Generalized abstract character of presentation. Scientific style: features
scientific style english
The scientific style is one of the functional styles associated with the scientific sphere of communication and speech activity aimed at the realization of science as a form of social consciousness. The main function of scientific style speech genres is informative (messages). The general content of the scientific style function can be defined as an explanation, which includes the consolidation of the process of cognition and storage of knowledge (epistemic function), the acquisition of new knowledge (cognitive function), the transfer of special information (communicative function).
Within the framework of the scientific style, academic and popular science substyles are distinguished. The first one is designed for a trained reader, the second one - for a non-professional or for an insufficiently scientifically trained addressee.
In the structure of the scientific style, substyles are also distinguished by areas of scientific knowledge: scientific and natural, scientific and humanitarian, and scientific and technical literature.
The main qualities of the scientific style are emphasized logic, semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, hidden emotionality, generalized abstract nature of presentation, use of abstract vocabulary. Abstraction and generalization of the lexical level leads to a similar feature of the morphological level.
The basis of the linguistic design of scientific texts is standardization, that is, the choice of a clichéd language variant prescribed for given communication conditions.
As noted in the textbook by N. I. Kolesnikova, traditionally, six sub-styles are distinguished in the scientific style: proper scientific, popular science, educational and scientific, and scientific and business. Each of these sub-styles form the types of scientific documents:
1) with strictly scientific sub-style- articles in journals, scientific papers, dissertations, monographs, reports;
2) popular science substyle- essays, books, lectures, articles;
3) educational and scientific substyle- textbooks, educational and methodical manuals, programs, collections of tasks and exercises, lectures, abstracts, teaching materials;
4) scientific and business style- technical documentation (contracts and instructions for enterprises, reports on tests and analyzes, etc.);
5) scientific information substyle- abstracts, annotations, patent descriptions;
6) scientific reference- encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books designed for scientists and specialists.
The self-scientific type correlates with the speech genres of a monograph, a scientific article, a scientific report.
A monograph is a generalization of heterogeneous information obtained as a result of several research papers devoted to one topic and containing more subjective factors than an article. It is created only after the accumulation of a certain amount of factual and generalized information.
A scientific journal article contains, in addition to factual information, elements of a logical understanding of the results of a particular scientific study. Scientific articles include:
Brief messages containing a summary of the results of research work or their stages;
An original article, which is a summary of the main results and conclusions obtained in the course of research and development work;
A review article that summarizes achievements in a particular area, fixes the current state or outlines prospects for future development;
A discussion article that contains controversial scientific provisions for the purpose of discussing them in print;
By the nature of the tasks solved in them, scientific articles can be divided into scientific-theoretical, scientific-methodical and scientific-practical. In scientific and theoretical articles, the regularities of the objects under study are stated.
Articles of an applied nature (methodological and practical) describe the practical side of the laws of the objects under study, the technique of their application in practice.
There are also articles of a population-science nature devoted to social problems, such as, for example, environmental protection, the fight against AIDS, new drugs in the treatment of any disease. Such articles are published, as a rule, by the mass media and go beyond the purely scientific style, acquiring certain features of a journalistic style.
Performing the function of information, the media also perform a popularizing function, reporting on new scientific discoveries, achievements in science and technology. Hence the appeal to the means of scientific speech, which is manifested not only in articles that popularize scientific knowledge, but also in materials that present an analysis and generalization of political, socio-economic and other problems. The theoretical orientation of the content and, consequently, the combination of analyticism and generalization, as well as a certain abstraction in the presentation of facts and events, find expression in a variety of language means, in the use of lexical and syntactic features of scientific speech. In accordance with this specificity, within the journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) style, a substyle of scientific journalism is distinguished.
For scientific and journalistic texts, allocated in the newspaper and journalistic sub-style, a combination of the actual scientific and popularizing in content and language style is characteristic, with the leading role of the actual scientific style. The latter allows us to consider scientific and journalistic genres as mixed either within the framework of scientific or in the structure of journalistic style.
The speech genres in which this subtype is realized are scientific and journalistic "article", "note", "chronicle", "review", "interview", "reportage". This variety of speech genres is characterized by: special terminology, means of speech expression associated with the task of popularization, other-style expressive inclusions (journalistic techniques, literary and colloquial clichés). Popular science articles, reviews, reviews, interviews, etc.) gravitate towards an analytical-generalized presentation and to the nature of speech and style close to scientific, but certainly with a journalistic, expressively affecting and brightly evaluative moment.
The scientific information type of scientific text covers only secondary scientific documents. The main requirements for information literature - the relevance and reliability of the information reported, the completeness of the coverage of sources, the brevity of presentation and the efficiency of publication - are common to materials of all degrees of information reduction.
Abstract journals are the most important type of secondary information publications. Annotations and abstracts are published in them. The technique of designing these types of texts has national specifics in different cultures.
Annotation is an extremely concise description of the original source, which has a purely informational value. Unlike an abstract, an abstract cannot replace the material itself. It should give only a general idea of the main content of the book or article. The abstract answers the question: what is said in the original source.
There are two types of annotations: descriptive and abstract.
A descriptive annotation provides only a description of the material, without disclosing its content.
The abstract annotation indicates what exactly is contained in the annotated material (article, scientific work), that is, the material is presented in a coherent, albeit extremely concise and generalized form. An example of an abstract abstract is an abstract placed on the back of a book cover.
Both a descriptive and abstract abstract can have the following structure:
2) general information (compressed characteristic) of the material;
3) additional information (about the work and its author).
An abstract, unlike an annotation, answers the question: what information is contained in the original source. He reports the new and most significant provisions and conclusions of the refereed source. The purpose of the abstract is not only to convey the content of the original in the most concise form, but also to highlight the particularly important or new that is contained in the abstracted material. If necessary, the translator must give a general assessment (positive or critical) of the provisions in the commentary.
By the nature of the presentation of the material, abstracts-summaries and abstracts-summaries are distinguished.
A summary abstract requires a higher degree of generalization; it summarizes the main provisions of the original. Secondary provisions that are not directly related to the topic are excluded.
In the abstract-summary, all the main provisions of the original are summarized, including sometimes secondary ones.
According to the coverage of sources, monographic, summary, review and selective abstracts are distinguished.
A monographic abstract is compiled from a single source, a summary abstract is compiled from several articles, books or documents, a review abstract is compiled on a topic or in any direction, in the form of brief reviews, and selective abstracts are performed on separate chapters, sections or materials.
When compiling an abstract, you can use the following structure:
The main idea (idea) of the abstract;
A generalized presentation of the material (content) of the reviewed work;
Reference commentary, which may include: general comments on the topic (work) being presented; comments on the history of the issue (connection with past and present events and phenomena); actual clarifications and explanations, which must be specified by the referent; information about the author and source; references to other sources and materials on this issue.
The scientific - reference type of text has the highest degree of generalization, it is implemented in reference books. They are compiled on the basis of factual information, contain proven information and recommendations for their practical application.
The educational-scientific type of text is represented by textbooks and teaching aids, lecture courses. They are distinguished by their great accessibility of presentation, taking into account their didactic purpose.
This functional and stylistic variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanitarian, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific and technical literature, reports on scientific topics, etc.
Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this stylistic variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge (cognitive functions); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).
The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, the development of mass media, the role of oral communication increases. Realized in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra- and intralinguistic features that allow us to speak of a single functional style that is subject to intra-style differentiation.
The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is of a generalized, abstracted (distracted from private, non-essential features), logical character. This is the reason for such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization, emphasized logical presentation.
These extra-linguistic features unite all linguistic means that form the scientific style into a system and determine secondary, more particular, style features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.
The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generalized abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstractness give scientific speech a single functional and stylistic coloring.
The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly prevailing over the concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc. In abstract and generalized meanings, not only words with abstract semantics are used, but also words denoting specific objects outside the scientific style. So, in the sentence Oak, spruce, birch grow in our area, the words oak, spruce, birch do not denote single, specific objects (a specific tree), but a class of homogeneous objects, a tree species, i.e. do not express a particular (individual), but a general concept. Or in the sentence Microscope ¾ is a device that magnifies the words microscope several hundred and even thousands of times, the device does not mean a specific microscope or device, but a microscope, a device in general (any, any, everyone).
In a scientific presentation, words expressing single concepts, specific images are almost never used. The generalized abstract nature of speech is also emphasized by the use of special words such as usually, usually, always, constantly, systematically, regularly, anyone, anyone, everyone.
Since the field of science and technology requires the most accurate definition of the concepts and phenomena of reality, reflecting the accuracy and objectivity of scientific truths and reasoning, a specific feature of the vocabulary of the scientific style is the use of terminology. Terms are characterized by a strictly defined meaning. “Term (from Latin terminus ¾ border, limit) ¾ a word or phrase that is the name of a special concept of any sphere of production, science or art. The term not only denotes a particular concept, but is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the concept. For example: Lexicology ¾ a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language (Linguistics).
Each branch of science has its own terminology, united in one terminology system (terminology, medical, mathematical, physical, philosophical, linguistic, etc.). The lexical meaning of the term corresponds to the concept developed in the given field of science. The terms that are part of several terminological systems and a specific text are used in one meaning, characteristic of a certain terminological system. For example: Reaction ¾ 1. Biol. Response to external and internal irritation. 2. Chem. Interaction between two or more substances (Dictionary of the Russian language).
Compare also: crisis (polit., biol., electr.), cell (constructive, anat., biol., mat.), stimulus (chem., biol., electr.), adaptation (biol., ped.) , cooling (physical, chemical), etc.
A significant part of the vocabulary of scientific speech is made up of words of general scientific use used in various branches of knowledge: magnitude, function, quantity, quality, property, value, element, experiment, process, set, part, time, result, consequence, condition, cause, relationship, analysis, synthesis, proof, system, based, absorb, accelerate, minimal, universal, etc. Such words are assigned to strictly defined concepts and are terminological in nature.
Common words in the style under consideration are used in their nominative meaning, which makes it possible to objectively designate the essence of a concept or phenomenon. However, in a specific scientific text, they can change their semantics. For example, the word suppose in mathematical texts means "assume, assume": Suppose that the given triangles are congruent.
A special meaning is assigned to polysemantic commonly used words in scientific texts. So, the noun ending, which has two meanings (1. Completion, bringing something to an end. 2. The final part of something), is used in linguistics as an unambiguous: ‘grammatically changing part of a word; flexion'. The verb to consider, which can be used in the meanings: 1. Peering, to see, to make out. 2. Looking, peering, get acquainted with something. 3. Parse, ponder, discuss (Dictionary of the Russian language), in the scientific style is usually used in the third meaning: Consider this triangle.
Phraseological combinations of the scientific style are also characterized by specific features. General literary, interstyle stable turns are used here, acting in a nominative function: a deaf consonant, an inclined plane, a rational grain, a decimal fraction, a thyroid gland, a focus of a disease, a boiling point, a magnetic storm, a population explosion. Initially, free phrases, due to the stability of form and reproducibility, turn into phraseological units of a terminological nature (compound terms). Unlike other types of phrases, terminological phrases lose their figurative and metaphorical expression and do not have synonyms. Various kinds of speech clichés can also be attributed to the phraseology of the scientific style: they represent, includes, consists of ..., is used in (for) ..., consists in ..., refers to ... etc.
Words and set phrases with emotionally expressive and colloquial coloring, as well as words of limited use (archaisms, jargonisms, dialectisms, etc.) are not common in the scientific style.
The desire for generalization, for abstraction at the morphological level is manifested both in the choice, frequency of use of certain morphological categories and forms, as well as their meanings, and in the features of their functioning. The scientific style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb, the widespread use of nouns in -nie, -ie, -ost, -ka, -tion, -fication, etc. with the value of the attribute of action, state, change. Let us analyze an excerpt from the Preface to the Russian Grammar (Moscow, 1980, p. 3):
Attempts to solve theoretical issues and scientific systematization of facts are combined here with normative tasks: the book contains information about which word-formation possibilities, word forms, their accent characteristics, syntactic constructions are the only correct ones for the current state of the literary language and which ¾ variable (permissible) in use along with others that are equivalent or close in meaning.
There are only 3 verbs and 18 nouns in this passage, most of which are abstract (decision, systematization, possibilities, word formation, state, use, etc.), lexically correlated with verbs (interaction ¾ interact, dependence ¾ depend, development ¾ develop, classification ¾ classify, etc.). Compared with correlative verbs, nouns are characterized by a more abstract meaning and, as a rule, are terminological in nature. This explains their predominance over verbs.
The abstractness and generalization of the scientific style is expressed in the wide use of neuter nouns: radiation, definition, outlook, mentality, redistribution, tension, emergence, oxidation, etc. Among masculine and feminine nouns there are numerous words with an abstract meaning: factor, impulse, stimulus, syncretism, period, method, method, process, result, possibility, power, need, form, mass, magnitude, intensification, etc.
Forms of number and case of nouns are presented in a peculiar way in scientific speech. Most nouns are used only in the singular form, which is associated with the widespread use of verbal nouns, as well as nouns denoting the names of chemical elements, substances, etc. The scientific style is characterized by the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural: Loupe ¾ is the simplest magnifying device; Jay ¾ bird, common in our forests; Every year, thousands of people went to the taiga to hunt for sable. In these cases, nouns denoting counted objects (magnifier, jay, sable) name a whole class of objects with an indication of their characteristic features or have a collective generalized meaning. However, abstract and real nouns in the scientific style are used in the plural form, acquiring a specific meaning (heart sounds, powers, capacities, etc.) or the meaning of 'grade', 'variety' (lubricating oils, active oxygen, low temperatures, white and red clays, etc.). The plural forms of abstract nouns appeared under the influence of terminological systems.
Among the case forms, the first place in terms of frequency of use is occupied by the genitive case forms, which often act as a definition: the connection reaction, the attempt to solve, the melting point, the norm of the literary language, the language of interethnic communication, the Pythagorean theorem, the axiom of parallelism, the sign of congruence of figures. After the genitive case, according to the frequency of use, there are forms of the nominative and accusative cases; as part of passive constructions, forms of the instrumental case are common: discovered by Mendeleev, established by Newton, defined by Pavlov, created by the people.
In scientific speech, predominantly analytical forms of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives are used (more complex, more compact, more inert, the simplest, the most important). Moreover, the superlative degree is usually formed by combining the positive degree of the adjective and adverbs most, least; sometimes the adverb very is used and the most is almost never used. The synthetic form of the superlative degree with the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-, due to its emotionally expressive connotation, is not typical for scientific speech, with the exception of some stable terminological combinations: the smallest particles, the simplest organisms. Of the synonymous forms of the comparative degree above ¾, a little (slightly) higher, as a rule, the second ones are used.
Short adjectives in a scientific style, in derogation from the general pattern of the Russian language, express not a temporary, but a permanent sign of objects and phenomena: Pure ethyl alcohol is colorless; Fluorine, chlorine, bromine are poisonous.
Features of the use of the verb are associated with its aspectual forms. The vast majority of verbs are used in the present tense. They most often express an attributive meaning or a statement of fact and act in an abstract temporal meaning (the present timeless): Carbon is part of carbon dioxide; The atoms are moving; When heated, bodies expand. The present timeless is the most abstract, generalized, and this explains its predominance in the scientific style.
Since verbs in the present tense form denote constant signs, properties, processes or patterns of phenomena, it is possible to use type determinants usually, always, as a rule, constantly and impossible ¾ at the present time, at this (given) moment, now, etc. P.
The abstractness of the meaning extends to the forms of the verbs of the future and the past tense, acquiring a timeless meaning: Let's determine the area of the triangle; Let's make an experiment; Let's make an equation; The formula has been applied; Research was being done.
Of the aspectual forms of verbs, imperfective forms are the most frequent in scientific speech, as they are comparatively more abstract and generalized in meaning. In scientific speech, they make up about 80%.
Perfective verbs are often used in the form of the future tense, synonymous with the present timeless, the aspectual meaning of such verbs is weakened, as a result of which the perfective form in most cases can be replaced by the imperfective one: draw (line) ¾ draw, compare (results) ¾ compare, consider (inequality ) ¾ are considered.
In the scientific style, the 3rd person singular and plural forms of verbs are common as the most abstract and generalized in meaning. Forms of the 1st person plural of verbs and the pronoun we used with them are characterized by additional semantic shades. They usually serve not to designate any specific, specific persons, but to express an abstract generalized meaning. This includes “we of jointness” (we are with you), expressing a shade of complicity with the listener or reader, as well as the use of we to denote any person, a person in general: we can determine the area ...; we will come to the conclusion...; if we denote ... This meaning is often expressed by the personal form of the verb in the absence of a pronoun (we can define ...; if we denote ...). It is possible to replace a personal construction with an impersonal or infinitive one: you can define ..., you can come to the conclusion ... if you designate ...
Forms of the 1st person singular of verbs and the pronoun i are almost never used in scientific speech, since here attention is primarily focused on the content and logical sequence of its presentation, and not on the subject. The forms of the 2nd person singular and plural are practically not used as the most specific, usually denoting the author of the speech and the addressee. In scientific speech, the addresser and addressee are suspended; what is important here is not who is speaking, but what is being said, i.e. the topic of the message, the content of the statement. Scientific speech is usually addressed not to any specific person, but to an indefinitely wide circle of people.
The desire for abstraction, for generalization, determines the tendency of the verb to desemantize. It manifests itself in the fact that, firstly, verbs of broad, abstract semantics are characteristic of the scientific style: to have, to change, to be observed, to manifest, to end, to be discovered, to exist, to occur, to manifest and etc.; secondly, many verbs in the scientific style act as a link: to be, to become, to be, to serve, to possess, to be called, to be considered, to be concluded, to differ, to be recognized, to be presented, etc.; thirdly, a number of verbs perform the function of components of verbal-nominal phrases (verbonominants), in which nouns carry the main semantic load, and verbs denote an action in the broadest sense and express a grammatical meaning: find application, make calculations (observations, measurements, calculations ), to influence (impact, pressure, help, support, resistance), react (interact), lead to change (to improve, strengthen, weaken, expand), etc. Verb-nominal phrases of this type make it possible to present the action in a generalized way and at the same time contribute to semantic accuracy, since the use of the phrase instead of a fully significant verb (to find application ¾ to apply, to resist ¾ to resist) allows you to extend the nominal component of the phrase with an adjective that clarifies the description of the action or process: find a wide ( ubiquitous, etc.) application, to exert strong (noticeable, constant, friendly, etc.) resistance.
In the scientific style, conjunctions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are active, the role of which can be full-valued words, especially nouns: with the help of, with the help of, in accordance with, as, as a result, due to, on the basis of, in relation to, depending on ..., in comparison with ..., in connection with ..., in moderation, etc. Such prepositions and conjunctions make it possible to express the meaning more definitely and accurately compared to simple ones, since the circle of their meaning is narrower.
Emotional and subjective-modal particles and interjections are not used in scientific speech.
The abstractness and generalization of scientific speech at the syntactic level is expressed primarily in the widespread use of passive (passive) constructions, since they highlight the action, and not its producer, as a result of which objectivity and an impersonal manner of presentation are ensured. For example: The points are connected by a straight line; Forces acting in different directions are applied to two points; The "Russian Grammar" reflects and describes many phenomena of colloquial and special speech.
The desire for information saturation determines the selection of the most capacious and compact syntactic constructions. The scientific style is dominated by simple common and complex allied sentences. Among the former, the most common are indefinitely personal with a direct object at the beginning of a sentence, synonymous with passive constructions (Fertilization during plant growth is called top dressing. Plants are fed with those mineral fertilizers that they need during this period of life). Generalized-personal sentences are common with the main member expressed by the verb in the form of the 1st person plural of the present or future tense in a timeless meaning (Let's draw a straight line; Let's put the composition in a flask; Let's turn to consideration ...; Gradually heat the solution), as well as impersonal sentences of different types (with the exception of those that express the state of man and nature): It is necessary to prove a theorem; It is required to determine the volume of the body; You can apply the formula; It is important to emphasize that...
The use of nominative sentences in scientific texts is rather limited. They are usually used in headings, wording of plan items: Launch of a spacecraft; Determining the effectiveness of indexing systems; The relationship and ratio of the underground and aboveground parts of the plant.
Of the two-part sentences, the most frequent are sentences with a compound nominal predicate, which is closely related to the morphological features of the scientific style noted above and is due to the task of scientific statements (to determine the signs, qualities, properties of the phenomena being studied). Moreover, in such a predicate in the present tense, the use of the copula is characteristic: Language is the most important means of human communication.
Such a specific feature of scientific speech as emphasized logic determines the frequency of the use of certain types of complex sentences. Among complex sentences in scientific speech, allied compound and complex sentences with a clearly defined syntactic connection between the individual parts predominate.
The predominance of allied sentences over non-union ones is explained by the fact that the connection between the parts of a complex sentence with the help of unions is expressed more accurately, unambiguously. Compare:
Of the union proposals, the most commonly used are complex ones, since when subordinating the relationship between individual provisions, they are expressed more differentiated and clearly. Compare:
Among the complex ones, the most common are sentences with subordinate definitive and explanatory clauses, in which the main information is contained in the subordinate part, while the main information does not perform a significant function, but serves only to move from one thought to another: It should be said that ...; It must be emphasized that...; It is interesting to note that...; Let's pay attention to the fact that...; Observations show that...; Note (emphasize, prove) that...
The most common and typical type of sentence connection for scientific speech is the repetition of nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns this, that, such: Modern grammatical science uses a variety of ways to describe the grammatical structure of a language. These descriptions implement different, very dissimilar concepts...
The need for a clear logical structure of scientific speech determines the widespread use of adverbs, adverbial expressions, as well as other parts of speech and word combinations in the connecting function: therefore, therefore, first, then, in conclusion, so, so, thus, finally, moreover and etc. They, as a rule, stand at the beginning of a sentence and serve to unite parts of the text (in particular paragraphs) that are logically closely related to each other: them. Therefore, colloquial speech is often defined as uncodified; Assume that the given lines intersect or are parallel. Then both of them lie in some plane.
In scientific texts, which are a reasoning or presentation of conclusions, generalizations, conclusions, introductory words or phrases that express the relationship between parts of the statement are frequent: DS ^ MK. Therefore, the straight line MK is the symmetry axis of the tetrahedron. Thus, this tetrahedron has three axes of symmetry of opposite edges.
Sentences are often complicated by participial and participial phrases, plug-in constructions, clarifying terms, isolated phrases: speech, vernacular.
The desire for semantic accuracy and informative saturation is due to the use of constructions in scientific speech with several inserts and explanations that clarify the content of the statement, limit its volume, indicate the source of information, etc. , two violas, a cello, less often ¾ two violins, a viola and two cellos) and mixed (for example, strings with a clarinet or a piano).
Thus, at the syntactic level, first of all, one of the main specific features of the scientific style finds expression - the emphasized logic, which also manifests itself in the features of the composition. For a scientific text, the three-part construction (introduction, main part, conclusion) is almost universal as the most successful way of logical organization of the transmitted content.
Bibliography:
1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Proc. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmGTU, 2005. - 80 p.
2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M. : Logos, 2002. - 432 p.
3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. - 549 p.
4. Nikonova, M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for non-philologist students / M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing House of OmGTU, 2003. - 80 p.
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The main features of the scientific style of speech
The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logical presentation .
Any coherent statement should have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are rigidly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.
Adverbs also indicate the sequence of development of thought: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: because, because, in order to, therefore. The predominance of allied communication emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.
Another typical feature of the scientific style of speech is accuracy. .
Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In the scientific style, the repetition of key words is considered the norm.
abstraction and generality certainly permeate every scientific text.
Therefore, abstract concepts are widely used here, which are difficult to imagine, see, feel. In such texts, words with an abstract meaning are often found, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, drawings are often used.
It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here stands for general concepts .
For example: The philologist must carefully, i.e., a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e., not a single object, but a tree species is a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, the word is not a term, it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image (comparison, personification, etc.).
The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.
Compare:
Birch 1) Deciduous tree with white (rarely dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.) Genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in the temperate and cold zones of the North. hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Forest-forming and decorative breed. The largest farms, B. warty and B. fluffy are of importance. |
White birch under my window (S. Yesenin.) |
The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, value.
Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.
The words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicate b and others do not denote movement proper, etc., but something else, abstract:
In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often devoid of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.
Present tense verbs also do not always get the meaning of concreteness: used regularly; always indicate. Imperfect forms are widely used.
Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of pronouns of the 1st and 3rd person, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.
However, the generality and abstractness of the texts of the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.
The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logicality of presentation, and its persuasiveness. The most commonly used figurative means in popular science literature.
Do not mix the terms established in science, formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pistil, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - sole (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations stall etc.).
To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :
1) amplifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;
2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;
3) "problem" questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does a ... cell find in the environment?, what is the reason for this?
Objectivity- Another sign of the scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.
And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective, reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinitely personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely-personal ( Let's look at the problem...).
In the scientific style of speech, several substyles, or varieties, can be distinguished:
a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles of scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;
b) popular science (scientific journalism) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public speeches on radio, television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists in front of a mass audience;
c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals).
| Destination target | Academic |
|
|
| Selection of facts, terms | Academic | Scientific and educational All terms are explained | Popular science Minimum terminology. |
| Leading type of speech Title | Academic reasoning | Scientific and educational Reflects the type of educational material | Popular science Narration Intriguing, interesting |
Lexical features of the scientific style of speech
The main purpose of a scientific text, its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain, and for this, first of all, nouns are needed.
The most common features of scientific style vocabulary are:
a) the use of words in their direct meaning;
b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperbole;
c) wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms.
In scientific speech, there are three layers of words:
The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. common, used in different styles.
For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; going, happening etc.;
General scientific words, i.e. found in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.
For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.
This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of different sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; the center of the circle.
The terms of any science, i.e. specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
In a scientific text, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used. They are often used in literary texts.
Verbs in the present tense with a "timeless" meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashed down - splashed down, rewinds - rewind; and vice versa: fill - fills.
Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, so they are often used in a scientific text.
There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms, have an exact, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.
In the scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.
To identify these features, let's do a little research.
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
Typical for scientific speech are:
a) special turns of the type: according to Mendeleev, according to experience;
c) the use of words: given, known, suitable as a means of communication;
d) using a chain of genitive cases: Establishment of the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays of the atom.(Kapitsa.)
In scientific speech, more than in other styles, complex sentences are used, especially complex ones.
Complicated with subordinate explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, a particular pattern.
The words As you know, scientists believe it is understandable etc. indicate when referring to the source, to any facts, provisions.
Complicated sentences with subordinate causes are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of the phenomena of reality. In these sentences, they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, since, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for).
In scientific speech, comparisons help to reveal the essence of the phenomenon more deeply, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture depicted by the artist of the word.
Often the use of participial and adverbial phrases.
Using expressive means
Generalization and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative means of language to highlight the most important semantic moments, to convince the audience.
Comparison is one of the forms of logical thinking.
Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.
Extended comparison
... In the history of new Russia, we are met by an "excess" of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it in the entire research system, because then you get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family affairs at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians choose the sound they are interested in, we must select the facts that are needed to cover the chosen topic - the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilyov. From Russia to Russia).
figurative comparison
Human society is like a surging sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and does not stop ...
Problematic issues
The first question that confronts us is: What is the science of sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main divisions of this discipline?
(P. Sorokin. General sociology)
Limitations of the use of linguistic means in a scientific style
- Inadmissibility of non-literary vocabulary.
- There are practically no forms of the 2nd person of verbs and pronouns you, you.
– Incomplete sentences are used to a limited extent.
- The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.
All of the above can be presented in the table
Features of the scientific style of speech
| In vocabulary | a) terms; b) the unambiguity of the word; c) frequent repetition of keywords; d) lack of figurative means; |
| As part of a word
| a) international roots, prefixes, suffixes; b) suffixes that give an abstract meaning; |
| In morphology
| a) the predominance of nouns; b) frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; c) unused pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; d) the uncommonness of exclamatory particles and interjections; |
| In syntax | a) direct word order (preferred); b) widespread use of phrases noun + n. in the genus P.; c) the predominance of indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences; d) rare use of incomplete sentences; e) an abundance of complex sentences; f) frequent use of participial and adverbial phrases; |
| Basic type of speech
| Reasoning and description |
scientific style pattern
1918 spelling reform brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., canceled a number of traditional, rather than phonemic spellings). Approximation of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in another direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling ...
However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic trends. Only those spelling features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system ...
At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.
Scientific style is a functional and stylistic variety of the literary language that serves various branches of science (exact sciences, natural sciences, humanities, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in genres monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, reports on scientific topics, reviews, as well as in educational and scientific and technical literature etc. The most important task of the scientific style of speech is to explain the causes of phenomena, to inform, describe the essential features, properties of the subject of scientific knowledge.
The scientific style is one of the book styles of the Russian literary language, which have general conditions for functioning and similar linguistic features, including: preliminary consideration of the statement, the monologue nature of speech, a strict selection of language means, the desire for normalization of speech. The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in various fields of activity, the expansion of scientific contacts, the development of mass media, the role of oral communication using the scientific style also increases.
The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is of a generalized, abstracted, logical nature. This is the reason for such specific features of the scientific style as abstractness, generalization, emphasized logical presentation, and secondary, more particular, style features: semantic accuracy(uniqueness of expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, lack of imagery andemotionality. Generalization and abstractness of the language of scientific prose are dictated by the specifics of scientific thinking. Science interprets concepts, expresses an abstract thought, therefore its language is devoid of concreteness. In this respect, it is opposed to the language of fiction.
Lexical means of scientific style
The main feature of the organization of language tools and scientific style is their generalized abstract character at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system, which gives scientific speech a single functional and stylistic coloring. The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: common words, general scientific words and terms.
To common vocabulary include the words of a common language that are most often found in scientific texts. For example: The equipment works both at high and at low temperatures. Despite the fact that there is not a single special word in the sentence, it is obvious that in a scientific text such commonly used words form the basis of the presentation. Depending on the composition of readers, the share of commonly used vocabulary changes: it decreases in works intended for specialists, and increases in genres addressed to a wide audience. Common words in the scientific style are used in their nominative meaning, which makes it possible to objectively designate the essence of a concept or phenomenon. However, in a specific scientific text, they can change their semantics. For example, the word suppose in mathematical texts means "to assume, to assume": Suppose the given triangles are congruent. A special meaning is assigned to polysemantic commonly used words in scientific texts. So, the noun ending, which has two meanings (1. Completion, bringing something to an end. 2. The final part of something), in linguistics is used as an unambiguous: " grammatically changing part of a word; flexion".
General scientific vocabulary- the second significant layer of scientific speech. This is already part of the language of science, i.e., the language of description of scientific objects and phenomena. With the help of general scientific words, phenomena and processes in various fields of science and technology are described. These words are assigned to certain concepts, but are not terms, although they are terminological in nature, for example: operation, task, phenomenon, process, absorb, abstract, acceleration, magnitude, function, value, element, result, consequence, analysis, synthesis, system, based, universal and etc.
The scientific style is characterized by widespread use abstract vocabulary prevailing over the specific: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability etc. In abstract and generalized meanings, not only words with abstract semantics are used, but also words denoting specific objects outside the scientific style. Yes, in the proposal Oak, spruce, birch grow in our area the words oak, spruce, birch do not denote single, specific objects (a specific tree), but a class of homogeneous objects, a tree species, that is, they express a general concept. The generalized abstract nature of speech is also emphasized by the use of special words like usually, usually, always, constantly, systematically, regularly, any, any, every.
Since the field of science and technology requires the most accurate definition of the concepts and phenomena of reality, reflecting the accuracy and objectivity of scientific truths and judgments, a specific feature of the scientific style vocabulary is the use of terms.
Term (from Latin terminus "border, limit") - a word or phrase that is the name of a special concept of any sphere of production, science or art. Each branch of science has its own terminology, united in one terminology system (terminology medical, mathematical, physical, philosophical, linguistic, literary, etc.). Within this system, the term strives for unambiguity, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Terms examples: atrophy, numerical methods of algebra, range, zenith, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase, low temperatures, cermets. The lexical meaning of the term corresponds to the concept developed in the given field of science. The terms that are part of several terminological systems and a specific text are used in one meaning, characteristic of a certain terminological system.
For example: Reaction [French. reaction, German reaction< лат. re
против + ctio
действие]
1. Biol. The answer (of an organism, its parts) to some external irritation.
2. Phys. and Khim. Physical and chemical interaction between substances.
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