Brief description of insect orders and examples. General characteristics of insect orders with complete metamorphosis

The insect class has two subclasses: primary wingless And winged.

TO subclass primary wingless include insects whose ancestors never had wings (sugar silverfish, springtails, etc.). Silverfish lives in sheds, closets. cellars. It feeds on decaying substances, harmless to humans. IN flower pots with immoderate watering, wingless insects often appear - springtails. They feed on decayed plants or their lower plants. A reliable fight against them is a decrease in watering.

Subclass of winged subdivided into insects incomplete transformation and insects from complete transformation.

The distribution of species by orders is carried out taking into account such features as the nature of development, structural features of the wings, and the structure of the mouth apparatus. The main features of some orders of insects are presented below.

Some features of the most important orders of insects

Detachments	Type of development	Number of pairs of wings	oral apparatus	Feature of the development of the wings	Some representatives
cockroach	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	gnawing	elytra	Red and black cockroaches
termites	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	gnawing	Mesh	Termite
Orthoptera	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	gnawing	elytra	Locusts, grasshoppers, crickets
Lice	With incomplete transformation	no wings	piercing-sucking	Wingless	Head louse, body louse
bedbugs	Louse	Two pairs	piercing-sucking	elytra	Bug-turtle, bug-gladun, bug-water strider
Homoptera	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	piercing-sucking	Mesh	cicadas
grandmother	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	gnawing	Mesh	Grandmother-dozorets, grandmother-rocker
Beetles, or Coleoptera	With complete transformation	Two pairs	gnawing	Elytra hard	Maybug, Colorado potato beetle, gravedigger beetle, bark beetle
Butterflies, or Lepidoptera	With complete transformation	Two pairs	Sucking	Mesh with scales	White cabbage, hawthorn, silkworm
Hymenoptera	With complete transformation	Two pairs	Gnawing, lacquering	Mesh	Bees, bumblebees, wasps, ants
Diptera	With complete transformation	1 pair	prickly-sucking	Mesh	Mosquitoes, flies, gadflies, midges
Fleas	With complete transformation	Not	prickly-sucking	Wingless	Human flea, rat flea

Insects with incomplete metamorphosis

The most common are: cockroach squad- a typical representative - red cockroach. The appearance of cockroaches in dwellings is a sign of carelessness. They come out of their hiding places at night and feed on carelessly stored food, polluting it. Female cockroaches wear a brown egg "suitcase" at the end of their abdomen - ooteku. They throw it in the trash. Eggs develop in it, from which larvae are born - small white cockroaches that look like adults. Then the cockroaches turn black, molt several times and gradually turn into adult cockroaches.

Order of termites- this includes social insects living in large families in which there is a division of labor: workers, soldiers, males and females (queens). Termite nests - termite mounds, can be of considerable size. Yes, in African savannas the height of termite mounds reaches 10-12 m, and the diameter of their underground part is 60 m. Termites feed mainly on wood, can damage wooden buildings, agricultural plants. About 2,500 species of termites are known.

Order Orthoptera Most members of the order are herbivorous, but there are also predators. These include grasshoppers, cabbage, locust. green grasshopper lives in the grass in the meadows, in the steppes. It has a long club-shaped ovipositor. Kapustyanka - has burrowing legs, flies and swims well. Deals great harm underground parts of garden plants, such as cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, potatoes, etc. Some species of locusts are prone to mass reproduction, then they gather in huge flocks and fly a considerable distance (up to several thousand kilometers), destroying all green vegetation on their way.

Detachment of bedbugs- this includes known pests of agricultural crops - bug-turtle, sucking out the contents of the grains of cereal plants. Found in dwellings flea bug- a very unpleasant insect for humans. A water strider bug lives in fresh water bodies or on their surface, feeding on insects falling into the water. Predatory bed bug attacks various invertebrates and fish fry.

Detachment Homoptera- all its representatives feed on plant juices. many kinds aphids cause great harm to cultivated plants. Many Homoptera are carriers viral diseases plants. This includes various cicadas, whose sizes are from a few millimeters to 5-6 cm. They live in the crowns of trees.

Granny Squad- exclusive predatory insects. Adults attack prey in flight. The best flyers. Their flight is highly maneuverable: they can hover in the air, be mobile and can reach speeds of up to 100 km per hour. These include headstock-yoke, grandmother watcher and etc.

Insects with full metamorphosis

Squad beetles, or Coleoptera, is the most numerous order of insects, up to 300,000 species. Beetles are distributed in a wide variety of different conditions land and fresh water. Their sizes range from 0.3 to 155 mm in length. Many beetles cause great damage to cultivated plants. One of the pests of potatoes and other plants is Colorado beetle brought to us from America. beetle- a pest of cereals; Chafer- its larvae damage tree roots and potato tubers; beet weevil- affects sugar beets. In addition, this includes bark beetles, turning passages in the bark and bast fibers of valuable tree species, and the larvae goldfish and i live in dead wood, causing great damage to timber industry.

Many beetles spoil food supplies: pea weevil, beetle grindstone, leather beetle damaging leather, wool products. Another small beetle belongs to the order of beetles tube-roller. The biology of these beetles is very interesting. In the spring, the pipe worker cuts the sheet in a special way to the main vein. The incised part of the leaf withers and loses its elasticity. Then the beetle rolls up the bag and lays eggs there. Something like a cigar is formed. This is how a pipe worker expresses concern for offspring.

Some beetles feed on the remains of plants and animals and perform the role of orderlies in nature, for example: gnoe beetles And coffins. Some can be used to fight harmful insects. So, ladybug destroys aphids, and large green paint beetles- caterpillars.

Beetles are extremely beautiful large sizes, for example stag beetle, or stag, listed in the Red Book, reaches a length of up to 8 cm, its larvae develop in rotten stumps for about five years and grow up to 14 cm long. Beetles of various sizes and in the way of feeding live in reservoirs - a swimming beetle, and a black water lover. The swimming beetle is a predator, the black water-lover is a herbivore.

Butterfly Squad, or Lepidoptera, - representatives of this detachment are distinguished by a variety of colors of their wings. These include hives, cabbage butterfly, silkworm and others. Among the species living on Far East, there are very large night butterflies, which in the wingspan correspond to the width of an unfolded notebook. Butterfly wings are covered with modified hairs - scales that have the ability to refract light. The iridescent color of the wings of many butterflies depends on this phenomenon. Butterfly larvae are called caterpillars. They have a gnawing apparatus, a long body. Their salivary glands, in addition to saliva, also secrete silk threads, from which a cocoon is woven before pupation. Adult butterflies are very good plant pollinators. The caterpillars of most butterflies are herbivorous, eating the leaves of plants, causing significant harm, for example, cabbage white, apple moth, golden tail, ringed silkworm, etc. The room moth caterpillar feeds on woolen products, damaging them, some caterpillars spoil flour and others food products.

Mulberry and oak silkworms- they have been bred for a long time by a person in order to obtain silk (from cocoons). Many big butterflies extraordinarily beautiful, for example swallowtail, Apollo etc. A large butterfly is very interesting nocturnal peacock eye, on the wings of which there are eye spots. Its caterpillar is large, fleshy, green in color, weaves a cocoon the size of a chicken egg before pupation.

Large night butterflies with acute-angled wings, characterized by very fast flight - hawk moths, - so named because they willingly feed on the fermented and odorous sap of trees, especially birch, acting on wounds and stumps.

Order Hymenoptera- combines a variety of insects: bees, bumblebees, os, riders, sawflies and others. The way of life of these insects is varied. Some of them are herbivorous, as their larvae (very similar to caterpillars) cause great damage to cereals and other plants, for example bread and pine sawflies. The leaf-eating larvae of the sawfly acquire similarities with butterfly caterpillars to such an extent that they are called false caterpillars. A striking adaptation is the sawfly ovipositor, which serves to cut out pockets in plant tissues, in which the female sawflies hide their eggs, thereby showing original care for their offspring.

Excellent plant pollinators are bumblebees. This is a social insect. The family of bumblebees exists only for one summer. Nests are built in mouse holes, hollows, squirrel nests, in birdhouses. The nest is built by the female, equipping wax cells in it for laying eggs. A supply of food is placed in the cell - a mixture of pollen with honey. The larvae that emerge from the egg eat food and, after two or three weeks, weave silk cocoons, turning into pupae. Working bumblebees, females and males are hatched from pupae. By the end of summer, there are up to 500 bumblebees in large nests. In autumn, the old queen, males and workers die, and the young queens hide for the winter.

Lifestyle os looks like a bumblebee. They also exist for one summer. Wasps are beneficial by destroying harmful insects, and the damage from spoiling fruits by them is small. More harm from hornets(one of the types of swarm wasps): they gnaw at the bark of young trees and eat bees. Having settled near the apiary, they destroy thousands of bees over the summer.

Of the social insects of the order Hymenoptera, it is of great benefit honey bee. She is also a wonderful pollinator of plants, and produces exclusively useful product food - honey, as well as wax, royal jelly, widely used by man in perfumery. medicine, for the manufacture of varnishes, paints, etc.

The bee colony is an amazingly complex whole in which all members of the colony are very closely related to each other. The life and prosperity of the whole genus is equally impossible without a queen and without drones, without worker bees. Using knowledge about the life of all members of the bee family, beekeepers have learned to create specialized houses for bees - hives, conditions for feeding bees (taken to those fields where honey plants are grown) and receive not only honey good quality but also the quantity.

Members of the order Hymenoptera are used as biological method pest control. These include various riders, as well as a trichogram, which is derived artificially

Order Diptera. These include all known insects: flies, mosquitoes, midges, gadflies, horseflies and other insects similar to them, possessing one pair of transparent wings. The second pair of wings turned into the so-called halteres. The common mosquito lives in marshy and damp areas. Mosquitoes are especially numerous in the middle of summer. The inhabitants of the taiga and tundra call them clusters vile. With their piercing mouthparts, mosquitoes easily pierce human skin and suck his blood. Worm-like larvae of mosquitoes live in stagnant water. Feeding, the larvae grow, molt and turn into mobile pupae. Mosquito pupae also live in water, they cannot eat, so they soon turn into an adult.

Malarial and common mosquitoes are distinguished by landing.

Common mosquito (peeper) keeps his body parallel to the surface on which he sits, and malarial- at an angle to it, raising the rear end of the body high. The malarial mosquito lays its eggs one by one in a pond, the common one - in packs floating on the surface in the form of rafts. Mushroom mosquito larvae live in the fruit bodies of cap mushrooms.

flies unlike mosquitoes. have short antennae. Their larvae are white, usually legless and headless. In houseflies, worm-like larvae live and develop in kitchen waste, in heaps of manure and sewage, where the fly lays its eggs. Before pupation, the larvae crawl out of the sewage, penetrate the soil and turn into pupae.

Adult flies hatched from pupae fly everywhere in search of food. From latrines and cesspools, they fly to openly lying food and contaminate them. Flies transfer bacteria to human food gastrointestinal diseases and roundworm eggs. Therefore, it is very important to fight flies. Food products are protected from flies with gauze or caps, vegetables and fruits are washed before use.

Midges- long-whiskered bloodsuckers small sizes, whose larvae develop at the bottom of water bodies with running water. In the tropics and subtropics, in the Crimea, very small mosquitoes are found - mosquitoes. Their larvae develop in moist soils, rodent burrows, etc. Mosquitoes are carriers of many diseases (malaria, etc.). We have a "Hessian fly" that destroys cereal plants.

Gadflies, horseflies cause great harm to humans and domestic animals with their bites, as well as the ability to carry pathogens of such dangerous diseases as tularemia, anthrax.

However, flies are pollinators of many plants.

rat flea can transmit plague pathogens from sick rodents - a very dangerous disease that once claimed thousands of human lives.

Habitat, structure, lifestyle

Insects are the largest class of animals. It includes over 1 million species. Insects live everywhere: in forests, gardens, meadows, fields, orchards, on livestock farms, in human dwellings. They can be found in ponds and lakes, on the body of animals.

The body of insects consists of a head, thorax and abdomen. On the head there are a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, on the chest - three pairs of legs, and most have one or two pairs of wings, on the sides of the abdomen - spiracles.

Insects differ in the shape of the body parts, the size of the eyes, the length and shape of the antennae, and other features. Their antennae, mouth organs, and legs are especially diverse. Some of the insects have lamellar antennae (many beetles), others are filiform (grasshoppers), others are pinnate or club-shaped (butterflies), etc. like butterflies, etc. The hind legs of grasshoppers are jumping, those of swimming beetles are swimming; The front legs of the bear are digging. All these and other structural features have developed in insects in connection with adaptation to certain living conditions.

Rice. Bombardier (beetle). Family - ground beetles

Features of the internal structure of insects are mainly associated with the respiratory, excretory and nervous systems. The respiratory organs of insects - the trachea - are highly branched. In small insects, gas exchange occurs by diffusion. Large insects ventilate the trachea (when the abdominal walls relax, air is sucked into the trachea, and when contracted, it exits into external environment). The excretory organs of insects are numerous tubules, the free ends of which are closed. The excretory products that enter them drain into the posterior intestine. Insects have fat cells nutrients and water. They also deposit some substances that are unnecessary for the body.

Differences in the nervous system of insects are associated with enlargement of the supraesophageal ganglion (it is often called the brain), a decrease in the number and enlargement of the nodes of the abdominal nerve chain. More complex structure nervous system is manifested in the complexity of the behavior of insects. A bee, for example, having found flowering nectar-bearing plants, upon returning to the hive, crawls on the combs, "dances", describing certain figures, by which other bees set the direction to the place of honey collection. Ants close the entrances to the anthill at night, bring wet needles to the surface, and after drying they drag them deep into the anthill.

Types of insect development

Insects are dioecious animals. In some insects (locusts, bugs), from fertilized eggs laid by females, larvae develop that look like adults. Eating intensely, they grow, molt several times and become adult insects. In other insects (butterflies, beetles, flies), the larvae are not similar in appearance and nutrition to adults. The larvae of the cabbage butterfly, for example, are worm-like and feed not on nectar, like butterflies, but on cabbage leaves. Their oral apparatus is not sucking, but gnawing. After a few molts, the caterpillars turn into pupae that do not feed or move, but complex changes occur under their chitinous cover. After some time, the cover of the body of the pupa bursts and an adult insect emerges from it.

Development that occurs in three phases, and insect larvae at the same time look like adults, is called incomplete transformation. The development of insects, which proceeds in four phases (including the pupal phase), and the larvae do not look like adults, is called complete transformation.

Development with transformation enables insects to survive under adverse living conditions ( low temperature, lack of food) at one or another less vulnerable stage of development. Insects with complete transformation have the greatest advantages. Their larvae do not compete with adults: they usually use different food and develop in other habitats.

Major detachments insects

In the class of insects, from 30 to 40 orders are distinguished. The largest of them are the orders of Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera.

Squads of insects with incomplete metamorphosis. The Orthoptera order includes locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, and bears. They are characterized by gnawing mouthparts, two pairs of longitudinally veined wings, and a (usually) hopping hind pair of legs. Many orthopterans make and perceive sounds (in grasshoppers, the sound apparatus is located on the front wings, and the auditory apparatus is on the shins of the front legs). Their antennae are filiform. The females of many species have an ovipositor. The order Homoptera includes aphids, cicadas, etc., feeding on plant sap, having a piercing-sucking proboscis and 2 pairs of transparent wings.

The order Hemiptera, or bugs, includes terrestrial and aquatic insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, two pairs of wings (semi-rigid upper and membranous lower), highly developed odorous glands. Of the representatives of this order, the most common are green forest bugs, long-legged water strider bugs. The bed bug, which feeds on the blood of people and animals living in human housing, belongs to the same detachment.

Squads of insects with complete metamorphosis. The order Coleoptera, or beetles, includes insects with rigid anterior wings and membranous hind wings. In most beetles at rest, the rigid wings completely cover the membranous and protect them from damage. The mouthparts of beetles are gnawing. The Coleoptera order includes May beetles, ground beetles, ladybugs, weevils.

Butterfly Papilio demoleus. Photo: Jeevan Jose

For the vast majority of insects of the order Lepidoptera, or butterflies, two features are characteristic: a scaly cover on two pairs of wings and a sucking mouth apparatus, usually coiled. The antennae of diurnal butterflies are usually club-shaped, those of nocturnal butterflies are feathery. Worm-like butterfly larvae (caterpillars), in addition to three pairs of jointed legs, have false legs - outgrowths of the body. Caterpillars have chewing mouthparts.

Diptera - flies, mosquitoes, horseflies, etc. - have one pair of membranous wings. The hind wings are transformed into flask-shaped organs - halteres. Mouthparts of Diptera are piercing-sucking or licking. The larvae do not have legs. They develop in water, soil, in the decaying remains of plants, living animals and corpses.



Insects are a class of arthropod invertebrates. According to the current classification, they, along with centipedes, are included in the tracheal breathing subtype. The name of the class comes from the word "cut". From the French "insecte" and the Latin "insectum" the concept is literally translated as "an animal with notches." Consider these representatives of the fauna in more detail. At the end of the article, a table "Insect Squads" will be presented.

General information

On the body of insects there is a chitinized cuticle. It forms an ecoskeleton. The structure of insects is quite simple. It has three sections: head, abdomen and thorax. Considering the structure of insects, three pairs of legs are distinguished. They are attached to the thoracic region. In many groups, a pair of wings is attached to its second and third segments. Body size varies from 0.2 mm to 30 cm or more.

Life cycle

It includes embryonic development insects. It is called the "egg phase". There is also a post-embryonic period. It is accompanied by metamorphosis. It is of two types. Depending on this, detachments of insects with incomplete transformation are distinguished. They go through egg, larva and adult phases. Completed metamorphosis is characterized by four stages. In this case, the development of insects includes the phases of eggs, larvae, pupa and adults. In the first, the larvae have an external resemblance to adults. The difference between them is the size of the body, the embryonic state or the complete absence of wings and genitals. The larvae of animals passing through four phases are worm-shaped. Only in adults do all the necessary signs of the detachment appear. At the imago stage, resettlement and reproduction occurs. The insect class includes a wide variety of creatures. In total, over a million species have been described. They are considered in nature and occupy all kinds of ecological zones. They are found everywhere, even in Antarctica.

Metamorphosis

bedbugs

The Insect Orders table includes a variety of crop pests in this category. One of the well-known is the turtle bug. It sucks the contents of the grain from cereal plants. In residential areas, you can find a flea bug. This insect creates a lot of inconvenience for humans. The water strider bug lives in fresh water bodies. It feeds on insects that fall into the water. There are also predators among the bugs, for example, the bug-gladun. It attacks fish fry and various invertebrates. All members of this group are called hemipterans.

Other categories

Homoptera insects prefer to feed on plant juices. In this category, for example, include aphids. It exists in nature in the most different types and causes significant damage to crops. Homoptera insects are considered carriers of viral diseases that are dangerous to plants. For example, among them there are various cicadas, which can reach large sizes (up to 5-6 cm). The order Orthoptera includes mainly herbivorous insects. However, predators can also be found among them. For example, representatives such as cabbage, locust are quite well known. The grasshopper is also included in the order of Orthoptera. It lives in the grass, in the steppes and in the meadows. It has a club-shaped, long ovipositor. Kapustyanka swims and flies well, has burrowing legs. It causes great damage to the underground parts of plants that grow in the garden (cucumbers, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, etc.). For some species of locust, mass reproduction is characteristic. In such cases, they, gathering in huge flocks, fly away over a long distance (up to several thousand kilometers). They destroy everything along the way. cultivated plants. The order of the grandmother includes predatory insects. Their names are quite interesting. For example, the grandmother-rocker, the grandmother-watcher and others. They are considered the best flyers. They are very manoeuvrable. They can hover in the air, show exceptional mobility, develop high (up to 100 km / h) speed. They attack their prey in mid-flight.

beetles

These are beetle-winged insects. They are considered the largest community of all. Their number reaches 300 thousand species. Beetles live in a variety of fresh water and land conditions. Their body sizes vary from 0.3 to 155 mm. Many beetles cause great damage to crops. In the world, for example, the Colorado potato beetle is known. It was brought to Russia from America. The buzzard beetle damages crops. The beet weevil causes damage to sugar beets. May beetle larvae damage potato tubers and tree roots. The bark beetle is also known. He grinds in and bark moves, damages valuable breeds. Many members of the detachment cause harm to food supplies. For example, these are the pea weevil, the kozheed beetle, the bread grinder beetle. The squad also includes a tube-roller. In spring, this beetle cuts the leaf to the main vein in a special way. Part of the plate fades and loses its elasticity. The beetle rolls it up and lays eggs there. So he takes care of the offspring. Present among beetles and beneficial insects. The names of these species are gloomy. For example, coffin beetles and gnoeviki. Many individuals are very beautiful in appearance and can reach impressive sizes. Such, for example, are the stag beetle and stag beetle, which are listed in the Red Book.

A group of diverse species

Hymenoptera insects are bees, riders, wasps, bumblebees, sawflies and others. All these animals lead different lifestyles. Some representatives are herbivores. Their larvae cause significant damage to cereals and other plants. Such, for example, are pine and grain sawflies. Their larvae are very similar in appearance to butterfly larvae. In this regard, they are often referred to as false caterpillars. Sawflies have a very specific ovipositor. It is designed for cutting pockets in plant tissues into which females lay eggs.

bumblebees

They are very good pollinators. These hymenoptera insects are considered social. Their families only exist for one summer. They arrange their nests in hollows, nests, birdhouses. The female is in charge of the construction. She equips wax cells for laying eggs. Each of them contains a supply of food - flower pollen mixed with honey. The larvae that appear eat the stock, after 2-3 weeks they begin to weave cocoons and turn into pupae. Worker bumblebees, males and females, come out of them. By the end of the season, up to 500 individuals can be in a large nest. By autumn, the old queen, working bumblebees and males die. Young females hide for the winter.

bees

They bring the greatest benefit of all social hymenoptera insects. Honey bees are considered excellent pollinators. They produce very useful products for humans: honey, royal jelly, wax, propolis. They are used for food, they are in demand in cosmetology, medicine, in the manufacture of perfumes, paints, varnishes, and so on. In a bee family, all members closely interact with each other. Prosperity of the genus is impossible without drones and uterus, working individuals.

mosquitoes

These are two-winged insects. There are ordinary and malarial mosquitoes. Them distinctive feature is the presence of one transparent pair of wings. The second pair turned into "halteres". The habitat of a simple mosquito is a damp, swampy area. They become especially numerous by the middle of summer. The oral apparatus is equipped with a stabbing proboscis. They use it to pierce the skin and suck out the blood. Mosquito larvae are worm-shaped. They live in stagnant water. There they develop, feed, gradually turning into pupae. They, in turn, also remain in stagnant water. However, since they cannot eat, they soon become adults. Common and malarial mosquitoes differ in landing. The first holds the body parallel to the surface on which it sits. The malarial mosquito lifts its hindquarters high.

flies

They are also two-winged insects. They, unlike mosquitoes, have short antennae. Their larvae are white, usually headless and legless. They are worm-shaped. House fly larvae live and develop in sewage, manure heaps, and kitchen waste. Here the female lays her eggs. Before pupation, the larvae crawl out of the waste, penetrate the soil, where they turn into pupae. Adults fly around looking for food. From cesspools, they fly to food products, carrying microbes and pathogens of dangerous gastrointestinal diseases.

Other groups

There are in nature lacewings, a relatively small group in terms of numbers. It has about 6 thousand species. Such insects have an elongated body with soft covers. Their color is brown or pale green. Two pairs of their wings are covered with a network of veins. This group includes representatives such as antlions, lacewings, mantips. Most of the lacewings are predators. They first appeared in the Permian period. The subsequent formation of the group took place under the influence of geological and climatic changes of the Mesozoic. The dragonfly insect is considered a very good flyer. These animals have a relatively large body. Their head is movable, on it are located big eyes. The dragonfly insect lives mainly in the humid subtropics and tropics. In the Russian Federation, it is distributed almost throughout the entire territory (except for arid areas).

Scheme

	Representatives		Features of nutrition, life
Orthoptera	Medvedki, grasshoppers, crickets	incomplete transformation	Medvedki are herbivores, crickets are omnivores, grasshoppers are predators.
Hemiptera		incomplete transformation
Lepidoptera		Complete transformation	Adults feed on plant nectar, caterpillars feed on leaves.
dragonflies	Rocker, love, beauty	incomplete transformation
Coleoptera		Complete transformation	Predators and herbivores. The food of some species is dead animals.
Hymenoptera	Ants, bees, bumblebees, wasps	Complete transformation	Ants are predators, bumblebees, wasps, bees are pollinators.
Diptera	Flies, horseflies, mosquitoes	Complete transformation	Flies - pollinators, predators, bloodsuckers, mosquitoes, horseflies - bloodsuckers.
cockroaches	Red, black cockroach	No transformation	They feed on the remains of human food, in nature - the remains of plants.

natural enemies

Task 1. Fill in the table.

Features of the development of insect pests.

View	Group	Wintering stage of development	Wintering place	Feeding the larva
cabbage white	Lepidoptera	chrysalis	trees and soil	ground parts of plants
beet weevil	Coleoptera	chrysalis	the soil	plant roots
Colorado beetle	Coleoptera	chrysalis	the soil	plant roots
codling moth	Lepidoptera	caterpillar in a cocoon	fruit storage	plants, apples, quince
apple flower beetle	Coleoptera	caterpillar in a cocoon	fallen leaves	bud juice, apple buds
Chafer	Coleoptera	chrysalis	the soil	roots of trees, plants
gypsy moth	Lepidoptera	egg	bark depressions	leaves
Pine silkworm	Lepidoptera	egg	trunks and stumps	plant sap

Task 2. Ten Colorado beetles eat 2000 sq. cm of potato leaves for 30 days. During its development, the larva colorado potato beetle eats about 50 sq. cm of potato leaves. Calculate and write down the area of ​​potato leaves that 1,000 Colorado potato beetles will eat. How many larvae of this beetle can destroy the same area of ​​leaves? Based on the above calculations, draw a conclusion about the effect of the Colorado potato beetle on the yield of potatoes.

10 beetles = 2000 sq.cm

1000 zhov - x sq.cm

x \u003d 1000 * 2000/10 \u003d 20,000 sq. cm - the area that 20,000/50 \u003d 400 larvae will eat.

Task 3. Complete the scheme.

Pest reduction methods:

1. Chemical: spraying with pesticides, poison baits, treatment with bleach, treatment of plants with poison.

2. Physical: collecting pests, catching with special devices, killing mosquito larvae with kerosene.

3. Agrotechnical: sowing and planting of plants is carried out in such a way that they have time to get stronger by the time pests appear.

Task 4. Fill in the table.

Insects - carriers of pathogens.

Task 5. The housefly breeds very quickly. For example, one fly lays approximately 120 eggs at a time. During the summer, seven generations of flies can appear, about half of which are females. Calculate and write down why it doesn't actually happen.

We will take April 15 as the beginning of the first clutch and we will assume that the female fly will grow so much in 20 days that she can lay eggs herself. Then reproduction will take place as follows: April 15 - the female lays 120 eggs; in early May, 120 flies grew up, of which 60 were females; May 5 - each female lays 120 eggs; in mid-May, 120*60=7200 flies come out, of which 3500 are females, and so on.

In fact, this does not happen, because many individuals die as a result of natural selection.