However, this list differs greatly from the official data on the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. First, writes the Russian historian Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and personality”, it includes people's commissars from various compositions of the Council of People's Commissars, which have changed many times. Secondly, according to Yemelyanov, Dikiy mentions a number of people's commissariats that never existed at all! For example, for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene ... But the real people's commissariats of communications, post offices and telegraphs are absent in the list of Wild at all!
Further: Dyky claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are not specified correctly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet G.E. Zinoviev actually never held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy calls "Protian" for some reason, was the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs, not for agriculture.
Several of the mentioned "members of the Council of People's Commissars" never entered the government. I.A. Spitsberg was an investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. Who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen is not at all clear: either the actress M.P. Lilin, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as the head of the department of public education at the executive committee of the Petrosoviet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development land reform, but also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The name of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg ...

Which was used before the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918.

Since 1918 the formation of the Council people's commissars The RSFSR was the prerogative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and since 1937 - the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed from people's commissars - the heads of people's commissariats (people's commissariats) Soviet Russia- headed by the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics. [ ]

After the formation of the USSR, in the period between the signing of the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR on December 29, 1922, and the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 6, 1923, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR temporarily performed the functions of the government of the USSR.

"Immediate creation ... of a commission of people's commissars ... (min [inist] ry and com[ovary] shchi m [inist] ra").

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "", adopted on October 27, 1917. The decree began with the words:

To form for the administration of the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The right to form the Council of People's Commissars was given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; SNK was the body general management affairs of the RSFSR, which had the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to cancel or suspend any decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR).

By the USSR Law of 15 March 1946 and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 23 March 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. On March 18, the last decree of the government of the RSFSR was issued with the name "Council of People's Commissars". On February 25, 1947, appropriate changes were made to the Constitution of the USSR, and on March 13, 1948, to the Constitution of the RSFSR.

About everyone adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars were informed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which had the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918:

At every People's Commissar and under his chairmanship a collegium was formed, whose members were approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat led by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body state power RF. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the allied departments. 11 republican people's commissariats were established:

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (according to information from the SU [ decipher], 1924, No. 70, art. 691.).

Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had a single Administration of Affairs (according to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR).

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the Gosplan of the RSFSR and the head of the Department for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by M. T. Elizarov. On November 12, in addition to the Decree on the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, A. M. Kollontai, the first woman minister in the world, was appointed People's Commissar of State Charity. On November 19, E. E. Essen was appointed People's Commissar for State Control.

The historical first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed in the conditions of a tough struggle for power. In connection with the demarche of the executive committee of the railway trade union Vikzhel, who did not recognize the October Revolution, and demanded the formation of a "homogeneous socialist government" from representatives of all socialist parties, the post of people's commissar remained unreplaced. Later, in January 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to split the railway trade union by forming an executive committee Vikzhedor parallel to the Vikzhel, consisting mainly of Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries. By March 1918, Vikzhel's resistance was finally broken, and the main powers of both Vikzhel and Vikzhedor were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Railways.

The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was formed as a board, consisting of Antonov-Ovseenko, Krylenko, Dybenko. In April 1918, this committee actually ceased to exist.

According to the memoirs of the first People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky A. V., the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was largely accidental, and the discussion of the list was accompanied by Lenin's comments: "if they turn out to be unsuitable, we will be able to change." As the first People's Commissar of Justice, the Bolshevik Lomov (G. I. Oppokov), wrote, his knowledge of justice included mainly detailed knowledge of the tsarist prisons with the peculiarities of the regime, “we knew where they beat, how they beat, where and how they put them in a punishment cell, but we did not know how to govern the state.”

Many people's commissars of the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia were repressed in the 1930s.

State Charity (from 26.4.1918 - Social Security; NKSO 4.11.1919 merged with the NK Labor, 26.4.1920 divided):

The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia is still the subject of speculation.

Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of people's commissariats that never existed. So, Andrey Diky in the list of people's commissariats mentioned never existed people's commissariats for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene. Volodarsky is mentioned as People's Commissar for the Press; in fact, he really was a commissar for the press, propaganda and agitation, but not a people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, in fact the government), but a commissar of the Union of Northern Communes (a regional association of Soviets), an active promoter of the Bolshevik Decree on the Press.

And, on the contrary, the list does not include, for example, the real-life People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs. As a result, even the number of people's commissariats does not agree with Andrei Diky: he mentions the number 20, although there were 14 people in the first composition, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.

Some positions are listed incorrectly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet, G. E. Zinoviev, is mentioned as People's Commissar for Internal Affairs, although he never held this position. The People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here - "Protian") is assigned the leadership of "agriculture".

Jewishness was arbitrarily attributed to a number of persons, for example, the Russian nobleman A. V. Lunacharsky, an Estonian who never entered the government, or Lilina (Bernstein) Z. I., who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but worked as the head of the department of public education under the executive committee of the Petrosoviet), Kaufman (possibly referring to Cadet A. A. Kaufman, according to some sources, who was involved by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development of land reform, but who never joined the Council of People's Commissars).

The list also mentions two Left Social Revolutionaries, whose non-Bolshevism is not indicated in any way: People's Commissar of Justice Steinberg I. Z. (referred to as "I. Steinberg") and People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan P. P., referred to as "Protian-Agriculture" . Both politicians were extremely negative about the post-October Bolshevik policy. Gukovsky I. E. before the revolution belonged to the Mensheviks-“liquidators” and accepted the post of people’s commissar of finance only under pressure from Lenin.

In the same way - perhaps not without "imitation" of A. R. Gotz - Trotsky, capable of foresight, insisted that commenting on this "position" of Trotsky, his current ardent admirer V. Z. Rogovin seeks, in particular, to convince readers that that Lev Davidovich was supposedly devoid of lust for power, had a firm intention. But these arguments are designed for completely simple-minded people, because after all, Trotsky never refused membership in the Central Committee and the Politburo, and a member of the Politburo was incommensurably higher in the hierarchy of power than any people's commissar! And Trotsky, by the way, did not hide his extreme indignation when in 1926 he was "released from his duties as a member of the Politburo" ...

“There must not be a single Jew in the first revolutionary government, because otherwise the reactionary propaganda will portray the October Revolution as a “Jewish revolution”…”“after the coup, to remain outside the government and ... agreed to take government posts only at the insistent demand of the Central Committee”

In 2013, speaking about the Schneerson collection at the Moscow Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, President Russian Federation V. V. Putin noted that "

“If we discard the conjectures of pseudoscientists who know how to find Jewish origin for every revolutionary, it turns out that in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) Jews were 8%: out of 16 of its members, only Leon Trotsky was a Jew. In the government of the RSFSR 1917-1922. Jews were 12% (six people out of 50). If we do not talk only about the government, then in the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on the eve of October 1917 there were 20% of Jews (6 out of 30), and in the first composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - 40% (3 out of 7).

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)- the name of the government from until 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation, a similar body was created at the union level.

Story

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee instructed Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left SRs were offered to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed: Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
- How to call it? - He talked aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
- We could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
- People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
- The Council of People's Commissars?
- The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

Activity

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Article 38) The People's Commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the Collegium (Article 45). All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40). 17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43). The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918:

• For foreign affairs;
• For military affairs;
• Maritime Affairs;
• By internal affairs;
• Justice;
• Labor;
• Social Security;
• Enlightenment;
• Post and telegraph;
• On the affairs of nationalities;
• By financial affairs;
• Ways of communication;
• Trade and Industry;
• food;
• State control;
• Supreme Council National economy;
• Health.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. this moment the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

• domestic trade;
• Labor;
• Finance;
• Internal Affairs;
• Justice;
• Enlightenment;
• Health;
• Agriculture;
• Social Security;
• VSNKh.

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (According to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

• Food Industry;
• light industry;
• Forest industry;
• Agriculture;
• Grain state farms;
• livestock farms;
• Finance;
• domestic trade;
• Justice;
• Health;
• Enlightenment;
• local industry;
• Public utilities;
• Social Security.

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The revolutionary events of October 1917, rapidly developing, demanded clear action by the leaders of the new government. It was necessary not only to take control of all aspects of the life of the state, but also to effectively manage them. The situation was complicated by the outbreak of a civil conflict, the devastation in the economy and economy caused by the First World War.

AT the most difficult conditions confrontation and struggle between different political forces, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted and approved by decree a decision to create a distribution body, called the Council of People's Commissars.

The resolution regulating the procedure for the creation of this body, however, like the definition of "People's Commissar", was fully prepared by Vladimir Lenin. Nevertheless, before the SNK was considered a temporary committee.

Thus, the government of the new state was established. This marked the beginning of the formation central system government and its institutions. The adopted resolution determined the basic principles in accordance with which the organization of the government body and its further activities were carried out.

The creation of the Commissioners became milestone revolution. He demonstrated the ability of people who came to power to organize themselves to effectively solve the problems of governing the country. In addition, the decision adopted by the Congress on October 27 became the starting point for the history of the creation of a new state.

The Council of People's Commissars included 15 representatives. They divided among themselves leadership positions in accordance with the main branches of management. So all spheres of economic and economic development, including foreign missions, the naval complex and the affairs of nationalities, were concentrated in the hands of one political force. Headed the government V.I. Lenin. Membership was received by V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. V. Krylenko, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. V. Stalin and others.

At the time of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, the railway department was temporarily without a legitimate commissar. The reason for this was Vikzhel's attempt to take control of the industry into his own hands. Until the problem was solved, the new appointment was postponed.

He became the first people's government and showed the ability of the worker-peasant class to create administrative structures. The appearance of such a body testified to the exit to fundamentally new level organization of power. The government's activities were based on the principles of people's democracy and collegiality in making important decisions, while the leading role was given to the party. A close relationship was established between the government and the people. It is worth noting that the Council of People's Commissars, according to the decision of the All-Russian Congress, was an accountable body. Others closely followed his activities. power structures, including the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

The creation of a new government marked the victory of the revolutionary forces in Russia.

Council of People's Commissars (1917-1937) and its functional activities.

History of the Soviet government controlled originates from the II Congress of Soviets. It met at a turning point, when Petrograd was in the hands of the insurgent workers and peasants, and the Winter Palace, where the bourgeois Provisional Government met, had not yet been taken by the insurgents. Creation new system state administration began with the development and proclamation of certain political postulates. In this sense, the first "administrative" document of the new emerging government should be recognized as the appeal of the Second Congress of Soviets "To the workers, soldiers, peasants!" Soviet power, i.e. formation of the Soviet state. It also formulated the main directions of internal and foreign policy new state:

the establishment of peace, the gratuitous transfer of land to the peasantry, the introduction of workers' control over production, the democratization of the army, etc. The next day, October 26, these program theses were concretized and embodied in the first decrees of the Soviet government - "On Peace" and "On Land". Another decree formed the first Soviet government. The resolution of the congress stated: “To form for the management of the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress. The following people's commissariats were established by decree: agriculture, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, nationalities and railway affairs. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to dismiss them belonged to the Congress of Soviets and its Central Executive Committee.

Soviet statehood was born under the strong influence of democratic sentiments that prevailed in society. At the same II Congress of Soviets V.I. Lenin argued that the Bolsheviks sought to build a state in which "the government would always be under the control of public opinion of their country... According to our idea, - he said, - the state is strong by the consciousness of the masses. It is strong when the masses know everything, can judge everything and go for everything consciously. Such broad-based democracy was supposed to be realized by attracting the masses to the government of the state.

Is the emergence of a new government in Russia and the creation of a new system of government natural? In the literature, one can come across the point of view that the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets were unlawful due to its insufficient representativeness. Indeed, the representation at the congress was not nationwide, but class-based: it was a congress of workers' and soldiers' deputies. The Peasant Congress of Soviets met separately, and the unification of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies took place only in January 1918. Nevertheless, such global changes in the life of the country could not have happened without a reason. The Second Congress of Soviets was undoubtedly the organ of the insurgent people, the organ of the revolutionary masses, representing practically the entire country and all more or less significant national regions. The congress expressed the will of the most organized and socially active part of society, which wanted changes to a better life and actively pursued them. Although the congress was All-Russian, it was not and could not be nationwide.

The Soviet system of government was born in a multi-party system. According to researchers, there were about 300 political parties which can be conditionally subdivided into regional, national and all-Russian. There were about 60 of the latter. The composition of the Second Congress of Soviets, according to party affiliation, was, as you know, mainly Bolshevik. But other socialist and liberal parties were also represented there. The position of the Bolsheviks was further strengthened when representatives of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Bundists left the congress. They demanded that the forum be suspended because, in their opinion, Lenin's supporters had usurped power. More than 400 local Soviets from the largest industrial and political centers countries.

The congress formed the supreme and central authorities. supreme body The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was announced. He could decide any issues of state power and administration. The congress created the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which acted as the supreme authority between congresses of Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created on the basis of proportional representation from all party factions of the congress. Of the 101 members of the first composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 62 were Bolsheviks, 29 were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 were Menshevik-Internationalists, 3 were Ukrainian Socialists and 1 was a Maximalist Socialist-Revolutionary. Bolshevik L.B. was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Kamenev. The government formed by decision of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK), became the central authority. It was also headed by the Bolshevik V.I. Lenin. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Menshevik-Internationalists received an offer to join the government, but they refused. hallmark new authorities and administration was a combination of legislative and executive functions. Not only the resolutions of the Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, but also the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars and even acts of individual people's commissariats had the force of law.

Thus, the II Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of a new state, formed the authorities and administration. The congress formulated the most general principles organization of Soviet statehood and laid the foundation for the creation of a new system of state administration.

The Bolsheviks, having seized power, were looking for ways to expand its social base. To this end, they negotiated with the leaders of the Left SRs on the conditions for their entry into the Council of People's Commissars. At the beginning of November 1917, on plenary session The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a compromise resolution "On the conditions of the agreement of the socialist parties." It emphasized that an agreement was possible only if the Second Congress of Soviets was recognized as the "only source of power" and the "program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace" was recognized.

Negotiations between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs ended in December 1917 with the creation of a coalition government. The SNK, along with the Bolsheviks, included seven representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party. They headed the Commissariats of Agriculture (A.L. Kolegaev), Posts and Telegraphs (P.P. Proshyan), Local Government (V.E. Trutovsky), Property (V.A. Karelin) and Justice (I.Z. Steinberg) . In addition, V.A. Aglasov and A.I. Diamonds became people's commissars without a portfolio (with a decisive vote). The first was a member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the second - the People's Commissariat of Finance. The Left Social Revolutionaries, holding important positions in the cabinet, like the Bolsheviks, were responsible for the key areas of government activity under the conditions of the revolution. This made it possible to expand the social base management processes and thereby strengthen state power. The alliance with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left a noticeable mark on the administrative practice of the first months of Soviet power. Representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries were included not only in the central government bodies, but also in the governments of the national republics, the revolutionary committees of the bodies for the fight against counter-revolution, and the leadership of army units. With their direct participation, the "Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people" was developed and adopted by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, proclaiming Russia a Republic of Soviets. Together with the Bolsheviks, the Left SRs unanimously voted in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.

The bloc with the Left SRs allowed the Bolsheviks to solve the most important political and administrative task - to unite the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The unification took place at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918. A new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected at the congress, which included 160 Bolsheviks and 125 Left Social Revolutionaries.

However, the alliance with the Left SRs was short-lived. March 18, 1918, not recognizing ratification Brest Peace, left SRs left the government

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) is the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The SNK included people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics; during the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was also created at the union level.

general information

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917.

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The name "Council of People's Commissars" was suggested by Trotsky:

Power in Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.

How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.

It could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?

People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?

Council of People's Commissars?

The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin echoed, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The body of general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR - which in the Constitution of the RSFSR was called the "Council of People's Commissars" or the "Workers' and Peasants' Government" - was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.)

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

[edit] Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the regular and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).

on foreign affairs;

on military affairs;

for maritime affairs;

for internal affairs;

social security;

education;

post and telegraph;

on affairs of nationalities;

for financial matters;

means of communication;

agriculture;

trade and industry;

food;

State control;

Supreme Council of the National Economy;

healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

Since then, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

domestic trade;

finance

internal affairs

enlightenment

health care

agriculture

social security

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

Food Industry

light industry

timber industry

agriculture

grain state farms

livestock farms

finance

domestic trade

health care

enlightenment

local industry

public utilities

social security

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.