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What year was the Council of People's Commissars. "Council of People's Commissars" - and who is it? Need help with a topic

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)- the name of the government from until 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation, a similar body was created at the union level.

History

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee also instructed Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left SRs were offered to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed: Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
- How to call it? - He talked aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
- We could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
- People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
- The Council of People's Commissars?
- The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

Activity

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Article 38) The People's Commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the Collegium (Article 45). All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40). 17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43). The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918:

  • For foreign affairs;
  • For military affairs;
  • Maritime Affairs;
  • For internal affairs;
  • Justice;
  • Labor;
  • Social Security;
  • Enlightenment;
  • Post and telegraph;
  • On the affairs of nationalities;
  • For financial matters;
  • Ways of communication;
  • Trade and Industry;
  • food;
  • State control;
  • Supreme Council of the National Economy;
  • Health.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

  • domestic trade;
  • Labor;
  • Finance;
  • Internal Affairs;
  • Justice;
  • Enlightenment;
  • Health;
  • Agriculture;
  • Social Security;
  • VSNKh.

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (According to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

  • Food Industry;
  • light industry;
  • Forest industry;
  • Agriculture;
  • Grain state farms;
  • livestock farms;
  • Finance;
  • domestic trade;
  • Justice;
  • Health;
  • Enlightenment;
  • local industry;
  • Public utilities;
  • Social Security.

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The study of the Soviet model of executive power, its essence, patterns and features of development has not only Russian, but also world significance. This system of power had an impact on the entire course of the history of the 20th century. And at the same time, this phenomenon causes ongoing controversy in the scientific and public environment. The complexity and inconsistency of the processes of development of the Soviet system of power requires study. The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of a revolutionary upheaval and was a fundamentally new historical type of state apparatus. The processes of demolition of the tsarist state apparatus and the creation of a new one were interrelated.

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was re-elected, which was formed by the I Congress of Soviets in the summer of 1917. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies became the highest authority in the country. During the breaks between sessions of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the supreme authority in the country was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) - the highest legislative body in the country.

The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", thus forming the world's first workers' and peasants' government. This decree determined the basis of the legal status of the Soviet government - the highest body of executive power in the country - "to govern the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly." 13 people's commissariats were formed: internal affairs, agriculture, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, but for nationalities, communications. The chairmen of all people's commissariats became part of the Council of People's Commissars. In December 1917, representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party entered the government, taking up the posts of people's commissars of justice, local government, state property, agriculture, post offices and telegraphs. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left the government in protest, and it again became one-party. By mid-1918, the number of people's commissariats (NK) was increased. The NK for state control, industry and trade, the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), and others were formed.

The right to replace individual members of the government or its entire composition belonged to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In emergency cases, the Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees without their preliminary discussion in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The latter approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars, if they were of national importance.

Meetings of the Council of People's Commissars were held daily. From December 1917 the practice of holding meetings of deputy people's commissars has developed. From January 1918 this form of work was turned into a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars). Its decisions were approved by the government without reconsideration.

From October 1917 to July 1918 (before the adoption of the Constitution), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted more than 100 decrees, resolutions and other acts. During the same period, the Council of People's Commissars adopted about 600 legal acts. The practical activities of the Council of People's Commissars testified that its powers to a certain extent went beyond the concept of "government power" characteristic of an organ carrying out executive and administrative activities. Legally, this was expressed in the publication by the Council of People's Commissars not only of acts of state administration, but also of decrees - acts of a legislative nature.

The legislative activity of the Council of People's Commissars was often criticized by the opposition: the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and representatives of other parties insisted on limiting this function of the Council of People's Commissars and strengthening control over it by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. However, in early November 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee confirmed the legislative powers of the government. This provision was enshrined in a special decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and later became part of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

The main place in the activities of the Council of People's Commissars was occupied by creative, organizational and creative tasks: building a new economy, achieving the highest productivity of the social pile, the comprehensive development of science and culture, educating the breastfeeding, creating conditions for the most complete satisfaction of their material and cultural needs.

In a broad sense, the Soviet state apparatus consisted of Soviets with their ramifications in the center and in the localities in the form of economic, cultural, administrative, defense and other bodies and numerous public organizations of erudite people with their multimillion-dollar assets.

In a narrow concept, it covered the highest and local bodies of state power - the Councils of Deputies of the Breasted, which created the executive bodies of state administration: in the center - at the beginning of the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Soviets

Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics, as well as ministries and departments; on the ground - the executive committees of the Soviets and their departments, which dealt with the work of industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms, MTS, directed the development of public utilities, trade, public catering, and took care of the cultural and consumer services for the population.

V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who worked in this post for seven years (1917 - 1924) until his death. V. I. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars, the tasks facing the highest organs of state administration of the Soviet Republic. The name "Provisional" with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly disappeared. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to enter the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. In December 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in the government until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars because of their disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace and took the position of counter-revolution. In the future, the Council of People's Commissars was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the government was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees and exercised executive and administrative power. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR directed the activities of the people's commissariats and other central departments, as well as directed and controlled the activities of local bodies.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR (1918), the activities of the Council of People's Commissars consisted of: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (arts. 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life" (sg. 38) . The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45) and the adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars were informed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars ( article 40).

17 people's commissariats were created: for foreign affairs; but military affairs; for maritime affairs; for internal affairs; justice; labor; social security; education; post and telegraph; on affairs of nationalities; for financial matters; means of communication; agriculture; trade and industry; food; State control; Supreme Council of the National Economy; healthcare. Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, the members of which were approved by the Council of People's Commissars (ср. 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the RSFSR. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

Since then, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established: internal trade; pile, finance, RCT, internal affairs, justice, education, health, agriculture, social security, Supreme Economic Council. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had a single Administration of Affairs.

The Department of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23 (February 5), 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars, issues of current legislation, management of branches of public administration and government. In 1930, the Small SNK was abolished. The experience of the first Council of People's Commissars was used in state building and the creation of governments of all the union Soviet socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR directed the activities of all-Union and united (Union-Republican) People's Commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-Union significance within the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, provisions on the Council of People's Commissars, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council "of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was responsible in its work to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). Unity legislative and executive power.

To manage the branches of government, 10 people's commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1924): five all-union (but foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph) and five united (the Supreme Council of the People's Farms, food, pile, finance and worker - peasant inspection). All-Union people's commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The united people's commissariats carried out leadership on the territory of the union republics through the homonymous people's commissariats of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health, social security.

People's Commissariats of the USSR were headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, whose members were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The people's commissar had the right to take decisions alone, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. The board or its individual members, in case of disagreement, could appeal against the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.

For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by V. I. Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to its regulations in 1923, were: chairman, deputy chairman, people's commissars of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V. I. Lenin as its chairman. Since V. I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L. B. Kamenev, A. I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurupa, V. Ya. Chubar, M. D. Orakhslashvili. Since July 1923, the Ukrainian V.Ya. From February 2, 1924, AI Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only M. D. Orakhslashvili had a higher education, the other four had a secondary education. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and five of his deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.

For the Soviet model of the state system (1917 - 1930s), the tendency of merging of regional executive authorities and local self-government bodies. Local government in the RSFSR was represented by 16 autonomous republics, 5 autonomous regions, 6 territories, 49 regions, 10 autonomous regions, 2,178 urban-type settlements, and 23,107 rural Soviets. All of them belonged to the objects of local government. During this period, such concepts as “local government”, “local economy”, “local authorities”, “local finance” appeared and entered into scientific and economic circulation.

The branch administration bodies in the center were represented by people's commissariats and other departments, and in the localities - by departments of the executive committees of local Soviets. The branch management bodies, on the one hand, were closely connected with the Soviets and thus constituted a strict Soviet system of decision-making and their implementation, and, on the other hand, their activities were united and directed by the corresponding branch body in the center. The local government system included:

  • local industry authorities;
  • local agricultural authorities;
  • local institutions of the People's Commissariat of Food;
  • local trade establishments;
  • local transport and communications institutions;
  • local planning and statistical institutions;
  • local financial institutions;
  • local authorities of the socio-cultural sector;
  • local defense institutions of the country;
  • local institutions for the protection of state security and public order;
  • local control institutions;
  • local institutions of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities;
  • local judicial institutions.

local government industry. In December 1917, the Supreme Economic Council approved the “Regulations on the district (regional) and local councils of the national economy”, which were created as institutions for the organization and regulation of local production, led by the Supreme Economic Council and operating under the control of the relevant Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. In the middle of 1918, the Council of National Economy of the Northern Region, the Council of National Economy of the West Russian Region, the Council of National Economy of the Central Region, the Council of National Economy of the Volga Region, the Council of National Economy of the Southern Region, the Council of National Economy of the Primorsky Region, the Council of National Economy of the West Siberian Region, the Council of National Economy of the East Siberian Region, the Council of National Economy of the Ural Region, Council of National Economy of the Central Asian region.

To bring management closer to the localities, new economic bodies were created - the regional bureaus of the Supreme Council of National Economy (Promburo), each of which united several provinces. The task of the Industrial Bureau is to coordinate the activities of the Gubernia Economic Councils and manage individual enterprises subordinate to the Supreme Council of National Economy. By 1929, the Industrial Bureau was abolished everywhere. The functions of local economic councils remain the same, and with the introduction of a new administrative-territorial division, their system is somewhat restructured: instead of gubernia economic councils, regional (territorial) and district economic councils are created. With the liquidation in 1932 of the entire system of economic councils, a transition was made to a system of branch, industrial people's commissariats.

Local industry was managed by local economic councils. They were entrusted with all the work of nationalizing enterprises and managing them.

Since the autumn of 1918, one of the forms of collective farming has become widespread - a partnership for the joint cultivation of the land (TOZ), characterized by the socialization of only agricultural implements and therefore the most accessible to the peasantry. TOZs did not have a ready-made material base; they received less assistance and attention from state bodies. Many Party and Soviet workers in the field treated TOZs with disdain, not considering them socialist organizations. The proportion of TOZs among other forms of collective farming was small: by January 1, 1919 - 13.3%, by December 1, 1920 - 8.0%. TOZs were widely used on the eve and during the deployment of complete collectivization. In 1935 TOZs were liquidated.

Local management of agriculture was entrusted to the Soviets, in the composition of the executive committees of which land departments were formed - provincial, district, volost, operating on the principle of "double" subordination. With the creation of the USSR, much attention was paid to strengthening local land departments. In 1923, the local land departments were transformed into administrations, their character was somewhat expanded. Land administrations were not created in rural and volost Soviets.

In 1932, the All-Union People's Commissariat of Grain and Livestock State Farms of the USSR was created, and in the localities - an institution of representatives under the governments of the republics and at the regional (regional) executive committees. The latter were abolished in 1934.

Local institutions of the People's Commissariat of Food. The local bodies of the People's Commissariat for the World were provincial, district, volost food departments (food commissions, food commissariats) of the executive committees of the Soviets of "double" subordination. In 1917 - 1918, in addition, special prodergans of regional significance were created (Food Committee of the South, Supply Council of the Urals, etc.).

At the end of 1918, the volost food committees were abolished, and the volost and rural Soviets were subordinate to the uyezd food committees in food matters. During the NEP period, a network of procurement offices and storage points was deployed locally, which were subordinate to the provincial food committees. Procurement offices organized the collection of tax in kind and the procurement of food on the market.

In 1924, the people's commissariats and the entire system of local food committees were abolished. The management of the procurement of agricultural products began to be carried out by the central and local bodies of internal trade. Created in 1932, the All-Union Committee for the Procurement of Agricultural Products of the USSR established the institute of commissioners under the governments of the republics and at the regional and regional executive committees, and since 1933 - district commissioners.

The local organs of the people's commissariats of internal trade of the republics were the departments for internal trade of the provincial and regional executive committees, which operated on the principle of "double" subordination.

At the end of the 1920s, the system of local trade departments was reorganized in relation to the new administrative-territorial division: regional (territorial) city and district trade departments of the relevant executive committees were created.

With the formation in 1930 of the Republican People's Commissariats for Supply, local departments of trade were transformed into supply departments, and with the restoration of People's Commissariats of Trade in 1934, local - regional (territorial), city, district trade departments were also restored. In areas with a small trade turnover, instead of departments, positions of inspectors of internal trade were created.

In the field of foreign trade, since 1920, regional branches of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade were established, which were in charge of a numerous network of customs, supervision, outposts, customs points and posts.

Local institutions of transport and communication. The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Railways - the railway departments - were built as extraterritorial, that is, independent of the local Soviets. In 1918 a system of districts of communications (OPS) arose with the preservation of roads and departments. Since 1920, the local bodies of the NKPS were represented by the departments of the OPS, line departments, departments of roads, regional waterways and river waterways (in water transport).

With the formation of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Railways becomes an all-Union body that unites the management of railways, water and motor transport. Its local authorities are:

  • on the railways - the boards of the railways, districts of communications;
  • on water transport - the state narokhodsgva, basin management;
  • in road transport - district departments of highways and dirt roads.

The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs - the provincial communication departments of the executive committees of the Soviets - were built on a territorial basis. In 1929, local bodies were reorganized in accordance with the new administrative-territorial division. Instead of the former district communications departments, the communications departments of the Union and Autonomous Republics, the regional and regional communications departments, are obligated.

Throughout the entire period, the planning commissions of the executive committees of the Soviets were local bodies of the Gosplans of the republics. They are in 1928 - 1929. reorganized according to the new administrative-territorial division: planning commissions consisting of regional, regional, district executive committees (with the liquidation of districts, regional plan committees are abolished). Since 1930, raynlans have been created under the district executive committees and nlankoms under some city councils.

The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Finance throughout the entire period were the corresponding financial departments of the executive committees of the Soviets. Various institutions of the Narkomfin in the given territory were subordinate to them, with the exception of the institutions of the People's Bank. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR was subordinate to the savings banks and their local agencies. The management of state insurance was built on the following grounds: the regional, regional, district offices of the State Insurance were subordinate to the republican boards of the USSR State Insurance, that is, strictly centralized.

The people's commissariats of social security, health care and education throughout the entire period were republican bodies. Their local bodies were built in relation to the territorial division and organizationally changed with the change in the latter. The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Social Affairs, the People's Commissariat of Health and the People's Commissariat of Health were, respectively, the departments of social security, the departments of health care and the departments of public education of the respective executive committees of the Soviets. All of them acted according to the principle of "double" subordination.

With the introduction in 1924 - 1925. The territorial-militia system of manning the army, the entire territory of the country was divided into military districts, headed by the commander of the district. Each military district was divided into territorial recruitment districts, headed by the department of the terrorist circle. They were deployed on the basis of the former provincial military registration and enlistment offices. The county military commissariats were preserved as an accounting and mobilization apparatus on the rights of departments of executive committees.

With the creation in 1934 of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, the territorial recruitment districts were abolished. The military enlistment offices of the executive committees of the Soviets (territorial, regional, district, etc.) became local bodies of military administration, at the same time they were subordinate to the commanders of the districts (armies).

Local institutions for the protection of state security and public order. With the creation in the center of the Cheka, local emergency commissions are being created everywhere. During the years of the civil war, the Cheka and its local bodies came to the fore. In addition to the territorial Chekas, other emergency commissions are created under the executive committees of the Soviets - the border Cheka, Cheka commissars at customs checkpoints, front-line and army Chekas, Cheka bodies in transport.

Local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs have passed a difficult path in their development. At first, the local bodies of the NKVD were departments of the management of the executive committees of the Soviets, which were in "double" subordination. In 1923, the departments of administration were abolished, instead of them administrative departments of the provincial executive committees of the Soviets were created, and in the counties their functions were performed by the county police departments.

In 1934, the all-Union NKVD of the USSR and the republican (with the exception of the RSFSR) NKVD were formed. Their local bodies were the regional, regional departments of the NKVD (and in the RSFSR - authorized by the NKVD of the USSR).

The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of State Control were provincial accounting and control boards, sometimes - county branches ("double" subordination). Special control bodies were also created for various sectors. In 1920, with the reorganization of the People's Commissariat for State Conservation into the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, regional, provincial, district RCPs appeared on the ground as departments of executive committees. In 1923, with the unification of party and Soviet control, provincial, regional, district, district RCTs, united by the corresponding control commissions of the party, became local bodies of the Central Control Commission - NK RCT. Later they were rebuilt in connection with the introduction of a new administrative-territorial division. In 1934, the system of central and local party-state control bodies was liquidated. The local bodies of the Commission of Soviet Control established under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were already built on the principle of complete centralization: in the union, autonomous republics, territories, regions, authorized persons were established, appointed and recalled by the Commission.

During the recovery period, the local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities were reduced. They were left only in those places where the largest masses of nationalities lived, and in 1924 they were liquidated everywhere with the abolition of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities. In the subsequent period, departments of national minorities appeared under some regional (regional) executive committees.

Therefore, in 1917 - 1930s. the Soviet state apparatus had its own specific tasks and organizational features. The following main features and patterns of development were characteristic of the state apparatus:

  • 1. With the help of the state apparatus, the Soviets are transformed from a political form of the dictatorship of the proletariat into a single system of organs of state power.
  • 2. The Soviet state apparatus was formed on a fundamentally different political basis. The ideological basis of all transformations was the program of the CPSU (b), where the strategic goal and task was formulated - the construction of a classless socialist (first stage) and subsequent communist society.
  • 3. The leadership and control over the work of the state apparatus was carried out by the CPSU (b) as the direct organizer of the October Revolution (1917) and all subsequent transformations in the country. The Communist Party occupied a leading position in the management system of state bodies. The USSR had a one-party system and a complete absence of political opponents.
  • 4. In its main features, the state apparatus of administration was built on a branch basis.
  • 5. The state apparatus was a system of institutions in which each institution occupied a certain place.
  • 6. The internal structure of state bodies and institutions changed depending on the needs, tasks and functions performed by the state and individual institutions.
  • 7. The system of ordinary, constitutional bodies of state administration included emergency bodies created for a relatively short period of time.
  • 5 December 1936 the new Constitution of the USSR was adopted

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted on December 5, 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR. It was formed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to the Supreme Soviet, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - to its Presidium. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the All-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other economic and cultural institutions subordinate to it, took measures to implement the national economic plan, the state budget, exercised leadership in the field of foreign relations with foreign states, supervised the general development of the armed forces countries, etc. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to manage the sectors of the economy that were within the competence of the USSR, to suspend the decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics and to cancel the orders and instructions of the People's Commissariats of the USSR. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 (Article 7) established the right of a deputy's request: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request was made by a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, were obliged to give an oral or written answer to the appropriate chamber.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 19, 1938. On June 30, 1941, by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the State Defense Committee was created ( GKO), in which all the fullness of state power in the USSR was concentrated during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic was the highest executive and administrative body of state power in the Union Republic. He was responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and accountable to him, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Council - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic and accountable to him. The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, decrees and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and is obliged to check their execution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic was formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic and consisted of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; vice chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; people's commissars: food industry; light industry; timber industry; agriculture; grain and livestock farms; finance; domestic trade; internal affairs; justice; health care; education; local industry; public utilities; social security; authorized Procurement Committee; head of the Arts Department.

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. industry, agriculture, grain state farms, livestock state farms, finance, domestic trade, justice, health care, education, local industry, public utilities, social security, chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic had the following powers: issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of Non-native Commissars of the USSR and checked their implementation; suspended decisions and orders of the Soviets of People's Commissars of the autonomous republics and canceled the decisions and orders of the executive committees of the councils of deputies of working people of the territories, regions and autonomous regions.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic led the branches of state administration falling within the competence of the Union Republic. The People's Commissars of the Union Republic issued orders and instructions within the competence of the respective People's Commissariats on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Union Republic, orders and instructions of the Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR.

People's Commissariats of the Union Republic were union-republican or republican. The Union-Republican People's Commissariats led the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting both to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic and to the corresponding Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR. Republican People's Commissariats led the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting directly to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, within the limits granted to it and on the basis of the Regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, had the following powers: issue decrees and resolutions binding on the entire territory of the USSR; consideration at their meetings of decrees and resolutions introduced both by individual people's commissariats of the USSR and by the Central Executive Committee of the Union republics and their presidiums; development of regulations on people's commissariats, which came into force after the approval of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; appointment of members of collegiums - deliberative - administrative bodies under the people's commissariats of the USSR; cancellation of orders of individual people's commissariats of the USSR; the unification and direction of the work of all-union and union-republican people's commissariats; taking measures to implement the national economic plan and the state budget; strengthening the credit and monetary system; ensuring public order; implementation of general management in the field of external relations with foreign states.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR did not have the authority to appoint and dismiss people's commissars of the USSR and their deputies, members of the collegiums of allied people's commissariats, as well as heads of a number of bodies subordinate to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. This right belonged to the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and since 1936 - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which used this right between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with subsequent submission for approval by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Nevertheless, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was given the right to select and submit candidates for approval.

All-Union commissariats were given the right to have their own representatives under the Union republics who were directly subordinate to them. These commissioners were nominated by the USSR Commissariat directly or at the suggestion of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic and were subject to approval by the USSR Council of People's Commissars. Moreover, all nominated candidates were required to be characterized by the Central Executive Committee of the union republic, which had the right to challenge the appointed commissioner. These representatives of the All-Union People's Commissariats were to be members of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics with an advisory or decisive vote in accordance with the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic or its Presidium. The orders of the all-Union commissariats were binding for direct execution throughout the entire territory of the USSR. The united commissariats of the USSR had to carry out all their tasks and directives through the people's commissariats of the same name in the union republics. The heads of the commissariats of the union republics of the same name were subject to appointment and recall by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR, formed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued, on the basis of and in pursuance of existing laws, resolutions and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR, and verified their implementation. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend the decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the republics and to cancel the orders and instructions of the People's Commissars of the USSR in the branches of management and economy assigned to the competence of the USSR.

The Councils of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics were formed by the Supreme Soviets of the republics and were responsible to the respective Supreme Soviets and accountable to them, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviets - to their Presidiums, to which they were accountable. The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws in force in the USSR and the corresponding Union Republics and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and verified their execution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the autonomous republics issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws of the USSR, the laws of the corresponding union and autonomous republics, and the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the corresponding union republics, and checked their execution.

On March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The law on the transformation of the union government also provided for the renaming of union bodies subordinate to the Government of the USSR. Accordingly, the people's commissariats of the USSR were renamed into ministries of the USSR, and people's commissars - into ministers.

    This term has other meanings, see Council of People's Commissars. Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (SNK RSFSR) ... Wikipedia

    Council of People's Commissars: Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ... Wikipedia

    RSFSR Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ... Wikipedia

    This term has other meanings, see Council of People's Commissars. Additional information: List of People's Commissariats of the USSR Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, Council of People's Commissars of the USSR) ... Wikipedia

    "SNK" redirects here. See also other meanings. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK, Council of People's Commissars) from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of existence, also legislative) body ... ... Wikipedia

    IN AND. Lenin, the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Council of People's Commissars (abbr ... Wikipedia

    This term has other meanings, see Council of People's Commissars. Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR (SNK, Council of People's Commissars) from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of existence also ... ... Wikipedia

    - (SNK), in 1917 46 the name of the highest executive and administrative bodies of state power of the RSFSR, then the USSR, union and autonomous republics. In March 1946 they were transformed into Councils of Ministers. * * * COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONERS COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONERS (SNK)- - the former name of the leading executive and administrative body of state power - the Government (see) of the USSR, union and autonomous republics. SNK, as the Government of the Russian Soviet Republic, was created on October 26 (November 8) ... ... Soviet legal dictionary

    - (SNK) until 1946 the name of the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR, union and autonomous republics. For the first time, the Council of People's Commissars, headed by V. I. Lenin, was formed at the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets. According to… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (WHAT???)

Decree

On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars

form to rule the country (what???), until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the Congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, working women, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power is vested in the collegium of chairmen of these commissions, i.e., Council of People's Commissars.

Control over the activities of the People's Commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central. Use Committee.

At present, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons:


  • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).

People's Commissars:


  • for internal affairs - A. I. Rykov;

  • agriculture - V. P. Milyutin;

  • labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov;

  • for military and naval affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Avseenko (Antonov), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko;

  • for trade and industry - V. P. Nogin;

  • public education - A. V. Lunacharsky;

  • finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);

  • for foreign affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);

  • justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov);

  • for food affairs - I. A. Teodorovich;

  • post and telegraph - N. P. Avilov (Glebov);

  • on affairs of nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin);

The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs is temporarily left unfilled.

Most impressive is the word: "country", of course, immediately after the title - the deputies do not know what territory!

WIKI about SNK: "

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work, before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The decree began with the words:



To form for the administration of the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.


The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The right to form the Council of People's Commissars was given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; The Council of People's Commissars was the body of the general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR, which had the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to cancel or suspend any decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the data of the USSR Central State Academy of Architecture and Reformation, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19-20.).

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

Legislative base of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR


  • management of the general affairs of the RSFSR

  • management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

    • The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat led by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

    With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation.

Of the 15 first Soviet people's commissars, nine became victims of the Great Terror.

The Council of People's Commissars is the government of Russia, headed by V. I. Lenin. December 1917-January 1918.

The first government after the victory of the October Revolution was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27 (old style) 1917.

Initially, the Bolsheviks hoped to agree on the participation of representatives of other socialist parties, in particular the Left Social Revolutionaries, but such an agreement was not achieved. As a result, the first revolutionary government turned out to be purely Bolshevik.

The authorship of the term "People's Commissar" was attributed to several revolutionary figures, in particular Leon Trotsky. The Bolsheviks thus wanted to emphasize the fundamental difference between their power and the tsarist and Provisional governments.

The term "Council of People's Commissars" as a definition of the Soviet government will exist until 1946, until it is replaced by the now more familiar "Council of Ministers".

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars will last only a few days. A number of its members will resign their posts because of political contradictions, connected in the main with the same question of the participation in the government of members of other socialist parties.



The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars included:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs Alexei Rykov;

People's Commissar for Agriculture Vladimir Milyutin;

People's Commissar of Labor Alexander Shlyapnikov;

People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Nikolai Krylenko and Pavel Dybenko;

People's Commissar for Trade and Industry Viktor Nogin;

People's Commissar of Public Education Anatoly Lunacharsky;

People's Commissar for Finance Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov);

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Lev Bronstein (Trotsky);

People's Commissar of Justice Georgy Oppokov (Lomov);

People's Commissar for Food Ivan Teodorovich;

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Nikolai Avilov (Glebov);

People's Commissar for Nationalities Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin);

the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was temporarily not replaced.

The biographies of the head of the first Soviet government, Vladimir Lenin, and the first people's commissar for nationalities, Joseph Stalin, are well known to the general public, so let's talk about the rest of the people's commissars.


Alexey Rykov

The first People's Commissar of Internal Affairs stayed in his post for only nine days, but managed to sign a historic document on the creation of the police. After leaving the post of people's commissar, Rykov went to work in the Moscow City Council.

Alexey Rykov

In the future, Alexei Rykov held high government posts, and from February 1924 he officially headed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Rykov's career went downhill in 1930, when he was removed from his post as head of government. Rykov, who had supported Nikolai Bukharin for a long time, was declared a "right deviator", and he could not get rid of this stigma, despite numerous speeches of repentance.

At the party plenum in February 1937, he was expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested on February 27, 1937. During interrogation, he pleaded guilty. As one of the main defendants, he was brought to an open trial in the case of the Right-Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Bloc. On March 13, 1938 he was sentenced to death and on March 15 he was shot. Rykov was fully rehabilitated by the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of the USSR in 1988.


Vladimir Milyutin

Nine days after the creation of the first Soviet government, Milyutin advocated the creation of a coalition government and, in protest against the decision of the Central Committee, filed an application to withdraw from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, after which he admitted the fallacy of his statements and withdrew his application to withdraw from the Central Committee.

Vladimir Milyutin

Subsequently, he held high positions in the government, from 1928 to 1934 he was Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR.

July 26, 1937 arrested. On October 29, 1937, he was sentenced to death for belonging to the counter-revolutionary organization of the “right”. On October 30, 1937 he was shot. Rehabilitated in 1956.


Alexander Shlyapnikov

Shlyapnikov also advocated the inclusion of members of other political parties in the government, however, unlike his colleagues, he did not leave his post, continuing to work in the government. Three weeks later, in addition to the duties of the people's commissar of labor, he was also assigned the duties of the people's commissar of trade and industry.

Alexander Shlyapnikov

In the Bolshevik Party, Shlyapnikov was the leader of the so-called "workers' opposition", which manifested itself most clearly in the party discussion about the role of trade unions. He believed that the task of the trade unions was to organize the management of the national economy, and they should take this function away from the party.

Shlyapnikov's position was sharply criticized by Lenin, which affected the fate of one of the first Soviet people's commissars.

In the future, he held secondary positions, for example, he worked as chairman of the board of the Metalloimport joint-stock company.

Shlyapnikov's memoirs "The Seventeenth Year" provoked sharp criticism in the party. In 1933, he was expelled from the CPSU (b), in 1934 he was administratively exiled to Karelia, in 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years for belonging to the "workers' opposition" - a punishment replaced by exile in Astrakhan.

In 1936, Shlyapnikov was again arrested. He was accused of the fact that, being the head of the counter-revolutionary organization "Workers' Opposition", in the fall of 1927 he gave a directive to the Kharkov center of this organization on the transition to individual terror as a method of fighting against the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government, and in 1935-1936 gave directives on the preparation of a terrorist act against Stalin. Shlyapnikov pleaded not guilty, but on September 2, 1937, he was shot by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On January 31, 1963, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR rehabilitated Alexander Shlyapnikov due to the absence of corpus delicti in his actions.


The fate of the members of the triumvirate, who headed the defense department, was quite similar - they all held high government posts for many years, and they all became victims of the "great terror".

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Nikolay Krylenko, Pavel Dybenko

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, who during the armed uprising in Petrograd arrested the Provisional Government, was one of the founders of the Red Army, spent many years in diplomatic work, during the Spanish Civil War he was the Consul General of the USSR in Barcelona, ​​providing great assistance to the republican troops as a military adviser .

Upon his return from Spain, he was arrested, on February 8, 1938, sentenced to death "for belonging to a Trotskyist terrorist and espionage organization." Shot on February 10, 1938. He was rehabilitated posthumously on February 25, 1956.

Nikolai Krylenko was one of the founders of Soviet law, he served as People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR and the USSR, Prosecutor of the RSFSR and Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

Krylenko is considered one of the "architects of the Great Terror" of 1937-1938. Ironically, Krylenko himself became a victim.

In 1938, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Krylenko was criticized. Soon after, he was removed from all posts, expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested. On the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on July 29, 1938. In 1956 he was rehabilitated due to the lack of corpus delicti.

Pavel Dybenko made a military career, held the rank of commander of the 2nd rank, commanded troops in various military districts. In 1937 he took an active part in the repressions in the ranks of the army. Dybenko was a member of the Special Judicial Presence, which condemned a group of top Soviet military leaders in the "Tukhachevsky Case" in June 1937.

In February 1938, Dybenko himself was arrested. He pleaded guilty to participating in the anti-Soviet Trotskyist military-fascist conspiracy. On July 29, 1938, he was sentenced to death and shot the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.


Victor Nogin

Advocating the creation of a "homogeneous socialist government", Nogin was among those who left the Council of People's Commissars a few days later. However, after three weeks Nogin “admitted his mistakes” and continued to work in leadership positions, but at a lower level. He held the posts of Commissar of Labor of the Moscow Region, and then Deputy People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR.

Victor Nogin

He died on May 2, 1924 and was buried in Red Square. The surname of one of the first Soviet people's commissars is immortalized in the name of the city of Noginsk near Moscow to this day.


Anatoly Lunacharsky

The People's Commissar of Education was one of the most stable figures in the Soviet government, holding his post without change for 12 years.

Anatoly Lunacharsky

Thanks to Lunacharsky, many historical monuments were preserved, and the activities of cultural institutions were established. True, there were also very controversial decisions - in particular, already at the end of his career as People's Commissar, Lunacharsky was preparing a translation of the Russian language into the Latin alphabet.

In 1929, he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Education and appointed chairman of the Scientific Committee under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

In 1933, Lunacharsky was sent as the Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Spain. He was deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky died in December 1933 on his way to Spain in the French resort of Menton. The urn with the ashes of Anatoly Lunacharsky is buried in the Kremlin wall.


Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov)

At the time of his appointment as People's Commissar, Skvortsov served as a member of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. Upon learning of his appointment, Skvortsov announced that he was a theoretician, not a practitioner, and refused the post. Later he was engaged in journalism, since 1925 he was the executive editor of the newspaper Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, since 1927 - deputy. executive secretary of the newspaper Pravda, at the same time since 1926 director of the Lenin Institute under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov)

In the party press, Skvortsov acted as an active supporter of Stalin, but he did not reach the highest government posts - on October 8, 1928, he died of a serious illness. The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.


Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)

One of the main leaders of the Bolsheviks, the second person in the party after Lenin, lost outright in the internal party struggle in the 1920s, and in 1929 was forced to leave the USSR as a political emigrant.

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)

Trotsky continued the correspondence confrontation with the Stalinist course until 1940, until it was interrupted in August 1940 by an ice ax blow inflicted by the NKVD agent Ramon Mercader.


Georgy Oppokov (Lomov)

For Georgy Oppokov, being in the post of people's commissar for several days was the pinnacle of his political career. In the future, he continued his activities in secondary positions, such as chairman of the Oil Syndicate, chairman of the board of Donugol, deputy chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, member of the bureau of the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Georgy Oppokov (Lomov)

In June 1937, as part of the Great Terror, Oppokov was arrested; by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on December 30, 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.


Ivan Teodorovich

Like other supporters of the creation of a government from among members of various socialist parties, Teodorovich announced his withdrawal from the government, but he performed his duties until December 1917.

Ivan Teodorovich

Later he was a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, and since 1922 - Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1928-1930 he was General Secretary of the Peasants' International.

Arrested June 11, 1937. Sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 20, 1937 on charges of participation in an anti-Soviet terrorist organization to death and shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.


Nikolai Avilov (Glebov)

Avilov held his post until the decision to create a coalition government with the Left Social Revolutionaries, after which he changed his position as People's Commissar to the post of assistant director of the State Bank. Later he held various positions of the second rank, was the People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine. From 1923 to 1926, Avilov was the leader of the Leningrad trade unions and became one of the leaders of the so-called "Leningrad opposition", which ten years later became a fatal circumstance for him.

Nikolai Avilov (Glebov)

Since 1928, Avilov led Selmashstroy, and since 1929 he became the first director of the Rostov agricultural machinery plant Rostselmash.

September 19, 1936 Nikolai Avilov was arrested on charges of terrorist activities. On March 12, 1937, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to death on charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization. The sentence was carried out on March 13, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.



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