What is the importance of the nervous system for human life. The value of the human nervous system

STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central and peripheral nervous system. The human nervous system consists of central and peripheral parts. The central part includes the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral part includes the nerves and ganglions.

The nervous system is made up of neurons and other cells of the nervous tissue. There are sensory, executive and mixed nerves.

Sensory nerves send signals to the central nervous system. They inform the brain about the state of the internal environment and events taking place in the outside world. The executive nerves carry signals from the brain to the organs, controlling their activity. Mixed nerves include both sensory and executive nerve fibers.

The brain is located in the skull. The bodies of brain neurons are located in the gray matter of the cortex and nuclei scattered among the white matter of the brain. White matter consists of nerve fibers that connect various centers of the brain and spinal cord.

All parts of the brain perform conduction and reflex functions. In the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, the goals of activity are formed and an action program is developed, through the lower parts of the brain its “orders” go to the organs, and through feedback from the organs there are signals about the implementation of these "orders" and their effectiveness.

The spinal cord is located in the spinal canal. At the top, the spinal cord passes into the brain, at the bottom it ends at the level of the second lumbar vertebra, with a bundle of nerves extending from it, resembling a ponytail.

The spinal cord is located in the cerebrospinal fluid. It acts as a tissue fluid, ensuring the constancy of the internal environment, and protects the spinal cord from shocks and concussions.

The neuron bodies of the spinal cord are concentrated in gray columns that occupy the central part of the spinal cord and stretch along the entire spine.

There are ascending nerve pathways, along which nerve impulses go to the brain, and descending nerve pathways, along which excitation goes from the brain to the centers of the spinal cord.

The spinal cord performs reflex and conductive functions.

The connection between the spinal cord and the brain. The centers of the spinal cord work under the control of the brain. The impulses coming from it stimulate the activity of the centers of the spinal cord, maintain their tone. If the connection between the spinal cord and the brain is broken, which happens when the spine is damaged, shock occurs. In shock, all reflexes, the centers of which lie below the damage to the spinal cord, disappear, and voluntary movements become impossible.

Somatic and autonomous (vegetative) departments. Functionally, the nervous system forms two divisions: somatic and autonomous.

Somatic the department regulates human behavior in the external environment, it is associated with the work of skeletal muscles, which are controlled by the desires and will of the person.

Autonomous department regulates the smooth muscles, internal organs, blood vessels. He weakly submits to volitional control and acts according to the program formed as a result of natural selection and fixed heredity of the organism.

The autonomous department consists of two sub-departments − sympathetic and parasympathetic, which operate on the principle of complementarity. Thanks to their joint work, optimal mode work of internal organs for each specific situation.

FUNCTIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system ensures the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body.

The metabolism in every organism is carried out continuously. Some substances are consumed and excreted from the body, others come from outside.

The brain, and with it the endocrine glands, automatically maintain a balance between the intake and use of substances, ensuring the fluctuation of vital signs within acceptable limits.

Thanks to the nervous system, homeostasis is maintained in the body, the relative constancy of the internal environment: acid-base balance, the amount of mineral salts, oxygen and carbon dioxide, decay products and nutrients, in the blood - the value blood pressure and body temperature.

The nervous system coordinates the work of all organs.

The nervous system is responsible for the coordinated activity of various organs and systems, as well as for the regulation of body functions. It determines the order of contraction of muscle groups, the intensity of respiration and cardiac activity, monitors and corrects the results of action. The nervous system is responsible for sensitivity, motor activity and the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems.

Higher nervous activity provides the most perfect adaptation of the organism to the external environment. In humans, it provides higher mental functions: cognitive, emotional and volitional processes, speech, thinking, consciousness, the ability to labor activity and creativity.

Through direct connections there are "orders" of the brain addressed to the organs, and through feedback - signals to the brain from the organs, informing how successfully these "orders" are carried out. The subsequent action will not pass until the previous one has been completed and a positive effect has been achieved.

Parasympathetic innervation (supply of nerves) of all organs and tissues is carried out by branches

The nervous system ensures the survival of the organism as a whole.

To survive, an organism needs to receive information about objects. outside world. Entering into life, a person constantly encounters certain objects, phenomena, situations. Some of them are necessary for him, some are dangerous, others are indifferent.

With the help of the sense organs, the nervous system recognizes the objects of the external world, evaluates them, memorizes and processes the information received, aimed at meeting emerging needs.

OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM LIKE:

1. Fresh air.
2. Movement (long walks).
3. Positive emotions (feeling of joy, change of impressions).
4. Long sleep (9-10 hours).
5. Alternation of physical and mental labor.
6. Water procedures.
7. Simple food: Wholemeal bread, cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal), legumes, fish, meat and offal (liver, heart, kidneys), dried porcini mushrooms.
8. Vitamins of group "B" and Nicotinic acid.

OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM DOES NOT LIKE:

1. Stress(arising as a result of prolonged negative emotions, starvation, prolonged exposure to the hot sun).
2. Noise- any annoying.
3. Infections and mechanical damage(diseases of the ears, teeth, squeezing acne, insect bites - ticks, bruised head).

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Highly important condition for normal human life is the coordinated work of all organ systems. As soon as increased activity begins, the mouse immediately quickens breathing and the rhythm of heart contractions. At the same time, the blood vessels of the internal organs narrow, and in the muscles and skin they expand: the blood flow to the muscles and skin increases. The sweat glands increase the secretion of sweat. Activity digestive system oppressed.

So the nervous system ensures the unity of the body, its integrity. By changing the work of some organs, it, accordingly, changes the work of all other body systems, coordinating their functioning.

Adaptation of the activity of the organism to the conditions of the external environment. Through the sense organs and numerous nerve endings - receptors - located in the skin, the nervous system, perceiving irritations, connects the human body with external environment. Sounds, colors, smells, temperature changes and other stimuli, acting on receptors and sensory organs, cause responses in the body. A decrease in air temperature increases metabolism, and an increase leads to a decrease in metabolism and increased sweating. The sight and smell of food increase salivation. Imminent danger causes rapid movements.

The nervous system, perceiving changes in the environment, changes the activity of the organism, adapting it to these constantly changing conditions.

Thus, the nervous system, regulating and coordinating the activity of organs, adapts their work to changes in the external environment.

Role nervous system in human work. Science has proven that labor is a need of the human body. It is necessary for correct operation and development of all its organs, including the brain. In any labor activity, the nervous system belongs to the main role. With the help of the nervous system, labor skills are mastered, the purpose and results of labor are realized.

Meaning:

1. Ensures the coordinated work of all organs and systems of the body.

2. Carries out the orientation of the organism in the external environment and adaptive response to its changes.

3. It forms the material basis of mental activity: speech, thinking, social behavior.Nerves- accumulation of processes of nerve cells outside the central nervous system enclosed in a common connective tissue sheath and conductive nerve impulses.

Meaning: The main functions of the nervous system are fast, accurate transmission of information and its integration, it provides the relationship between organs and organ systems, the functioning of the body as a whole, its interaction with the external environment. It regulates and coordinates the activity of various organs, adapts the activity of the whole organism as complete system to changing environmental conditions. With the help of the nervous system, various signals from the environment and internal organs are received and analyzed, and responses to these signals are formed. The activity of the higher parts of the nervous system is associated with the implementation of mental functions - awareness of the signals of the surrounding world, their memorization, decision making and organization of purposeful behavior, abstract thinking and speech. All these complex functions are carried out by a huge number of nerve cells - neurons, united in the most complex neural circuits and centers.

The general plan of the structure of the National Assembly. NS is functionally and structurally divided into peripheral and central NS. CNS - collection of interconnected neurons. It is represented by the brain and spinal cord. On a section of the brain and spinal cord, areas of a darker color are distinguished - Gray matter(formed by the bodies of nerve cells) and white areas - white matter brain (accumulation of nerve fibers covered with myelin sheath). Peripheral NS - educated nerves- bundles of nerve fibers, covered on top with a common connective sheath. Peripheral NS includes ganglions, or ganglia, - accumulation of nerve cells outside the spinal cord and brain. If a nerve contains nerve fibers that transmit excitation from the central nervous system to an innervated organ (effector), then such nerves are called centrifugal or efferent. There are nerves that are formed by sensitive nerve fibers, through which excitation spreads to the central nervous system. Such nerves are called centripetal or afferent. Most nerves are mixed they include both centripetal and centrifugal nerve fibers. The division of the NS into central and peripheral is largely arbitrary, since the nervous system functions as a whole.

42. Recall the material of the course "Zoology". Determine the types of nervous systems shown in the figure. Write their names. On the image of the human nervous system, label its parts.

43. Study the textbook material and complete the sentences.
The basis of the nervous system is made up of nerve cells - neurons. They perform the functions of receiving, processing, transmitting and storing information. Nerve cells consist of a body, processes and nerve endings - receptors.

44. Write down the definitions.
Dendrites are short processes of neurons (nerve cells).
Axons - long processes of neurons, (nerve cells)
Gray matter is a collection of neuron bodies in the brain and spinal cord.
White matter is an accumulation of processes of neurons in the spinal cord and in the brain.
Receptors are nerve endings of branched processes of neurons.
Synapses are special contacts that are formed by connecting nerve cells to each other.

45. Study the textbook material and complete the "Structure of the nervous system" diagram.

46. ​​Write down the definitions.
Nerves are bundles of long processes of nerve cells that extend beyond the brain and spinal cord.
Nerve nodes are a collection of neuron bodies outside the central nervous system.

47. Study the textbook material and complete the "Structure of the nervous system" diagram.

48. Explain why the autonomic nervous system is called the autonomous system.
It controls the work of internal organs, ensuring their constant work when the external environment changes or the type of activity of the body changes. This system is not controlled by our consciousness.

49. Write down the definitions.
Reflex - responses of the body to the influence of the external environment or to a change in its internal state, performed with the participation of the nervous system.
reflex arc- the path along which the nerve impulse passes from the place of its origin to the working organ.

The function of the nervous system is to control the activity of various systems and apparatuses that make up an integral organism, to coordinate the processes occurring in it, to establish the relationship of the organism with the external environment. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov wrote: “The activity of the nervous system is directed, on the one hand, to the unification, integration of the work of all parts of the body, on the other hand, to the connection of the body with environment, to balance the body system with external conditions.

Nerves penetrate into all organs and tissues, form numerous branches with receptor (sensory) and effector (motor, secretory) endings, and together with the central sections (brain and spinal cord) ensure the unification of all parts of the body into a single whole. The nervous system regulates the functions of movement, digestion, respiration, excretion, blood circulation, lymph flow, immune (protective) and metabolic processes (metabolism), etc.

The activity of the nervous system, according to I. M. Sechenov, is reflex in nature. Reflex (lat. reflexus - reflected) is the body's response to a particular stimulus (external or internal influence), which occurs with the participation of the central nervous system (CNS). The human organism living in its external environment interacts with it. The environment influences the organism, and the organism, in turn, reacts accordingly to these influences. The processes occurring in the body itself also cause a response. Thus, the nervous system provides the interconnection and unity of the organism and the environment.

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron (nerve cell, neurocyte). A neuron consists of a body and processes. The processes that conduct the nerve impulse to the body of the nerve cell are called dendrites. From the body of the neuron, the nerve impulse is sent to another nerve cell or to the working tissue along a process called an axon, or neurite. A nerve cell is dynamically polarized, that is, it is capable of transmitting a nerve impulse in only one direction - from the dendrite through the cell body to the axon (neurite).

Neurons in the nervous system, coming into contact with each other, form circuits along which nerve impulses are transmitted (move). The transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another occurs at the points of their contacts and is provided by a special kind of formations, called interneuronal synapses. There are ax-somatic synapses, when the axon endings of one neuron form contacts with the body of the next, and axo-dendritic, when the axon comes into contact with the dendrites of another neuron. The contact type of relationships in the synapse under various physiological conditions can, obviously, either be "created" or "destroyed", providing the possibility of a selective reaction to any stimulus. In addition, the contact construction of chains of neurons creates the possibility of conducting a nerve impulse in a certain direction. Due to the presence of contacts in some synapses and separation in others, the conduction of an impulse can be disturbed.

In the nerve chain, different neurons have different functions. In this regard, three main types of neurons are distinguished according to their morphological and functional characteristics.

1Sensitive, receptor or afferent, neurons. The bodies of these nerve cells always lie outside the brain or spinal cord, in the nodes (ganglia) of the peripheral nervous system. One of the processes extending from the body of a nerve cell follows to the periphery to one or another organ and ends there with one or another sensitive ending - a receptor that is able to transform the energy of external influence (irritation) into a nerve impulse. The second process goes to the central nervous system, the spinal cord, or to the brain stem as part of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves or the corresponding cranial nerves.

There are the following types of receptors depending on localization:

1 exteroceptors perceive irritation from the external environment. They are located in the outer integument of the body, in the skin and mucous membranes, in the sense organs;

2 interoceptors are stimulated mainly by changes in the chemical composition of the internal environment of the body and pressure in tissues and organs;

3 proprioceptors perceive irritations in muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, joint capsules.

Reception, i.e., the perception of irritation and the beginning of the spread of a nerve impulse along the nerve conductors to the centers, was attributed by IP Pavlov to the beginning of the analysis process.

2Closing, intercalary, associative, or conductive, neuron. This neuron transfers excitation from the afferent (sensitive) neuron to the efferent ones. The essence of this process is to transfer the signal received by the afferent neuron to the efferent neuron for execution in the form of a response. IP Pavlov defined this action as "the phenomenon of nervous closure." Closing (intercalary) neurons lie within the CNS.

3. Effector, efferent (motor, or secretory) neuron. The bodies of these neurons are located in the central nervous system (or on the periphery - in the sympathetic, parasympathetic nodes). The axons (neurites) of these cells continue in the form of nerve fibers to the working organs (voluntary - skeletal and involuntary - smooth muscles, glands).

After these general remarks, let us consider in more detail the reflex arc and the reflex act as the basic principle of the activity of the nervous system. reflex arc is a chain of nerve cells, including afferent (sensitive) and effector (motor, or secretory) neurons, along which the nerve impulse moves from its place of origin (from the receptor) to the working organ (effector). Most reflexes are carried out with the participation of reflex arcs, which are formed by neurons of the lower parts of the central nervous system - neurons of the spinal cord.

The simplest reflex arc (Fig. 108) consists of only two neurons - afferent and effector (efferent). The body of the first neuron (receptor, afferent), as noted, is outside the CNS. Usually it is a pseudo-unipolar (unipolar) neuron, the body of which is located in the spinal ganglion (ganglion spindle) or sensory ganglion of cranial nerves (ganglion sensoriale nn. cranialii). The peripheral process of this cell follows as part of the spinal nerves or having sensory fibers of the cranial nerves and their branches and ends with a receptor that perceives external (from the external environment) or internal (in organs, tissues) irritation. This irritation is transformed by the receptor into a nerve impulse that reaches the body of the nerve cell, and then along the central process (the totality of such processes forms the posterior, or sensory, roots of the spinal nerves) is sent to the spinal cord or along the corresponding cranial nerves to the brain. In the gray matter of the spinal cord or in the motor nucleus of the brain, this process of the sensitive cell forms a synapse with the body of the second neuron (efferent, effector). In the interneuronal synapse, with the help of mediators, the nervous excitation is transmitted from the sensitive (afferent) neuron to the motor (efferent) neuron, the process of which leaves the spinal cord as part of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves or motor (secretory) nerve fibers of the cranial nerves and goes to the working organ, causing muscle contraction, either inhibition or increased secretion of the gland.

As a rule, the reflex arc does not consist of two neurons, but is much more complicated. Between two neurons - receptor (afferent) and effector (afferent) - there is one or more closing (intercalary) neurons. In this case, the excitation from the receptor neuron through its central process is not transmitted directly to the effector nerve cell, but to one or more intercalary neurons. The role of intercalary neurons in the spinal cord is performed by cells lying in the gray matter of the posterior columns. Some of these cells have an axon (neuritis), which goes to the motor cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord of the same level and closes the reflex arc at the level of this segment of the spinal cord. The axon of other cells in the spinal cord may preliminarily divide in a T-shape into descending and ascending branches, which are directed to the motor nerve cells anterior horns of adjacent, superior or underlying segments. On the way, each of the marked ascending or descending branches can give off collaterals to the motor cells of these and other neighboring segments. In this regard, it becomes clear that irritation of even the smallest number of receptors can be transmitted not only to the nerve cells of a certain segment of the spinal cord, but also spread to the cells of several neighboring segments. As a result, the response is a contraction of not one muscle or even one muscle group, but several groups at once. So, in response to irritation, a complex reflex movement occurs. This is one of the body's responses (reflex) in response to external or internal irritation.

To central nervous system (CNS) include the spinal cord and brain, which are composed of gray and white matter. The gray matter of the spinal cord and brain are clusters of nerve cells along with the nearest branches of their processes. White matter is nerve fibers, processes of nerve cells that have a myelin sheath (hence White color fibers). Nerve fibers form the pathways of the spinal cord and brain and connect various parts of the central nervous system and various nuclei (nerve centers) to each other.

Peripheral nervous system make up the roots, spinal and cranial nerves, their branches, plexuses and nodes that lie in various parts of the human body.

According to another, anatomical and functional classification, the single nervous system is also conditionally divided into two parts: somatic and autonomous, or autonomic. somatic nervous system provides innervation mainly to the telosomes, namely the skin, skeletal (voluntary) muscles. This department of the nervous system performs the functions of connecting the body with the external environment with the help of skin sensitivity and sensory organs.

Autonomic (vegetative) nervous system innervates all the viscera, glands, including endocrine, involuntary muscles of organs, skin, blood vessels, heart, and also regulates metabolic processes in all organs and tissues.

The autonomic nervous system, in turn, is divided into the parasympathetic part, pars parasympathetic, and the cute part pars sympathica. In each of these parts, as in the somatic nervous system, the central and peripheral sections are distinguished.

This division of the nervous system, despite its conventionality, has developed traditionally and seems convenient enough for studying the nervous system as a whole and its individual parts. In this regard, in the future, we will also adhere to this classification in the presentation of the material.

Nerve endings are located throughout human body. They have an important function and are integral part the entire system. The structure of the human nervous system is a complex branched structure that runs through the entire body.

The physiology of the nervous system is a complex composite structure.

The neuron is considered the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Its processes form fibers that are excited when exposed and transmit an impulse. The impulses reach the centers where they are analyzed. After analyzing the received signal, the brain transmits the necessary reaction to the stimulus to the appropriate organs or parts of the body. The human nervous system is briefly described by the following functions:

• providing reflexes;
• regulation of internal organs;
• ensuring the interaction of the organism with the external environment, by adapting the body to changing external conditions and irritants;
• interaction of all organs.

The value of the nervous system is to ensure the vital activity of all parts of the body, as well as the interaction of a person with the outside world. The structure and functions of the nervous system are studied by neurology.

Structure of the CNS

Anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) is a collection of neuronal cells and neuronal processes of the spinal cord and brain. A neuron is a unit of the nervous system.

The function of the CNS is to provide reflex activity and processing of impulses coming from the PNS.

Structural features of the PNS

Thanks to the PNS, the activity of the entire human body is regulated. The PNS is made up of cranial and spinal neurons and fibers that form ganglia.

The structure and functions are very complex, so any slightest damage, for example, damage to the vessels in the legs, can cause serious disruption of its work. Thanks to the PNS, control is exercised over all parts of the body and the vital activity of all organs is ensured. The importance of this nervous system for the body cannot be overestimated.

The PNS is divided into two divisions - somatic and vegetative system PNS.

Performs double work - collecting information from the senses, and further transferring this data to the central nervous system, as well as providing motor activity body, by transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles. Thus, it is the somatic nervous system that is the instrument of human interaction with the outside world, since it processes the signals received from the organs of vision, hearing and taste buds.

Ensures the performance of the functions of all organs. It controls the heartbeat, blood supply, and respiratory activity. It contains only motor nerves that regulate muscle contraction.

To ensure the heartbeat and blood supply, the efforts of the person himself are not required - it is the vegetative part of the PNS that controls this. The principles of the structure and function of the PNS are studied in neurology.

Departments of the PNS

The PNS also consists of an afferent nervous system and an efferent division.

The afferent section is a collection of sensory fibers that process information from receptors and transmit it to the brain. The work of this department begins when the receptor is irritated due to any impact.

The efferent system differs in that it processes impulses transmitted from the brain to effectors, that is, muscles and glands.

One of the important parts of the autonomic division of the PNS is the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system is formed from fibers located in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract. The enteric nervous system controls the motility of the small and large intestines. This department also regulates the secretion secreted in the gastrointestinal tract and provides local blood supply.

The value of the nervous system is to ensure the work of internal organs, intellectual function, motor skills, sensitivity and reflex activity. The central nervous system of a child develops not only in the prenatal period, but also during the first year of life. The ontogenesis of the nervous system begins from the first week after conception.

The basis for the development of the brain is formed already in the third week after conception. The main functional nodes are indicated by the third month of pregnancy. By this time, the hemispheres, trunk and spinal cord have already been formed. By the sixth month, the higher parts of the brain are already better developed than the spinal region.

By the time the baby is born, the brain is the most developed. The size of the brain in a newborn is approximately one eighth of the weight of the child and fluctuates within 400 g.

The activity of the central nervous system and PNS is greatly reduced in the first few days after birth. This may be due to the abundance of new annoying factors for the baby. This is how the plasticity of the nervous system is manifested, that is, the ability of this structure to rebuild. As a rule, the increase in excitability occurs gradually, starting from the first seven days of life. The plasticity of the nervous system deteriorates with age.

CNS types

In the centers located in the cerebral cortex, two processes simultaneously interact - inhibition and excitation. The rate at which these states change determines the types of the nervous system. While one section of the CNS center is excited, the other is slowed down. This is the reason for the peculiarities of intellectual activity, such as attention, memory, concentration.

Types of the nervous system describe the differences between the speed of the processes of inhibition and excitation of the central nervous system in different people.

People may differ in character and temperament, depending on the characteristics of the processes in the central nervous system. Its features include the speed of switching neurons from the process of inhibition to the process of excitation, and vice versa.

Types of the nervous system are divided into four types.

• The weak type, or melancholic, is considered the most prone to the occurrence of neurological and psycho-emotional disorders. It is characterized by slow processes of excitation and inhibition. A strong and unbalanced type is a choleric. This type is distinguished by the predominance of excitatory processes over inhibition processes.
• Strong and mobile - this is the type of sanguine. All processes occurring in the cerebral cortex are strong and active. Strong, but inert, or phlegmatic type, characterized by a low rate of switching of nervous processes.

Types of the nervous system are interconnected with temperaments, but these concepts should be distinguished, because temperament characterizes a set of psycho-emotional qualities, and the type of the central nervous system describes physiological features processes in the CNS.

CNS protection

The anatomy of the nervous system is very complex. The CNS and PNS suffer from the effects of stress, overexertion, and malnutrition. Vitamins, amino acids and minerals are necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Amino acids are involved in brain function and are building material for neurons. Having figured out why and what vitamins and amino acids are needed for, it becomes clear how important it is to provide the body necessary quantity these substances. Glutamic acid, glycine and tyrosine are especially important for humans. The scheme of taking vitamin-mineral complexes for the prevention of diseases of the central nervous system and PNS is selected individually by the attending physician.

Beam damage, congenital pathologies and anomalies in the development of the brain, as well as the action of infections and viruses - all this leads to disruption of the central nervous system and PNS and the development of various pathological conditions. Such pathologies can cause a number of very dangerous diseases - immobilization, paresis, muscle atrophy, encephalitis and much more.

Malignant neoplasms in the brain or spinal cord lead to a number of neurological disorders. If you suspect an oncological disease of the central nervous system, an analysis is prescribed - the histology of the affected departments, that is, an examination of the composition of the tissue. A neuron, as part of a cell, can also mutate. Such mutations can be detected by histology. Histological analysis is carried out according to the testimony of a doctor and consists in collecting the affected tissue and its further study. With benign formations, histology is also performed.

There are many nerve endings in the human body, damage to which can cause a number of problems. Damage often leads to a violation of the mobility of a part of the body. For example, an injury to the hand can lead to pain in the fingers and impaired movement. Osteochondrosis of the spine provoke the occurrence of pain in the foot due to the fact that an irritated or transmitted nerve sends pain impulses to receptors. If the foot hurts, people often look for the cause in a long walk or injury, but the pain syndrome can be triggered by damage to the spine.

If you suspect damage to the PNS, as well as any related problems, you should be examined by a specialist.