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Kuzka bread or just bread beetle. Bread grinder in the kitchen - how to get rid of bugs in food stocks Bugs in flour and cereals: what to do

There were bugs in the grain. Such news will spoil the mood of any housewife, because the very fact of the presence of any organisms in products intended for consumption is unpleasant. And the hassle associated with getting rid of uninvited guests will increase the negative effect of this news.

Who is the bread grinder?

The bread grinder is a small light brown (rarely red-rusty) beetle, a resident of enclosed spaces, which is also a dangerous pest of food stocks. Moreover, damage is caused by both adult specimens, making through holes in products, and larvae.

Unscrupulous in food, they eat or spoil everything that comes in their way. Grown-up individuals are especially unpleasant and dangerous. If adult pest beetles do not feed, but exist due to the fat reserves accumulated in the larval stage, then the “youth” easily penetrates into food substrates, makes passages in them and fills them with waste products.

Description of the kitchen stock pest

Drugstore beetle (from English - "pharmacy beetle") is characterized by small size(up to 4 mm) and an oblong convex body covered with soft hair. The small head of a beetle insect is immersed in a deepening of the pronotum.

The thorax is convex, deep grooves are clearly visible on the elytra. Antennae serrate, short, with three elongated and widened terminal segments. Full life cycle The bread grinder lasts about 200 days, depending on the air temperature and the quality of the food. The bread grinder is steady against influence of low temperatures. At a temperature of +4 ... +5 ° C, the embryo in the egg is able to remain viable for about 4 months. AT vivo a mass accumulation of beetles is observed in June-July, pest beetles live permanently indoors and are capable of producing one or two generations of young in a year.

Features of existence

The productivity of the female is from 20 to 60 oval milky white eggs. The insect deposits them in products, which will later become the object of food for newborns. The larvae of the bread grinder are characterized by an off-white color, small size (about 5 mm in length) and short spines on the back. Very similar to the larvae of the beetle, they have an arcuate curved fleshy body, well-developed upper jaws, covered with teeth.

The overall development cycle depends on temperature regime: at +17 ° C is about 17 days; with an increase in the indicator by 10 ° C, it is halved. It prefers to pupate precisely in kitchen supplies, constructing a cocoon around itself from food microparticles or gnawing cradle groats in grains. Pupa yellow- white color, in length is 2.5-4 mm.

Bugs in flour and cereals: what to do?

For a year, a grinder beetle is able to give one or two generations; in heated rooms, fertility is higher - up to five generations. The visual order in the lockers is not an indication that they are free of pests. With a weak contamination of products, the vital activity of insects usually proceeds imperceptibly, inside the food substrate.

With a high population density, bugs in flour and cereals are forced to crawl out in search of new habitats, so they can be easily found on the surface of contaminated food. A bread grinder can get inside the premises with purchases, in bags of cereals and flour, or through slots in frames and window vents. If there are bugs in the croup, what should I do? How to get rid of unwanted pests once and for all?

The bread grinder flies great; in the evening, like butterflies, it gathers in flocks near a source of light. In apartments, they can often be found on window sills.

When touched, it freezes, pretending to be dead, or makes very unpleasant sounds.

Malicious activity of the grinder beetle

A bread grinder can spoil almost all products: flour, bread, cereals, crackers, tea, pasta. He does not disdain herbariums and dried herbs, even poisonous ones: belladonna, strychnine, ergot, aconite. With a thorough search, the grinder beetle can be found on bookshelves, where the larvae diligently destroy the paper, turning it into fine dusty dust. In the library environment, for such sabotage, the insect is called the "book beetle." The kitchen dweller can even climb into cigarettes. not interested, so you should not worry about wooden floors, walls and furniture.

How to get rid of grinder bugs? Unlike a fast cockroach, rushing around the kitchen in search of something to eat, a bread grinder is a permanent insect. Having found a suitable product, the beetle firmly settles in it and begins to actively multiply. You can identify the pest by the spoiled type of perforated products, the presence of dust and excrement in them. The larvae of the grinder are clearly visible in the breeding center.

Bread grinder: how to get rid of?

Pest control in the kitchen consists in the disposal of spoiled stocks and the mechanical effect on insects: catching and destroying. It is pointless to use insecticide treatment, since poisons will definitely get on the products. And their use, even after heat treatment very hazardous to health. Therefore, heavily contaminated cereals, flour, tea and other damaged products should be thrown away, cabinet shelves should be thoroughly wiped with vinegar, soda and bleach.

If bugs were found in jars, then glass containers must be soaked in water with a good portion of soap, left for a while, then rinsed thoroughly and dried. Holes in wooden elements where pests can move, it is recommended to seal with sealant. With a high number of beetles on the shelves of cabinets, you can sprinkle sodium tetrabonate (borax), which is sold in any pharmacy.

With a weak degree of infection, cereals can be sifted and heated in the oven at a temperature of +70 ° C for an hour. Or a day to withstand the products in cold store, then fry in a pan for 10-15 minutes. Infected peas or beans are recommended to pour hot water: Beetles and larvae will float to the surface. Then the dried and sorted products must be dried on a clean cotton cloth.

Folk methods

To prevent the spread of a bread grinder in the kitchen, it is necessary to maintain perfect cleanliness, inspect purchased cereals and flour for the presence of a bug. Use sealed glass containers for storage.

Products that are in paper, plastic or cloth bags are more susceptible to infection with a bread grinder, since it will not be difficult for an insect to gnaw through such material. As a protective measure, the fabric bag is recommended to be treated with concentrated saline.

You can scare away the pest with ordinary garlic, a few unpeeled cloves of which are recommended to be put in flour. In containers with cereals, it is advisable to place gauze bags filled with salt or Bay leaf, the smell of which insects simply cannot stand. Periodically wipe cabinet shelves with vinegar and water. Dried fruits, bread and nuts should preferably be stored in the refrigerator. You should not buy cereals for future use, creating significant reserves - an excellent environment for the life of the larvae of the bread grinder.

Grinder fight outside the kitchen

Outside the kitchen, more effective measures can be used against the grinder: for cabinets with damaged books, an aerosol treatment with insecticides. High score will show such sprays as "Raptor", "Raid", "Combat". To prevent the beetle from entering your territory, it is recommended to place bags with lavender and nutmeg on the shelves of cabinets, in herbariums and collections. The smells of such insect repellents repel.

The appearance of harmful bugs in the kitchen, and especially in food stocks, is unpleasant for any housewife, especially if the room is kept in order and clean. You can get rid of the bread grinder only by cleaning, heating and freezing the cereals. It is extremely dangerous to use insecticides, as this poses a direct threat to the residents of the house.

The grain beetle, or, as it is called, "kuzka", is a pest of barley, wheat and other cereal crops. These insects belong to the lamellar family, order Coleoptera. Pests are familiar to many residents of Russia and Ukraine.

Description of the insect

Kuzka beetles are pests, distinguished by a green, almost blue tint of the legs and body. Their elytra are dark brown in color, they have longitudinal grooves. Near the shield dark spot(in females). The size of this insect is 13-16 mm. Their eggs spherical shape, white, about 2 mm in diameter. The length of the larva is up to 35 mm. It is distinguished by its white color, and its head has a yellow-brown hue. Then a brown pupa up to 17 mm long appears. Beetles begin their active life in June-July. At this time they live on ears of corn. Females begin laying eggs in July. They lower them into the soil to a depth of 20 centimeters. At a time, the female is able to bring about 50 eggs. Kuzka beetle passes all stages of development in the soil. Depending on the temperature, eggs can "ripen" in 2 weeks to a month. The period of development of the larvae lasts up to 23 months, during which time they survive two winterings at a depth of up to 80 centimeters. By May of the second year, the larva rises higher and turns into a pupa at a depth of up to 15 cm. The duration of pupa development lasts from 10 to 20 days. In late May - early June, a young Kuzka beetle flies out.

Insect spread

This beetle is native to the European steppes. It is common in Moldova, in some areas on and in the steppe regions of Ukraine. In addition, it lives in the steppes of Turkey, Kazakhstan, the Urals, Altai, and northern Iran. The beetle causes significant harm in the south of Russia and in the black earth regions of Ukraine. It also significantly harms in Azerbaijan and some regions of Kazakhstan.

Ecological characteristic

The Kuzka beetle is a heat-loving creature. Young individuals begin to leave the ground only if the air is warmed up to a temperature not lower than +17 degrees. At a temperature of +20 0 C, the eggs for laying begin to ripen in females. very active. Eat only in daytime especially if the weather is hot. As night falls, they fall to the ground. If bad, cool weather persists, they do not rise from the ground. Therefore, only in hot and dry summers, bread beetles begin active reproduction, while this period usually falls during earing. If the summer turned out to be cold and rainy, the number of insects decreases sharply, second-year larvae may die. At the same time, during a drought, they try to go deep into the soil. Adult individuals choose cereal plants and feed on them. They prefer spring forms of rye, barley and wheat. These insects love not only cultivated species, but also wild ones. So they choose wheatgrass, wheatgrass, timothy grass, bonfire and others. These grain pests mainly "occupy" the edges of grain fields. Kuzka beetle eats the pulp of immature crops, and throws off mature grains from the stems.

In the first year of development, the larvae consume humus and thin roots of various plants. AT next year their main diet consists of roots and cereals. Birds love to eat both adults and their larvae. The main enemies of Kuzka are predatory ground beetles, ktyrs and scolias.

Damage caused by bugs

Not only the adult bread beetle harms, but also its larvae. Every year, one individual eats about 8 grams of grain, but still large quantity he just knocks out of the ears. Thus, it can destroy up to 10 spikelets. The larvae do damage in a different way. They feed on plant seedlings and grass roots, which in turn leads to rare seedlings. It is believed that this one is harmful when the amount is more than three pieces per square meter. km. So, if the sowing density per km 2 is about 250 spike-bearing stems, and there are more than 10 beetles, the yield loss reaches 50%. If we take the years favorable for the spread of this beetle, then along the edges of the fields on one square. km, you can count up to a hundred individuals.

Measures to protect crops from the beetle

During the period of the end of spring and the beginning of summer, it is necessary to carry out cultivation and processing of row spacing. Such an event leads to the mass destruction of the pupae of these beetles. Also, at the beginning of wax ripeness, it is necessary to carry out quick separate harvesting, picking up windrows. Such actions also reduce the number of damaged grains. In addition, in order to prevent the Kuzka grain beetle from crawling out of the ground the next sowing year, it is necessary to carry out early post-harvest autumn plowing, as well as perform these actions, which lead to the death of eggs and larvae before they go deep into the lower layers of soil.

If the number of beetles exceeds the threshold of harmfulness (more than 3 pieces per 1 sq.m.), on wheat in the period of milky ripeness, it is necessary to organize spraying of the crop with insecticides, EC (l / ha) sumition - 0.8 - 1 or decis extra - 0.05. In this case, the last spraying should be carried out no later than 20 days before harvesting.

Especially if they are left in an accessible place. The grinder does not disdain cereals, dried vegetables, tea, dried fruits, animal food, tobacco, book bindings and medicinal herbs. The larvae eat absolutely everything except iron!

Insects with a small number do not even make themselves felt, long time one may not be aware that the products are infected, but when there are a lot of them, they crawl along the walls, and are often visible on the windowsill and on the floor.

Beetle - bread grinder

The bread grinder is a brownish beetle with a hood-shaped pronotum pulled over its head. The length of an adult insect is 1.75 - 3.75 mm, the body is covered with hairs. Distributed throughout the Russian Federation.

insect with complete transformation, its eggs are white, oval in shape.

Larvae, up to 5.6 mm long, curved, off-white, with a brown head. The jaws of the larvae are developed, equipped with teeth, thanks to which they are able to gnaw everything.

The chrysalis of the bread grinder is yellowish, like that of adults, its head is covered with a hood.

The female beetle lays up to 140 eggs in piles on food or makes moves in them. The voracious larvae that have appeared eat food for 4-100 days, then pupate, the beetles fly out, gnawing a hole in the grain.

Grinders fly mainly at night, feeling danger, pretending to be a corpse. Adult beetles do not eat anything throughout their lives. The entire development cycle takes 70-200 days, depending on the type of food and temperature. environment. However, to low temperatures the beetle is stable, even at 4-5 degrees below zero, the embryo in the egg remains viable for 4 months.

What harm does a bread grinder do in an apartment

Despite the fact that an adult insect does not eat, it harms it significantly, it makes moves in the products. The larvae, as we have already written, devour all products indiscriminately, even what is considered poisonous, such as herbs, fill food supplies with their excrement, the remains of dead individuals. The bread grinder does not touch the wood, you can only worry about the condition of the furniture, floors and walls. Contaminated foods should not be eaten, as this can cause an allergic reaction, indigestion, and even poisoning.

Beetles enter the room through an open window, cracks in window frames or with groceries from the store. If the eggs of bugs or their larvae are in the purchased cereal, they begin to develop rapidly in a warm and dark place.

In order to identify grinders, you need to inspect the products, where they turned out to be the most, this is the source of infection.

Bread grinder - how to get rid of insects in the kitchen

If the presence of a bread grinder is detected, first of all, you need to remove the source of infection from the house, that is, throw it into the street or into the sewer. With a weak degree of infection, you can take some measures:

  • sift the cereal with a sieve with small cells, then at +70 - 110 degrees warm in the oven for at least an hour. Flour cannot be heated!;
  • pour peas or beans with water with a pinch of salt, the larvae will emerge, it remains to dry the food;
  • you can stand the food in the freezer for a day, and then fry at an average temperature of 10-15 minutes.

After the products are thrown away or rescued, a number of measures must be taken, that is, remove the bread grinder.

  • Shake out the surviving food from bags and bags, place the groceries in jars with tight-fitting lids. Before that, it would be good to keep them in the freezer for two days, for the purpose of prevention.
  • If the bugs are wound up in the jars, soak the entire container in water, adding a good portion of soap there, leave for half an hour, then rinse and dry.
  • Wash tables, cabinet shelves, floors, and window sills with soap and water, or bleach-based cleaners, and then wipe down with vinegar. Pour boiling water over all kinds of cracks and holes in the floor, latches and cabinet fittings.
  • Seal holes in wooden elements in which pests can move with sealant.
  • With a high number of insects, scatter borax (sodium tetrabonate) in lockers, it can be purchased at any pharmacy.

Measures to prevent the appearance of bugs

A number of simple measures will prevent the appearance of a bread grinder in the kitchen.

  • If you doubt the quality of the purchased cereals, dry them in the oven for ten minutes, then pour them into jars with lids.
  • Arrange jars of cereals on illuminated shelves, sunlight inhibit the development of insect eggs.
  • Before pouring cereal into containers, carefully inspect it.
  • Maintain cleanliness in the kitchen, regularly clean the cabinets.
  • A few cloves of garlic placed in a bag or a jar of cereal or salt in gauze bags will scare away pests. Bread grinders do not like the smell of bay leaves.
  • Don't buy a large number of products for the future.
  • Try to store dried fruits, nuts, and even bread in the refrigerator.
  • From time to time, wipe the shelves where bulk products are stored with vinegar and water.
  • If you have to store bulk products in fabric bags, soak them in a saturated solution of table salt beforehand.

For some reason, this beetle began to actively catch my eye only now, in 2013, although it has always been known and has always been a dangerous pest Agriculture. First meetings with kuzka bread happened to me very far from the grain fields, in places where he comes across infrequently. Of course, at first, a small brown bug, similar to , with a square black spot on the elytra, immediately attracted my attention and aroused the joy of discovery. And then I discovered that bread beetle- not just not a rarity, but a real misfortune that floods our fields. A kind of " Colorado beetle cereal crops".

But let's go in order. The first specimens of the beetle were found in June in Friendship Park. Like all beetles, a priori, our hero inspired me with sympathy, in connection with which he was caught and photographed from different angles. Here I am proud to quote a literally-suffering shot called "Kuzka bread spreads its wings".

But then he was not yet "Bread Kuzka", I called him “look, what kind of bug, do you know who it is?” But no one knew and, as usual, only the Internet helped me to identify the hero.

What did I find out?

Friends! This is not just advertising, but mine, personal request. Please enter into ZooBot group in VK. This is pleasant for me and useful for you: there will be a lot that will not get on the site in the form of articles.

Bread Kuzka (Anisoplia austriaca)

Kuzka bread is a beetle from the family of lamellar mustaches (Scarabeidae). Body length - 10-16 mm. Both in shape and in color, it is very reminiscent of a small one. Feature- a square dark spot at the base of the elytra (in some individuals it is absent, and this has nothing to do with sexual dimorphism). The wings themselves are brown.

The abdomen, paws and pronotum of the grain beetle are black (according to my observations, and according to some sources they are dark green), densely covered with light hairs below. The antennae end in a fan consisting of three plates.

Kuzka's place in the scientific classification is as follows.

type: arthropods(Arthropoda)
Class: Insects(Insecta)
squad: Coleoptera(Coleoptera)
family: lamellar(Scarabeidae)
genus: Kuzki(Anisoplia)
view: bread beetle(Anisopliaaustriaca)

Lifestyle of a piece of bread

The grain beetle is diurnal, hiding in uneven ground at night.

The life cycle of the beetle is approximately 2 years, of which 22 months is the larval stage. The egg develops for 20-30 days and the pupal phase lasts for 13-21 days.

The larvae of the first year of life overwinter, burrowing to a depth of 30-55 cm, of the second year - to 20-45 cm.

After the second wintering, the larva pupates in the second half of May, and in mid-June there is a massive emergence of beetles.

Kuzka bread as a pest of agriculture

Unlike the May beetle, the larvae of which favorable conditions they can mow entire fields, and the functions of adults are reduced, mainly, to resettlement, the grain kuzka begins to misbehave in a big way just as an adult.

He behaves like a real gopnik: he systematically devours the ripening grains, and which he could not eat, he pushes out of the ears to the ground. One beetle can completely destroy about 10 ears of corn.

Bread beetle control methods

Basically they boil down to the destruction of eggs and larvae by deep plowing and loosening the soil on different stages processing (not being an agronomist, I will leave the details to those interested for independent study).

When mechanical methods fail, chemistry comes to the rescue in the form of spraying the fields with insecticides.

Kuzka Khlebny and Kuzka's Mother: Historical Facts and Hypotheses

In search of the origin of the name "kuzka", I came across a funny hypothesis that does not answer the question, but offers an interpretation of the expression "show Kuzka's mother."

A certain candidate of philological sciences, Nikolai Pavlov, says the following:

– Kuzka's mother is an old and very figurative peasant expression. "Kuzka" in Russia has long been called the bread beetle, a terrible enemy of grain. Its larva - the same “Kuzka's mother” - lives very secretly, it is almost impossible to get to it.

A perfectly acceptable explanation, given that the kuzka at one time greatly spoiled the life of the peasants.

One forum says that in Dahl's dictionary there are no mentions of either Kuzka or his mother, and an interesting historical and entomological reference is provided.

The southern Russian and Hungarian steppes are considered the homeland of the Kuzka. Previously, they were huge spaces covered mainly with feather grass. But the wheatgrass - the main food of the bread in the wild - did not grow there.

As the steppes were cultivated, wheatgrass began to grow well on plowed, but unsown fields (fallows), and a large field of activity appeared for the grain kuska. (Moreover, the "field" both literally and figuratively).

And then our beetles tried wheat, rye and barley and quickly realized that they would be much sweeter than wheatgrass, cover vast territories through the efforts of man and, which is especially pleasant, are available for much longer periods than wheatgrass, to which they were previously attached. life cycle.

Actually, this was the beginning of the victorious procession of a piece of bread across the Russian land.

All of the above events took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the first indications of the dangers of the bread beetle appeared in the 1840s. Here is a possible explanation for the absence of an expression in Dahl's dictionary and, accordingly, confirmation of the hypothesis voiced above by Nikolai Pavlov.

Videos bread rolls

I apologize to readers for paying so much attention to the topic of bread beetle copulation in photos and videos. There is a simple explanation for this. A separately sitting beetle is quite mobile and cautious.

When a person approaches, it often takes off. But when caught in a romantic moment, the bugs are too busy to run away, so the cameraman has many more opportunities to shoot.

Kuzka bread on the Tambov fields

Some time after meeting with the first representatives of the bread beetle, I witnessed its mass exit. It happened during a trip to the Tatar shaft. Kuzki met here in such abundance that ripples in the eyes.

Hundreds, thousands - it's only within sight. On every second spikelet, our bugs darkened, actively flew from place to place and, breaking up in pairs, or even three, did indecency. That's where it happened to me opportunity for a detailed video and photo session!

Well, that's, perhaps, everything about a piece of bread. Despite its harmfulness as a species, the bug itself is very funny and cute.

kuzka crusader, kuzka crusader

  • - kuzka beetle, bread kuzka, this beetle. lamellar, pest of cereals. Found in Europe, Asia Minor, Iran; in the USSR - in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Europe ...

    Agricultural encyclopedic Dictionary

  • - bread beetle, a medium-sized beetle with reddish-brown elytra. Dangerous pest of cereals. Kuzka: 1-larva; 2-pupa; 3-beetle...

    Agricultural dictionary-reference book

  • - beetle seven. lamellar; cereal pest in Eurasia. Dark chestnut, dl. 13-15 mm. It feeds on unripe grain, the larvae feed on roots ...

    Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

  • - I - a beetle from the family Scarabaeidae, see Bread beetle. II see Bread...
  • - see Khlebny ...

    Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

  • - see Khlebny ...

    Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

  • - beetle of the lamellar family; cereal pest in Eurasia. Dark chestnut, length 13-15 mm. It feeds on unripe grain, the larvae feed on roots ...

    Big encyclopedic dictionary

  • - ...

    Spelling Dictionary

  • - kuz / ka-zhu / k, ...

    merged. Apart. Through a hyphen. Dictionary-reference

  • - Kuzka, Kuzki, husband. . Bug, dangerous pest loaves...

    Dictionary Ushakov

  • - Kuzka m. Nickname of the dog ...

    Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

  • - to "narrow, -i, genus. p. pl. to" ...

    Russian spelling dictionary

  • - Kuzka Kuzka, piece - beetle "Anisoplia austriaca Herbst", borrowed. from Polish. kózka - the name of the beetle, lit. "goat"; see Kiparsky, Neuphilol. Mitt., 1953, p. 377...

    Vasmer's etymological dictionary

  • - Kuzka let someone in. Ryaz. Annoy someone. SRNG 16, 27...

    Big Dictionary Russian sayings

  • - ...

    Word forms

  • - bread beetle, beetle, ...

    Synonym dictionary

"kuzka-crusader" in books

Chapter I. "The Crusader"

From the book Colonel Lawrence author Liddell Garth Basil Henry

Beetle Kuzka

From the book When I was little, we had a war author Olefir Stanislav Mikhailovich

Beetle Kuzka Grandpa Kolotiy's mother's dad has a long tongue, because of which he often got into trouble. Mom told me that when the first tractor came to the village, grandfather walked around it for a long time, then asked the tractor driver: - And where does he have this thing? - What about? - didn't understand

The Last Magus: Kuzka - Mordovian God

From the book Myths of the Finno-Ugric peoples author Petrukhin Vladimir Yakovlevich

The Last Magus: Kuzka - the Mordovian god The Christianized Mordovians adopted and altered many motifs of Christian mythology in folklore: it was already said about the Mordovian trinity - Nishka, Nikola (Nikola-paz, who was identified with Mastor-paz, the god of the earth) and

author Norwich John Julius

Timur the Crusader

From the book Another History of Wars. From sticks to bombards author

Timur the Crusader If the XIII century began with the subordination of Russia to the Western European Crusader Order, then it is very likely that the end of the XIV century was marked by the transfer of power in Russia from the Western Crusaders to the Byzantines, and this transition began with the Battle of Kulikovo

II. Crusader without faith

From the book The Crusaders author Pernu Regin

III. Perfect crusader

From the book The Crusaders author Pernu Regin

Chapter 1. "Crusader"

From Lawrence of Arabia author Liddell Garth Basil Henry

Timur the Crusader

From the book Another History of Russia. From Europe to Mongolia [= Forgotten History of Russia] author Kalyuzhny Dmitry Vitalievich

Timur the Crusader To understand the history of Timur (1336–1405), civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. One of its participants, Baron Roman Fedorovich Ungern von Sternberg (1886–1921), captured Mongolia with his small detachment, declared himself emperor, accepted

Timur the Crusader

From the book Forgotten History of Russia [= Another History of Russia. From Europe to Mongolia] author Kalyuzhny Dmitry Vitalievich

Timur the Crusader To understand the history of Timur (1336–1405), it would be worth recalling the Civil War in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. One of its participants, Baron Roman Fedorovich Ungern von Sternberg (1886–1921), captured Mongolia with his small detachment, declared himself emperor, accepted

7 First crusader (565–641)

From the book History of Byzantium author Norwich John Julius

7 The First Crusader (565-641) Byzantium was surrounded by enemies, but Emperor Justin II was not embarrassed: he firmly believed that with wisdom and courage, any enemy could be defeated. It was this very faith that the emperor was often guided by, accepting certain

Crusader

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KR) of the author TSB

Kuzka

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KU) of the author TSB

G. Uspensky. Kuzka

From the book Why do people get stupefied? (Compilation) author Bogdanov (compiler) G. T.

G. Uspensky. Kuzka The audience dispersed. Kuzka's heart grew heavier and heavier: he could not endure a single pleasant sensation from the walk; a ruble, seven hryvnias, which he donated to himself for amusement, were intact.

Crusader

From the book Smoke of an ancient fireplace (Author's fairy tale therapy) author Gnezdilov Andrey

Crusader Those who love to travel will probably not argue that at the heart of their aspirations lies the hope of meeting the unknown. I have traveled and seen a lot, but I confess that the most striking thing for me was the meeting with myself. That's how it was. My name

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