Heavy cement mortar 1 3. Characteristics of mortars

mounting -for filling and sealing joints between large elements during the installation of buildings and structures from prefabricated structures and parts;

special -waterproof, acid-resistant, heat-resistant, acoustic, heat-insulating, injectable, X-ray protective and pipelined.

There is no coarse aggregate in the composition of the mortars, therefore, in essence, they are fine-grained concretes. General patterns, which characterize the properties of concrete, are in principle applicable to mortars. However, when using solutions, two features must be taken into account. Firstly, they are laid in thin layers (1…2 cm) without mechanical compaction. Secondly, solutions are often applied to porous substrates (brick, concrete, light stones and blocks of porous rocks) that can strongly suck out water. As a result, the properties of the solution change, which must be taken into account when determining its composition.

Selection of the composition, preparation and transportation of solutions

The compositions of mortar mixtures are selected or selected depending on the purpose of the solution, the required brand and mobility, and the conditions for the production of work. The selected composition of mortar mixtures must have the necessary mobility (without delamination and water separation during laying) when minimum flow binder and ensure that the required hardened strength is obtained.

The compositions of mortars are selected according to tables and by calculation, in both cases they are refined experimentally in relation to specific materials.

The calculation-experimental method for selecting the composition of the solution is based on the preliminary calculation of the consumption of components (binder, fillers, water and additives) based on scientifically substantiated and experimentally verified dependencies given below. It is used to select the composition of heavy masonry and installation mortars.

The composition of solutions grades 25 ... 200 is selected as follows.To obtain a given brand of solution in the case of using binders that differ in grade M vf from those given in 5.8 (table 4 ) SP 82-101-98 Preparation and application of mortars, binder consumption per 1 m 3 of sand is determined byformula

where Q c - binder consumption with activity according to the table 4 per 1 m 3 sand, kg;

Q vf - the consumption of a binder with a different activity;

R in Q in - taken according to the table 4 for this brand of solution.

Amount of inorganic plasticizers (lime or clay dough) V d per 1 m 3 of sand is determined by the formula

V d = 0,17(1 — 0,002Q in),

where V e - inorganic additive per 1 m 3 of sand, m.

The calculation of the composition of the solution should be preceded by determining the activity (grade) and the average bulk density of cement, the grain composition and modulus of sand size, the average density of the inorganic plasticizer (lime or clay).

Preparation of solutions. Solutions are produced in the form of ready-to-use or dry mixtures, mixed with water before use.

The process of preparing the mortar mixture consists of dosing the starting materials, loading them into the drum of the mortar mixer and mixing until a homogeneous mass is obtained in mortar mixers periodical action with forced mixing. By design, mortar mixers with a horizontal or vertical paddle shaft are distinguished. The latter are called turbulent mixers.

Mortar mixers with a horizontal paddle shaft are produced with a capacity of 30; 65; 80; 250 and 900 l. All these mixers, with the exception of the last one, are mobile. Capacity for the finished batch of turbulent mixers, the working body of which is fast-rotating rotors - 65; 500 and 800 l.

In order for the solution to have the required properties, it is necessary to achieve uniformity of its composition. To do this, limit the minimum mixing time. The average duration of the mixing cycle for heavy solutions should be at least 3 minutes. Light solutions are stirred longer. To facilitate this process, lime and clay are introduced into the solution in the form of lime or clay milk. Lime paste and lump clay cannot be used for mixed mortars, since in this case it is almost impossible to achieve a homogeneous mortar mixture.

For the preparation of cement mortars with inorganic plasticizers, lime (clay) milk of such a consistency is poured into the mortar mixer so that it is not necessary to add additional water, and then the aggregate and cement are poured. Organic plasticizers are first mixed in a mortar mixer with water for 30–45 s, and then the remaining components are loaded. Solutions, as a rule, are prepared at centralized concrete mixing plants or mortar units, which ensures high quality products. In winter, to obtain solutions with a positive temperature, the components of the solution - sand and water - are heated to a temperature of no more than 60 ° C. The binder must not be heated.

Transportation. Mortar mixtures from factories are transported by dump trucks or specially equipped vehicles, which exclude the loss of laitance, environmental pollution, moisture from precipitation, and temperature reduction. The transportation distance depends on the type of solution, the condition of the road and the air temperature. To protect the solution from hypothermia and freezing in winter, car bodies are insulated or heated with engine exhaust gases.

At construction sites, the mortar mixture is fed to the place of use through pipes using mortar pumps.

The shelf life of mortar mixtures depends on the type of binder and is limited by the time of its setting. Lime mortars retain their properties for a long time (until water evaporates from them), and water can be added to the dried lime mortar and mixed again. Cement mortars must be used within 2…4 hours; dilution with water and re-mixing of set cement mortars is not allowed, as this leads to a sharp decrease in its quality, i.e., a drop in the brand of mortar.

Mortars for laying foundations and plinths below the waterproofing layer

Grade of cement	Soil type
	low humidity		Wet	Saturated with water
	Cement-lime mortar M10 (cement: lime paste: sand)	Cement-clay mortar M25 (cement: clay dough: sand)	Cement-lime and cement-clay mortar M25 (cement: lime or clay: sand)	Cement mortar M50 (cement: sand)
50	1:0,1:2,5	1:0,1:2,5	—	—
100	1:0,5:5	1:0,5:5	1:0,1:2	—
150	1:1,2:9	1:1,7	1:03:3,5	—
200	1:1,7:12	1:1:8	1:0,5:5	1:2,5
250	1:1,7:12	1:1:9	1:0,7:5	1:3
300	1:2,1:15	1:1:11	1:0,7:8	1:6

Note: Solution compositions are given in volume ratios. Sand is accepted with medium size and moisture content of 2% or more. When using dry sand, its dosage is reduced by 10%.

The cement mortar is prepared in this way: first, a dry mixture is prepared, which is then mixed with water and mixed. Dry cement mortars are mixed with water, mixed and used within 1-1.5 hours. Water is also carefully dosed. From excess water, a more liquid solution will be obtained; after drying, it becomes less durable than a thick solution of the same composition.

Cement-lime mortar is prepared in proportions. These are the so-called complex solutions, designed to work under normal conditions. Therefore, for masonry located below the level ground water such solutions should not be used. Cement-lime mortars are most often used for interior masonry or for plastering basements. Prepare it in this order.

The lime dough is diluted to the density of milk and filtered on a clean sieve. A dry mixture is prepared from cement and sand, it is closed milk of lime and mix thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The addition of milk of lime increases the plasticity of the solution and makes it more “warm” (Tables 2, 3).

The composition of the solution for above-ground masonry with indoor humidity less than 60%

Grade of cement	Solution brand
	100	75	50	25
600	1:0,4:4,5	1:0,7:6	—	—
500	1:0,3:4	1:0,5:5	1:1:8	—
400	1:0,2:3	1:0,3:4		1:1,7:1,2
300	—	1:0,2:3	1:0,4:4,5	1:1,2:9
Cement-clay mortars
600	1:0,4:4,5	1:0,7:6	—	—
500	1:0,4:4,5	1:0,7:6	1:1:3	—
400	1:0,2:3	1:0,3:4	1:0,7:6	1:1:11
300	—	1:0,2:3	1:0,4:4,5	1:1:9

Table 3

Grade of cement	Solution brand
	100	75	50	25
Cement-lime mortars
600	1:0,4:4,5	1:0,7:6	—	—
500	1:0,3:4	1:0,5:5	1:0,7:8	—
400	1:0,2:3	1:0.3:4	1:0,7:6	—
300	—	1:0,2:3	1:0,4:4,5	1:0,7:9
Cement-clay mortars
600	1:0.4:4,5	1:0,7:6	—	—
500	1:0,3:4	1:0,5:5	1:0,7:6	1:0,7:8,5
400	1:0,2:3	1:0,3:4	1:0,7:6	1:0,7:8,5
300	—	1:0,2:3	1:0,4:5	—
cement mortars
600	1:4,5	1:6	—	—
500	1:4	1:5	—	—
400	1:3	1:4	1:6	—
300	—	1:3	1:4,5	—

Lime mortar is obtained by mixing clean sand with milk of lime without the inclusion of cement. Usually these are solutions of low grades and are mostly used for interior plastering of residential premises. Such solutions are characterized by workability, good adhesion to the masonry material. Lime mortars harden slowly and gypsum is often added to the mortar to speed up this process. Especially the need for the introduction of gypsum increases when plastering ceilings and slopes, where increased requirements are placed on the rate of hardening of the solution.

To obtain a clay-lime mortar, clay and lime are mixed, and then poured with water. The resulting mixture is closed with sand in the required proportion. Such solutions are used in summer conditions for above-ground masonry, mainly in a dry climate with normal indoor air humidity.

Compositions of cement-lime, cement-clay and cement mortars
Brand solution	Compositions in the volumetric dosage of solutions with a brand of binder
	500	400	300	200	150
Compositions of cement-lime and cement-clay mortars for above-ground structures with a relative humidity of indoor air up to 60% and for foundations in low-moisture soils
300	1: 0,15: 2,1	1: 0,07: 1,8
200	1: 0,2: 3	1: 0,1: 2,5
150	1: 0,3: 4	1: 0,2: 3	1: 0,1: 2,5
100	1: 0,5: 5,5	1: 0,4: 4,5	1: 0,2: 3,5
75	1: 0,8: 7	1: 0,5: 5,5	1: 0,3: 4	1: 0,1: 2,5
50		1: 0,9: 8	1: 0,6: 6	1: 0,3: 4
25			1: 1,4: 10,5	1: 0,8: 7	1: 0,3: 4
10					1: 1,2: 9,5
Compositions of cement-lime and cement-clay mortars for above-ground structures with relative humidity of indoor air over 60% and for foundations in wet soils
300	1: 0,15: 2,1	1: 0,07: 1,8
200	1: 0,2: 3	1: 0,1: 2,5
150	1: 0,3: 4	1: 0,2: 3	1: 0,1: 2,5
100	1: 0,5: 5,5	1: 0,4: 4,5	1: 0,2: 3,5
75	1: 0,8: 7	1: 0,5: 5,5	1: 0,3: 4	1: 0,1: 2,5
50		1: 0,9: 8	1: 0,6: 6	1: 0,3: 4
25			1: 1: 10,5 / 1: 1: 9*	1: 0,8: 7	1: 0,3: 4
10					1: 1: 9 / 1: 0,8: 7*
Compositions of cement mortars for foundations and other structures located in water-saturated soils and below the groundwater level
300	1: 0: 2,1	1: 0: 1,8
200	1: 0: 3	1: 0: 2,5
150	1: 0: 4	1: 0: 3	1: 0: 2,5
100	1: 0: 5,5	1: 0: 4,5	1: 0: 3,0
75	1: 0: 6	1: 0: 5,5	1: 0: 4	1: 0: 2,5
50			1: 0: 6	1: 0: 4
* Above the line - compositions of cement-lime mortars, below the line - cement-clay. Cement: Lime (Clay) : Sand. Sand is accepted according to GOST 8736

The choice of binders in the preparation of mortars for masonry
Operating conditions of structures	Type of binder
1 For above-ground structures with a relative humidity of indoor air up to 60% and for foundations erected in low-moisture soils	Portland cement, plasticized and hydrophobic Portland cements, slag Portland cement, pozzolanic Portland cement, mortar cement, lime-slag binder
2 For above-ground structures with a relative humidity of more than 60% and for foundations erected in wet soils	Pozzolanic Portland cement, plasticized and hydrophobic Portland cement, Portland slag cement, Portland cement, mortar cement, lime-slag binder
3 For foundations with aggressive sulphate waters	Sulfate-resistant Portland cements, Pozzolanic Portland cement

Estimated binder costs per 1 m³ of sand or 1 m³ of mortar
Astringents	Brand of solution Mr	Binder brand MV	Binder consumption, kg
			per 1 m³ of sand	per 1 m³ solution
GOST 10178 GOST 25328 GOST 22266
The consumption of binders is indicated for mixed cement-lime and cement-clay mortars and sand in a loosely poured state at a natural moisture content of 3–7%.

Mortars for plastering and fixing facing tiles

Type and composition of the mortar for the preparatory layers of external and internal plasters (spray and primer)
Type of plastered surface	Type and composition of the solution
	cement	cement-lime	lime	lime-gypsum
For spraying
Stone and concrete	from 1:2.5 up to 1:4	from 1:0.3:3 up to 1:0.5:5
For ground
Stone and concrete	from 1:2 up to 1:3	from 1:0.7:2.5 up to 1:1.2:4>
External plastering of walls not subject to systematic moisture, and internal plaster in rooms with relative air humidity up to 60%
For spraying
		from 1:0.5:4 up to 1:0.7:6	from 1:2.5 up to 1:4	from 1:0.3:2 up to 1:1:3
For ground
Stone and concrete. Wood and plaster		from 1:0.7:3 up to 1:1:5	from 1:2 up to 1:3	from 1:0.5:1.5 up to 1:1.5:2

Type and composition of the mortar for the finishing layer (coating) of external and internal plasters
Type of soil of plastered surfaces	Type and composition of the solution
	cement	cement-lime	lime	lime-gypsum
External plastering of walls, plinths, cornices, etc. subjected to systematic moisture, as well as internal plastering in rooms with a relative humidity of more than 60%
	from 1:1 up to 1:1.5	from 1:1:1.5 up to 1:1.5:2
External plaster of walls that are not subject to systematic moisture, and internal plaster in rooms with relative humidity up to 60%
Cement and cement-lime		from 1:1:2 up to 1:1.5:3
Lime and lime-gypsum			from 1:1 up to 1:2	from 1:1:0 up to 1:1.5:0
Binder1: Binder2: Sand. Sand is accepted in accordance with GOST 8736 with a natural moisture content of 3–7%

In the course of the repair work with my own hands, I have repeatedly encountered the manufacture of plaster. Everyone knows that it is used to conduct preparatory work when it is necessary to patch cracks and level existing irregularities for further finishing. In addition, plaster can be used as a finish for the exterior insulation of the house with expanded polystyrene. Today I want to talk about lime mortar, its composition and preparation with my own hands.

Slaked lime

Binder fillers

Before you make a solution, you need to find out not only its technical characteristics, but also the proportions with which you mix with your own hands. Since additives are astringents and are used to strengthen the finished coating, I will start with them:

1. Gypsum - with the help of it a lime-gypsum mortar is made, which is perfect for plastering stone or wooden surfaces. When mixing it, it is important not to produce a large number of material, as it must be used very quickly. The average setting time for this mixture is 10 minutes.
2. Cement - due to the fact that it is in solution, it becomes possible to use plaster in outdoor processes or in rooms with a high level of humidity. Cement-lime mortar is excellent for interior and exterior renovation work.
3. Clay - very rarely used with lime, the use of a solution on this basis is necessary to strengthen the previous layers, which consist of natural clay
4. Sand - this composition is the most common. If part of the river sand is present in the solution, then it should be washed before use. Quarry sand in this case is sieved

By the way, in addition to the above components, lime mortar may contain various catalysts or plasticizers that speed up the hardening process. I will talk about the latter a little later.

Benefits of lime mixture

Preparing lime mortar

Before starting to work with lime mortar, I decided to learn about all its advantages and "pitfalls". Therefore, by the time of cooking with my own hands, I was fully armed. Let's look at the advantages of this material:

• The elasticity of the material simplifies the work process, in addition, the plaster has refractory properties
• Environmentally friendly, while the coated wooden surfaces and walls will be protected from rodents and insects
• No signs of mold and mildew
• If several layers are applied, they are firmly bonded to each other.
• Microcracks do not appear

Lime mortar has few drawbacks, the most important of which is a long drying process, which is significantly inferior to cement and sand plaster. In addition, the material may begin to float - in order to get rid of such a drawback, you should wait until the first layer is completely dry and only after that proceed with applying the subsequent ones.

Important! In the manufacture of lime mortar, you choose the composition, starting from the necessary goals. Also, for lime mortar, the proportions must be observed depending on the components of the future plaster.

Cooking

Lime mortar

Cooking

Lime mortar

The composition of the lime mortar is lime and sand, the proportions of which can be as 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. It is the concentration of lime that affects these proportions, and if the mixture turns out to be too fatty, then gradually add required amount sand. If, on the contrary, the mixture is too liquid, then it is worth adding lime.

Important! To prepare the solution, it is necessary to use slaked lime.

The first step is to get lime dough. To do this, take a container, it is important that it is not plastic or metal and pour the dry mixture into it, then fill it with heated water. Next, the container should be tightly closed otherwise during the reaction, everything will scatter in different directions. At the end of boiling, 2 liquids are formed - the white one will need to be drained, and the thick one should be left for a day for further thickening. Sand is sieved using a sieve with cells of 3*3 or 5*5 mm. Sand and water are added to the existing dough in portions and mixed well. As a result, we get a lime mass, which has a normal fat content and the consistency necessary for work.

cement mortar

Do-it-yourself lime mortar

Masonry is especially popular for do-it-yourself cooking. cement mortar. If you need to make out the proportions, then you should pay attention to the marking - this is the ratio of sand and cement. Let's take a closer look at everything using the example of a small table:

Strength grade	Proportions of ingredients in the composition			Compressive strength MPa
	Cement	Lime	Sand
M-50	1	0,5	4,5-4	5
M-75	1	0,32	4	8
M-100	1	0-0,25	3-3,5	10
M-150	1	0	1,5-2	12,8
M-200	1	0	1-1,1	15

Let's take a closer look at each brand:

• M-50 - consists of lime and cement, is used for low-rise buildings, as it does not have high strength properties. Ready-made masonry mortar is most often used for grouting uneven surfaces.
• M-75 - suitable for interior masonry work, as well as for plaster leveling processes
• Grade 100 mix is ​​one of the most popular mixes, as it can be used both in outdoor work and for internal processes. If a plasticizer is added to the composition, then the material can be used for plastering exterior walls
• M-150 is a popular mixture that is used for complex construction, that is, for multi-storey buildings. Grade 150 is used in floor screeding processes, as well as for foundations. M-150 resistant to low temperatures
• M-200 - masonry with such a solution can withstand high temperatures. The material is heat resistant and does not get wet

A little about plasticizers

Making your own lime mortar

For those who have not yet encountered plasticizers, you should immediately remember what it is used for. A plasticizer is needed for cement mortar or concrete in order to increase their fluidity and plasticity. Ultimately, the improvement of such indicators leads to an increase in the strength of the already cured coating.

If you decide to add a plasticizer to your solution, you should be aware that the dosage for each manufacturer may vary. The average percentage is 0.5-1%, if translated into kilograms, then 0.5 to 1 kg of plasticizer must be added per 100 kg of cement.

Lime mortar M4 is often used for facade and interior finishing works, and also successfully used for laying bricks. Mixtures based on slaked lime, which have long proven themselves well, are distinguished by plasticity, good heat-saving properties, and relatively low cost; and also by the fact that they harden rather slowly (this gives advantages during transportation). True, these compositions are inferior to their cement counterparts in strength.

Lime mortar components: water, lime (as a binder), filler (sand, gypsum or cement) and modifiers that improve the properties of the mixture. Moreover, the binder component is used in the form:

• fluffs (slaked lime or dry calcium hydroxide);
• lime dough, which is obtained as a result of the interaction of quicklime with water (2 kg of lime is poured into 1 liter of water);
• milk of lime (for 2 kg of lime there are 2 liters of water).

Classification of solutions

The classification of lime mortars is carried out according to the type of filler, the amount of lime content, density and physical and mechanical properties.

According to the type of filling component, lime mortars are divided into simple and complex. If the composition of a simple mixture includes only lime, then the complex composition, in addition to it, also includes sand, gypsum, cement or clay.

According to the amount of lime content, solutions are lean, normal and fatty. In lean mixtures, lime is the least, and most of all is sand, gypsum or cement (the ratio of binder to filler is 1:5). In fatty compositions, the proportion of lime is 50% or more in relation to the filling material. The main advantage of fatty lime mixtures is their plasticity.

Attention! The application of too thick a layer of greasy solution leads to significant shrinkage and cracking.

The most dense are lime-cement mortars, which cannot be said about lime mixtures with gypsum: they are less dense.

There are two indicators that characterize the durability of the mixture - it is strength and frost resistance. In terms of compressive strength, lime mortars M4 are the least durable compared to other brands (for example, M25, M50, M75), and these compounds are not controlled at all in terms of frost resistance.

We prepare lime mortar for plastering

Since it is quite easy to make lime mortar for plaster, it is often used for finishing walls and ceilings. Technological process arranging the plaster includes three stages: spraying, soiling and coating (total layer thickness - no more than 25 mm).

To prepare a plaster mortar for spraying, mix fluff and sifted sand in a ratio of 1:3 or 1:4; for priming - in a ratio of 1: 2; and for "covering" - 1: 1.5. Then pour water and mix (be sure to remove quicklime pieces from the mixture).

Advice! For more convenient mixing of the mixture, we recommend initially mixing only 1/3 of the required volume of sand and water with fluff, then add the remaining water and sand and mix everything thoroughly again. Moreover, we pour water from a watering can, and do not pour it in a straight stream.

We get the fluff as follows:

• We put lump lime in metal (without signs of corrosion) or wooden containers (but not plastic).

Important! We choose the volume of the container, taking into account the fact that in the process of extinguishing the fluff will increase by 3÷4 times.

• Pour lime with cold water (1 liter of water per 2 kg of fluff) and cover with a lid. The boiling process begins.

Important! When quenching occurs chemical reaction(quite violent), which is accompanied by a large heat release. Therefore, the use of glasses protective clothing, rubber gloves and boots required.

• At the end of the boil, mix the mass thoroughly and let the solution brew for 2 weeks.
• Before direct use, we sift dry calcium hydroxide through a construction sieve (to prevent poorly quenched particles from entering the mixture).

Fluff-based compositions have a number of advantages:

• plasticity;
• antibacterial (especially important when finishing wooden surfaces);
• relatively low cost;
• sufficient cooling time.

Cons of such mixtures:

• Lime hardens slowly: therefore, such a composition begins to “float” in a day.

Advice! When plastering walls, apply the second layer of the mixture only after the first one has completely dried.

• Lime absorbs moisture well: therefore, it is not recommended to finish rooms with high humidity with mixtures based on it.

Lime-cement mortars

Cement-lime mortars are successfully used for facade decoration of buildings and for plastering walls of premises with high humidity(over 65%). Cement, which is part of the lime mortar, increases water resistance, frost resistance and strength, and lime gives the mixture good plasticity. The disadvantage of lime-cement mortar for plaster is its relatively high cost (due to the high cost of cement).

For spraying, mix sand, cement and lime in a ratio of 2: 1: 5; then pour in such an amount of water that the mixture has the consistency of liquid sour cream. Throw this solution thin layer on the wall with a trowel. You don't need to level it.

The algorithm for preparing the composition, which we use as the main layer of plaster (thickness should not exceed 50 mm):

• mix the dry components of the mixture: cement (grade M400) and sand in a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 or 1:5 (depending on how heavy the finished finishing solution should be);
• in a separate container, dilute the lime dough to the consistency of a suspension: for this, mix the dough and water in a ratio of 1: 1;
• pour this suspension into the cement-sand mixture and mix (moreover, the mass of the suspension is equal to the mass of cement);
• Continue stirring while adding water until desired consistency is obtained.

We apply the main layer of plaster on the wall; excess is removed by the rule; check the level vertically and horizontally.

Then we apply a thin finishing layer (the composition is the same as for spraying) and level it.

On a note! In order to get a plastic plaster mortar, for 25 kg of cement you will need: 14 kg or 37 liters of lime, 235 kg of sand and 60 liters of water. And to get a strong composition: 25 kg of cement, 7.5 kg or 18 liters of lime, 175 kg of sand and 50 liters of water.

Lime-gypsum mortars

If there is a need to obtain a composition that sets quickly, then a lime mixture with gypsum is prepared (hardening time is about 10 minutes):

• we prepare the usual composition based on fluff and divide it into two parts;
• the first part is combined with gypsum in a ratio of 2: 1 and mixed;
• add to this composition with gypsum the second part of the fluff-based composition and mix again;
• use the resulting mixture for 5÷8 minutes (while continuing to constantly stir the mixture).

Such compositions are characterized by: fine grain size and lack of shrinkage. Disadvantages: the need to use them as soon as possible and the inability to use in wet areas. Most often, such mixtures are used for internal plastering of premises (outside they are rarely used).

Lime mixture for brick laying

The scope of lime mortars for bricklaying is quite limited: they are mainly used for the construction of one-story buildings (lightly loaded walls and interior partitions). The main advantages of such a masonry mortar are its plasticity, low thermal conductivity and good adhesion. The disadvantages include low strength (0.4 MPa in compression) and brittleness. We prepare lime mortar for laying bricks:

• We mix dry calcium hydroxide and sand in a ratio of 1:3, 1:4 or 1:5 (it all depends on the fat content of the binder component).

Advice! To avoid the presence of lumps in the solution, sift the dry components of the mixture through a fine sieve.

• Constantly stirring, pour in water in small portions and bring the mixture to a consistency resembling thick sour cream.

The lime mortar for masonry must meet the following requirements:

• be quite plastic to completely fill all the voids in the bricks and smooth out the unevenness of the seams;
• be strong enough not to cause deformation of the wall;
• stay plastic long time until the moment of curing.

Instead of lime in the mixture, you can use the cement component. So, for example, using cement M400, we mix cement, lime and sand in the ratio: for a mixture of M75 - 2: 1: 10; M50 - 1:1:8. For cement M300: composition M75 - 2: 0.5: 8; M25 - 1:1.7:12. For cement M200: M75 - 2: 0.5: 5.

In custody

When starting plastering, you can, of course, buy a ready-made mortar, but you can also use a home-made one, since it is not difficult to prepare a lime mortar for plastering with your own hands.

GOST 28013-98

Group G13

INTERSTATE STANDARD

BUILDING SOLUTIONS

General specifications

General specifications

ISS 91.100.10
OKSTU 5870

Introduction date 1999-07-01

Foreword

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the State Central Research and Design Institute complex problems building structures and structures named after V.A. Kucherenko (TsNIISK named after V.A. Kucherenko), Research, Design and Institute of Technology Concrete and Reinforced Concrete (NIIZhB), with the participation of CJSC "Experimental Plant of Dry Mixes" and JSC "Roskonitstroy" of the Russian Federation

INTRODUCED by Gosstroy of Russia

2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (ISTCS) November 12, 1998

voted to accept

State name	Body name government controlled construction
Republic of Armenia	Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia
The Republic of Kazakhstan	Committee on Housing and Construction Policy under the Ministry of Energy, Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	State Inspectorate for Architecture and Construction under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic
The Republic of Moldova	Ministry of Territorial Development, Construction and Public Utilities of the Republic of Moldova
the Russian Federation	Gosstroy of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan	Gosstroy of the Republic of Tajikistan
The Republic of Uzbekistan	Goskomarchitektstroy of the Republic of Uzbekistan

3 INSTEAD OF GOST 28013-89

4 ENTERED INTO FORCE July 1, 1999 as state standard of the Russian Federation by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia of November 29, 1998 N 30

5 EDITION (July 2018), with Amendment No. 1 (IUS 11-2002)


Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index " National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index "National Standards". system common use- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to mortars based on mineral binders used for masonry and installation of building structures during the construction of buildings and structures, fastening of facing products, plaster.

The standard does not apply to special mortars (heat-resistant, chemically resistant, fire-resistant, heat and waterproofing, grouting, decorative, straining, etc.).

The requirements set out in 4.3-4.13, 4.14.2-4.14.14, sections 5-7, appendices C and D of this standard are mandatory.

2 Normative references

The normative documents used in this standard are given in Appendix A.

3 Classification

3.1 Mortars are classified according to:

- main purpose;

- used binder;

- medium density.

3.1.1 According to the main purpose, solutions are divided into:

- masonry (including for installation work);

- facing;

- plastering.

3.1.2 According to the binder used, the solutions are divided into:

- simple (on a binder of the same type);

- complex (on mixed binders).

3.1.3 According to the average density, the solutions are divided into:

- heavy;

- lungs.

3.2 The reference designation of the mortar when ordering should consist of an abbreviated designation indicating the degree of readiness (for dry mortar mixes), purpose, type of binder used, grades for strength and mobility, average density (for light mortars) and the designation of this standard.

An example of a symbol for a heavy mortar, ready for use, masonry, on a lime-gypsum binder, strength grade M100, mobility - P2:

Masonry mortar, lime-gypsum, M100, P2, GOST 28013-98 .

For a dry mortar mixture, light, plaster, cement binder, strength grade M50 and mobility - P3, medium density D900:

Mix dry mortar plaster, cement, M50, P3, D900, GOST 28013-98 .

4 General technical requirements

4.1 Mortars are prepared in accordance with the requirements of this standard for technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.

4.2 Properties of mortars include properties of mortar mixtures and hardened mortar.

4.2.1 Basic properties of mortar mixtures:

- mobility;

- water holding capacity;

- stratification;

- application temperature;

- average density;

- humidity (for dry mortar mixtures).

4.2.2 Main properties of the hardened mortar:

- compressive strength;

- frost resistance;

- average density.

If necessary, additional indicators can be set in accordance with GOST 4.233.

4.3 Depending on the mobility, mortar mixtures are subdivided in accordance with table 1.


Table 1

Mobility grade P	Norm of mobility by immersion of the cone, cm

4.4 Water-holding capacity of mortar mixtures should be at least 90%, clay-containing solutions - at least 93%.

4.5 The delamination of freshly prepared mixtures should not exceed 10%.

4.6 The mortar mixture should not contain fly ash of more than 20% by weight of cement.

4.7 The temperature of mortar mixtures at the time of use should be:

a) masonry mortars for outdoor work - in accordance with the instructions in table 2;

b) facing mortars for cladding with glazed tiles when minimum temperature outdoor air, °С, not less than:

	from 5 and above

c) plaster mortars at a minimum outdoor temperature, °C, not less than:

	from 5 and above

table 2

Average daily outdoor temperature, °C	Mortar mixture temperature, °C, not less than
	masonry material
	at wind speed, m/s
Up to minus 10
From minus 10 to minus 20
Below minus 20
Note - For masonry mortar mixtures during installation work, the temperature of the mixture must be 10 ° C higher than indicated in the table

4.8 The moisture content of dry mortar mixtures should not exceed 0.1% by weight.

4.9 Normalized indicators of the quality of the hardened mortar must be provided at the design age.

For the design age of the solution, unless otherwise specified in project documentation, should be taken 28 days for solutions on all types of binders, except for gypsum and gypsum-containing.

The design age of mortars on gypsum and gypsum-containing binders is 7 days.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).

4.10 The compressive strength of mortars at design age is characterized by grades: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

The compressive strength grade is assigned and controlled for all types of solutions.

4.11 Frost resistance of solutions is characterized by grades.

For solutions, the following frost resistance grades are established: F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100, F150, F200.

For solutions of grades for compressive strength M4 and M10, as well as for solutions prepared without the use of hydraulic binders, frost resistance grades are not assigned and not controlled.

4.12 The average density, , of hardened solutions at the design age should be, kg/m:

	heavy solutions	1500 and more
	Light solutions	less than 1500.

The normalized value of the average density of the solutions is set by the consumer in accordance with the work project.

4.13 Deviation of the average density of the solution in the direction of increase is allowed no more than 10% of the one established by the project.

4.14 Requirements for materials for the preparation of mortars

4.14.1 Materials used for the preparation of mortars must comply with the requirements of standards or specifications for these materials, as well as the requirements of this standard.

4.14.2 The following should be used as binders:

- gypsum binders according to GOST 125;

- building lime according to GOST 9179;

- Portland cement and Portland slag cement according to GOST 10178;

- pozzolanic and sulfate-resistant cements according to GOST 22266;

- cements for mortars according to GOST 25328;

- clay according to Appendix B;

- others, including mixed binders, according to regulatory documents on the specific view binders.

4.14.3 Binder materials for the preparation of solutions should be selected depending on their purpose, type of structures and conditions of their operation.

4.14.4 The consumption of cement per 1 m of sand in mortars based on cement and cement-containing binders must be at least 100 kg, and for masonry mortars, depending on the type of structures and their operating conditions, not less than that given in Appendix D.

4.14.6 Lime binder is used in the form of hydrated lime (fluff), lime paste, lime milk.

The milk of lime must have a density of at least 1200 kg/m3 and contain at least 30% lime by weight.

Lime binder for plastering and facing mortars must not contain unextinguished lime particles.

The lime paste must have a temperature of at least 5°C.

4.14.7 The following should be used as a placeholder:

- sand for construction works according to GOST 8736;

- fly ash according to GOST 25818;

- ash and slag sand according to GOST 25592;

- porous sands according to GOST 25820;

- sand from slags of thermal power plants according to GOST 26644;

- sand from slags of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy for concrete according to GOST 5578.

4.14.8 The largest aggregate grain size should be, mm, not more than:

	Masonry (except rubble masonry)
	rubble masonry
	Plaster (except for the covering layer)
	Plaster coat
	Facing

4.14.9 When heating aggregates, their temperature, depending on the binder used, should not be higher, °С, when using:

	cement binder
	Cement-lime, cement-clay and clay binder
	Lime, clay-lime, gypsum and lime-gypsum binder

4.14.11 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides of materials used for the preparation of mortar mixtures should not exceed the limit values ​​depending on the field of application of mortar mixtures in accordance with GOST 30108.

4.14.12 Chemical additives must comply with the requirements of GOST 24211.

Additives are introduced into ready-to-use mortar mixtures in the form of aqueous solutions or aqueous suspensions, into dry mortar mixtures - in the form of a water-soluble powder or granules.

4.14.13 Water for mixing mortar mixtures and preparing additives is used in accordance with GOST 23732.

4.14.14 Bulk raw materials for mortar mixtures are dosed by weight, liquid components are dosed by weight or volume.

Dosing error should not exceed ± 1% for binders, water and additives, ± 2% aggregates.

For mortar mixing plants with a capacity of up to 5 m/h, volumetric dosing of all materials is allowed with the same errors.

4.15 Marking, packaging

4.15.1 Dry mortar mixtures are packed in bags of polyethylene film according to GOST 10354 weighing up to 8 kg or paper bags according to GOST 2226 weighing up to 50 kg.

4.15.2 Packaged dry mortar mixes should be marked on each package. The marking must be clearly marked on the packaging with indelible ink.

4.15.3 Mortar mixtures must have a quality document.

The manufacturer must accompany the dry mortar mix with a label or marking applied to the package, and the ready-to-use mortar released into the vehicle with a quality document, which should contain the following data:

- name or trademark and address of the manufacturer;

- symbol mortar according to 3.2;

- the class of materials used to prepare the mixture, according to the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides and the digital value ;

- brand for compressive strength;

- mark on mobility (P);

- the volume of water required for the preparation of the mortar mixture, l / kg (for dry mortar mixtures);

- the type and amount of the added additive (% of the mass of the binder);

- shelf life (for dry mortar mixes), months;

- mass (for dry mortar mixtures), kg;

- the amount of the mixture (for mortar mixtures ready for use), m;

- date of preparation;

- application temperature, °С;

- designation of this standard.

If necessary, the marking and the quality document may contain additional data.

The quality document must be signed by the manufacturer's official responsible for technical control.

5 Acceptance rules

5.1 Mortar mixtures should be accepted by the manufacturer's technical control.

5.2 Mortar mixtures and solutions are accepted in batches by carrying out acceptance and periodic control.

A batch of a mortar mixture and a solution is taken as the amount of a mixture of one nominal composition with the same quality of its constituent materials, prepared according to a single technology.

The volume of the batch is set in agreement with the consumer - not less than the output of one shift, but not more than the daily output of the mortar mixer.

5.3 All mortar mixtures and solutions are subject to acceptance control according to all standardized quality indicators.

5.4 When accepting each batch, at least five point samples are taken from the mortar mixture.

5.4.1 Incremental samples are taken at the place of preparation of the mortar mixture and / or at the place of its application from several batches or places of the container into which the mixture is loaded. Tank sampling points should be located at different depths. With a continuous supply of the mortar mixture, point samples are taken at unequal time intervals for 5-10 minutes.

5.4.2 After sampling, point samples are combined into a general sample, the mass of which should be sufficient to determine all controlled indicators of the quality of mortar mixtures and solutions. The sample taken is thoroughly mixed before testing (with the exception of mixtures containing air-entraining additives).

Mortar mixtures containing air-entraining, foaming and gas-forming additives are not additionally mixed before testing.

5.4.3 Testing of the ready-to-use mortar mixture should begin during the period of maintaining the normalized mobility.

5.5 The mobility and average density of the mortar mixture in each batch is controlled at least once per shift at the manufacturer after unloading the mixture from the mixer.

The moisture content of dry mortar mixtures is controlled in each batch.

The strength of the solution is determined in each batch of the mixture.

The normalized technological indicators of the quality of the mortar mixtures provided for in the supply contract (average density, temperature, stratification, water-holding capacity), and the frost resistance of the mortar are controlled in time as agreed with the consumer, but at least once every 6 months, as well as when the quality of the initial materials, composition of the solution and technology of its preparation.

5.6 Radiation-hygienic assessment of materials used for the preparation of mortar mixtures is carried out according to the quality documents issued by the enterprises - suppliers of these materials.

In the absence of data on the content of natural radionuclides, the manufacturer determines the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides of materials according to GOST 30108 once a year, as well as at each change of supplier.

5.7 Mortar mixtures ready for use are dispensed and taken by volume. The volume of the mortar mixture is determined by the output of the mortar mixer or by the volume of the transport or measuring tank.

Dry mortar mixtures are dispensed and taken by weight.

5.8 If, when checking the quality of the mortar, a discrepancy is revealed in at least one of the technical requirements of the standard, this batch of mortar is rejected.

5.9 The consumer has the right to carry out a control check of the quantity and quality of the mortar mixture in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the methods of GOST 5802.

5.10 The manufacturer is obliged to inform the consumer, at his request, of the results of control tests no later than 3 days after their completion, and in case of non-confirmation of the normalized indicator, inform the consumer immediately.

6 Control methods

6.1 Mortar samples are taken in accordance with the requirements of 5.4, 5.4.1 and 5.4.2.

6.2 Materials for the preparation of mortar mixtures are tested in accordance with the requirements of the standards and specifications for these materials.

6.3 The quality of chemical additives is determined in terms of the effectiveness of their action on the properties of mortars in accordance with GOST 30459.

6.4 The concentration of the working solution of additives is determined by a hydrometer according to GOST 18481 in accordance with the requirements of standards and specifications for additives of specific types.

6.5 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in materials for the preparation of mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 30108.

6.6 Mobility, average density, water-holding capacity and stratification of mortar mixtures are determined according to GOST 5802.

6.7 The volume of air involved in mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 10181.

6.8 The temperature of freshly prepared mortar mixtures is measured with a thermometer, immersing it in the mixture to a depth of at least 5 cm.

6.9 Compressive strength, frost resistance and average density of hardened solutions are determined according to GOST 5802.

6.10 The moisture content of dry mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 8735.

7 Transport and storage

7.1 Transport

7.1.1 Ready-to-use mortars should be delivered to the consumer at vehicles specially designed for their transportation.

With the consent of the consumer, transportation of mixtures in bunkers (buckets) is allowed.

7.1.2 The methods used for transporting mortar mixtures should exclude the loss of astringent dough, the ingress of atmospheric precipitation and impurities into the mixture.

7.1.3 Packed dry mortar mixes are transported by road, rail and other modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage and securing of goods in force for this type of transport.

7.2 Storage

7.2.1 Mortar mixtures delivered to the construction site, ready for use, must be reloaded into mixers or other containers, provided that the specified properties of the mixtures are preserved.

7.2.2 Packed mortar dry mixes are stored in covered dry rooms.

Bags with a dry mix should be stored at a temperature not lower than 5°C under conditions that ensure the safety of the packaging and protection from moisture.

7.2.3 The shelf life of the dry mortar mixture is 6 months from the date of preparation.

At the end of the shelf life, the mixture should be checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard. In case of compliance, the mixture can be used for its intended purpose.

APPENDIX A (informative). List of regulatory documents

APPENDIX A
(reference)

GOST 4.233-86 SPKP. Construction. Building solutions. Nomenclature of indicators

GOST 125-79 Gypsum binders. Specifications

GOST 2226-2013 Bags made of paper and combined materials. General specifications

GOST 2642.5-2016 Refractories and refractory raw materials. Methods for the determination of iron oxide (III)

GOST 2642.11-97 Refractories and refractory raw materials. Methods for determination of potassium and sodium oxides

GOST 3594.4-77 Molding clays. Methods for determining the sulfur content

GOST 5578-94 Crushed stone and sand from slags of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy for concrete. Specifications

GOST 5802-86 Building mortars. Test Methods

GOST 8735-88 Sand for construction work. Test Methods

GOST 8736-2014 Sand for construction work. Specifications

GOST 9179-77 Building lime. Specifications

GOST 10178-85 Portland cement and Portland slag cement. Specifications

GOST 10181-2014 Concrete mixes. Test Methods

GOST 10354-82 Polyethylene film. Specifications

GOST 18481-81 Hydrometers and glass cylinders. Specifications

GOST 21216-2014

GOST 21216-2014 Clay raw materials. Test Methods

GOST 22266-2013 Sulphate-resistant cements. Specifications

GOST 23732-2011 Water for concrete and mortar. Specifications

GOST 24211-2008 Additives for concrete and mortars. General specifications

GOST 25328-82 Cement for mortars. Specifications

GOST 25592-91 Ash and slag mixtures for thermal power plants for concrete. Specifications

GOST 25818-2017 Fly ash from thermal power plants for concrete. Specifications

GOST 25820-2000 Lightweight concrete. Specifications

GOST 26633-2015 Heavy and fine-grained concrete. Specifications

GOST 26644-85 Crushed stone and sand from slags of thermal power plants for concrete. Specifications

GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides

GOST 30459-2008 Additives for concrete. Methods for determining efficiency

SNiP II-3-79* Construction heat engineering

APPENDIX B (recommended). The mobility of the mortar mixture at the site of application, depending on the purpose of the solution

Table B.1

The main purpose of the solution	Immersion depth of the cone, cm	Mobility grade P
A Masonry:
For rubble masonry:
vibrated
unvibrated
For masonry from hollow brick or ceramic stones
For masonry from solid brick; ceramic stones; concrete or light rock stones
For filling voids in masonry and supplying with a mortar pump
For the device of a bed at installation of walls from large concrete blocks and panels; jointing of horizontal and vertical joints in walls made of panels and large concrete blocks
B Facing:
For fastening boards natural stone and ceramic tiles along the finished brick wall
For fastening facing products of lightweight concrete panels and blocks in the factory
In Plastering:
soil solution
spray solution:
when applied manually
with mechanized application
coating solution:
without plaster
with plaster

APPENDIX B (mandatory). Clay for mortars. Technical requirements

APPENDIX B
(mandatory)

These technical requirements apply to clay intended for the preparation of mortars.

B.1 Clay specifications

B.1.3 The content of chemical components from the mass of dry clay should not be more than,%:

- sulfates and sulfides in terms of - 1;

- sulfide sulfur in terms of - 0.3;

- mica - 3;

- soluble salts (causing efflorescence and efflorescence):

the amount of iron oxides - 14;

the sum of potassium and sodium oxides is 7.

B.1.4 Clay shall not contain organic impurities in quantities that give a dark color.

B.2 Test methods for clay

B.2.1 The granulometric composition of clay is determined according to GOST 21216.2 and GOST 21216.12. B.2.4 The mica content is determined by the petrographic method according to

Operating conditions of enclosing structures, humidity conditions of premises according to SNiP II-3-79*

The minimum consumption of cement in masonry mortar per 1 m of dry sand, kg

Under dry and normal room conditions

In humid conditions

In wet conditions

UDC 666.971.001.4:006.354	ISS 91.100.10
Key words: mortars, mineral binders, masonry, installation of building structures; mortars for masonry, facing, plastering

Electronic text of the document

prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2018

Reviewed in this article GOST 28013 98 is able to apply to mortar mixes(hereinafter referred to as CPC), which are based on binder connecting elements that are used for masonry or installation of building structures at the stage of real estate construction, installation of facing products, as well as plastering.

GOST will not apply to CPC, does not apply to work with heat-resistant, chemical, fire-resistant and decorative materials.

General technical standards

CPC must be prepared in accordance with the norms of this standard, but in addition to comply with technical regulations that is approved by the enterprise. In terms of their properties, CPC combine the characteristics of the materials used and the finished product.

Cement mortars GOST 28013 98 should meet these:

• mobility;
• they can retain moisture;
• they may lose their uniform state;
• temperature applications;
• moderate;
• humidity (for dry CPC).

The main characteristics of the solid solution:

• hardness during compression;
• frost resistance;
• moderate density.

If necessary, other indicators can be set according to.

The ability of the mortar mixture to retain moisture should be at least ninety percent, while clay-containing mixtures retain moisture by at least ninety-three percent.

The compressive strength of the material according to this indicator is distinguished by M grades: 4, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200. The compressive strength grade is set and controlled for each type of CPC. The frost resistance of mixtures is distinguished by such grades F: 10, 15, 25, 35, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200.

For mortar mixtures of type M 4 and 10, as well as for mixtures that are prepared without the use of hydraulic components, viscosity and frost resistance are not controlled.

Indicators of average density "D", ready SRS at the design age should be:

• for heavy materials: from one and a half thousand and more;
• for light materials: less than one and a half thousand.

Normalized indicators of average solution density are set by consumers, while they must correspond to design work.

Material requirements

Materials that become the basis in the preparation of CPC, must fit perfectly standard features , as well as specifications the document in question.

how connecting element should be used:

• CaSO4 2H2O according to norms 125;
• Ca(OH)2 according to 9179;
• Pozzolanic and sulphate-resistant components according to norms 22266;
• cement for building mixtures according to the norms 25328;
• CaSO4 2H2O according to item "B";
• Others, including combined elements, which correspond to the established acts on separate view materials.

The connecting components, which will soon become the basis for the preparation of solutions, must be selected based on their purpose, type of structure and operating conditions. cement per cubic meter of sedimentary rock in appropriate mixtures should be at least a hundred kilograms.

Lime constituents are used in the form of calcium oxide hydrate, calcium oxide dough, calcium oxide milk. the latter cannot be less than 1200 kilograms and not less than thirty percent of the total mass.

Components of calcium oxide for plastering, as well as facing work, cannot contain particles of unslaked lime. In this case, the calcium oxide dough should stand out with temperature indicators of at least five degrees.

Aggregate

This material will be rationally apply:

• sedimentary rock for construction work according to norms 8736;

• fly ash according to the norms 25818;

• ash and slag sedimentary rock according to norms 25592;
• sedimentary rock with a porous structure according to the norms 25820;
• sedimentary rock from the slag of thermal power plants according to the norms 26644;
• sedimentary rock from slags of iron and its alloy, as well as from copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, chromium, silver according to 5578 standards.

Marking and packaging

Dry mortar mix is ​​available in plastic bags, which correspond to norms 10354 weighing up to 8 kg.

Paper is also often used, which complies with the norms 2226 by weight up to fifty kilograms.

The manufacturer must, in addition, carry out the labeling of each container. For this purpose, paint is used that cannot be washed off.

The mortar mixture must have the appropriate documents, which confirm the quality. The manufacturing company must label each manufactured product.

All goods, should also be accompanied:

• quality assurance documents. They must have the following information:
• the name or trade mark and the address where the product was manufactured;
• symbols of dry building mixtures;
• the type of elements that were used to produce the mixture;
• type of compressive strength;
• type of mobility (Pk);
• the volume of H2O, which is acceptable for the preparation of the mortar mixture;
• kind and type of introduced components (% of total mass);
• how long the material can be stored;
• weight (for mortar mixture in dry form);
• the date the material was produced;
• the temperature at which the material can be used;
• prescribing exact standards.

If necessary, the marking and the corresponding quality documents can be supplemented with some more information, the manufacturer is obliged to write about it, based on the requests of consumers.

Quality documentation must be signed by authorized employees who work in the company, which is responsible for controlling the technical and production process.

Cement sand mortar GOST 28013 98

To prepare a cement-sand mortar according to the standards, you must take:

• for material M50, the use of cement M200 is considered in a percentage ratio of 1: 0.3; 4. Where the first indicator is cement, the second is calcium oxide, and the third is sedimentary rock;

• for a mixture of M200, it is necessary to follow the following proportion: 1: 0.1: 2.5. Where the first indicator is cement 400, the second is calcium oxide, and the third is sedimentary rock;

• to get the material you need to follow this proportion 1:0.5:5.5. Where the first indicator is cement M 500, the second is calcium oxide, and the third is sedimentary rock.

The proportions prescribed above can only be used on the condition that the property being built will function with minimal moisture levels.

If you plan to build a foundation, make a screed or carry out other work, then it is rational to prepare a solution from sedimentary rock and cement.

In this case, it is important to follow the following proportions:

• cement and sedimentary rock and water 1:4.5, to result in a solution of 100;

• for solution M150 - 1:3;

• for mortar M300, you need to use brand cement in a ratio of 1: 2.1.

During operation, the correct proportions must be observed.

If the sedimentary rock is not added enough, then the mass will quickly harden, and as a result of solidification, the solution will begin to crumble.

Given the desired amount of water, cement in the form of mortar is of the following types:

1. Fatty when there is not enough water.
2. Skinny, when there is a lot of water, and the solution slowly hardens.
3. Classic, during the preparation all the norms were strictly observed.

Cement-lime mortars GOST 28013 98

Often, cement-lime mortars are used during construction. Such a material for construction stands out for its plastic characteristics, and in addition, it is as strong and durable as possible.

The crystalline structure makes quartz sand the most protected from the effects of alkaline and acidic environments. find characteristics various kinds this sand.

Currently, on the shelves of stores you can find a large selection finishing materials, but still the most popular is Rotband plaster. all its wonderful features.

At overhaul it should be understood that it is the flooring, and in particular the screed, that serves as its basis. Follow the link to find out which screed is better.

The material in question is often mixed and used, all thanks to its improved bonding characteristics to the surface.

To prepare a high-quality mortar, it is necessary to initially prepare a dry mix, which includes cement and sedimentary rock in a ratio of 1:5.

The percentage of sedimentary rock can be smaller, the choice should be based on the desired density.

After receiving the finished mixture, lime milk is poured into it to obtain the required density. To prepare the latter, it is necessary to take calcium oxide and dilute it in water until it is completely dissolved and a homogeneous mass is obtained.

Almost all mortar cement mixtures where calcium oxide will be used are ideal for construction manipulations designed to level the surface that are applied to the concrete surface.

The solutions in question can be applied to treat a variety of surfaces that are made of wood. at the stage of preparation differ. It all depends on the finishing work that will be carried out.

The most commonly used options are: 1:1:6 and 1:2:9. We are talking about cement, milk, calcium oxide and sedimentary rock.

Regarding the ratio of cement and calcium oxide, here the proportions should be different.

1. For processing protruding elements internal and exterior finish, basement we are talking about 1:6.
2. If a brick wall and a wall made of concrete and wood are processed, then a ratio of 1:2 is taken into account.
3. If the wall is located in the building itself and is exposed to high moisture, then the percentage formula should be 1:7.

Ready masonry cement mortar GOST 28013 98

The following components are included: water, cement and fine aggregate- mountain sedimentary rock. and the percentage of these materials in the future solution should be determined depending on the materials used, and the amount of solution that needs to be obtained as a result.

The brand of cement and the type of sedimentary rock used are also taken into account. The latter must not contain clay components, which affect the quality of the finished material, and the water must be filtered.

In order for the finished mixture to become as plastic as possible, substances are often added to it, which are introduced into the composition polymer materials, their presence significantly affects the ratio of the taken elements.

Mortar building cement GOST 28013 98 can be made both at the facility itself and at the factory. The latter option is the most convenient when a large amount of material is needed.

The advantage of the considered material:

• quickly becomes strong - after half a month the solution becomes as strong as possible;
• it is reasonable to use it in conditions high humidity: in the bathrooms, basements, showers, and so on;
• it stands out for its excellent thermal insulation characteristics, it is good to use it for;
• protects well from moisture;
• The material is frost resistant.

Modern construction is hard to imagine without cement. Due to its full compliance with state standards, builders can be sure that the purchased materials will last a long time and be of high quality.

When calculating the necessary proportions, one should not forget about the connecting fractions, as well as take into account the requirements that you will impose on the future foundation or facing work. This article indicated the proportions that boldly can be used for construction and facing work.