Decline adjectives according to cases. Case endings for adjectives

In order to correctly decline adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.

Endings and adjectives are most conveniently checked by substituting a question which? in desired form, since the endings of the question and the adjective are the same, for example: It was hard for him to go after wow(as wow?) days. The exception is the nominative case singular masculine (and a similar accusative case), where the ending is written under stress -oh (detachable oh calendar, business oh Human), and without the accent - th or -th (desktop th calendar, sincere uy Human).

In adjectives on -th , -ya , -e (wolch uy, wolch ya, wolch ye ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , For example: wolch b I(flock) wolch b e(den), wolch b and(traces); wolch b him, wolf b hey wolf b them wolf b them etc. (but: wolch uy howl).

Nominative case endings

In the feminine, in the nominative singular, the ending is written -and I or -ya , and in the middle gender - th or -her (which? — in absentia and I average ya school; which? — interesting oh comprehensively her study).

In plural all three genera are written ending th or -s (which? — frosty s winter ie days, nights, mornings).

Accusative endings

In the feminine, in the accusative singular, the ending is written th or -yuyu (answers a question what?), For example: finish (what?) in absentia wow average yuyu school.

Instrumental endings

In the masculine and neuter gender instrumental end in singular th or -them (answers a question what?), For example: enjoy (what?) warmth th autumn them afternoon, morning.

In the feminine singular, the ending is written -oh (-oy ) or -her (-her ) (answers the question which? what?), For example: patronize (what? what?) change oh average her school.

Prepositional endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, in the prepositional singular, the ending is written -ohm or -eat (answers a question what?), For example: write about (what?) heat ohm autumn eat afternoon, morning.

Declension of participles, ordinal numbers

Just like qualitative and relative adjectives, participles change (decline), some pronouns (every, every, most, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., except for the third, declining like possessive adjective wolf). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting the question which one? in the right form, for example: He strove to honor (what?) every appearing scientific article on (what?) question of interest to him.

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An adjective denotes a feature of an object. This part of speech is dependent and answers the questions what? which? which? which? The adjective in the sentence has a connection with the noun, and the combination of the adjective and the noun itself, due to the variety of forms and combinations, provides an extraordinary richness and beauty to the Russian language. At school, students often need to determine the case of an adjective. In order to correctly figure out the case and not confuse adjectives of different cases, it is important to follow the algorithm and remember some nuances.

Determine cases of adjectives. A few recommendations. Features of adjectives in different cases
Before proceeding to consider the issue of declension of adjectives, it is important to note the features of the change in this part of speech. The case declension depends directly on the gender and number of the adjective. Remember the principle of changing the words of this part of speech by numbers and gender, then you will be able to easily navigate in the endings of cases.

Adjectives are declined by gender only in the singular.
- Masculine: endings -oy, -y, -y. For example: friend (what?) big, kind, sensitive.
- Feminine: endings -aya, -aya. Jacket (what?) Red, blue.
- Neuter gender: endings -oe, -ee. Mirror (what?) Round, blue.
The gender of an adjective can be determined by the noun to which it refers in the text.
Adjectives are declined by numbers.
- In the singular, they denote a sign of one object, a set of objects. For example: a good option, large table, friendly class, cheerful youth.
- Plural adjectives refer to many things. They answer in the nominative case to the question what? and have endings -s, -s.

You can determine the number of an adjective by the noun to which the adjective refers.

Consider the features of the declension of adjectives in cases. Knowing the principles of declension of this part of speech will help you determine the case of an adjective.

Feminine adjectives in the singular are declined as follows:

Nominative. Endings - th, - th. The fishing rod (what?) is long.
Genitive. Endings - oh, oh. Fishing rods (what?) long.
Dative. Endings - oh yeah. Fishing rod (what?) Long.
Accusative. Endings - th, -th. Fishing rod (what?) Long.
Instrumental case. Endings - oh, oh. Fishing rod (what?) Long.
Prepositional. Endings - oh, oh. About a fishing rod (what?) long.

Remember the declension order of this group of adjectives. Please note that the endings of adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases are the same. In such cases, you will need to determine the case by noun.

Adjectives of the middle and masculine gender in the singular are declined according to the following scheme:

case	masculine The ending	Example		Neuter gender The ending	Example
nominative	-oh, -oh, -oh	The table (what?) is large, wooden		-oh, -her	Sky (What?) blue, blue
genitive	-oh, -his	Table (what?) Large, wooden		-oh, -his	Heaven (what?) blue, blue
dative	-om, -him	Table (what?) Large, wooden		-om, -him	Heaven (what?) blue, blue
accusative		Animated noun-see genus. paj	Inanimate- see them. case	See them. case	Sky (What?) blue, blue
instrumental	-th, -im	A table (what?) Large, wooden		-th, -im	Heaven (what?) blue, blue
prepositional	-om, -em	About the table (what?) Large, wooden		-om, eat	About the sky (what?) blue, blue

You can determine the case of an adjective by the case of the noun it refers to. As you have noticed, it is easy to confuse the adjectives of the nominative, accusative, genitive case of this group of words by their endings. Determine the case of the adjective according to the noun.

In the plural, adjectives are declined as follows:

Nominative case: -s, -s. Houses (what?) Big.
Genitive case: -s, -ih. Houses (what?) Large.
Dative case: -ym, -im. Houses (what?) Large.
Accusative: Animate nouns are inflected in the genitive case, while inanimate nouns are inflected in the nominative. Houses (what?) Big.
Instrumental case: -y, -imi. Houses (what?) Large.
Prepositional case: -th, -them. About houses (what?) big.

Please note that the words of this group of adjectives have the same endings in the genitive and prepositional cases. Also, difficulties may arise in determining the nominative, genitive, accusative case. Then pay attention to the case of the noun, the role of the noun in the sentence.

How to determine the case of an adjective? Algorithm
How to determine the case of an adjective correctly? To always accurately indicate the case of a given part of speech, use an algorithm.

Remember the features of the declension of adjectives, their endings, questions of cases.
Write an adjective on a piece of paper.
Highlight the ending in the adjective and compare mentally with the table.
When in doubt, the case of your adjective cannot be determined by the ending, pay attention to the noun.
Ask a question to the noun, highlight the ending and determine its case. The adjective has the same case.
Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between the nominative and the accusative. In this case, you must find out the role of the noun to which the adjective refers in the sentence.
- noun in the nominative case - subject, main member suggestions;
- noun in the accusative case minor member suggestions.
The adjective will have the same case.

Remember the signs of different cases, the features of the declension of this part of speech, use the algorithm. Then you will always correctly determine the case of the adjective.

Full adjectives in the singular change according to gender, number and case, i.e. they decline. In the plural, they do not change by gender, and the case endings of all three genders are the same: gold rings, bracelets, earrings.

There are 3 types of adjective declension:

decline in quality and relative adjectives;

declination possessive adjectives on the -uy: fox, bear

declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in (-yn), -ov (-ev): mother's, lisitsin, fathers, bakers.

Adjectives belonging to the first type of declension are divided into groups according to the nature of the last consonant stem: adjectives with a hard consonant before the end (hard declension), adjectives with a soft consonant before the ending (soft declension), adjectives whose stem ends in g , k, x or hissing (mixed variety of declension): living [in] th, but [in] th, winter [n] th, elastic [g] th, shallow [k] th, su [x] th, hot [h] th, pain [sh]-oh.

Singular

hard variety

	M.r.	Wed R.	J. r.
AND.	new	new	new
R.	new	new	new-oh
d.	new-th	new-th	new-oh
in.	new	new	new
	new	new	new-oh (oh)
t.	new	new
P.	new ohm	new ohm	new-oh

M. r. Wed R. J. r.

I. golden-oh golden-oh golden-oh

R. gold - oh golden oh golden oh

D. golden-oh golden-oh golden-oh

V. golden-oh golden-th golden-th

golden th golden th golden oh (oh)

T. golden golden

P. gold-oh gold-oh gold-oh

soft variety

M.r. Wed R. J. r.

I. blue blue blue her blue

R. blue-his blue-his blue-her

D. Blue-Emu Blue-Em Blue-Ee

V. blue blue blue her blue Yuyu

T. syn-im syn-im syn-ee (ee)

P. (o) blue-em (o) blue-em (o) blue-ey

Adjectives of the masculine and neuter gender in all cases have the same endings, except for the nominative and accusative. The form of the accusative coincides with the genitive or nominative, depending on the animateness - inanimateness of the noun with which it agrees: to see handsome boy- to see a beautiful landscape.

Plural

The form of the accusative hope in the plural, as in the singular, depends on the animation - the inanimateness of the noun: to see beautiful children - to see beautiful landscapes.

Adjectives on g, k, x of the mixed variety of declension have hard and soft stems: elastic [g]-th and elastic [g]-th.

The peculiarities of the declension of adjectives with a basis in hissing are due to modern spelling (after hissing, only y, a, and and are not written u, i, s) and appear only in writing.

Adjectives with a basis in -y (fox, bear, wolf) change by gender, number and case. In the masculine nominative case they have null ending , in the middle gender -e , feminine -I , in plural -and : fox-e, fox-I, fox-and . In other cases, the endings of such adjectives coincide with the endings soft type declensions of qualitative and relative adjectives.

Suffix - th(spelling - uy) in oblique cases is spelled as - b.

Possessive adjectives with suffixes - in (-un ), -ov (-ev ) have endings characteristic of nouns and adjectives. Adjectives of the masculine and neuter gender singular in all cases, except for instrumental and prepositional, have endings characteristic of nouns ( Wed. fathers about words about, fathers a words a, fathers at words at). In the instrumental and prepositional cases, their endings are similar to those of adjectives (- ym, -om ). Feminine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases have endings similar to those of nouns (- a ), in other cases - with adjectives (- oh ). In the nominative and accusative cases of plural possessive adjectives, the endings are the same as those of nouns (- s ), in other cases - as in adjectives (- uh, uh, uh, uh ). For adjectives with the suffix - in genitive and dative masculine and neuter forms (- a, -y ) are replaced by forms with adjective endings (- wow, wow ): sister (cf. big table) → sisterly ; sister (cf. big table) → sister .

Male Russian surnames on - ov (-ev ), -in (-yn) in the instrumental case of the singular and plural, respectively, have the ending - th, th , i.e. inflections of adjectives: Nekrasov - Nekrasov th, Pushkin - Pushkin th, Chichikovs - Chichikovs s. This does not apply to titles. settlements formed from proper names: Live under the city of Pushkin ohm.

Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language acquires expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its attribute and belonging. They ask him the questions “what? which? which? what?”, and it also answers the questions “whose? whose? whose? whose?"

The secret is depending

In a sentence, the adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that is in the question is the same as that of the adjective.

What to Consider

Changing adjectives in cases depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And there are two things to remember here. First, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in the singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.

masculine, feminine and neuter

Let's take the phrase "noun + adjective in the singular" and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different kinds. The gender of an adjective is always the same as the noun to which it refers.

Masculine adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y. Here is an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
Graduation adj. in feminine: -th, -th. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious, summer.
Graduation adj. in the middle gender: -oh, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) Tall, perennial.

Endings of adjectives in different numbers

Adjectives change freely in numbers. In the singular, they designate a sign of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “what, what, what?” For example: a smart question, a wide road, a gentle sun, a cheerful team, a large crowd, a noisy crowd.

In names, adjectives denote a variety of objects, answering the question “what?” For example: high hopes, small disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.

Spelling of unstressed endings in adjectives

To determine this point, you can act on a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.

If the question is “what?”, you need to check if the ending is under stress. If yes, then we write -th, if not, then we write -th (th).

If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then at the end you should write -y

If only questions can be asked from a noun to an adjective, then the same ending that sounds in the question should be written (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let us consider the last statement in more detail.

Changing adjective names by case

Now let's get acquainted with the features of the declension of adjectives in cases. This information will help you figure out the name of the adjective in each case.

First group

These are singular adjectives that have feminine. They lean like this:

Nominative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -ya, -ya.
Genitive case: plums (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
Dative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
Accusative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -yu, -yu.
Instrumental case: plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
Prepositional case: about a plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.

Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.

Second group

These are singular adjectives that have masculine. They lean like this:

Nominative case: ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y.
Genitive case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
Dative case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
To determine the ending of an adjective in the accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question "what?". Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives with an inanimate noun: -oy, -y, -y. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case, the question “whom?” should be asked to it. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what?) Strict, loving. Endings of adjectives with an animated noun: -th, -his.
Instrumental case: with a ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
Prepositional case: about the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.

Third group

These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bend like this.

Nominative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oh, -ee.
Genitive case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
Dative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
Accusative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -her.
Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
Prepositional case: about the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.

We see here that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which this adjective depends.

Fourth group

These are adjectives that are in the plural. Let's say the following about them:

Nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Adjective endings: -s, -s.
Genitive case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
Accusative: adjectives referring to not animate noun, are inclined according to the principle of the nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Endings: -s, -s. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what?) Cheerful, close. Endings: -s, -ih.
Instrumental case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -s, -s.
Prepositional case: about flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.

Note that in this group adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), prepositional cases.

Determining the case of an adjective: a sequence of actions

Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
Let's highlight the ending.
Determine the gender and number of the adjective.
Let's choose which of the four groups described above the given word belongs to.
Let's determine the case of the adjective at the end.
If in doubt, let's pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question to it and determine the case of the adjective from it, since it has the same ending.

If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and an adjective dependent on it) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If the noun in the sentence acts as a subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.