First Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. People's Commissars of October

Council of People's Commissars

The creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR as the executive body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CEC of the USSR) was provided for by the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. In this agreement, the abbreviation "Sovnarkom" was used for the first time.

The prototype of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the Council of People's Commissars - the first board of chairmen of commissions in the history of the Soviet state, who were entrusted with the "management of certain branches of state life." Formed by decrees of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on October 27, 1917, five years before the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars, chaired by V. I. Lenin, was the government of the Russian Soviet Republic (since 1918 - the RSFSR). After the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR coordinated the activities of the Soviet republics that became part of Soviet Union, actually becoming the first government of the USSR in the period between the signing of the Treaty on the formation of the USSR on December 29, 1922 and the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 6, 1923.

Being the government of the Soviet Union, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the people's commissariats led by it played a key role in such significant events and processes for the country and society as economic recovery after the civil war, the New Economic Policy (NEP), collectivization, electrification, industrialization, five-year development plans National economy, censorship, the fight against religion, mass repressions and political persecution, the Gulag, the deportation of peoples, the annexation of the Baltic states and other territories to the USSR, the organization of the partisan movement and industrial production in the rear during the Great Patriotic War. The period of activity of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR covers several wars and armed conflicts on the territory of the Soviet Union and beyond its borders - in Europe, Central Asia and the Far East.

In the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was defined as the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and with the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, it received an alternative name - the Government of the USSR - and acquired the status of the highest executive and administrative body government controlled Soviet Union.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR directed the activities of the All-Union People's Commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-Union significance within the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the provisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and others. legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the regulations on it in 1923, were: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissars of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to the Supreme Soviet and, in the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, to its Presidium. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and its subordinate economic and cultural institutions, took measures to implement the national economic plan, state budget, carried out leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, supervised general construction armed forces of the country. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend the decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics and to cancel the orders and instructions of the People's Commissariats of the USSR in the branches of management and economy assigned to the competence of the USSR.

During the Great Patriotic War, the activities of the people's commissariats of the USSR were subordinated to the State Defense Committee - an emergency governing body under the leadership of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin, which was created for the period of the war and had full power in the USSR.

The Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the head of the Soviet government. Appointment to the post of Chairman was carried out with the approval of the composition of the government at the session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (since 1938 - the Supreme Soviet of the USSR).

Each federal and autonomous republic had its own governments - republican councils people's commissars- formed by the Central Executive Committee (since 1938, the Supreme Council) of the corresponding union or autonomous republic. Republican governments were not legally directly subordinate to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, but they were obliged in their activities to be guided by decrees and resolutions of the Union Council of People's Commissars. At the same time, the union-republican people's commissariats within the republican councils of people's commissars had dual subordination - they were simultaneously subordinate to both the council of people's commissars of the union republic, within which they were created, and the corresponding union-republican people's commissariat of the USSR, whose orders and instructions were to be guided in its activities.

Sometimes you have to hear that the founder of the Soviet state V.I. Lenin allegedly "surrounded himself with Jews" and from the very beginning "the government of the Bolsheviks was the government of the Jews." Even President Putin hinted at this once, obviously having confused something. Let's see - is it really so?

On the night of November 7-8, 1917, the All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted three historical documents: the Decree on Peace, the Decree on Land, and the Decree on the Formation of the Council of People's Commissars, the first Soviet government.

There were 15 people in the first composition of the SNK (Council of People's Commissars) (This information is easy to find even through an Internet search engine)

The national composition of the government approximately corresponded to the national composition of the entire Russian state. So, of these 15 members were:

Representatives of the Caucasian peoples (Georgians) - one (I. Dzhugashvili);

Representatives Western nations(Pole) - one (I. Teodorovich);

Representatives of the Mediterranean peoples (Jew) - one (L. Bronstein);

Representatives of Little Russia (Ukrainians) - three (P. Dybenko, N. Krylenko, V. Ovseenko).

9 people out of 15 were Russians. Let's list them by name:

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - RYKOV Alexei Ivanovich. Born in 1881 in the family of a peasant in the Vyatka province, Yaransky district, Kukarka settlement. Russian. Studied at Kazan University, expelled for participation in the revolutionary movement, member of the RSDLP since 1898.

People's Commissar for Agriculture - Milyutin Vladimir Pavlovich. Born in 1884 in the village of Tugantsevo, Lgovsky district, Kursk province, in the family of a rural teacher. Russian. He studied at the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, participated in the roar. movement, a member of the RSDLP since 1903. In 1917 he was chairman of the Saratov Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

People's Commissar of Labor - SHLYAPNIKOV Alexander Gavrilovich. Born in 1885 in the city of Murom in a family of Pomor Old Believers. Russian (has anyone heard of Old Believer Jews?). His father worked as a miller, carpenter, laborer, mother - the daughter of a miner. Member of the RSDLP since 1901, arrests, emigration, work in the French Socialist Party. An active participant in the February Revolution of 1917, a member of the initiative group for the creation of the Petrograd Soviet.

People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - Viktor Pavlovich NOGIN. Born in 1878 in Moscow in the family of a clerk. Russian. After graduating from the city school in Kalyazin, Tver province, he worked as a clerk, from 1896 a worker in St. Petersburg, a participant in the roar. circles, a party member since 1898. In 1917 he was chairman of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

People's Commissar of Education - Lunacharsky Anatoly Vasilyevich. Born in 1875 in Poltava in the family of an official. Russian, hereditary nobleman. While studying at the gymnasium, he organized and led Marxist circles, the party experience since 1895. He studied at the University of Zurich, was engaged in literary work. He is the only one of the first people's commissars who has worked in his post for 12 years.

People's Commissar for Finance - SKVORTSOV Ivan Ivanovich (pseudonym Stepanov). Born in 1870 in Bogorodsk in the family of a factory employee. Russian, oddly enough. He graduated from the Moscow Teacher's Institute and worked almost all his life in Moscow, in the Moscow organization of the RSDLP (part time since 1896). Author of a number of fundamental works on political economy, translator of Marx's works.

People's Commissar of Justice - OPPOKOV Georgy Ippolitovich (pseudonym Lomov). Born in 1888 in Saratov in a noble family. His father served here for more than 30 years as a branch manager of the State Bank. Russian. From the age of 13 he participated in circles, a party member since 1903. He studied at the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, during the Arkhangelsk exile (1911-1913) he participated in polar expeditions (to New Earth and Czech Guba).

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - AVILOV Nikolai Pavlovich (pseudonym Glebov). Born in 1887 in the family of a Kaluga shoemaker. Russian. From the age of 12 he worked in a printing house, since 1904 he was a member of the RSDLP. Conducted party work in Moscow and the Urals, studied at the Bologna party school. "The February Revolution finds him on the run from the Narym Territory." Later he worked as chairman of the Leningrad Council of Trade Unions.

The collegium of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs consisted of:

DYBENKO Pavel Efimovich. Born in 1889 in a family of hereditary peasants in the village of Lyudkov, Novozybkovsky district, Chernihiv province. As he noted in his autobiography of the mid-1920s, "Mother, father, brother and sister still live in the village of Lyudkov and are engaged in peasantry." He graduated from a 4-year city school, from the age of 17 he worked as a loader in the port, then as a sailor. In 1911, he was drafted into the army for participating in strikes and served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1917, chairman of the Central Balt, an active participant in the October Revolution and the Civil War.

KRYLENKO Nikolai Vasilievich - a hereditary revolutionary. Born in 1885 in the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province in a family of exiled Ukrainians. He graduated from St. Petersburg University, participated in the student movement, a Bolshevik since 1904. During the First World War, he was mobilized into the army, received the rank of ensign. In 1917 he was elected successively chairman of the regimental, divisional, and army committees. In the days of October, he was appointed Supreme Commander.

OVSEENKO Vladimir Alexandrovich (pseudonym Antonov). Born in 1884 in Chernigov. Father Alexander Anisimovich is a nobleman, a lieutenant, then a captain of a reserve regiment, a veteran of the Russian-Turkish war, so Vladimir Ovseenko can be considered a hereditary military man. After graduating from the Voronezh Cadet Corps, he studied at the Nikolaev Military Engineering and St. Petersburg Cadet Schools. During 1 Russian revolution, as an active participant, was sentenced to death by the Sevastopol military court, but fled. November 7, 1917 personally led the capture of the Winter Palace.

And, finally, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars ULYANOV Vladimir Ilyich (Lenin). I would like to emphasize that in the aforementioned "Resolution" all people's commissars are named by their real names (pseudonyms are given in brackets). About Vladimir Ilyich, as the leader of the Bolsheviks, there are most rumors. Near " common place”was the statement that he was of Jewish origin. However, this thesis is not an axiom, but a version. Indeed, there is documentary evidence that his ancestor Alexander Dmitrievich Blank was actually the cross of Israel Blank. But the studies of the Moscow historian M. Bychkova (1993) showed that in the first half of the 19th century two full namesakes served in the medical department in St. Petersburg - two A.D. Blanks, approximately the same age. One of them was actually a baptized Jew, and the other came from an Orthodox Moscow merchant family. So, the Russian Blank rose to the rank of court adviser, which gave the right to hereditary nobility. The blank Jew was not in the civil service, but worked in private hospitals (for example, at the Zlatoust factory), therefore he did not have such a right. As you know, V.I.Ulyanov was a nobleman, so we can definitely assume that his grandfather was the Russian A.D.Blank. According to M. Bychkova, at one time the persons of the two Blanks were deliberately mixed by someone. Let's put aside speculations: V.I. Ulyanov, who grew up in the Great Russian cultural environment, was Russian in spirit, language and origin. It is difficult to understand how a quarter of Jewish blood (even if it was, which is problematic) can outweigh; Great Russian.

It may be objected: but after all, all the above-mentioned are only the first composition of the Soviet government. So? Well, let's look further. According to the text of the Decree, the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs "remains temporarily unfilled." A few days later this place was taken

ELIZAROV Mark Timofeevich, son of a serf from the village of Bestuzhevka, Samara province. Russian. While studying at St. Petersburg University, he joined the Samara community and became close to the Ulyanovs - Alexander and Anna. Vladimir Ilyich was even a witness at the marriage of Mark and Anna. Later, Elizarov studied at the Moscow Engineering School of the Ministry of Railways, worked in the management of the Moscow-Kursk railway and at the same time led the roar. circles among workers. In 1919 he died of typhus.

On November 12, 1917, the FIRST WORLD woman minister, Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai, was appointed People's Commissar of State Charity. Born Domontovich, the daughter of a general from a noble noble family of Ukrainian origin, dating back to the Pskov princes. She studied at the University of Zurich, and in 1906 joined the RSDLP.

From November 19, 1917, the People's Commissar of State Control was Eduard Eduardovich ESSEN, from the Russified German barons. Born in 1879 in St. Petersburg, member of the RSDLP since 1898. In 1917 - Chairman of the Vasileostrovsky District Council of Deputies.

Two weeks later, several people's commissars resigned due to disagreement with Lenin's political line. Their places were taken by:

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs PETROVSKY Grigory Ivanovich. From hereditary peasants of the village of Pechenegy, Kharkov province, Ukrainian. He studied for two and a half years at school and was expelled due to lack of money for tuition fees. He worked in a forge, a locksmith, then as a turner at a factory, a member of the RSDLP since 1897. He was a deputy of the State Duma of Russia from the workers of the Yekaterinoslav province (1912-1914).

People's Commissar Podbelsky Vadim Nikolaevich. Born in 1887 in Yakutia in a family of exiled members of the People's Will. Russian. An active participant in the Revolution of 1905, joined the RSDLP, led party work in Tambov and Moscow. Died in 1920.

People's Commissar of Health SEMASHKO Nikolai Alexandrovich. From the peasants of the Orel province of the Yelets district of the village of Livenskaya. He studied at the medical faculty of Moscow University, participated in the student movement, was expelled and expelled. After graduating from Kazan University, he worked as a doctor, then in exile - Secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the RSDLP. In 1917 he was chairman of the Zamoskvoretskaya district council in Moscow.

The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was reorganized. PODVOISKY Nikolai Ilyich, the son of a priest from the village of Kunashovka, Nezhinsky district, Chernihiv province, became the People's Commissariat of War (is it really a Jew?). He studied at the Chernihiv Theological Seminary and the Yaroslavl Legal Lyceum, a party member since 1901, in 1917 - the head of the Military Organization of the RSDLP and the Military Revolutionary Committee.

People's Commissar Proshyan Prosha Perchevich, whom even Pan Lukyanenko recognized as an Armenian. But not a Bolshevik - since 1905 a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, in 1917 a Left Socialist-Revolutionary. An ardent polemicist, in March 1918 during the "Brest discussion" he retired, participated in the anti-Bolshevik uprising in July 1918, was outlawed and soon died of typhus.

People's Commissar of State Property KARELIN Vladimir Alexandrovich. Born in 1891. Russian, from the nobility, the son of a collegiate adviser. Graduated from university, lawyer, journalist. In 1917 he was elected chairman of the Kharkov City Duma, a Left Social Revolutionary.

Narkomzem KOLEGAEV Andrey Lukich. Born in Surgut, Tyumen province, in a bourgeois family. Russian. Since 1905, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In exile he studied at the University of Paris. In 1917 he was elected chairman of the Kazan Soviet of Peasants' Deputies. Under his leadership, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat, consisting entirely of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, developed a draft law on the socialization of land, approved by the 3rd All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1918.

And, finally, STEINBERG Isaak Zakharovich. Lawyer with a university education, People's Commissar of Justice from 12/13/1917 to 3/18/1918. He distinguished himself by releasing a number of major anti-Bolshevik figures (V. Burtsev, A. Gotz) from arrest on parole. Yes, a Jew, but here's the catch - he's not a Bolshevik. Steinberg represented the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which was then part of the government coalition with the RSDLP(b).

So this example does not in any way support the legitimacy of the term "Judeo-Bolsheviks", which is so famously used by domestic "nationally concerned" anti-communists.

It is appropriate to recall the characterization of the English diplomat Colonel R. Robins, given back in 1917: “The first Council of People's Commissars, based on the number of books written by its members and the languages ​​they speak, was higher in culture and education than any cabinet of ministers in the world” .

I note that out of 92 people who worked in the Council of People's Commissars in 1917-1918, 51 had a higher or incomplete higher education, 18 - secondary or special.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 The history of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars

2 Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

3 History of the legislative framework of the SNK

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 Powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

2 Activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

3 Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

Conclusion

Introduction

There is no doubt about the relevance of the chosen topic, since the study of the Soviet model of power, its essence, patterns and features of development has not only Russian, but also world significance. This system of power had an impact on the entire course of the history of the 20th century. And at the same time, this phenomenon causes ongoing controversy in the scientific and public environment.

The complexity and inconsistency of the processes of development of the Soviet system of power requires the study of political history.

The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of the revolutionary breakdown of the apparatus of the bourgeois state and was fundamentally new historical type state apparatus.

The processes of demolition of the bourgeois state apparatus and the creation of a new one were interrelated. Soviet state-building was characterized by the absolute avoidance of discontinuities in the presence of power.

On October 8 (November 8), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", thus forming the world's first workers' and peasants' government. This decree determined the foundations of the legal status of the Soviet government. The practical activity of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) testified to the fact that its powers to a certain extent went beyond the concept of "government power" characteristic of a body carrying out subordinate executive and administrative activities. Legally, this was expressed in the publication by the Council of People's Commissars not only of acts of state administration, but also of decrees - acts of a legislative nature.

The main place in his activity was occupied by creative, organizational and creative tasks: the construction of a new, socialist economy, the achievement of the highest productivity social labor, the comprehensive development of science and culture, the communist education of the working people, the creation of conditions for the most complete satisfaction of their material and cultural needs.

In a broad sense, the Soviet state apparatus consisted of Soviets with their ramifications in the center and in the localities in the form of economic, cultural, administrative, defense and other bodies and numerous public organizations of workers with their multimillion-dollar assets.

In a narrow concept, it covered the highest and local bodies of state power - the Soviets of Working People's Deputies, which created the bodies of state administration: in the center - first the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics, as well as ministries and departments; in the field - the executive committees of the Soviets and their departments that deal with issues of work industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms, MTS, direct the development of public utilities, trade, Catering, show concern for the cultural and community services of the population.

The subject of research is the structure of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in interaction with the state structure.

aim term paper is historical meaning SNK USSR.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

.To study the history of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR;

.Determine the place of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Federation in the system of public administration;

.To note the legal significance of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in public administration.

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 History of the Council of People's Commissars

The government of the world's first workers' and peasants' state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was established on 26 October. (November 8), 1917, the day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, by a resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the formation of a workers' and peasants' government.

The decree written by V. I. Lenin stated that to govern the country, “until the convocation of Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars." V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who worked in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars, the tasks facing the highest organs of state administration of the Soviet Republic.

The name "Provisional" with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly disappeared. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to enter the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in the pr-ve until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace and took the position of counter-revolution. In the future, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the Prospect Island was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR directed the activities of the people's commissariats and other centers. departments, and directed and supervised the activities of local authorities.

The Administration of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of branches of state administration and government. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the head. V. I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first SNK was used in the state. construction of pr-in all union soviet socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state- The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created a union government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the all-union and united (union-republics) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-union significance within the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to its regulations of 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissars of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power. USSR. It formed Top. Soviet of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and between sessions Top. Soviet of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other households subordinate to it. and cultural institutions, took measures to implement nar.-hoz. plan, Mrs. budget, exercised leadership in the field of foreign relations with foreign states, led the general development of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics in the branches of management and economy that were within the competence of the USSR and cancel the orders and instructions of the people's commissariats of the USSR. Art. 71 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 established the right of a deputy's request: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request is made by a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, must give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Top. Council of the USSR 19 Jan. 1938. June 30, 1941 by the decision of the Presidium of the Upper. The Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.

The Council of People's Commissars of a Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of state power in a Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to him, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council - before the Presidium Top. Council of the Republic and is accountable to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation.

1.2 Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

An important step towards the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in 1924 was the Second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which opened on July 6, 1923.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was responsible in its work to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the supreme organs of the USSR enshrined the unity of legislative and executive power.

To manage the branches of government, 10 people's commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1924): five all-union (for foreign affairs, military and maritime affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph) and five united (Supreme Council of the National Economy , food, labor, finance and workers' and peasants' inspection). All-Union people's commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The united people's commissariats carried out leadership on the territory of the union republics through the homonymous people's commissariats of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health, social security.

People's Commissariats of the USSR were headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, whose members were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The people's commissar had the right to take decisions alone, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. The board or its individual members, in case of disagreement, could appeal against the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V. I. Lenin as its chairman.

Since V. I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L. B. Kamenev, A. I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurupa, V. Ya. Chubar, M. D. Orakhelashvili. Since July 1923, the Ukrainian Chubar was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine, and the Georgian Orakhelashvili was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the TSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct duties. From February 2, 1924, Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov and Tsyurupa were Russian by nationality, while Kamenev was Jewish. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only Orakhelashvili had a higher education, the other four had a secondary education. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and five of his deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.

There were also problems in the formation of the allied people's commissariats. People's Commissariats of the RSFSR for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, for Military and Naval Affairs were transformed into union ones. The staff of the people's commissariats at that time was still formed mainly from former employees of the administrative apparatus and specialists from the pre-revolutionary period. For employees who were workers before the revolution in 1921-1922. accounted for only 2.7%, which was explained by the lack of a sufficient number of literate workers. These employees automatically flowed from the Russian people's commissariats to the union ones with a very small number of employees transferred from the national republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic and consists of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; Vice Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; People's Commissars: Food industry; light industry; Forest industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock farms; Finance; domestic trade; Internal affairs; Justice; Health; Enlightenment; local industry; Public utilities; Social Security; Authorized Procurement Committee; Head of the Department of Arts; Authorized by the All-Union People's Commissariats.

1.3 History of the legal framework of the SNK

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

· management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

· the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the regular and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

About everyone adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars informs the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).

The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR<#"justify">· on foreign affairs;

· on military affairs;

· for maritime affairs;

· on internal affairs;

· justice;

· labor;

· social security;

· education;

· post and telegraph;

· on affairs of nationalities;

· on financial affairs;

· means of communication;

· agriculture;

· trade and industry;

· food;

· Supreme Council of the National Economy;

· healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, the members of which are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation in December 1922 of the USSR<#"justify">· domestic trade;

· labor

· finance

· RCT

· internal affairs

· justice

· enlightenment

· health care

· agriculture

· social security

· VSNKh

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937<#"justify">· Food Industry

· light industry

· timber industry

· agriculture

· grain state farms

· livestock farms

· finance

· domestic trade

· justice

· health care

· enlightenment

· local industry

· public utilities

· social security

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 Powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of Non-native Commissars of the USSR, and checks their execution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic has the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Councils of People's Commissars of autonomous republics and to cancel decisions and orders of the executive committees of the Soviets of Deputies of Working People's Territories, Regions and Autonomous Regions.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic direct the branches of state administration falling within the competence of the Union Republic.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic issue, within the competence of the respective People's Commissariats, orders and instructions on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Union Republic, orders and instructions of the Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR.

The People's Commissariats of the Union Republic are union-republican or republican.

The Union-Republican People's Commissariats direct the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting both to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic and to the corresponding Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR.

Republican People's Commissariats direct the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting directly to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic.

The most important task of the Council of People's Commissars then was the revival of economic life. During civil war decreased markedly labor discipline and absenteeism reached 30-40%, the intensity and productivity of labor fell by about 10-15% compared to 1913, real wages decreased. Whole amount wages the average for the RSFSR in 1919-1921. was 38-40% of the pre-war level. However, since 1922 it began to rise and in the spring of 1923 it reached 60%.

In the early 20s. nevertheless, the restoration of the national economy proceeded at a rather significant pace. In one of his speeches in December 1923, A. I. Rykov noted a noticeable growth in industry. If 1920 was taken as 100% for this indicator, then 1921-119%, 1922-146%, and 1923-216%. However, in 1923, the volume of industrial production compared to 1913 was only 40.3%, and production Agriculture-75%. Of course, the main thing in union building depended on economic success.

Meanwhile, work on the further continuation of this construction did not stop. In August 1923, the first meeting of the chairmen of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union republics took place, and on September 29 of the same year, the second. The Commission of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the preparation of regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the People's Commissariats of the USSR met on August 21, September 13, October 22, 23 and 24. As early as August 24, 1923, the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee approved the order of the day for the third session of the USSR Central Executive Committee, which opened on November 6 and ended on November 12 of the same year. All representatives of the CEC of the union republics made their reports, while work was going on in the commissions preparing the decisions of this session. A significant amount of work was done by the commission, which was entrusted with the development of regulations on the central authorities of the USSR, taking into account the amendments proposed by the union republics to the projects submitted for approval by the session. A lively exchange of views took place, for example, in the Commission that developed the "Regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the USSR." Not everyone agreed with the bicameral system, since some considered the creation of the Council of Nationalities unnecessary and advocated simplifying the work of the sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. for 79 paragraphs. It provided for both regular and extraordinary sessions of the CEC of the USSR, and regular sessions were to be convened three times a year. Special chapters were devoted to the Allied Council, the Council of Nationalities and the conciliation commission, in case of possible disagreements between them. Joint meetings of both chambers were also envisaged, to which a separate chapter was also devoted. The functions of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR were described in detail. Among other things, it also provided for the following: “The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR issues decrees, resolutions and orders, considers and approves draft decrees and resolutions submitted by the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, individual departments of the USSR, the central executive committees of the Union republics and their presidiums and other authorities."

The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR also received the right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the right to amnesty, the right to pardon, etc. The relationship between the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and government agencies and departments were to be carried out by the Chairman and Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. At the same time, the entire secretarial and technical apparatus of the CEC of the USSR was to be under the jurisdiction and under the leadership of the secretary of the CEC of the USSR. On the same day, November 12, the regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and on the people's commissariats of the USSR were adopted. When discussing the regulation on the Council of People's Commissars, when the turn came to the paragraph on commissions created by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in particular on the Commission for Legislative Assumptions, the Administrative and Financial Commission and others, an addition was made, by virtue of which all commissions under the Council of People's Commissars and the STO, which had administrative and administrative rights , were supposed to include representatives of the Union republics with a decisive vote.

By virtue of the regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, this body was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. In addition to the chairman and his deputies, the Council of People's Commissars included people's commissars for foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph, workers' and peasants' inspection, labor, food, finance and the chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Representatives of the union republics, including the chairmen of the councils of people's commissars of the union republics, could participate in an advisory capacity along with representatives of some other bodies. The jurisdiction of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR also included "the resolution of disagreements between the councils of people's commissars of the union republics on issues within the competence of the council of people's commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as disagreements, both between the people's commissars of the USSR, and between the latter and the councils of people's commissars of the union republics." The central executive committees of the union republics, their presidiums, and republican councils of people's commissars also had the right to submit questions for consideration by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

« General position on People's Commissariats of the USSR”, also adopted on November 12, provided for the creation of two types of commissariats - all-union, that is, uniform for the entire USSR, and united. The All-Union Commissariats included: Foreign Affairs, Military and Naval Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs; to the united: the Supreme Council of the National Economy, Food, Labor, Finance, Workers' and Peasants' Inspection. This "General Provision" provided for the compilation of its own special provisions for each commissariat, subject to approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. It provided for the suspension by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics or their presidiums of those orders of the people's commissariats of the USSR that did not comply with the Constitution of the USSR, the legislation of the Union or the legislation of the union republic.

All-Union commissariats were given the right to have their own representatives under the Union republics who were directly subordinate to them. These representatives were nominated by the Commissariat of the USSR directly or at the suggestion of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic and were subject to approval by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Moreover, for all nominated candidates, the recall of the Central Executive Committee of the union republic, which had the right to challenge the appointed commissioner, was mandatory. These representatives of the All-Union People's Commissariats were to be members of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics with an advisory or decisive vote in accordance with the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic or its Presidium. The orders of the all-Union commissariats were binding for direct execution throughout the entire territory of the USSR. The united commissariats of the USSR had to carry out all their tasks and directives through the people's commissariats of the same name in the union republics. The heads of the commissariats of the union republics of the same name were subject to appointment and recall by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics.

2.2 Activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

The activity of the Council of People's Commissars was expressed in the struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat, the creation new system state apparatus, issuing decrees and resolutions. The Council of People's Commissars issued a huge number of decrees and resolutions. They embraced all branches of political and state life, shaping the class struggle and its gains, clearing the ground for the building of socialism.

The Council of People's Commissars met almost daily, approving several decrees and resolutions a day. There were days when a dozen decrees were adopted. Let's give some examples.

On December 20, 1938, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR established work books. This "crust" - work book (TK) - was essential element Soviet administrative-command system. The first work books appeared a year after the revolution. The Bolsheviks abolished the royal passports and introduced their own identity cards. The decree of October 5, 1918 was eloquently called: "On work books for non-working people."

An alternative to labor service was either a revolutionary tribunal, which was guided by "the dictates of revolutionary conscience", or starvation without rations.

On June 25, 1919, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee introduced a head count: work book received by anyone over 16 years of age. On the first page there was a reminder: "Let not the worker not eat." Even Lenin received such a document.

In September 1926, the Council of People's Commissars introduced " Labor lists". Now this document was intended to record Soviet employees. The nationality of the worker, social status, party membership and even military registration were recorded.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the protection of property state enterprises, collective farms and cooperation and strengthening public property.

Recently, workers and collective farmers complained about theft (theft) of goods on railway and water transport and theft (theft) of cooperative and collective farm property by hooligan and generally antisocial elements. Equally complaints about violence and threats of kulak elements against collective farmers who do not want to leave the collective farms and honestly and selflessly working to strengthen the latter have become more frequent.

The Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR consider that public property (state, collective farm, cooperative) is the basis of the Soviet system, it is sacred and inviolable, and people who encroach on public property should be regarded as enemies of the people, which is why a decisive struggle with plunderers of public property is the first duty of the organs of Soviet power.

Proceeding from these considerations and meeting the demands of the workers and collective farmers, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

To equate the importance of goods on rail and water transport to state property and to strengthen the protection of these goods in every possible way.

To apply as a measure of judicial repression for theft of goods on railway and water transport the highest measure of social protection - execution with confiscation of all property and with replacement, under extenuating circumstances, by imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of property.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in cases of theft of goods in transport.

To equate the value of the property of collective farms and cooperatives (harvest in the fields, public stocks, livestock, cooperative warehouses and shops, etc.) to state property and to strengthen in every possible way the protection of this property from plunder.

To apply as a measure of judicial repression for theft (theft) of collective farm and cooperative property the highest measure of social protection - execution with confiscation of all property and with replacement, under extenuating circumstances, by imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of all property.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in cases of embezzlement of collective farm and cooperative property.

To carry on a resolute struggle against those anti-social kulak-capitalist elements who use violence and threats or advocate the use of violence and threats against the collective farmers in order to force the latter to leave the collective farm, with the aim of forcibly destroying the collective farm. Equate these crimes with state crimes.

As a measure of judicial repression in cases of protecting collective farms and collective farmers from violence and threats from kulak and other antisocial elements, imprisonment from 5 to 10 years with imprisonment in a concentration camp.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in these cases.

June 25, 1932, Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR On Revolutionary Legitimacy.

Marking the tenth anniversary of the organization of the Procuracy and the successes achieved during this period in the USSR in strengthening revolutionary legality, which is one of the most important means of strengthening the proletarian dictatorship, protecting the interests of workers and working peasants and combating class enemies workers (kulaks, speculators, bourgeois wreckers) and their counter-revolutionary political agents, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR point out in particular the presence of a still significant number of violations of revolutionary legality by officials and distortions in its practice, especially in the countryside.

In order to ensure the most favorable conditions for the socialist reorganization of agriculture, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

To cancel in areas of complete collectivization the operation of the law on permitting the lease of land and on the use of hired labor in individual peasant farms(VII and VIII sections of the general principles of land use and land management).

Exceptions to this rule in respect of middle-peasant farms are regulated by district executive committees under the direction and control of district executive committees.

Grant the krai (regional) executive committees and the governments of the autonomous republics the right to apply in these areas all necessary measures to combat the kulaks, up to the complete confiscation of the property of the kulaks and their eviction from certain districts and krais (oblasts).

The confiscated property of the kulak farms, with the exception of that part which is used to pay off the obligations (debts) due from the kulaks to state and cooperative bodies, must be transferred to the indivisible funds of the collective farms as a contribution of the poor peasants and laborers joining the collective farm.

To propose to the governments of the union republics, in the development of this resolution, to give the necessary instructions to the regional (regional) executive committees and the governments of the autonomous republics.

In the "year of the great turning point", September 24, 1929, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued, canceling all holidays except November 7 and May 1.

2.3 Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is the highest executive and administrative body of state power.<#"justify">Conclusion

In conclusion of this work, it should be noted that in the 1920s, public administration was in a state of dynamic evolution. This refers to development on its own basis, when the essential features of the developing system, i.e. being at the stage of formation, were determined, but did not have a frozen character.

The coverage of the post-October history of public administration in Russia is based primarily on the characteristics of the qualities and features of the Soviet state system, its structure, goals and methods of management in the process of their formation and evolution.

The structure of Soviet state administration is based on the decrees of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which defines the system of organs of power and administration as follows: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets is the supreme body of state power; The All-Russian Central Executive Committee - the executive body of the congress and the carrier supreme power between congresses; SNK - worker-peasant government, executive and administrative body; people's commissariats (commissions) - the central governing bodies of individual branches of state life; Local councils are local bodies of state power and administration.

According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body. Its composition was not constant. Representatives of the union republics, members of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, representatives of certain committees and departments under the government (OGPU, Central Statistical Administration, etc.), and heads of government of the union republics took part in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR with the right of an advisory vote. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR actually issued decrees and resolutions that had the force of law, and from the beginning of the 1930s, all bills had to be submitted for consideration beforehand, although this was not provided for by the Constitution.

The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 made significant changes to the system of supreme bodies of power and administration, in electoral system. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 is a very controversial document. On the one hand, it consolidated the rejection of multi-stage elections, established universal suffrage, direct and equal elections by secret ballot. On the other hand, while formally confirming the federal nature of the state, it actually consolidated its unitary character by granting almost unlimited powers to the federal "centre". In a sense, it was more democratic than the Constitution of 1918, and at the same time it became a cover for uncompromising reaction and a regime of personal power.

In December 1936, the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry was separated from the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. In 1937, the People's Commissariat for Mechanical Engineering was formed. In 1939, people's commissariats for coal and oil industry, People's Commissariat of Power Plants and Electrical Industry.

To improve the management of the economy by the people's commissariats in April 1940. under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, 6 economic councils were created: for metallurgy and chemistry, for mechanical engineering, for the defense industry for fuel, electrical facilities, etc.

February 1941 The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, guided by the decisions of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, instructed the State Planning Committee of the USSR to begin drawing up the General Economic Plan of the USSR for 15 years, designed to solve the main economic problem - to catch up with the main capitalist countries in per capita output.

In connection with the increased volume of work of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1937, an economic council was created to help him, which acted as a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars. The council considered annual and quarterly economic plans and submitted them for approval by the Council of People's Commissars, controlled the implementation of plans, and got acquainted with the situation in individual sectors of the national economy. , took measures to improve their work, etc.

He had the right to issue resolutions and orders binding on all the people's commissariats of the USSR. Thus, in the organization of the management of the national economy, a course towards strengthening the all-Union principles is visible.

By the law of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Council People's Commissar of State

List of used literature

1.Werth N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. M., 1999. S. 130-131.

2. Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life Systematized collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians , OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914.

Oleg Platonov. History of the Russian people in the XX century. Volume 1 (ch. 39-81).

Gimpelson E.G. Soviet managers. 20s. (Leading personnel of the state apparatus of the USSR). M., 2001, p. 94.

Munchaev Sh.M. National history. 2008. //

The highest bodies of state power and central government of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Handbook (based on the materials of state archives) ”(prepared by the Central State Archive of the RSFSR), ch. Section I "Government of the RSFSR".

.“The Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR” (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918).

Shamarov V. M. Formation and development of legal and organizational bases. M., 2007. S. 218.

Zhukov V., Eskov G., Pavlov V. History of Russia. Tutorial. M., 2008. S. 283.

Shipunov F. Truth Great Russia. M., 2007. S. 420.

The USSR Constitution of 1936 "formally corresponded to the best world standards of that time." Political history Russia / Resp. ed. V.V. Zhuravlev. M., 2008. S. 530.

Borisov S. Honor as a Phenomenon of Russian Political Consciousness. St. Petersburg, 2006, p. 183.

Which was used before the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918.

Since 1918, the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the prerogative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and since 1937 - the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed from people's commissars - the leaders of the people's commissariats (people's commissariats) of Soviet Russia - headed by the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics. [ ]

After the formation of the USSR, in the period between the signing of the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR on December 29, 1922, and the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 6, 1923, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR temporarily performed the functions of the government of the USSR.

"Immediate creation ... of a commission of people's commissars ... (min [inist] ry and com[ovary] shchi m [inist] ra").

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "", adopted on October 27, 1917. The decree began with the words:

To form for the administration of the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The right to form the Council of People's Commissars was given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; SNK was the body general management affairs of the RSFSR, which had the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to cancel or suspend any decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR).

By the USSR Law of 15 March 1946 and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 23 March 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. On March 18, the last decree of the government of the RSFSR was issued with the name "Council of People's Commissars". On February 25, 1947, appropriate changes were made to the Constitution of the USSR, and on March 13, 1948, to the Constitution of the RSFSR.

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars were reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which had the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918:

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, whose members were approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat led by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the allied departments. 11 republican people's commissariats were established:

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (according to information from the SU [ decipher], 1924, No. 70, art. 691.).

Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had a single Administration of Affairs (according to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR).

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the Gosplan of the RSFSR and the head of the Department for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by M. T. Elizarov. On November 12, in addition to the Decree on the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, A. M. Kollontai, the first woman minister in the world, was appointed People's Commissar of State Charity. On November 19, E. E. Essen was appointed People's Commissar for State Control.

The historical first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed in the conditions of a tough struggle for power. In connection with the demarche of the executive committee of the railway trade union Vikzhel, who did not recognize the October Revolution, and demanded the formation of a "homogeneous socialist government" from representatives of all socialist parties, the post of people's commissar remained unreplaced. Later, in January 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to split the railway trade union by forming an executive committee Vikzhedor parallel to the Vikzhel, consisting mainly of Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries. By March 1918, Vikzhel's resistance was finally broken, and the main powers of both Vikzhel and Vikzhedor were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Railways.

The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was formed as a board, consisting of Antonov-Ovseenko, Krylenko, Dybenko. In April 1918, this committee actually ceased to exist.

According to the memoirs of the first People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky A.V., the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was largely accidental, and the discussion of the list was accompanied by Lenin's comments: "if they turn out to be unsuitable, we will be able to change." As the first People's Commissar of Justice, the Bolshevik Lomov (G. I. Oppokov), wrote, his knowledge of justice included mainly detailed knowledge of the tsarist prisons with the peculiarities of the regime, “we knew where they beat, how they beat, where and how they put them in a punishment cell, but we did not know how to govern the state.”

Many people's commissars of the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars Soviet Russia were repressed in the 1930s.

State Charity (from 26.4.1918 - Social Security; NKSO 4.11.1919 merged with the NK Labor, 26.4.1920 divided):

The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia is still the subject of speculation.

Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of people's commissariats that never existed. So, Andrey Diky in the list of people's commissariats mentioned never existed people's commissariats for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene. Volodarsky is mentioned as People's Commissar for the Press; in fact, he really was a commissar for the press, propaganda and agitation, but not a people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, in fact the government), but a commissar of the Union of Northern Communes (a regional association of Soviets), an active promoter of the Bolshevik Decree on the Press.

And, on the contrary, the list does not include, for example, the real-life People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs. As a result, even the number of people's commissariats does not agree with Andrei Diky: he mentions the number 20, although there were 14 people in the first composition, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.

Some positions are listed incorrectly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet, G. E. Zinoviev, is mentioned as People's Commissar for Internal Affairs, although he never held this position. The People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here - "Protian") is assigned the leadership of "agriculture".

Jewishness was arbitrarily attributed to a number of persons, for example, the Russian nobleman A. V. Lunacharsky, an Estonian who never entered the government, or Lilina (Bernstein) Z. I., who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but worked as the head of the department of public education under the executive committee of the Petrosoviet), Kaufman (possibly referring to Cadet A. A. Kaufman, according to some sources, attracted by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development land reform, but never a member of the Council of People's Commissars).

The list also mentions two Left Social Revolutionaries, whose non-Bolshevism is not indicated in any way: People's Commissar of Justice Steinberg I. Z. (referred to as "I. Steinberg") and People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan P. P., referred to as "Protian-Agriculture" . Both politicians were extremely negative about the post-October Bolshevik policy. Gukovsky I. E. before the revolution belonged to the Mensheviks-“liquidators” and accepted the post of people’s commissar of finance only under pressure from Lenin.

In the same way - perhaps not without "imitation" of A. R. Gotz - Trotsky, capable of foresight, insisted that commenting on this "position" of Trotsky, his current ardent admirer V. Z. Rogovin seeks, in particular, to convince readers that that Lev Davidovich was supposedly devoid of lust for power, had a firm intention. But these arguments are designed for completely simple-minded people, because after all, Trotsky never refused membership in the Central Committee and the Politburo, and a member of the Politburo was incommensurably higher in the hierarchy of power than any people's commissar! And Trotsky, by the way, did not hide his extreme indignation when in 1926 he was "released from his duties as a member of the Politburo" ...

“There must not be a single Jew in the first revolutionary government, because otherwise the reactionary propaganda will portray the October Revolution as a “Jewish revolution”…”“after the coup, to remain outside the government and ... agreed to take government posts only at the insistent demand of the Central Committee”

In 2013, speaking about the Schneerson collection at the Moscow Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin noted that "

“If we discard the conjectures of pseudo-scientists who know how to find a Jewish origin in every revolutionary, it turns out that in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) there were 8% of Jews: out of 16 of its members, only Leon Trotsky was a Jew. In the government of the RSFSR 1917-1922. Jews were 12% (six people out of 50). If we do not talk only about the government, then in the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on the eve of October 1917 there were 20% of Jews (6 out of 30), and in the first composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - 40% (3 out of 7).

Plan
Introduction
1 General information
2 The legislative framework SNK RSFSR
3 The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
4 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
5 People's Commissars
6 Sources
Bibliography Introduction Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) - the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The Council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation of the USSR, a similar body was created at the union level. 1. General information The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed by Trotsky: Power in St. Petersburg was won. It is necessary to form a government. - How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, shabby name. - Commissars could be, I suggested, but only now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "people's"? - People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. And the government as a whole? - The Council of People's Commissars? - The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, this is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers. 2. Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45). article 40). 17 people's commissariats are created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in article 43). .The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918:

on foreign affairs; on military affairs; for maritime affairs; for internal affairs; justice; labor; social security; education; post and telegraph; on affairs of nationalities; for financial matters; means of communication; agriculture; trade and industry; food; State control; Supreme Council of the National Economy; healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. Since that moment, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

domestic trade; labor finance RCT of internal affairs justice education health care agriculture social security Supreme Economic Council

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

food industry light industry forest industry agriculture grain state farms livestock state farms finance domestic trade justice health education local industry public utilities social security

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. 3. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov People's Commissar for Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin People's Commissar for Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee composed of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin People's Commissar for Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky People's Commissar Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov) People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky) People's Commissar for Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov) People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs - N P. Avilov (Glebov) People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Post People's Commissar on railway affairs remained temporarily not replaced.

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by V. I. Nevsky (Krivobokov). 4. Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (October 27 (November 9), 1917 - January 21, 1924) Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich (February 2, 1924 - May 18, 1929) Syrtsov, Sergei Ivanovich (May 18, 1929 - November 3, 1930) Sulimov, Daniil Egorovich (November 3 1930 - July 22, 1937) Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrovich (July 22, 1937 - September 17, 1938) Vakhrushev, Vasily Vasilyevich (July 29, 1939 - June 2, 1940) Khokhlov, Ivan Sergeevich (June 2, 1940 - June 23, 1943) Kosygin, Alexei Nikolaevich ( June 23, 1943 - March 23, 1946)

5. People's Commissars Vice Chairmen:

Rykov A. I. (from the end of May 1921-?) Tsyurupa A. D. (5.12.1921-?) Kamenev L. B. (Jan. 1922-?)

Foreign Affairs:

Trotsky L. D. (10/26/1917 - 04/08/1918) G. V. Chicherin (05/30/1918 - 07/21/1930)

For military and naval affairs:

Antonov-Ovseenko V. A. (26.10.1917-?) Krylenko N. V. (26.10.1917-?) Dybenko P. E. (26.10.1917-18.3.1918) Trotsky L. D. (8.4.1918 - 26.1.1925)

Interior:

Rykov A.I. (26.10. - 4.11.1917) Petrovsky G.I. (17.11.1917-25.3.1919) Dzerzhinsky F.E.

Justice:

Lomov-Oppokov G.I. (26.10 - 12.12.1917) Steinberg I.Z. (12.12.1917 - 18.3.1918) Stuchka P.I. (18.3. - 22.8.1918) Kursky D.I. (22.8.1918) - 1928)

Labor:

Shlyapnikov A. G. (26.10.1917 - 8.10.1918) Schmidt V. V. (8.10.1918-4.11.1919 and 26.4.1920-29.11.1920)

State Charity (from 26.4.1918 - Social Security; NKSO 4.11.1919 merged with the NK Labor, 26.4.1920 divided):

Kollontai A.M. (October 30, 1917-March 1918) Vinokurov A.N. 1921)

Enlightenment:

Lunacharsky A. V. (26.10.1917-12.9.1929)

Post and telegraph:

Glebov (Avilov) N. P. (10.26.1917-12.09.1917) Proshyan P.P. (24.3-26.5.1921) Dovgalevsky V. S. (26.5.1921-6.7.1923)

For nationalities:

Stalin I.V. (26.10.1917-6.7.1923)

Finance:

Skvortsov-Stepanov I. I. (26.10.1917 - 20.1.1918) Brilliantov M. A. (19.1.-18.03.1918) Gukovsky I. E. (April-16.8.1918) Krestinsky N. N. (16.8.1918 - October 1922) Sokolnikov G. Ya. (11/23/1922-16/1/1923)

Ways of communication:

Elizarov M.T. (8.11.1917-7.1.1918) Rogov A.G. (24.2.-9.5.1918) Kobozev P.A. (9.5.-June 1918) Nevsky V.I. .1919) Krasin L.B. (30.3.1919-20.3.1920) Trotsky L.D. .1921-6.7.1923)

Agriculture:

Milyutin V.P. (26.10 - 4.11.1917) Kolegaev A.L. (24.11.1917 - 18.3.1918) Sereda S.P. 1921-18.1.1922) Yakovenko V.G. (18.1.1922-7.7.1923)

Trade and Industry:

Nogin V.P. (26.10. - 4.11.1917) Shlyapnikov A.G. (19.11.1917-Jan.1918) Smirnov V.M. 12.11.1918) Krasin L. B. (12.11.1918-6.7.1923)

Food:

Teodorovich I.A. (26.10-18.12.1917) Shlikhter A.G. (18.12.1917 - 25.2.1918) Tsyurupa A.D. 6/7/1923)

State Control of the RSFSR:

Lander K.I. (9.5.1918 - 25.3.1919) Stalin I.V. (30.3.1919-7.2.1920)

Health:

Semashko N. A. (11.7.1918 - 25.1.1930)

Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate:

Stalin I.V. (24.2.1920-25.4.1922) Tsyurupa A.D. (25.4.1922-6.7.1923)

State property:

Karelin V. A. (9.12.1917 - 18.03.1918) Malinovsky P.P. (18.3. - 11.7.1918)

For local government:

Trutovsky V. E. (19.12.1917 - 18.3.1918)

Supreme Council of the National Economy (chairmen):

Osinsky N. (2.12.1917-22.3.1918) Milyutin V.P. (vrid) (23.3-28.5.1921) Rykov A.I. (3.4.1918-28.5.1921) Bogdanov P.A. (28.5.1921) -9.5.1923) Rykov A.I. (9.5.1923-2.2.1924)

6. Sources

Figures of the USSR and the revolutionary movement of Russia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. - S. 826-827.

Bibliography:

Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life Systematized collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians, OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914 “The highest bodies of state power and central government of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Handbook (based on the materials of state archives) ”(prepared by the Central State Archive of the RSFSR), ch. Section I "Government of the RSFSR" "Constitution (basic law) of the RSFSR" (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 07/10/1918)