Wooden shutters on windows in Russian huts.

What are window shutters made of? The role of shutters for windows is great. And not only from an aesthetic point of view. They protect the windows from bright sunlight, help to save heat and partially absorb noise.

Now they are installed not only in private houses, but also on windows in ordinary apartment buildings. Shutters are internal and external. As a rule, in high-rise buildings they choose internal type. They protect from the sun and perform an aesthetic function. They decorate the room in Mediterranean, classical and rustic styles.

Outdoor shutters are more common in country houses. They can be both removable and stationary. Metal stationary shutters are placed in order to protect the house from the entry of unauthorized persons.

It is important that the shutters fit the overall interior of the room. For example, wooden panel boards will decorate a country-style house. And wooden shutters-blinds will give the house the look of a villa on the coast. Classic style the house will be given metal shutters.

What are window shutters made of?

- from wood

Such shutters look aesthetically attractive and are most suitable for window decoration outside. They are assembled from lining, slats or grooved boards. The shield from the boards is pulled together with clamps along the width. Then it is cut to size. inner side can be reinforced with additional slats, and decorative loops can be attached to the outside. Installed shutters are treated with stain, varnish. If they are decorated with carved platbands or metal ornaments, then the “clothing for windows” will take on a unique look.

- made of plastic

They look like blinds. Plastic panels such shutters are arranged horizontally. The box is attached inside the window opening to the side walls. Thus, the outer part fits snugly against the walls of the house and is fastened with metal platbands in order to enhance security. "Clothes for the window" made of plastic can be attached to any base: concrete, metal, wood.

- from metal

Their function is to protect from uninvited guests and from the penetration of direct sunlight. They make such window protection from galvanized iron and stainless steel. Usually metal shutters are installed on windows country houses. They are in demand for industrial buildings, warehouses. Steel shutters (roller shutters) are assembled from planks-lamellas. They are wound on the shaft in the process of moving along the guides. The canvas itself is made of aluminum, so the roller shutters are quite durable. Office rooms, outlets equipped with roller shutters. They are also installed on windows in residential premises. The control system is carried out by means of an electric drive or manual control. There are combined mechanisms.

Window shutters are an archaic element of the interior. Previously, they were installed for protection kitchen window from cold and sun. Today they also serve a decorative function. The design gives the cottage, giving functionality and originality. What are the sashes, what are they for, how much do they cost, why and how to install them in an apartment, the article will tell.

Manufacturers offer big choice shutters for windows, you can see them in the photo. Products are classified according to different features. There are vintage, classic and modern models in style.

According to the structure, there are:

All varieties can be made of wood or metal.

Depending on the opening mechanism, there are systems:

Swing. They are divided into double-sided and single-sided.
Folding. They function like an accordion. By changing the position of the valves, the illumination of the room changes.
Roll. Roller window views (a subspecies of metal louvre structures). The protective element is wound on a drum.
Sliding. Pantograph grilles that move to the edges of the window opening.
Rollback. Rarely used to protect windows.

By location they are divided into:

Internal. Installed inside the house. Most often used in multi-storey buildings.
Outdoor. Mounted outside the room. More suitable for frequent buildings. They are removable and non-removable. The former have the form of shields that are completely removed from the window opening, while the latter are stationary.

Depending on the material of manufacture, they are classified into:

wooden;
plastic;
metal, for example, steel, aluminum;

Iron options are considered the most reliable. But wooden ones allow you to create interesting patterns and look more stylish.

Management is divided into:

Mechanical. Opening and closing is carried out manually using a lever system.
Automatic. A special electric drive is used.

Popular product features

New shutters on the windows perform a protective, energy-saving, decorative function.

The primary task is to protect the house from children, vandals, intruders, and the views of passers-by. French shutters are more reliable than bars. If you buy a high-quality structure and install it correctly, it will be more difficult to crack it than cut down the anchor pins of the lattice. The grid is less efficient in this regard. Protect the house from intense sunlight, strong wind.

The decorative function is especially pronounced in variants made of wood. Copies are carved, with an original curly pattern. It is easy to make beautiful sashes from an ordinary board with your own hands using a jigsaw.

Features of the choice of material

Often summer residents do not know what material it is better to take a product from, which manufacturer to give preference to. Wooden options versatile and attractive. Their advantages are simplicity and the performance of almost all the functions of window shutters. The disadvantages are that at high humidity they swell strongly, and under the influence of the sun they give significant drying. Wooden models need periodic painting and treatment with special protective agents.

Metal specimens are used for protection country houses from thieves. Their advantages are the performance of all functions, simplicity of design. Many types have good external performance. Forging elements are used to give a more sophisticated look. Minus the high price of the goods, expensive installation.

Roller shutters are made of aluminum, plastic or steel slats. Steel is used in country houses and outbuildings, aluminum - for finishing residential premises and protecting against vandals. Pros: Affordable price, large selection color solutions. Minus in the absence of decorative elements.

Plastic systems - optimal choice for a cottage or country house. Benefits in lightweight, low price, high strength and resistance to negative external influences environment, no operating costs. However, they do not differ in a large selection of decor and texture.

What material to choose from depends on the preferences of the buyer, the size of the budget. According to consumer reviews, the most practical are metal products, and the most original are wooden ones. As for the manufacturer, it is better to give preference to well-known brands. Cheap Chinese products are of poor quality. reliability, practicality, stylish design stands out the products of the company Intime.

The cost of various types of shutters on windows for a country house

The cheapest are single-leaf blind shutters, their average price is 2500 rubles per square meter.

In second place are double-leaf models - 3700 rubles. Shutters-blinds of a solid type cost 3,300 rubles, and double-leaf counterparts - 4,500 rubles. Swing single-leaf blinds are estimated at 4200 rubles, double-leaf - at 4900 rubles.

The price depends on:

DIY creation

Insulated doors in combination with sealed doors provide comfort and warmth in the house. Most often, metal specimens are installed on the windows from the inside. Summer residents order products in the workshop. But if there are necessary tools and certain skills, you can make them out of metal with your own hands.

For work you will need blanks:

The step-by-step process of creating double-leaf steel products looks like this:

taking measurements from the slope, window sill, corners.
welding of a frame from steel corners.
installation of a sheet on a metal rectangle, the fastening of which is carried out with bolts, nuts.
installation of stiffeners (provide additional strength).

It is important to constantly monitor the evenness of the structure with a level. The existing voids must be foamed, covered with an insulator. When planting the sashes on the hinges, it is recommended to pay attention to the quality of the closure. If the measurements are made correctly, in the center of the sash should converge perfectly, allow you to push the latch and close the lock.

Finished shutters should be decorated. The easiest option is to paint to match the color of the windows. An interesting method of decorating with fresh flowers. To give originality, it is recommended to use forged parts. They don't have to be done on your own. Can be bought at hardware store forging elements and carefully weld.

Wooden shutters on windows in Russian huts and houses have been installed since time immemorial. They served at the same time to protect against dashing people and to decorate the appearance of the house. As a material for the manufacture of wooden shutters, wood available in the area was used in the manufacture of wooden shutters. Most often it was pine or spruce, less often larch and other, more noble species of wood. Carved shutters were made to decorate the house.

The shutters served as a protective screen from the scorching rays of the sun, creating coolness and silence in the house, in addition, on winter days they were a good barrier from the cold, wind and rain. Shutters appeared before the widespread introduction of window glass.

Upholstered from the inside with felt or other insulation, they protected from the weather, primarily from the cold, both in the castles of the nobility and in the homes of the poor.

Back in the nineteenth century, many window frames did not swing open, in the warm season they were simply completely taken out of the openings. The shutters became the only protection of the dwelling at night and in the absence of tenants. As a material for the manufacture of wooden shutters, wood available in the area was used.

Most often it was pine or spruce, less often larch and other, more noble species of wood. Carved shutters were made to decorate the house. Wooden carved shutters consist of the main sheet, which serves as protection, and carved decorations made of softer wood, usually linden, fixed to the sheet with nails or self-tapping screws. For additional decoration and protection from external environment shutters must be painted.

The most popular were white shutters or a combination of white and blue. White color has always been associated with cleanliness and health and therefore gives the house a pleasing look. color scheme. Traditional wooden shutters are used in the construction of houses in our time.

Carved wooden shutters consist of a cloth that serves as protection and various carved decorations, which are made of soft wood (linden), fixed with self-tapping screws and nails.

Shutters made of wood are constructed from sheet pile boards, slats and clapboards. The shield, which turned out, is tightened in width with clamps and cut off. Hinges are fixed on the outer side of the shutters, and the inner side is reinforced with wooden slats. Window shutters can be completed in the most different options: a wooden box that covers the slopes of the window opening, carved figured architraves decorating patterned shutters, various locking mechanisms, anti-burglary shutters, shutters-blinds.

SHUTTER SHUTTER. In the cold season, window shutters serve to insulate the house, significantly reducing heat loss through the windows, and in hot weather, especially in areas with a warm climate, they prevent the room from heating up too much. Folding shutters (on hinges) are more common, less often - leaning (removable) shutters. Folding shutters are usually arranged with outer side windows leaning more often from the inside.
The panels (sashes) of wooden shutters are made solid paneled or louvered. Protecting the window from sunlight and rain, (see) do not interfere with the ventilation of the room with open windows. In the closed position, the shutters are fixed with a simple wooden or metal bar (bolt), which is laid in metal brackets driven into both sides of the window. Sometimes a bar is hung on a loop on one side, and an iron king pin with a hole at the end is attached to it on the other side. When locking the shutters, they are pressed with a bar, and the kingpin is pushed through the hole in the wall into the room, where a pin is inserted into the hole in the kingpin. To prevent the shutters (in the open position) from flapping, hooks are usually screwed to them, and hinges to the wall.

Brief Encyclopedia household. - M.: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. A. F. Akhabadze, A. L. Grekulova. 1976 .

Synonyms:

See what "SHUTTERS" is in other dictionaries:

protege- tutor, and ... Russian word stress

shutters- glasses, eyes Dictionary of Russian synonyms. shutters n., number of synonyms: 3 eyes (65) glasses (29) ... Synonym dictionary

shutters- SHUTTERS, wreath (or vney), pl. Eyes, glasses. Poss. the influence of ang. "shutters" eyelashes, eyes, lips ... Dictionary of Russian Argo

shutters- 3.15 shutters: Structures made of lamellas or plates, installed on the outside of the window to protect against excessive insolation, noise. Source: GOST R 54863 2011: Blinds and shutters. Determination of additional thermal resistance ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SHUTTER- Close the shutters. Jarg. they say Shut up. Maximov, 143 ... Big Dictionary Russian sayings

shutters- pl. Gate valves that regulate the flow of water to the rafts. To control water in the grooves that conduct water into the boxes, valves (shutters) are made. GZh, 1860, No. 10: 10 ... Dictionary of the gold industry of the Russian Empire

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Introduction

Window decoration is an important and always relevant topic. Windows decorate the house - of course, provided that they are beautiful themselves. And it is not enough just to order and install frames. As a rule, windows need additional protection (whether external or internal). As for a private house, especially if the owners do not live in it permanently, then it needs protection from robbers, noise or sun in the first place. Most convenient elements shutters are considered decorating windows.

Ushakov's dictionary interprets this word as follows: "double-leaf or single-leaf wooden shutter at the windows." This definition is clearly out of date. Firstly, today there are multi-leaf shutters, secondly, in addition to wood, metal and plastic are successfully used in their production, thirdly, in modern home shutters are used not only on windows, but also on doors.

In ancient times (several centuries ago) in medieval Europe the windows were covered with shutters, which in the north of the continent protected from lovers of easy money, and in the south (in France, Spain, Italy, Morocco) also from the scorching midday sun. And in order for the shutters to let in light even when closed, they were made of horizontal slats - lamellas inserted into the frame at an angle so that only light penetrates, and not the curious looks of neighbors. Gradually, the shutters moved inside the house, becoming part of the interior.

Different localities and countries have developed their own traditions of using this or that material. Windows in the huts of Russian villages were usually decorated with wooden shutters with "monolithic" shutters.

In Europe, especially in southern countries- Spain, Portugal, "through" shutters made of metal or wood were very popular. Their sashes consist of typesetting elements located at a distance from each other. It is these shutters that diffuse and soften the daylight well. Moreover, they are installed almost everywhere in Europe, regardless of how many floors there are in the house. Today on Russian market you can find shutters both traditionally Russian and those that are characteristic of Europe and are gradually finding their admirers in our country.

But if the function of the outer shutters is mainly protective, then the interior shutters have long been considered by designers as an element of decor in the interior. But not only. We can say that the shutters perform several functions in the house: decorative, protective, light control and, which is important for the Russian climate, heat protection. In Russian culture, they also played the role of a talisman against evil spirits.

Goals and objectives

In this paper, we will focus on the architectural features of the Russian wooden hut- about the shutters and their purpose. In the villages, there are few shuttered houses left. It became interesting to me why they are needed at all, because they are not used today. After asking my parents and grandmothers, I learned something about the purpose of this element, but I wanted to know more. In the report, I will try to talk about shutters not only as decorative ornament wooden house, as an element of protection, but also as a symbolic protection of the house from evil spirits, as a barrier between the afterlife.

shutters hut window architecture

1. From the history of appearance

Indispensable affiliation wooden houses, in the past - shutters. The builder decided the shutters very carefully, in accordance with general appearance and home decor. Shutters in the village of Mistsevo and nearby villages were not covered with carvings, they did not degenerate into a purely decorative element, as was the case in the Volga region or old Tomsk. Only a few of them have slotted viewing holes in the form of a circle, rhombus or heart. Very few and the most “young” ones (beginning of the 20th century) are decorated with overlay sawing out of thin tessellate. To this day, the shutters of many old houses do their job. direct appointment- close windows at night, as well as protect from winter weather. It is assumed that at first they were generally single-leaved. Each shutter is made from one board. The shutters were updated, but the ancient character of the structure was preserved. The windows became larger and the shutters became hinged from two boards. Paneled shutters appeared, divided by height into unequal three or two equal parts. The first type of shutters is considered to be later. By design, they are bifold. If the window opening has a curvilinear outline on top, then the contour of the shutters also corresponds to it.

The ratio between the width of the window and the wall changes over time in favor of the opening. If in old houses we observe a gap between adjacent retracted shutters, then later the opening doors with a partial overlap, and in the buildings of the 20th century the width of the walls sometimes does not exceed half the window.

The shutters are locked with the help of wooden turntables or metal locks (“bauts”, as the old South Urals call them). A metal rod at the end of the lock is passed through a round hole into the room and wedged from the inside. In the open state, the shutters are held on turntables and hooks.

Metal products for shutters: awnings, locks - all hand forged. Some of them were decorated with a light ornamental notch.

Sometimes the shutters, as well as the architraves, are painted, mainly in White color. Then a light strip, made up of window casings, alternating with folded shutters, on a dark paneling (or even better - on a log wall) of the house looks joyful and festive in any weather.

2. Shutters as home protection

From the stories of my parents, I learned that there were more huts with shutters in the villages, but the imam and dad do not remember that they were often used. Only in those cases when the house was left without an owner, the shutters were closed and even boarded up. Protecting the house from unwanted visitors, robbers and hooligans.

Grandmother told me that when she was a little girl, the windows were shuttered in the evenings. At night, the shutters were closed from "prying eyes" because the consecrated room was clearly visible, and the family strove for solitude. AT modern interior this role is performed by curtains, curtains and blinds. For this purpose, shutters are no longer needed.

One of their main purposes was to protect the house from thieves when the house was left unattended (during field work, haymaking, etc.). They protected the shutters from both summer heat and severe frost. For the Russian wooden hut, keeping warm during the long winter was of great importance. Shutters not only kept the heat in the house, but also protected from strong winds. Since glass was quite expensive, and other materials (bull bladder or mica plates) are fragile and short-lived, the shutters also protected them from destruction in bad weather. The shutters do not care about rain or hail. The shutters also saved during snow drifts. The houses were low, without foundations, winters were snowy. Sometimes it swept up to the roof. The fact that the main task of their protection at home is also indicated by the design.

The shutters are not as beautiful as the architraves, they are knocked together from tightly fitting boards. Have little decorative elements, ornaments. In our villages, they were not decorated with paintings, like the inhabitants of the North of Russia. But in later architecture they seem to form a single whole together with carved platbands.

3. Symbolic meaning windows and shutters in a Russian house

The Russian house determined the picture of the human world, the house acted as the personification of the border between man and outside world. This is one of the main functions of the house: to allocate and limit safe space. However necessary condition human life - contacts with the outside world, and in the house, therefore, there must be an opening for entry and exit. An absolutely hermetic house is “wrong”, because there is no way out of it: it is a coffin, a grave (in Russian, the connection is the opposition of house / house; “they only enter it, but do not leave it”). Those. the presence of walls, windows, doors near the house suggests, on the one hand, separation from the outside world, and on the other hand, leaves the possibility of communication with it. The shutters, in turn, separated, obscured, hid a person from the outside world. The value of the entrance and the windows is very great. The presence of an entrance and an exit is a necessary condition for a house to maintain its status. The peculiarity of the symbolism of doors and windows is explained by the fact that the content attributed to them as boundary objects is complicated by their specific purpose: to ensure the permeability of boundaries.

A.K. Bayburin distinguishes two types of communication between the house and the outside world: regulated (entrance / exit through the door) and unregulated (through a window, chimney, etc.).

The implementation of contacts with the outside world through the window marks communication with the world of the supernatural, since the window in ritual practice is opposed to the door as an unregulated entry / exit of the dwelling. The window was used in the rituals of hailing babies, as well as in the treatment of infantile diseases. In this regard, the practice of treating infantile diseases, recorded in a number of regions of Russia, in which the window becomes the center, is interesting. The whole procedure of “treatment” unfolds around him. They “buy” from the dryer through the window: “Grandma baked a big bagel, took out one eye from the window and set the bagel against it. And I went to the yard with the child and I stretch it through the window and through the donut. So three times. I read Our Father. After that, they blocked the window with a board” or tightly covered it with shutters.

The connection “newborn - window - fate - god” can be traced in the Russian belief: “As soon as a person is born, the Lord immediately orders to cut a window in the sky and put an angel in it to observe the deeds and deeds of the newborn throughout his whole life; the angel looks and writes in the book, and it seems to people that the star is shining. And when a person dies, the window is locked and the star disappears.”

The materials cited indicate that in special cases the window becomes, as it were, an eye into the other world and symbolizes the connection of this world with that one.

But it must be said that the use of a window as the same passage as a door, the permeability of windows for humans, birds, animals, were considered undesirable and dangerous. Through the window, a symbolic connection with the world of the dead is made. Such a connection between windows and the idea of death becomes more understandable if we take into account the etymology of the word “window” (window - eye, ancient Norse vindauga “wind eye”, window English, etc.) and the idea of death as closing the eyes. It is not for nothing that a house with tightly boarded shutters resembles a “dying” one.

In East Slavic folklore, there are ideas that birds, bringing news from the world of the dead, sit on a window or knock on it. The deceased parents in the form of birds predict the future of the bride in the groom's family through the window, etc.

In funeral rites and poems, the window is also used as a link with the world of the dead. Only in funeral rites, the main characters are not the people inside the house, but the souls of the deceased, who come from heaven and look from outside to the inside of the room - at home, hut or burner. They seem to need communication with their relatives and the knowledge that the commemorations were carried out correctly. The soul seeks to enter the house through the window and sit on the kut, however, it does this only with the permission of relatives.

The function of the window as the “eye” of the house is associated not only with the theme of death, but also with the penetration into the outer space, which made it possible to remain in the inner. A person can penetrate the outside world while remaining safe. The window provides visual contact, which is sometimes rated as preferable to direct contact. Therefore, the connection with the outside world has a specific character. Windows connect the dwelling not only with the rest of the world, but with the world of cosmic phenomena and processes, such as the sun (moon), cardinal points, landscape, the alternation of light and darkness, day and night, winter and summer, etc. In other words, the symbolism of the window is determined not only by the opposition of the external to the internal, but also by the opposition visible / invisible, and a special role is assigned to the sun, light and darkness as active phenomena to which windows owe their existence. Windows were best protected with symbols, because windows have always been considered the most vulnerable places in a house. AT middle lane In Russia, a significant area of the front facade of the hut was often decorated with sawn carving - carved patterns were applied to the chapels, valances, cornices, window trim, sometimes the entire space between the windows was filled with openwork patterns. A single whole (in the design of the window) was represented by shutters with a casing. Shutters are not just a talisman, but also protection of windows from mechanical influences.

There are also many texts with plots of penetration or flight through a window, a chimney, on the one hand, as well as a ritual practice - taking the coffin with the dead through the window. At the same time, special importance is attached to constipation, which are designed to regulate communication with the outside world.

Drawing a conclusion, we can say that windows and shutters in the Russian tradition had a special semantics of the boundaries of the house, ensured their permeability and contact with the outside world. As well as the other world at special moments of life: childbirth, weddings, funerals, and were also used as a regulated and unregulated entrance to various ceremonies, and as such are mentioned in folklore.

4. Shutters today

Shutters can completely transform not only the space around the window, but also your entire home, giving it a unique, original look. They successfully regulate the light and thermal climate of the room - the design of the shutters makes it easy to contain the heat of the sun and the winter cold. This design will also help you solve the problem of an ugly view outside the windows. In addition, the shutters improve the sound insulation of the room, create a sense of security, allow you to reduce the level of noise coming from the street, hide from prying eyes.

The shutters of the shutters can be solid plank, with smooth or ribbed panels, with louvered grilles, both rigid and adjustable. The latter are very convenient in that they allow air to penetrate into the room, blocking the path to direct sunlight.

For many, shutters are associated with rural life: if they are closed, there is cozy silence and twilight in the room, if they are open, the evening coolness blows into the room, the smells of grass and the river come ... Therefore, probably, designers especially often use this element in country interiors, or , as they say in the West, rustic style. Often (and very organically) shutters are present in the interiors mediterranean style. Indeed, in the southern countries, where the climate is hot, they give a saving coolness from the scorching sun.

You can make these bets yourself. On the reverse side, the fabric is stapled to the frames, and on top it is closed with wooden planks. In stores, you can buy hinges that consist of two parts and allow you to remove windows or doors hanging on them. Screw the hinges to the doors with screws, and attach the parts associated with them to the wall with dowels. Then hang the shutters on the hinges. As the French say, voila!

You can also make paper shutters. Parchment with text (drawing) is placed under the frame and nailed. And then the frame itself is covered with black varnish. Both finished shutters are attached to the window opening. And here is a peculiar detail that creates the style of a laconic Japanese interior.

To close a window or doorway is the usual work of shutters. You can also make something unusual. 12 rectangular plates measuring 60x40 cm are taken. Six of them (two for each row) are fastened together with loops. The same operation is done with the second half of the plates. The movably fixed elements obtained in this way are installed on the window frames on the inside on each side. It turned out like in the Mediterranean countries! Shutters easily protect the inhabitants of the house from the sun, especially on hot days. When open, folding leaf shutters let the light of a summer day into the house, while at the same time making it possible to admire a wonderful view from the window.

Conclusion

Of course, now shutters are little used in the architecture of residential buildings. However, do not think that their time has passed. Protecting your home from uninvited guests is as relevant today as ever. The design and materials for the manufacture of shutters have changed, but they are still actively used in country and suburban construction. Shutters can be overlooked on the windows modern houses, however, this is the real armor of the dwelling. Hidden mechanisms combined with electronics actuate protection at the right time without human intervention. Shutters were similar to blinds. For centuries, they have saved from sunlight in hot countries and helped fight cold and wind in harsh climates. Most often, these were traditional panels of wood or lattice - several horizontal slats located at an angle of 45 degrees. It was this second type of shutters that became the prototype modern blinds. However, even today in some houses you can find internal shutters made of a single piece of wood, so popular in the time of King George. But such a historical touch is rarely seen in a modern home. The ingenious invention of the blinds once supplanted the shutters, and now successfully competes with the usual curtains and curtains.

Ancient shutters in the nearby villages are becoming obsolete. They are interesting as witnesses of history, as traditional elements of Russian wooden architecture. In my work, I revealed their significance both as an element of home decoration, and as a mechanism for protection from wind, heat and cold, and as an object of pagan ideas about the world of the ancient Slavs. Starting my study, I did not imagine that one architectural element could mean so much.

Bibliography

1) The beauty of your home: A guide for homeowners, joiners, carpenters. - Moscow; Partnership "DeKont", 1993 - 96

2) Directory home master. P. D. BOBRIKOV - Moscow; ed. "Eksmo", 2006

4) Russian folk carving and painting on wood. www.bibliotekar.ru/ruswood/index.htm

5) Kruglova O. Russian folk carving and painting on wood. - M., Fine Arts, 1974. / Russian folk carving on wood. Architecture - MUSEUM - Catalog of articles. resba.ru/publ/1-1-0-33

6) “Wood and Harmony: Images of Wooden Architecture in Russia: A Book for Youth” / A.V. Opolovnikov, Opolovnikova E.A., - M.: OPPOLO, 1998. - 208 p.: ill.

7) “The Hut Liturgy: The Book of the Russian Hut” / A.V. Opolovnikov, E.A. Opolovnikova - M.: OPOLOS, 2002. - 512 p.: 819 ill. - (Old Russian architecture).

8) Article: "Reflection of the pagan picture of the world of the East Slavic peoples in the objects of material culture" E.S. Orlova, Associate Professor M.A. Ryblova. Volgograd State University.

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