and descent of the slopes is often carried out using the "serpentine" method. This method is associated with movement across the slope (traverse). When “serpentine” the leg must be placed with the entire sole across the slope so that the toe of the “nearest” to the slope of the legs is turned up, and the toe of the “far” leg is turned down. The angle of the foot turn depends on the steepness of the slope. At the moment of changing the direction of movement along the slope, it is necessary to take an elongated step with the “far” leg, placing it up the slope, then place the foot of the “near” leg across the slope, in a “herringbone”, turn around and continue moving.

To facilitate movement along the slope, animal trails, potholes, securely lying objects, an alpenstock, an ice ax should be used.

Scree movement requires special attention, since it is associated with the possibility of rockfall. Screes are strong and fragile, with small, medium and large stones.

Movement along solid talus is carried out straight up or with small zigzags. When zigzagging, always be careful not to be above or below another rescuer.

On fragile scree, you need to move carefully, obliquely. Every broken stone, if possible, should be detained and strengthened. If it was not possible to detain him, then everyone should be warned with the exclamation: “Stone”. Rocks and tree trunks are reliable shelter from stones.

The most dangerous talus with a rocky base.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ROCKETS

Conducting RPS can cause the need to move rescuers in the conditions of blockages. The route of movement is selected taking into account the shortest distance to the place of work, in the absence of unstable elements and additional obstacles on the way.

When moving through a blockage, rescuers must exercise extreme caution, as it can be fraught with many unexpected things:

victims and material values;

collapse of surviving, unstable fragments of buildings and elements of buildings;

voids and their subsidence;

explosions as a result of the accumulation of combustible and explosive gases in voids;

fire and smoke;

damaged utility networks, product pipelines;

harmful substances, including AHOV.

When moving in the immediate vicinity of the blockage, special attention should be paid to the surviving fragments of buildings, since they represent an increased danger. This is due to the possibility of their sudden collapse. No less dangerous are damaged utility systems.

When moving along the surface of the blockage, the optimal and safe route. Special attention give to the choice of the place of setting the legs. You need to step only on securely lying objects. In some cases, the remains of buildings, boards, pipes, fittings should be removed from the road.

It is impossible to move in conditions of blockage, enter destroyed buildings, and be near them unnecessarily. Do not run, jump, or throw heavy objects at the blockage. This can cause injury to rescuers and create an additional threat to the health and life of the victims who are in the rubble.

In cases where partially destroyed buildings remain in the RPS area, it is necessary to provide assistance to the people who are in them. To do this, rescuers must assess the reliability of buildings, determine the methods of movement, extraction and evacuation of victims.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN CRASHED CONDITIONS

When conducting RPS, rescuers often have to move in cramped conditions (narrow passage, well, crack, pipe). The peculiarity of this movement is that it is carried out in unusual positions: on the side, on the back, on all fours, crawling. To this must be added the psychological discomfort associated with the constant feeling of fear that arises on the basis of claustrophobia - the fear of enclosed space.

As a rule, toxic and explosive substances accumulate in a closed space, there is no light in it.

Work in cramped conditions can be carried out after checking the air working area appliances or in an insulating gas mask. A rescuer in cramped conditions must be secured with a rope. Special lamps are used to illuminate the route and places of work.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN THE SNOW

The movement of rescuers on snow can be carried out on foot, using snowshoes, skis, sledges, snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles.

One of the most common ways is walking. Its speed depends on the height and structure of the snow cover, the nature of the terrain.

Snow cover with a height of 0.3 m or more is difficult for walking. This is due to the peculiarity of walking, which consists in the need to punch solid road in freshly fallen or individual holes - in stale snow. All this requires great physical effort, causes rapid fatigue. Therefore, when walking in deep snow, it is often necessary to replace the rescuer walking in front.

To prevent snow from getting into your shoes, put on trousers over them and tie them at the bottom.

Special devices - snowshoes - help to increase the speed of rescuers' movement in the snow and save energy. They are an oval-shaped frame made of a bar 7 mm thick, 420 mm long and 200 mm wide. 20-25 holes with a diameter of 8-9 mm are drilled in the frame, through which it is intertwined with rawhide belts. A tarpaulin or dense fabric size 80x270 mm and rings for tying snowshoes to shoes.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS ON ICE

At an air temperature of 0°C or below, water from liquid state turns into a solid (crystallizes), ice is formed. On water surfaces, the thickness and strength of ice depend on the speed of the water flow, its composition and the presence of aquatic vegetation. Level ice forms on a smooth, wind-sheltered water surface. Old (pack) ice is covered with hummocks, which appear as a result of ice compression.

When large heavy ice floes collide between them, grated ice is formed, unsuitable for movement.

The thickness of the ice, especially on fast water, is not the same everywhere. It is thin near the coast, on rapids, in the area of riffles, near rocks, at the confluence of rivers, their confluence with the sea (lake), near frozen objects on bends and bends of rivers. The most dangerous ice under the snow and snowdrifts. The danger when moving on ice is polynyas, ice holes, holes, cracks, hummocks, places where solder and moving ice come into contact.

The movement of rescuers on the ice requires increased security measures. An ice thickness of 10 cm in fresh water and 15 cm in salt water is considered safe for one person. To determine the thickness of the ice, it must be drilled (cut through).

The reliability of the ice is checked by the passage of one lifeguard (light) on it, who, for safety reasons, must be insured with a rope. If, when moving along it, the ice makes characteristic sounds - it cracks, then you can’t walk on it. In case of breaking through the ice, it is necessary to drop heavy things, get to the surface of the ice, lie on your stomach, lean on a pole, skis or ski poles and crawl to the shore.

Special care must be taken when driving on ice that is covered with snow or water. When jumping from one ice floe to another, the support points should be no closer than 50 cm from the edge of the ice.

Aids and equipment used in class: teaching board, teaching aids

Task for independent work students and preparation for the next lesson: review the material covered

Developed

teacher of special disciplines

FPS training center

FGKU "1 detachment of the FPS in the Udmurt Republic"

senior lieutenant of the internal service A.V. Arkhipov

The human species has settled in almost all corners of the Earth. Even in areas too inhospitable to provide a permanent home, mankind has found ways to exploit their resources, either by hunting or by getting what they need directly from the land, and often uses their methods of exploiting nature simply for the pleasure of using them.

Almost everywhere in nature there is what is necessary for survival. In some places food is plentiful, in others food resources are very scarce and it will take common sense, knowledge and ingenuity to take advantage of the opportunities available. But even more important is the will to live. Men and women have proven that they can survive in the most hostile conditions, but they did it only because of their determination to win - without this, all knowledge will do little if you find yourself in a difficult situation.

Survival is the art of staying alive. All items of equipment that you have should be considered only as a head start, which may not be. You must know how to take everything you can from nature and use it to the fullest, how to draw attention to yourself so that rescuers can find you, how to move through unfamiliar territory towards civilization (if there is no hope of salvation from outside) without a map and compass. You must know how to keep fit or heal yourself and others when sick or injured. You must be able to maintain a stable morale both in yourself and in others who share with you the hardships of the situation.

But survival methods are relevant not only in extreme situations of a catastrophe on a mountain top, a shipwreck in the tropics or in the middle of a desert. Every time you put on your seat belt in your car, you increase your chances of survival. Looking around when crossing the street or making sure before going to bed that the fireplace is functioning properly, you instinctively use survival techniques. It is this mindset that you must develop along with skills and abilities.

The basic elements of survival are food, fire, shelter, water, location and medicine. The abbreviation is used to prioritize them. Regardless of where we are on the Earth, the priority does not change - whether in the Arctic, in the desert, in the jungle, in open ocean or on the coast.

P — protection (protection)

You must ensure that you are protected from possible subsequent dangers, i.e. aftershocks with collapses, a forest fire or a fuel explosion. Always stay at the scene of the accident for as long as it is safe to do so, and then protect yourself from environmental hazards. This means organizing a shelter and often starting a fire. There are several reasons why you should not leave the scene of an accident.

You can use the wreckage to create shelter, signaling, etc.
The place itself is a big "sign", a "signal" that is easier to spot.
Perhaps there are wounded who cannot be moved.
By staying where you are, you save energy.
If you are registered somewhere (at a hotel, at work at a business trip, etc.) and stay on the established route, then a minimum time for rescue will be required.

L — localization (locating)

The next step after creating a shelter or shelter is to set up signals that localize your location. You must draw attention to your location. Do this as quickly as possible to help your rescuers.

BUT — adaptation (search for food and water)

While waiting for help, look for water and food to replenish your emergency supplies.

H — navigation (route selection)

Good Navigation - Definition the right direction your way - can lead out of dangerous situation. But if you are limited in this, stay where you are.

The medicine

You must become your own doctor and constantly monitor your condition. Immediately treat scratches, corns, blisters, without bringing them to infection and inflammation. Monitor the status of your comrades and solve problems as they arise. If they limp, fall behind, or behave strangely, stop and take immediate action.