Founding of the SSR and Ukrainian SRR. Ukrainian SSR

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic, URSR) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union (USSR).

History

Soviet power first appeared in the east and south of Ukraine in December 1917 - February 1918. Then a number of Soviet republics were proclaimed: the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (eastern Ukraine), the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic, the Odessa Soviet Republic, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida (later the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic). On March 17-19, 1918, they all united into the Ukrainian Soviet Republic with its capital in Kharkov and a revolutionary government - the People's Secretariat. The Ukrainian Soviet Republic was part of the Russian Soviet Republic, which was proclaimed as a federation of Soviet national republics. However, very soon (by April 1918), under pressure from the German occupation forces, the Ukrainian SSR ceased to exist.

After the defeat of Germany, as a result of the Soviet-Polish war, Soviet power returned to Ukraine in the spring of 1919. The Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was proclaimed as an independent state on March 10, 1919 at the III All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets held on March 6-10, 1919 in Kharkov; At the same time, the first Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR was adopted. At the time of the proclamation, the republic included the territories of 6 provinces. During 1919-20, the republic continued to be the scene of clashes between Bolshevik, Ukrainian, White Guard, Polish and other military formations. By the end of 1920, Soviet power was established in most of the territory of Ukraine.

The Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (May-September 1919) and the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (July-September 1920) were actually proclaimed independent autonomies for a short time under Soviet Ukrainian rule. However, soon (according to the Riga Treaty of 1921) these territories were outside the Ukrainian SSR.

On December 30, 1922, the Ukrainian SSR signed the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the USSR. On January 30, 1937, in connection with the adoption of the new Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR, it was renamed the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The capital of the Ukrainian SSR from 1918 to 1934 was in Kharkov, after which it was moved to Kyiv. In 1924, Taganrog was transferred from the Ukrainian SSR to the RSFSR, and vice versa, in 1954, Crimea was transferred to Ukraine from the RSFSR. On August 24, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Act of Independence of Ukraine, confirmed by a national referendum on December 1, 1991, at the same time elections of the President of Ukraine were held. Currently - Ukraine.

Symbolism

On March 10, 1919, the third All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets adopted the first Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR and the coat of arms, on the heraldic shield of which a sickle and a hammer were depicted in the rays of the rising sun, and above them the abbreviation “U. S. S. R.” On a red ribbon under the shield in Ukrainian and Russian was placed the call: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" The shield framed a wreath of ears of wheat. In 1949, an image of a five-pointed red star and an inscription on the middle part of the ribbon appeared above the coat of arms: “Ukrainian RSR”.

On January 14, 1918, the Central Rada of Ukraine adopted a temporary law on the flag: “The flag of the military fleet of Ukraine is a panel of two colors - blue and yellow. In the blue roof there is a historical golden trident with a white inner field in it. The flag of the Ukrainian merchant fleet is a flag of two colors - blue and yellow.

On March 22, 1918, the Central Rada approved the yellow-blue flag as the state flag of Ukraine.

In 1918, after the coup d'état carried out by Hetman Skoropadsky, the order of the colors of the flag was changed to blue-yellow. He remained so even after the restoration of the power of the Directory at the end of the year.

The coat of arms of the Ukrainian SSR on the pediment of the building of the Kharkiv City Council restored in 1954, 2008 In March 1919, the III All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets adopted the first Constitution of Soviet Ukraine. In accordance with its 35th article, “the commercial, maritime and military flag of the U.S.S.R. R." or the inscription "Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic".

In 1937, the hammer and sickle appeared on the flag. In 1949, the flag underwent the greatest changes: it became two-color, its lower part acquired blue. The blue color of the flag indicates the huge natural wealth of Ukraine, its excellent climatic conditions, and the fact that it is a maritime power (in the literature, the blue color is also associated with the color of the banners of Bogdan Khmelnytsky). With its colors, the flag began to differ from other union republics, there was no need to place the abbreviation “U. S. S. R. Above, above the sickle and hammer, an image of a five-pointed star appeared. The flag of this sample lasted until the beginning of 1992.

Hymn

Live, Ukrainian, beautiful and strong,
In the Radyansk Union you knew happiness.
Mіzh Rіvnimi Rіvna, Mіzh Vіlnimi Vіlna,
Under the sun of freedom, as the flower blossomed.

Glory to Vіtchiznі on wiki-wіkіv!

Let us fight the battles for the share of the people
Become a friend and brother of the Russian people,
Us Lenin pov_v posable campaign
Under the ensign of Zhovtnya to the bright heights

Glory to the Union of Radyansky, glory!
Glory to Vіtchiznі on wiki-wіkіv!
Live in Ukraine, radianska state,
In the united homeland of people-brothers!

We glorify the work of the Batkivshchyna,
We affirm the truth of immortal ideas.
The world of communism has a great future
The Leninist Party has wisely guided us.

Glory to the Union of Radyansky, glory!
Glory to Vіtchiznі on wiki-wіkіv!
Live in Ukraine, radianska state,
In the united homeland of people-brothers!

Translation

Live, Ukraine, beautiful and strong
You found happiness in the Soviet Union.
Equal between equals, free between free
Under the sun of freedom, like a flower blossomed.

Glory to the Motherland forever and ever!

We are always in battles for the fate of the people
Was a friend and brother of the Russian people
Lenin led us on a victorious march
Under the flag of October to bright heights.

Glory to the Soviet Union, glory!
Glory to the Motherland forever and ever!
Live Ukraine, Soviet power
In a single family of nations-brothers!

We glorify the mighty Motherland with labor
We affirm the truth of immortal ideas.
To the world of communism - a majestic future
The Leninist Party is leading us wisely.

Glory to the Soviet Union, glory!
Glory to the Motherland forever and ever!
Live Ukraine, Soviet power
In a single family of nations-brothers!

How many republics were in the USSR And how the abbreviation of the USSR was deciphered and received the best answer

Answer from Zolotov Maxim[expert]
15. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Answer from Oleg[guru]
nah...
15 republics ... a union of Soviet socialist republics ...

Answer from _fifiuki_[guru]
xs, and the USSR-gopher shit among the daisies)) here is Vlad)) and what is your version?

Answer from User deleted[guru]
16 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
here for those who doubt the quantity:
The Soviet Union consisted of union republics (from 4 to 16 in different years), which, according to the constitution, are sovereign states. Part of the republics included autonomous republics, territories, regions, autonomous regions and autonomous (in the early stages - national) districts.
The USSR was created on December 30, 1922, by combining the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the BSSR and the ZSFSR. Finland?

Answer from Alyona[guru]
15 republics.
union of soviet socialist republics

Answer from DICK[guru]
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.15 pieces.

Answer from Lestat[guru]
Well damn! Soon we will confuse the 2nd World War with the Trojan!
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Number of republics=Number of statues in the fountain at VDNKh - 1.
The 16th was Finland, did not last long.

Answer from Yustas[newbie]
differently. mostly there were 15 republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Answer from User deleted[guru]
roofing felts 14 roofing felts 15
but the USSR is clearly deciphered as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
it's time to know

Answer from Lado Livingston[guru]
Is this a new joke? :-)) or you are too young... If so, then please... 15 Allied and 21 Autonomous, and there were also autonomous regions. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - by the way - THE COUNTRY WAS GREAT (minus some porbels)

Answer from Aliyasha[guru]
Lived!!111

Answer from Larisa Salivon[newbie]
15 republics.USSR-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Answer from AU[guru]
What year were you born in???? It’s even strange for me to read such a question.

Answer from Alex Kryuchkov[guru]
And now you know how the USSR is deciphered? Russia's Strategic Deterrence Forces - and this is not a joke, this is a counterbalance to any external aggression against our country!

Answer from Ўranych[expert]
and what they teach at school, wear condoms

Answer from Elena Prekrasnai[guru]
like this, and the USSR became a history that many no longer know. we are dying out, we come from the USSR, like mammoths!

Answer from CRYSTAL[newbie]
Yes, it's a shame not to know. Though it depends on how old you are. Today's schoolchildren generally know nothing about our immediate past and do not want to know.

Answer from DimNkl[active]
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, before the collapse, it united 15 republics - the current CIS and the Baltic countries. He also had names: the Soviet Union, Sovet Union, USSR, SU.

- (in Podolytsyn), also in the Caucasus, in the Lower and Middle Volga regions, in the West. Europe, Persia, India, USA and Japan. Harvested for the sake of fruits, which contain from 2% to 6% essential oil, as well as up to 12% fatty oil and protein substances. On sale… … Big Medical Encyclopedia

Ukrainian SSR- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic before: UNR after: Ukraine USSR, Ukraine ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

Ukrainian SSR- [u es es er], unchangeable, f. Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. AGS, 345 ... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies

Ukrainian SSR- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ... Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language

Ukrainian SSR. On January 1, 1931, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into regions. Moldavian ASSR total number of districts 376 (+ 11 districts of the Moldavian ASSR) total number of cities allocated as independent administrative territorial units 20 (+ Tiraspol) center of the Ukrainian SSR city ... ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian SSR. On July 17, 1932, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into regions, districts: the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the total number of regions 6 was newly formed: Donetsk region (July 17, 1932) from parts of the Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov regions ... ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian SSR. On October 1, 1938, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into regions and regions. The Moldavian ASSR (the center of Tiraspol) the total number of regions 12 the total number of regions 488 (+ 14 regions of the Moldavian ASSR) the total number of village councils 10,823 (+ 227 village councils of the Moldavian ASSR) ... ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian SSR. On January 1, 1941, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into regions and districts, the total number of regions was 23, the total number of districts was 746, the total number of cities of regional subordination was 79, including 6 with attached village councils, the total number of village councils was 16,289, the total number ... ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian SSR. January 1, 1947, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into regions and districts, the total number of regions 25 (+2) the total number of districts 13 (+13) the total number of districts 750 (+4) the total number of cities of regional subordination 85 (+6), including 6 with affiliated village councils ... ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian SSR. On June 3, 1925, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into districts and districts of the Moldavian ASSR from October 12, 1924 (the center is the city of Balta, in 1928-1929 the village of Birzula, since 1929 the city of Tiraspol) the total number of provinces is 9 the total number of districts is 41 the center of the Ukrainian SSR is the city of Kharkov ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Catalog of parchment documents of the Central State Historical Archive of the Ukrainian SSR in Lvov. 1233-1799, . Your attention is invited to the book "Catalogue of parchment documents of the Central State Historical Archive of the Ukrainian SSR in Lvov. 1233-1799" ...
State Museum of Ethnography and Artistic Crafts of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR,. The album is dedicated to the collection of the State Museum of Ethnography and Artistic Crafts of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. The exposition of the museum tells about the material and spiritual culture of the Ukrainian people since…

UKRAINIAN SSR, Ukraine. Formed 25 Dec. 1917, from 30 Dec. 1922 as part of the SSSravni Located in the southwest of Europe. parts of the SSSravni In 1941 pl. 533.3 thousand km2. US. in 1940 - 41.3 million people. In 1941, there were 23 regions, 255 cities and 459 settlements in the Ukrainian SSR. ... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia

Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR. physical map - … Geographic atlas

Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR. economic map - … Geographic atlas

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic The Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine, Ukrainian SSR) is located in the southwest of the European part of the USSR. It borders on the west with Poland and Czechoslovakia, and on the southwest with Hungary and Romania. In the south it is washed by the Black and Azov Seas. ... ...

III.7.4.2. Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine) (1917 - 91)- ⇑ III.7.4. Union republics within the USSR Table. Kharkov, since 1934 Kyiv. 12/30/1922 12/26/1991 as part of the USSR 1) First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (until 1952 CP (b) U). 12/18/1917 04/20/1918 Central Committee of the RSDLP of Ukraine. 04/20 05/26/1918 Organizing Bureau of the Communist Party (b) U. ... ... Rulers of the World

Ukrainian Radian Socialist Republic Soviet Republic ... Wikipedia

This is a term that describes a system of buildings and structures that spatially organizes the environment for the life and work of people who were built in modern and historical Ukraine. Ukrainian architecture takes its roots from Kievan Rus, which ... ... Wikipedia

Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General Information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of the USSR on December 30, 1922, it became part of it as a union republic. Located on… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Ukrainian Radian Socialist Republic flag of the republic coat of arms of the republic Motto: Proletarians of all lands, unite! ... Wikipedia

Books

Soviet Ukraine during the Great Patriotic War (set of 3 books), . The publication contains documents and materials relating to the time of the war with Nazi Germany. For specialist historians, as well as a wide range ...
Non-Soviet Ukrainization. The authorities of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Romania and the "Ukrainian question", Borisenok Elena Yurievna. After the collapse of the Romanov and Habsburg empires, the Ukrainian movement made an attempt to create its own national state. On the map of revolutionary Europe, the Ukrainian People's...
Non-Soviet Ukrainization of the power of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Romania and the Ukrainian question in the interwar period, Borisenok E. After the collapse of the Romanov and Habsburg empires, the Ukrainian movement attempted to create its own national state. On the map of revolutionary Europe, the Ukrainian People's...

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine, Ukrainian SSR) is located in the southwest. European part of the USSR. It borders on the west with Poland and Czechoslovakia, on the southwest. - with Hungary and Romania. In the south it is washed by the Black and Azov Seas. Ukraine is the second (after the RSFSR) Union Republic of the USSR in terms of population. Area 603.7 thousand sq. km 2. Population 49,075 thousand people (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census; thousand people): Ukrainians 35,284, Russians 9126, Jews 777, Belarusians 386, Poles 295, Moldovans 266, Bulgarians 234, etc. The average population density is 81.3 people. for 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Kyiv (2013 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). Large cities (thousand inhabitants): Kharkiv (1385), Odessa (1023), Dnepropetrovsk (976), Donetsk (967), Zaporozhye (760), Krivoy Rog (634), Lvov (629). Many new cities have grown: Severodonetsk, Novaya Kakhovka, Novovolynsk, Vatutino, and others. In administrative-territorial terms, the Ukrainian SSR is divided into 25 regions. There are 3 large economic regions: Donetsko-Pridneprovsky, Yugo-Zapadny, Yuzhny. There are 477 districts, 394 cities and 892 urban-type settlements in the republic.

Nature. The surface is predominantly flat with separate uplands (Volynskaya, Podolskaya, Pridneprovskaya - in the west, spurs of the Central Russian - in the northeast, Azov and Donetsk ridges - in the southeast) and lowlands (Polesskaya - in the north, Pridneprovskaya - in the middle part of the left bank of the Dnieper and the Black Sea - in the south). The Ukrainian Carpathians rise to the west (with the highest point - the city of Hoverla, 2061 m) - part of the Eastern Carpathians; to the south - the Crimean mountains (until 1545 m heights, Roman-Kosh).

Minerals: coal, oil, gas, iron, manganese, nickel, mercury, titanium ores, graphite, refractory clays, mineral, chemical raw materials, building materials. The climate is temperate, predominantly continental, subtropical on the southern coast of Crimea. The average January temperature is from -7 to -8 ° C in the northeast, up to 2-4 ° C on the southern coast of Crimea; July from 18-19 °С in the S.-W. up to 23-24 °С in the south-east. Precipitation 600-700 mm per year in the S.-W. and 300 mm - to the south-east

The most important rivers: the Dnieper, the Southern Bug, the Dniester, the Seversky Donets, the Prut, the Danube (the mouth part). Lakes: Yalpug, Sasyk, Kagul, Alibey, etc., there are estuary lakes. There are more than 23 thousand arts in Ukraine. ponds and reservoirs (including on the Dnieper: Kievskoe, Kanevskoe, Kremenchugskoe, Dneprodzerzhinskoe, Lake Lenin, Kakhovskoe). For water supply to industrial enterprises and cities, channels were built: the Dnieper - Krivoy Rog, Seversky Donets - Donbass; under construction (1977) Dnieper - Donbass. The North Crimean irrigation system is in operation. channel (1st stage).

For soil and grows. the cover is characterized by a pronounced almost latitudinal zonality; in mountainous areas - altitudinal zonality. The northern part of the republic is located in a zone of mixed forests (mainly pine, oak, birch, maple, ash) with a predominance of sod-podzolic and marsh soils; the middle and southern regions are in forest-steppe soils with chernozem and gray forest soils and steppe soils with low-humus chernozems and chestnut (in the extreme south) soils. The forested area is 14.1%.

History reference. The class society on the territory of Ukraine arose in the 1st millennium BC. e. In the 9th-12th centuries. most of the territory was part of Kievan Rus, which became the basis for the formation of a single ancient Russian people, from which three Slavic peoples subsequently formed - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. In the 13th-15th centuries. the peoples of Ukraine resisted the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, German and Turkish aggression. From the 14th century the territory of Ukraine was under the rule of Vel. principalities of Lithuania, Poland, etc. In the 15th century. mainly formed Ukrainian nationality. The liberation war of the Ukrainian people of 1648-54 ended with the reunification of Ukraine with Russia (Pereyaslav Rada). Right-bank Ukraine was reunited with Russia at the end of the 18th century. the peasant reform of 1861 accelerated the development of capitalism. At the end of the 19th century the first social-democratic organizations appeared. The working people of Ukraine participated in the Revolution of 1905-07, the February Revolution of 1917 and the October Revolution of 1917. Soviet power was established in November 1917 - January 1918. The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 12 (25), 1917. In 1918-20, with the help of the Red Army, the Ukrainian people defeated the counter-revolutionary Central Rada , Directory, troops of the White Guards, Austro-German and Anglo-French invaders. Since December 30, 1922, the Ukrainian SSR has been part of the USSR. In November 1939 Western Ukraine was reunited with the Ukrainian SSR. On August 2, 1940, parts of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina entered the Ukrainian SSR. As a result of industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, a largely socialist society was built in the republic. In 1941-42 Ukraine was occupied by Nazi troops. A partisan movement developed. By the fall of 1943, the Soviet troops were liberated. Left-bank Ukraine, in October 1944 - the entire republic. In June 1945 Transcarpathian Ukraine was reunited with the Ukrainian SSR. In 1954, Crimea became part of it. Since 1945 the Ukrainian SSR has been a member of the United Nations.

As of January 1, 1975, the Communist Party of Ukraine had 2,484,838 members and 80,272 candidate members of the party; there were 5,670,533 members in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Ukraine; there are 19,900,000 trade union members in the republic.

The Ukrainian people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.

The Ukrainian SSR was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin (1954, 1958), the Order of the October Revolution (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).

Economy. During the years of socialist construction, Ukraine has become a highly developed industrial-agrarian republic.

Ukraine has developed economic ties with all union republics. In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 12 times, and the level of 1913 by 86 times.

On the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in Table. one.

The industry of Ukraine relies on a powerful fuel and energy base. The main coal basin of the Ukrainian SSR and the country is Donetsk. The largest thermal power plants: Dobrotvorskaya, Zmievskaya, Pridneprovskaya, Zaporizhzhya, Slavyanskaya, Burshtynskaya, Ladyzhinskaya, Trypilskaya. Under construction (1977) Chigirinskaya GRES, Krivorozhskaya GRES-2 and Uglegorskaya GRES, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and others. V. I. Lenin, Dneprodzerzhinskaya, Kakhovskaya, Kremenchugskaya, Kanevskaya and Kievskaya.

The Ukrainian SSR has a powerful ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the production of light metals, mercury and a number of other industries. In mechanical engineering, heavy and power engineering, various transport engineering, the production of agricultural machines, and electronics are especially developed. The chemical industry is represented by the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, dyes, rubber products. The food industry plays an important role in the economy of the whole country.

Gross agricultural output doubled in 1975 compared to 1940. At the end of 1975 there were 1,763 state farms and 7,688 collective farms. In 1975, 371.7 thousand tractors worked in agriculture (in physical units; 94.6 thousand in 1940), 82.5 thousand grain harvesters (33.4 thousand in 1940), 283.8 thousand trucks (54.9 thousand in 1940). Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 42.2 million hectares. ha(70% of the entire territory), including arable land - 34.2 million hectares. ha, hayfields - 2.2 million ha and pastures - 4.6 mln. ha. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 1483 thousand hectares. ha. Great work has been carried out to drain the land; the area of drained lands - 2034.6 thousand hectares ha(1975). In 1975, agricultural and livestock products accounted for 48% and 52% of the gross agricultural output, respectively. Data on sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops, see Table. 2.

The area of fruit and berry plantations has grown from 612 thous. ha in 1940 to 1122 thousand. ha in 1975, vineyards - from 103 thousand. ha in 1940 to 275 thousand. ha in 1975. The gross harvest of fruits and berries increased from 790,000 T in 1940 to 2494 thousand. T in 1975, grapes - from 161 thousand. T in 1940 to 1187 thousand. T in 1975. Medicinal and essential oil plants are of great commercial importance. The most important livestock sector is cattle breeding (see Table 3).

Large industrial complexes for the production of livestock products on an industrial basis and specialized industrial-type enterprises for the production of broilers and dietary eggs are being created near industrial centers. On the growth of livestock production, see the data in Table. 4.

Tab. 1. - Production of the most important types of industrial products

Electricity, bln. kWh
Electricity, bln. kWh
Coal, mln. T
Oil (including gas condensate), mln. T
Natural gas, bln. m 3
Pig iron, mln. T
Steel, mln. T
Rolled ferrous metals, mln. T
Iron ore, mln. T
Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), mln. T
Chemical fibers, thous. T
Soda ash (100 percent), thous. T
Sulfuric acid, thous. T
Turbines, mln. kW
Metallurgical equipment, thous. T
Main line diesel locomotives, sections
Cars, thousand units
Tractors (in physical units), thousand units
Excavators, thousand units
Tractor plows, thous.
Tractor seeders, thousand units
Beet harvesters, thous.
Cement, mln. T
Cotton fabrics, mln. m
Woolen fabrics, mln. m
Silk fabrics, mln. m
Linen fabrics, mln. m
Leather shoes, million pairs
Cameras, thousand pieces
Radio receivers and radiograms, thousand pieces
TV sets, thousand pieces
Household refrigerators, thous.
Meat, thous. T
Animal butter, thous. T
Vegetable oil, thous. T
Sugar, mln. T

1 Heat steam locomotive

Tab. 2. - Cultivated area and gross harvest of agricultural crops

Total sown area, mln. ha
Total sown area, mln. ha
Cereal crops including wheat
Industrial crops
Including:
sugar beet (factory)
sunflower
fiber flax
Vegetable crops
Potato
Gross collection, mln. T
Cereal crops
including wheat
Sugar beet (factory)
Sunflower

Potato

Agriculture is developing along the line of intensifying production on the basis of chemicalization and comprehensive mechanization of agriculture and animal husbandry.

The main mode of transport is rail. The operational length of railways is 22.27 thousand km. km(1975). Through the seaports of Ukraine - Odessa, Nikolaev, Ilyichevsk, Zhdanov, Kherson, maritime trade relations of the USSR are carried out. The total length of river navigable routes is 4.5 thousand km. km(1975). The length of roads is 173.8 thousand km. km(1975), including hard-surfaced 116.7 thous. km. Developed air transport. The length of main pipelines is over 14,000 km. km(1975). In 1967, the construction of the Bratstvo gas pipeline from the Carpathians to Czechoslovakia was completed. The oil pipeline "Druzhba" passes through the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (within the republic - 680 km).

The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily rising. The national income for 1966-75 increased 1.7 times. Real incomes per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 3203 million rubles. in 1940 to 36,919 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 7.2 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 18,624 million rubles. (96 million rubles in 1940), the average deposit is 832 rubles. (28 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the city's housing stock amounted to 375.8 million. m 2 total (usable) area. During 1971-75, 97.7 million tons were put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. m 2 total (usable) area.

Cattle
Cattle
including cows

Sheep and goats
Bird, million

Tab. 4. - Production of basic livestock products


Meat (in slaughter weight), thous. T
Milk, thous. T
Eggs, mln.
Wool, thousand T

Cultural building. According to the 1897 census, 27.9% of the population aged 9-49 were literate, including 41.7% of men and 14% of women. In 1914/15 school. in the city (within the borders of the Ukrainian SSR until September 17, 1939) there were 20.2 thousand schools (1728.3 thousand students), there was not a single state school with teaching in the native language; complete secondary education was provided by 577 schools and 71 secondary specialized educational institutions, higher education - by 19 higher educational institutions.

After the establishment of Soviet power, a national school was created with teaching in the native and Russian languages. In 1939, the literacy of the population was 88.2% (according to the 1970 census, it reached 99.8%).

In 1975, 2,038,000 children were being brought up in permanent preschool institutions.

In 1975/76 school. 8276.9 thousand students studied in 26 thousand general education schools of all types, 553 thousand students studied in 1006 vocational schools (including 214 thousand students in secondary vocational schools), in 730 secondary specialized educational institutions - 783.8 thousand students; in 142 universities - 831.3 thousand students. Universities: Kyiv, Lvov, Kharkov, Odessa, Chernivtsi, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Uzhgorod, Simferopol universities, Kyiv, Kharkov, Lvov, Odessa Polytechnic Institutes, Kyiv Conservatory, Kyiv Medical Institute, etc.

In 1975, there were 776 people per 1,000 people employed in the national economy. with higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education (in 1939 - 139 people). The leading scientific institution is the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1975, 171,500 researchers worked in scientific institutions. The network of cultural institutions has received significant development. In 1975 there were: 77 theaters, including the Ukrainian Opera and Ballet Theatre. T. G. Shevchenko, Ukrainian Drama Theater. I. Franko, Kyiv Theater. Lesia Ukrainka, Odessa Opera and Ballet Theatre, Odessa Russian Drama Theatre; 27.8 thousand stationary film installations; 25.9 thousand club institutions. The largest libraries - State Library of the Ukrainian SSR. CPSU (founded in 1866; 1729.1 thousand copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.), the Central Scientific Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (over 6 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.). In 1975 there were 27,000 mass libraries (320.4 million copies of books and journals); 154 museums.

In 1975, 8,003 book titles and pamphlets were published with a circulation of 155 million copies. (3 times more than in 1940). 518 magazines and continuing journal-type publications were published, with an annual circulation of 223.8 million copies. (251 titles with an annual circulation of 12.3 million copies in 1940). In 1975, 2,029 newspapers were published with a single circulation of 24,344,000 copies; annual circulation of newspapers - 4447 million copies.

Books, magazines and newspapers are printed in Ukrainian (over 2/3 of the total circulation), Russian, Moldavian, and also in some foreign languages. The Radiotelegraph Agency of Ukraine (RATAU) and the Republican Book Chamber have been operating since 1922 in Kyiv. The first radio broadcasts took place in 1924 in Kharkov. Radio broadcasts are conducted in Ukrainian, Russian, Moldovan, Hungarian, German and English. In 1951, the Kyiv television center was put into operation.

In the republic in 1975 there were 4,122 hospitals with 578,300 beds (2,498 hospitals with 157,600 beds in 1940); 157.1 thousand doctors and 484.5 thousand paramedical personnel worked (35.3 thousand doctors and 100.8 thousand paramedical personnel in 1940). Numerous resorts of all major treatment groups are popular:

State flag. Ukrainian SSR.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978