Eco Inform - news agency. Ria rating Rating of countries by quality of goods produced

The situation with nutrition is best in Europe - in most countries of the continent, products are available to the entire population, their prices are low and stable, the quality is satisfactory and does not cause such common diseases as obesity and diabetes.

In the poorest countries in Africa and Southeast Asia, the situation is exactly the opposite - food is scarce, prices are high and unstable. And Russia and other CIS states took a place approximately in the middle between these two poles. These are the main conclusions of the ranking of 125 countries of the world "Good Enough to Eat", published by the international union Oxfam - the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, which was created in Britain in 1942 (see diagram on page 1).

When compiling the consolidated rating, experts analyzed four main indicators: food availability; the level and stability of food prices; product quality; their impact on public health. So, according to the first criterion, the degree of malnutrition and the number of underweight children were measured. According to this indicator, the best situation is in the Netherlands. And food availability is worst in Burundi, where 67% of the population is malnourished and 35% of children are underweight. True, in India the number of underweight children is even higher - 44%, and this is the lowest figure in the world.

The second criterion reflects the level of food prices and their volatility. The United States leads the way here, where food is cheap and prices are stable. However, the quality of food is so poor that overall, the United States only ranks 21st in the rankings. Of the developed countries, the most expensive products are in the UK, and Angola turned out to be the state with the most expensive food and unstable prices for it.

In terms of food quality, Iceland is named the best, where the food is varied and the drinking water is of excellent quality. But because there are many people here who are obese and diabetic, overall the country only ranked 13th. The worst country in terms of food quality is the Republic of Madagascar. Diet-related health outcomes are worst in Kuwait, where 42% of the population is obese, and in Saudi Arabia, where 18% of the population has diabetes. The best health in terms of these indicators is among the inhabitants of Bangladesh, Nepal and Ethiopia - there is almost no obesity, and diabetes rates are low.

Based on the sum of all four criteria, the nutritional situation in the Netherlands is the most favorable - this country took the first place in the ranking. According to Oxfam senior researcher Deborah Hardun, the Netherlands has created a market to allow people to get enough food. Prices remain quite low and at the same time stable. And what people eat in this country is quite balanced. The Dutch are followed by France, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Portugal. In the "tail" of the ranking - African countries: Chad, Ethiopia, Angola, and Yemen.

Russia shares 44th place with Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mexico, Chile and the Maldives. Our closest neighbors - Ukraine and Estonia - are in 35th and 25th place, respectively. Kyrgyzstan is lagging behind - it is in 65th place.

The countries of the former Soviet Union were not among the leaders in the rating in terms of food availability, although their indicators are more favorable than, for example, most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In terms of food quality, Russia is significantly ahead of India and South Africa, and in terms of food sufficiency in the domestic market, the Russian indicator is much higher than that of many other countries of the former USSR, India and South Africa. With regard to price stability, Belarus is ahead of everyone in terms of their growth among the countries of the former USSR, and Estonia remains the leader in terms of stability. In Russia, prices are rising, but not as fast as those of the neighbors in the Customs Union. The assessment of food quality in the domestic market of the Russian Federation is also average compared to other countries of the former USSR. In general, both this rating and other assessments of the food situation are the same: the level of 2011 is maintained or the indicators are only slightly higher than it.

Thus, according to pan-European statistics and RIA-Analystica research based on it, in 2011 Russia was one of the few countries in Europe where domestic food prices grew in a slow mode. The weighted average increase in food prices did not exceed 3%, while in other countries of the former USSR it was not lower than 5.5%, and, for example, in Turkey and Cyprus - over 12%. On the other hand, Belarus turned out to be the leader in terms of growth in food prices both in Europe and in the former USSR - they grew by more than 23%. According to an Oxfam study, the rise in food prices in the republic continues, although it has slowed down compared to 2012.

At the recent forum "Agroholdings of Russia-2013", the participants said that in comparisons of this kind, the geographical factor should play a decisive role. The size of the territory of the Russian Federation is not comparable with this indicator of many developed countries, and the geography of the population is also significantly different. Hence the unevenness in production, consumption, food quality and prices.

"For natural and geographical reasons, it is advisable to compare the indicators of the agro-industrial complex of Russia with the indicators of countries similar in size and geography - Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand," Ekaterina Kondratyuk, an expert from the Agromax agency, explained to RBG: - To saturate the market, for example, Holland or Denmark, whose territory is smaller than the Moscow region, and the population density is higher, is much easier and faster than the markets of Russia or Canada.

RIA Rating - 18 Jul. Since ancient times, man has been looking for ways to prolong his life. Today, thanks to technological progress, many consider the path to immortality not among the internal resources of the body, but in the results of various developments, and the help of science and technology is involved. In this regard, the number of studies is increasing, the production of various drugs is growing. According to data published by the research agency IMS Health, in 2012 the global pharmaceutical market amounted to about $ 1 trillion, which is approximately equal to half of Russia's GDP, and this market continues to grow rapidly. The potential and significance of the pharmaceutical market is enormous. At the same time, almost half of the pharmaceutical market is the export of products. In order to determine who plays a leading role in the global drug market, as well as what place Russia occupies on it, RIA Rating experts prepared a rating of the largest pharmaceutical exporting countries in 2012.

World leaders in the pharmaceutical market

Based on the World Bank and United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database 2012 rankings, Germany is the world's leading exporter of pharmaceutical products with exports of nearly US$67 billion. The share of exports of German pharmaceutical products is about 30% of the country's supply of all chemical products abroad, but due to the diversified structure of foreign trade in total merchandise exports, this share is small - only 4%. The production of pharmaceutical products in Germany is developing according to the typical model of developed countries - great importance is given to new research and development. For example, in 2011 alone, about 10.5 billion euros were invested in R&D in the field of pharmaceuticals in this country.

Switzerland occupies the second place in the ranking of countries in the export of pharmaceutical products. The export of pharmaceutical products in this country reached $54 billion last year. Pharmaceutics is the undisputed leader of the Swiss industry. Switzerland's positions are especially strong in the production of antipyretic drugs, vitamins, anti-cancer interferon, drugs for the treatment of AIDS. A characteristic feature of the Swiss chemical industry is the high level of spending on R&D. In terms of the percentage of R&D expenses from income, the Swiss Hoffmann-La-Roche with 32% is the second pharmaceutical company in the world after the American Pfizer (35%), and in absolute values ​​of research costs, Swiss companies are definitely leading. Every fourth Swiss franc spent on research and development and innovation is related to the pharmaceutical industry.

In third place in the ranking is Belgium with a volume of exports of pharmaceutical products of $44 billion. Such a high position of the country is explained by the fact that such large companies as Pfizer and GSK completely transferred to Belgium the production of vaccines, which make up the majority of the country's pharmaceutical exports. In addition, the specialization of Belgium can be called the re-export of pharmaceutical products, which includes both the processing of the original products, as well as sorting and repackaging. This is also confirmed by the large volume of imports of pharmaceutical products.

The United States, ranked 4th in the ranking, despite the large-scale transfer of production by American pharmaceutical giants to other countries, continues to play a very important role in the global pharmaceutical trade arena. Often, this country is a "trendsetter" in the production and trade of pharmaceutical products, we can note the introduction of three stages of clinical trials, or government stimulation of the production of drugs for rare diseases. Among the 50 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, according to Current Partnering, 18 are American.

The top five is closed by France, which, with a pharmaceutical export of $34 billion, along with other developed European countries, develops and supplies a large number of medicines, cosmetics and other similar products to the world market.

In general, it is not surprising that the top twenty of the rankings are predominantly developed European countries. This is due to the fact that the production of pharmaceuticals is associated with high costs for research and development of new drugs. In addition, the pharmaceutical production process itself often requires high costs for equipment, qualified personnel, etc.

Russia ranks only 36th in the pharmaceutical export ranking. The export of Russian pharmaceuticals is relatively small (about 600 million dollars - 100 times less than that of Germany). At the same time, according to the results of 2012, for every $1 received from the export of the country's pharmaceutical products, there are $21 of imports. This suggests that the country lacks domestic research and development in this area to adequately meet domestic needs for medicines and other pharmaceutical products.

"Assembly sites" for medicines

When considering the positions of countries in terms of the share of exports of pharmaceutical products in total exports, it can be established that in only a small number of countries, sales of pharmaceutical products occupy a significant place in the total exports of all manufactured goods.

The first place in terms of the share of pharmaceuticals in exports, according to calculations, is occupied by Ireland with an export volume of 23% of the country's total merchandise exports. Ireland is home to many major pharmaceutical manufacturers such as Pfizer, Merck & Co., Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline and a number of medical device companies. In total, about 150 enterprises related to pharmaceutical production operate in this small country. However, only about a third of them are local producers. They fulfill orders from foreign manufacturers, and also produce vitamins, generics and dietary supplements. Despite the fact that Ireland is not characterized by its own research, this country, acting as a production site, is a kind of “China of pharmaceuticals”. A similar pattern is observed in a number of other countries, such as India. Indian companies use various strategies to compete, such as focusing their efforts on various regional growth markets, producing generics, and providing outsourcing services.

The second place by a wide margin from the leader is occupied by Switzerland with a share of 16%. The chemical industry (and pharmaceuticals as part of it) has traditionally been one of the most important industries in Switzerland. This is followed by Belgium with a 14% share of pharmaceutical exports. About twenty international companies have chosen Belgium to create their production bases, not only to provide the domestic market with products, but also to provide the markets of other countries.

Specific export of pharmaceuticals: the sad position of Russia

If we consider countries in terms of exports of pharmaceuticals per capita, then the top three rankings for this indicator will be Switzerland (7.1 thousand dollars), Ireland (6.5 thousand dollars) and Belgium (4.2 thousand dollars), which also confirms their importance in the pharmaceutical trade. products on the world stage. At the same time, the United States and Germany, having significant exports of pharmaceutical products ($40 and 67 billion, respectively) in absolute terms, due to good diversification and the large volume of their economies, do not occupy very high positions in this indicator. It is noteworthy that the 4th place is occupied by Singapore, which belongs to the so-called "East Asian tigers", which characterizes the rapid rise of the economy to a level comparable to that of developed countries. The entire pharmaceutical industry of this country today accounts for more than 16% of the total industrial production, and exports exceed Russia's by 10 times.

Due to the focus on exports, Slovenia occupies the fifth place in the export of pharmaceutical products per capita. The leading Slovenian pharmaceutical company KRKA is one of the largest generic drug companies in Europe and supplies products to many countries around the world. The company quickly grew into a significant player in the Eastern European market through a series of successful acquisitions. The key foreign markets for Slovenian pharmaceutical products are Croatia, Poland and Russia. For comparison, Russian exports of pharmaceuticals per capita (almost $4.5) are 300 times less than Slovenia's and 1,600 times less than Switzerland's.

The share of Russian pharmaceutical exports in total merchandise exports is also low at only 0.1%, which is not surprising overall. In order to develop the Russian pharmaceutical industry, including increasing the share of exports, it is necessary to find a combination of pharmaceutical production models from developed Western and developing Eastern countries. It may make sense to provide Russian production facilities for large foreign companies, to produce generics on a larger scale, and at the same time to increase spending on R&D and innovation. This will ultimately allow the Russian pharmaceutical industry to compete in the European market, but only in those segments in which we are not yet hopelessly behind.

Oxfam, the International Committee for the Relief of the Hungry, publishes annually rating of countries in terms of food quality and availability. According to the results of 2013, Russia took the 44th line out of 125 possible in this rating.

Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mexico, Chile and the Maldives are located next to us. Worst of all things with the availability of food are in Burundi. Well, about where quality food is available to everyone, you will learn from our today's top ten, which includes the leaders of the rating.

10. Portugal

The Portuguese do not abuse the excellent local port, preferring vegetables, lean meats and cereals. Quality products in this country are available to almost 100% of the population.

9. Italy

Italian cuisine is rich in vegetables, seafood, fruits, which are quite affordable. The famous Italian pasta was also classified as a healthy and high-quality product, as in Italy pasta is made only from whole flour without any additives.

8. Ireland

Residents of the "Emerald Isle" have on their table high-quality dairy products, bakery products and locally produced vegetables. Food is available to the vast majority of Irish citizens.

7. Belgium

The Belgians are one of the wealthiest nations in Europe. Therefore, it is not surprising that the citizens of the country can afford quality food. By the way, food prices in Belgium are by no means low.

6. Austria

Austrian food products are of excellent quality. Well, the ratio of the salaries of the country's citizens to food prices allows the Austrians to eat right, eating fresh and healthy foods every day.

5. Sweden

Experts note the favorable ecology of this Scandinavian country, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality dairy products, grains, vegetables and fruits. Food prices are kept in check by a stable economy, and the quality of food guarantees the Swedes' commitment to a healthy lifestyle.

4. Denmark

The food situation in Denmark is very similar to the Swedish picture. It is worth noting only a few differences in the diet. If in Sweden the lion's share of national dishes are fish, then the Danes are more committed to meat, dairy products and grains.

3. Switzerland

The high quality of Swiss products does not require separate proof. Despite the fact that the cost of food in Switzerland is often higher than the European average, the salaries of citizens allow you to purchase almost any food without restrictions.

2. France

The French traditionally adhere to a healthy diet. Almost every family can afford high-quality local products: fish, vegetables, cereals, cheeses. Much has been said about the benefits of famous French wines.

1. Netherlands

This country took the first position in the ranking on the sum of all four criteria: the availability and quality of food, the impact of nutrition on the health of the nation, and the level of food prices. Experts noted that the Dutch receive a perfectly balanced diet at a consistently low price.

The researchers evaluated each country according to several indicators: the quality of products, the variety of menus of residents, the availability and cost of food, the usefulness of food, as well as the physical condition of the country's inhabitants, their degree of malnutrition or obesity.

The highest quality food is in Iceland, it was ranked first for the variety of food, its quality and the safety of water. That's just the level of obesity, common among its inhabitants, moved the country to 13th place. Just like the United States, where, in principle, food is affordable, prices for it are stable, and there are few complaints about the quality. However, the country failed to break into the top 20 due to the many residents suffering from diabetes and obesity. According to this indicator, the United States took one of the first places, along with Mexico, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

Topped the main rating Holland. The country has bypassed even France, in which they always knew how and loved to eat well, and the dishes were exquisitely decorated. What is the secret? Firstly, in a good balance of all factors, including the quality of food, its cost and availability, what people choose for their daily meals, how many people in the country are obese and diabetic…

The Netherlands has all these indicators, perhaps not the best - for example, Iceland bypasses the country in terms of food quality, and the healthiest population is in Cambodia, Bangladesh and Nepal. On the other hand, the overall picture of the gastronomic situation in Holland seemed better to Oxfam experts.

Interestingly, the first 20 countries in the ranking are all Europeans (with the exception of Australia). Great Britain barely managed to enter the top 20, the fact is that the British are pursued by unstable and rather high prices for food, making it less affordable.

AiF.ru decided to find out how the Dutch eat and why they took first place in the food affordability rating.

Sandwiches - forever

Everyone who has lived at least a little in Holland notes the special predilection of its inhabitants for sandwiches, sandwiches and all kinds of combinations of bread with something else (fish, cheese, pate). The Dutch start the day with a sandwich, they are also taken with them for lunch. Sandwiches are made both simple (put a piece of cheese on the bread) and complex multi-layered. In general, one gets the impression that the Netherlands is a country of a hot sandwich. There are many of them, and they are all different and interesting. Sandwiches topped with fried eggs are also common.

Cheese

Holland is famous for them. Edam, Dutch, Leiden, Gouda, sheep and goat cheeses, with various additives (with pesto, pepper, spices), dairy, dietary ... The inhabitants of the Netherlands are very fond of their cheeses, eat them solo, and also as part of various dishes, well, with bread, as without it.

Hot dishes

It so happened that the Dutch eat hot food mainly in the evening, after work. Be sure to have some kind of meat or fish dish in combination with stamppot - vegetable puree. This puree is the second most popular dish in Holland after sandwiches. Meat - can be varied, but mashed potatoes are almost always served as a side dish with the addition of any vegetables (sauerkraut, lettuce or fresh cabbage, carrots, broccoli, etc.). Potatoes and vegetables are boiled separately, and then mashed into one puree. The stamppot is traditionally served with a piece of sausage boiled in the manner of our sausages.

The Dutch rarely eat soups, the most famous and popular is pea soup, with the addition of bacon and other smoked meats. It must be very thick for the spoon to stand up.

Fish and seafood

The Netherlands is a maritime country, so one of the distinguishing features of the diet of its inhabitants is northern fish. First of all - herring, the country even has a special holiday - the day when the queen tries freshly pickled herring of the new season. In Holland, it is sold on every corner - this is a special Dutch fast food. It is sold peeled, often with onions. A soft bread sandwich with herring and chopped onions is very common.
In addition to herring, the Dutch also have access to other fresh and salted fish, various seafood, the most popular being mussels and shrimp. They are simmered in cream or fried.

with a generous hand

The Netherlands is famous for its generosity. If a piece of bread - then a slice, if a piece of meat - then it is very thick. Portion of fried potatoes on the street - with a slide.

By the way, about potatoes. The Dutch love it very much, mash it, and also deep-fry it and crunch it at lunchtime.

So, the daily menu of the Dutch, although it is diverse, there are no special frills in their cuisine. Everything is pretty simple. Perhaps it's all about much better products, good fast food, reasonable prices and, of course, fresh sea fish, which are really plentiful here.

Russia and Kazakhstan took 44th place (Belarus 57th) in the world in terms of food quality, losing 10 positions to Ukraine. About 125 countries of the world took part in the study conducted by the Oxfam concern, of which Russia took 44th place, Ukraine 33rd, while European countries producing organic products (Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Austria).

“We have not yet learned how to navigate in food abundance,” says dietitian Elena Solomatina.
According to her, most of our population still has not got rid of the old consumer habits. “Some products used to be inaccessible and were stored for the holidays. As a rule, it was not the most healthy food - all kinds of sprats, mayonnaise, sausages, sodas ... And it was believed that all the highest quality was produced abroad. Once it was so. Much has changed since then, but people still make a choice in favor of these products,” the expert said. And she added that marketing plays a significant role here - people “peck” on bright packaging and recognizable brands.

Outdated consumer habits and an unhealthy love of imports are the main problems of our nutrition

And in the end, we came to the conclusion that the average domestic consumer rarely thinks about his own, choosing more harmful products, says Solomatina. After all, the negative consequences of such nutrition do not appear immediately. “We have not yet learned how to pay attention to the composition of products on labels,” she complains.
But still, the situation is changing along with the growth of the quality of life. Yes, and we slowly, but began to get rid of food stereotypes. More and more young people who do not know what a shortage is going to the shops. And they treat the choice of purchases differently. So in future similar rankings, the place of the CIS countries is likely to be higher.

Who is hungry today?

The latest figures show that 840 million people go hungry every day despite having enough food to feed the hungry.

Reasons for hunger include lack of investment:

• into infrastructure in developing countries
• to small farms,
• security, prohibition of trade agreements,

As well as biofuels, which divert crops from food to fuel and its impact on climate change.

Studies show that could increase the number of people at risk of hunger by 20 to 50 percent by 2050.
“This figure shows quite clearly that even though there is enough food in the world, we are still not able to feed everyone in all countries of the world,” said Deborah Hardoon, senior researcher at Oxfam.
“If we had a more even distribution of wealth and resources, and food in particular, this would not be a problem,” she added.

The Oxfam rankings are based on data collected between October and December 2013, using the latest information from the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Fund, the International Labor Organization and other international organizations.
The report is a cross-section based on relative differences across countries based on quantitative factors. But Hardoon said that's not the full picture.