The stylistic features of the scientific style are the logical presentation. Scientific style of speech
The main features of the scientific style of speech
The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logical presentation .
Any coherent statement should have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are rigidly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts stated in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.
Adverbs also indicate the sequence of development of thought: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: because, because, in order to, therefore. The predominance of allied communication emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.
Another typical feature of the scientific style of speech is accuracy. .
Semantic accuracy (uniqueness) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In the scientific style, the repetition of key words is considered the norm.
abstraction and generality certainly permeate every scientific text.
Therefore, abstract concepts are widely used here, which are difficult to imagine, see, feel. In such texts, words with an abstract meaning are often found, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, drawings are often used.
It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here stands for general concepts .
For example: The philologist must carefully, i.e., a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e., not a single object, but a tree species is a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, the word is not a term, it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image (comparison, personification, etc.).
The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.
Compare:
Birch 1) Deciduous tree with white (rarely dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.) Genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in the temperate and cold zones of the North. hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Forest-forming and decorative breed. The largest farms, B. warty and B. fluffy are of importance. |
White birch under my window (S. Yesenin.) |
The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, value.
Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.
The words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicate b and others do not denote movement proper, etc., but something else, abstract:
In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often devoid of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.
Present tense verbs also do not always get the meaning of concreteness: used regularly; always indicate. Imperfect forms are widely used.
Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of pronouns of the 1st and 3rd person, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.
However, the generality and abstractness of the texts of the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.
The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logicality of presentation, and its persuasiveness. The most commonly used figurative means in popular science literature.
Do not mix the terms established in science, formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pistil, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - sole (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations stall etc.).
To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :
1) amplifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;
2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;
3) "problem" questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does a ... cell find in the environment?, what is the reason for this?
Objectivity- Another sign of the scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.
And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective, reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinitely personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely-personal ( Let's look at the problem...).
In the scientific style of speech, several substyles, or varieties, can be distinguished:
a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles of scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;
b) popular science (scientific journalism) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public speeches on radio, television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists in front of a mass audience;
c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals).
| Destination target | Academic |
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| Selection of facts, terms | Academic | Scientific and educational All terms are explained | Popular science Minimum terminology. |
| Leading type of speech Title | Academic reasoning | Scientific and educational Reflects the type of educational material | Popular science Narration Intriguing, interesting |
Lexical features of the scientific style of speech
The main purpose of a scientific text, its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain, and for this, first of all, nouns are needed.
The most common features of scientific style vocabulary are:
a) the use of words in their direct meaning;
b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperbole;
c) wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms.
In scientific speech, there are three layers of words:
The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. common, used in different styles.
For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; going, happening etc.;
General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.
For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.
This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of different sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; the center of the circle.
The terms of any science, i.e. specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
In a scientific text, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used. They are often used in literary texts.
Verbs in the present tense with a "timeless" meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashed down - splashed down, rewinds - rewind; and vice versa: fill - fills.
Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, so they are often used in a scientific text.
There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms, have an exact, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.
In the scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.
To identify these features, let's do a little research.
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
Typical for scientific speech are:
a) special turns of the type: according to Mendeleev, according to experience;
c) the use of words: given, known, suitable as a means of communication;
d) using a chain of genitive cases: Establishment of the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays of the atom.(Kapitsa.)
In scientific speech, more than in other styles, complex sentences are used, especially complex ones.
Complicated with subordinate explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, a particular pattern.
The words As you know, scientists believe it is understandable etc. indicate when referring to the source, to any facts, provisions.
Complicated sentences with subordinate causes are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of the phenomena of reality. In these sentences, they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, since, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for).
In scientific speech, comparisons help to reveal the essence of the phenomenon more deeply, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture depicted by the artist of the word.
Often the use of participial and adverbial phrases.
Using expressive means
Generalization and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative means of language to highlight the most important semantic moments, to convince the audience.
Comparison is one of the forms of logical thinking.
Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.
Extended comparison
... In the history of new Russia, we are met by an "excess" of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it in the entire research system, because then you get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family affairs at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians choose the sound they are interested in, we must select the facts that are needed to cover the chosen topic - the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilyov. From Russia to Russia).
figurative comparison
Human society is like a surging sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and does not stop ...
Problematic issues
The first question that confronts us is: What is the science of sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main divisions of this discipline?
(P. Sorokin. General sociology)
Limitations of the use of linguistic means in a scientific style
- Inadmissibility of non-literary vocabulary.
- There are practically no forms of the 2nd person of verbs and pronouns you, you.
– Incomplete sentences are used to a limited extent.
- The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.
All of the above can be presented in the table
Features of the scientific style of speech
| In vocabulary | a) terms; b) the unambiguity of the word; c) frequent repetition of keywords; d) lack of figurative means; |
| As part of a word
| a) international roots, prefixes, suffixes; b) suffixes that give an abstract meaning; |
| In morphology
| a) the predominance of nouns; b) frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; c) unused pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; d) the uncommonness of exclamatory particles and interjections; |
| In syntax | a) direct word order (preferred); b) widespread use of phrases noun + n. in the genus P.; c) the predominance of indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences; d) rare use of incomplete sentences; e) an abundance of complex sentences; f) frequent use of participial and adverbial phrases; |
| Basic type of speech
| Reasoning and description |
scientific style pattern
1918 spelling reform brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., canceled a number of traditional, rather than phonemic spellings). Approximation of spelling to live speech usually causes a movement in another direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling ...
However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic trends. Only those spelling features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system ...
At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.
scientific style english
The scientific style is one of the functional styles associated with the scientific sphere of communication and speech activity aimed at the realization of science as a form of social consciousness. The main function of scientific style speech genres is informative (messages). The general content of the scientific style function can be defined as an explanation, which includes the consolidation of the process of cognition and storage of knowledge (epistemic function), the acquisition of new knowledge (cognitive function), the transfer of special information (communicative function).
Within the framework of the scientific style, academic and popular science substyles are distinguished. The first one is designed for a trained reader, the second one - for a non-professional or for an insufficiently scientifically trained addressee.
In the structure of the scientific style, substyles are also distinguished by areas of scientific knowledge: scientific and natural, scientific and humanitarian, and scientific and technical literature.
The main qualities of the scientific style are emphasized logic, semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, hidden emotionality, generalized abstract nature of presentation, use of abstract vocabulary. Abstraction and generalization of the lexical level leads to a similar feature of the morphological level.
The basis of the linguistic design of scientific texts is standardization, that is, the choice of a clichéd language variant prescribed for given communication conditions.
As noted in the textbook by N. I. Kolesnikova, traditionally, six sub-styles are distinguished in the scientific style: proper scientific, popular science, educational and scientific, and scientific and business. Each of these sub-styles form the types of scientific documents:
1) with strictly scientific sub-style- articles in journals, scientific papers, dissertations, monographs, reports;
2) popular science substyle- essays, books, lectures, articles;
3) educational and scientific substyle- textbooks, educational and methodical manuals, programs, collections of tasks and exercises, lectures, abstracts, teaching materials;
4) scientific and business style- technical documentation (contracts and instructions for enterprises, reports on tests and analyzes, etc.);
5) scientific information substyle- abstracts, annotations, patent descriptions;
6) scientific reference- encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books designed for scientists and specialists.
The self-scientific type correlates with the speech genres of a monograph, a scientific article, a scientific report.
A monograph is a generalization of heterogeneous information obtained as a result of several research papers devoted to one topic and containing more subjective factors than an article. It is created only after the accumulation of a certain amount of factual and generalized information.
A scientific journal article contains, in addition to factual information, elements of a logical understanding of the results of a particular scientific study. Scientific articles include:
Brief messages containing a summary of the results of research work or their stages;
An original article, which is a summary of the main results and conclusions obtained in the course of research and development work;
A review article that summarizes achievements in a particular area, fixes the current state or outlines prospects for future development;
A discussion article that contains controversial scientific provisions for the purpose of discussing them in print;
By the nature of the tasks solved in them, scientific articles can be divided into scientific-theoretical, scientific-methodical and scientific-practical. In scientific and theoretical articles, the regularities of the objects under study are stated.
Articles of an applied nature (methodological and practical) describe the practical side of the laws of the objects under study, the technique of their application in practice.
There are also articles of a population-science nature devoted to social problems, such as, for example, environmental protection, the fight against AIDS, new drugs in the treatment of any disease. Such articles are published, as a rule, by the mass media and go beyond the purely scientific style, acquiring certain features of a journalistic style.
Performing the function of information, the media also perform a popularization function, reporting on new scientific discoveries, achievements in science and technology. Hence the appeal to the means of scientific speech, which is manifested not only in articles that popularize scientific knowledge, but also in materials that present an analysis and generalization of political, socio-economic and other problems. The theoretical orientation of the content and, consequently, the combination of analyticism and generalization, as well as a certain abstraction in the presentation of facts and events, find expression in a variety of language means, in the use of lexical and syntactic features of scientific speech. In accordance with this specificity, within the journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) style, a substyle of scientific journalism is distinguished.
For scientific and journalistic texts, allocated in the newspaper-journalistic sub-style, a combination of scientific and popularizing in content and language style is characteristic, with the leading role of scientific style proper. The latter allows us to consider scientific and journalistic genres as mixed either within the framework of a scientific or in the structure of a journalistic style.
The speech genres in which this subtype is realized are scientific and publicistic "article", "note", "chronicle", "review", "interview", "reportage". This variety of speech genres is characterized by: special terminology, means of speech expression associated with the task of popularization, other-style expressive inclusions (journalistic techniques, literary and colloquial clichés). Popular science articles, reviews, reviews, interviews, etc.) gravitate towards an analytical-generalized presentation and to the nature of speech and style close to scientific, but certainly with a journalistic, expressively affecting and brightly evaluative moment.
The scientific information type of scientific text covers only secondary scientific documents. The main requirements for information literature - the relevance and reliability of the information reported, the completeness of the coverage of sources, the brevity of presentation and the efficiency of publication - are common to materials of all degrees of information reduction.
Abstract journals are the most important type of secondary information publications. Annotations and abstracts are published in them. The technique of designing these types of texts has national specifics in different cultures.
Annotation is an extremely compressed description of the original source, which has a purely informational value. Unlike an abstract, an abstract cannot replace the material itself. It should give only a general idea of the main content of the book or article. The abstract answers the question: what is said in the original source.
There are two types of annotations: descriptive and abstract.
A descriptive annotation provides only a description of the material, without disclosing its content.
The abstract annotation indicates what exactly is contained in the annotated material (article, scientific work), that is, the material is presented in a coherent, albeit extremely concise and generalized form. An example of an abstract abstract is an abstract placed on the back of a book cover.
Both a descriptive and abstract abstract can have the following structure:
2) general information (compressed characteristic) of the material;
3) additional information (about the work and its author).
An abstract, unlike an annotation, answers the question: what information is contained in the original source. He reports the new and most significant provisions and conclusions of the refereed source. The purpose of the abstract is not only to convey the content of the original in the most concise form, but also to highlight the particularly important or new that is contained in the abstracted material. If necessary, the translator must give a general assessment (positive or critical) of the provisions in the commentary.
By the nature of the presentation of the material, abstracts-summaries and abstracts-summaries are distinguished.
The summary abstract requires a higher degree of generalization; it summarizes the main provisions of the original. Secondary provisions that are not directly related to the topic are excluded.
In the abstract-summary, all the main provisions of the original are summarized, including sometimes secondary ones.
According to the coverage of sources, monographic, summary, review and selective abstracts are distinguished.
A monographic abstract is compiled from a single source, a summary abstract is compiled from several articles, books or documents, a review abstract is compiled on a topic or in any direction, in the form of brief reviews, and selective abstracts are performed on separate chapters, sections or materials.
When compiling an abstract, you can use the following structure:
The main idea (idea) of the abstract;
A generalized presentation of the material (content) of the reviewed work;
Reference commentary, which may include: general comments on the topic (work) being presented; comments on the history of the issue (connection with past and present events and phenomena); actual clarifications and explanations, which must be specified by the referent; information about the author and source; references to other sources and materials on this issue.
The scientific - reference type of text has the highest degree of generalization, it is implemented in reference books. They are compiled on the basis of factual information, contain proven information and recommendations for their practical application.
The educational-scientific type of text is represented by textbooks and teaching aids, lecture courses. They are distinguished by their great accessibility of presentation, taking into account their didactic purpose.
CM. Karpenko
In connection with the modernization of education and the planned transition to specialized education, special attention is paid to the quality of the educational process. High-quality implementation of educational programs involves the teacher's appeal to auxiliary means in the learning process - teaching aids.
The features of the educational and scientific text are not sufficiently covered in the scientific literature, although in general the scientific style has been sufficiently studied by researchers of the Perm Linguistic School (see the works of M.N. Kozhina, M.P. Kotyurova, E.A. Bazhenova and others).
Our task is to characterize the genre and stylistic features of the textbook based on the generalization of the material available in the scientific literature and the analysis of a number of texts of this genre. Understanding the genre as “relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types of statements”, we note the specifics of the composition of this genre and the features of the implementation of the main stylistic features of the scientific style in relation to the text of the textbook. A textbook as a genre of scientific style is an educational and scientific text and occupies an intermediate position between proper scientific and popular science texts, which determines its specificity.
There are different types of teaching aids: 1) guidelines (recommendations) (author - compiler); 2) educational and methodological complex, including courses of lectures, practical exercises; 3) a study guide containing the course program, the development of each topic within the program, exercises and practical tasks that contribute to the assimilation and consolidation of the material covered, summarizing tables, texts for analysis, topics for educational messages, a list of used and recommended literature, etc .; 4) collections of control and training exercises, etc.
The structure of the educational and scientific manual is traditional and includes the following main sections: annotation, table of contents, preface, introduction, main content, bibliographic lists [see. more details: 2].
When characterizing any genre, the extralinguistic context is important, which forms the basis of speech communication. Extralinguistic factors influencing the specifics of the educational and scientific text are style-forming. Among the extralinguistic factors, the sphere of communication, the nature of the addressee, the tasks of verbal communication in this area, the type of thinking, the form of speech, etc. are traditionally distinguished.
Any text as a means of communication is addressed to a certain category of readers. The factor of the addressee of the educational and scientific text is the leading one both in the formulation of tasks and in the choice of language means. Unlike the text of the actual scientific substyle - a scientific article, monograph, etc., the textbook is addressed to a non-specialist, a person whose goal is education, i.e. acquisition of scientific knowledge. The situation of learning, to which the text of this type is oriented, determines its information orientation and the availability of the presentation of scientific material. Thus, the scientific nature and accessibility of the presentation are equally characteristic of the textbook. The task of the author of the textbook is to present scientific information in an accessible way for the addressee, explain, illustrate with examples, summarize, accompany it with questions and select tasks to consolidate the material, develop practical skills.
The written form of speech determines the selection of language means, which in this style are mainly bookish in nature. The impossibility of asking again in the written nature of the presentation dictates the need to choose precise wordings, complete syntactic constructions. A scientific text is a form of communication between the student and the teacher. Despite the monologic nature of speech, the communicants in this case enter into dialogic relations, which are realized in question-answer complexes. The author of the textbook is in constant dialogue with the addressee, asking questions and answering them. For example: What is the conceptual basis for teaching textual activity? How are the concepts of speech activity and text activity related? What are the conditions for the implementation of effective textual activity? What types of text activities stand out?. Each question is followed by a detailed detailed answer.
When implementing the dialogic nature of an educational and scientific text, it is necessary to take into account the rhetorical principles of dialogization of speech behavior, identified by A.K. Michalska: taking into account the factor of the addressee, the principle of specificity, proximity of the content of the speech to the interests and life of the addressee. The principle of concreteness is realized thanks to examples that confirm the thoughts expressed earlier, some figurativeness (as far as it is permissible in a scientific style), concretization of facts, the use of not generic, generalizing names, but specific ones that have specific semantics and contribute to the implementation of the principle of accessibility. Among the methods of dialogization, one can single out the incentive nature of the presentation, which manifests itself in the formulation of tasks through the use of verbs of the 2nd person, plural, imperative mood: indicate, reveal, define, reveal, distribute, pick up, use, form, make up, transcribe, write down, rewrite, analyze, generalize etc. The use of verbs in an indefinite form, giving categorical and imperative statements, does not contribute to the intended communication between the author and the addressee (cf .: Specify complex sentences. Specify complex sentences).
The stylistic features inherent in the scientific style as a whole fully characterize the text of this genre. Let us consider some features of the implementation of the style features of the scientific style in relation to the genre of the textbook.
Strictness, objectivity of presentation.
The purpose of the textbook is “to present scientific knowledge that is already objectively known to science, but new for a given addressee. Thus, the addressee is attached to science, scientific knowledge.
The author, accordingly, acts as an interpreter and, to some extent, a popularizer of scientific information. Realizing such a stylistic feature of a scientific text as objectivity, the author should not duplicate the material of other textbooks. “The textbook presents already established, basic (disciplinary) scientific knowledge, the presentation as a whole does not have a problematic nature and polemical sharpness” .
But the teaching aid can be devoted to the consideration of any debatable problem. In this case, the presentation of different points of view may be preceded by a question, for example: “ How is the issue of introductory units in textbooks and scientific grammars solved?". Or: " Let us turn to the understanding of water units by linguists who stood at the origins of Russian syntax» . Further, different positions of scientists are sequentially presented, after which the author's generalization is formulated: “ As you can see, linguists do not have a categorical approach that closes the scientific search for truth.» (ibid.).
Generalized-abstract nature of the presentation.
The generalized nature of the presentation is manifested in the semantics and structure of the text. Generalization follows, as a rule, after considering problematic issues, analyzing different points of view and is introduced into the text in words and combinations: so, thus, generally, as seen, as the analysis showed and others. The use of verbs in the “real timeless” meaning has a generalizing character: stand out, determined, subdivided and etc.; " it is no coincidence that in textbooks of a new generation when studying parts of speechare given data on their role in speech practice» . Generalization is also realized by structuring text fragments: “ Summing up»; « Questions for self-examination» and others. Tables, diagrams, comments are used to highlight and summarize the material. This style feature is updated in manuals, which are a guide to the performance of tests and contain diagrams, plans, memos, comments, samples of word analysis in scientific and school grammar, etc. [see, for example: 8].
Serves the purposes of generalization and repetition of the previous information in a slightly modified form: “ The extra-linguistic factor is understood as the creative activity of the author, intentionally directing the reader's associations in the right direction, and the perceiving person ...” and further: “ In other words, the extralinguistic aspect of the figurative perspective is the creative activity of subjects encoding and decoding text.» . Compound verb forms “with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number” are used: it is recommended to write, must be distinguished, It should be noted.
Logic
The logic of reasoning in a scientific text has a retrospective-prospective orientation. The new knowledge presented in the main part of the textbook is introduced sequentially based on the “old knowledge”, “moreover, at each new, moving forward turn, two indispensable processes occur: a) repulsion from the old and return to it, and b) introduction of a new thought » . Researchers note the communicative effect (conditionality by the laws of psychology of perception and understanding of the text) and the text-forming function of the retrospective-prospective nature of the scientific text.
The means of expressing the categories of prospection and retrospection are verbs emphasize, remember, comparable and others. As observations have shown, the most common technique is retrospection: “ In the text-narrative discussed above...» ; « As you can see from the example above...» ; « As you know, the main method of cognition is the dialectical method ...» . The category of prospectus is more often realized in the short term of the text: " Let us dwell in more detail on the main private methods of analyzing a literary text.» ; « Here is an example of an associative text field» .
Realizations of logic serve as language means of compositional-structural and informative connections of text fragments. Compositional-structural connections determine the place of the statement in the text (at the beginning, middle, end of the development of the theme; in a number of similar micro-themes; at a distance to the previous and subsequent fragments). Informative links are classified according to the types of information being extracted, each of which corresponds to certain language links.
Illustrative objective-logical information: “So, in D. Kedrin’s poem “I”, participles dominate, making up a third of all significant words ...”.
Significant objective-logical information: “The position of A.G. Rudnev".
Typical objective-logical information: "But in many cases the members of the Criminal Code are so logically closely related to each other that rearranging them is practically impossible."
Atypical objective-logical information: “In some cases, when the refining and clarifying are rearranged, the explanatory (in the broad sense) relationship is preserved ...” .
Objective information obtained from certain sources: “A.A. Shakhmatov believed that ... ".
Clarifying objective information: “Content, in other words, is….” ; “In other words, even if the meaning of the general and the particular in the sentence is preserved, but the members representing them are in reverse order, then the Criminal Code is not formed.”
Additional objective-logical information: “However, it should be noted that in some cases the number of common features may be large, and the number of differential ones, respectively, may be smaller.”
Subjective assessment of the logical thesis in terms of its reliability: “It is clear: this part is incorrect, because aims at the question, what are they in the sentence?
Accuracy
This style feature is realized primarily when using full syntactic constructions, introductory words and plug-in constructions, terminological vocabulary, references and footnotes in the text indicating the initials and surname of the author, year of publication of the work, etc. The specificity of the use of terms in the educational and scientific text is due to the need for an accessible interpretation of terminological designations. Researchers note the admissibility of popularizing scientific knowledge of the text of the textbook. At the same time, popularization is understood as an accessible, but not simplified, presentation of scientific information. S.V. Sypchenko highlights methods of popularization of scientific knowledge when using terms (methods of including a scientific term in the context): 1) preface with an illustrative example, followed by an explanation of the term; 2) preposition of the use of the term with the help of commonly used words; 3) etymological reference; 4) contextual synonymization, i.e. the use of commonly used words and phrases as correlative means of denoting a scientific concept; 5) a comparison aimed at explaining the generalized abstract through its correlation with the concrete, visual; 6) use for the interpretation of terms of the functional-semantic type of speech (descriptions, narration, reasoning).
When creating a textbook, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the recipient's perception, his presupposition and such text parameters as associativity and regulativeness. The associativity of perception is important not only for the perception and interpretation of a literary text, but also to some extent in the development of scientific information. Key words play a big role in this. In a scientific text, these are, as a rule, terms denoting both concepts already familiar to the addressee and new ones. Regulativity is the organization of the recipient's cognitive activity by means of text. Means of regulativeness of educational and scientific text - linguistic (lexical, morphological, derivational, syntactic, stylistic) and extralinguistic (compositional, logical, graphic).
Thus, the textbook is a genre of educational and scientific substyle, which has its own specifics.
Literature
Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1979. - 318s.
Regulations on the preparation and publication of scientific, educational and methodological literature in TSPU / Comp. N.I. Medyukha. - Tomsk, 2002. - 30 p.
Kozhina M.N. Scientific style // Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. M.N. Kozhina. - M., 2003. - S. 242-248. Bolotnova N.S. Philological text analysis: a guide for philologists. Part 1 - 4. - Tomsk, 2001 - 2005. Matveeva T.V. Educational dictionary: Russian language, culture of speech, stylistics, rhetoric / T.V. Matveev. - M.. 2003. - 432 p. Bazhenova E.A., Kotyurova M.P. Genres of Scientific Literature // Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. M.N. Kozhina. - M., 2003. - S. 57-67. Brazhnikova A.I. Introductory units in modern Russian. Methodical development for students-philologists. - Tomsk, 2003. - 20s. Morphological analysis of words of different parts of speech: Methodological instructions for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Philology / Compiled by L.G. Efanova. - Tomsk, 2003. - 32p. Kozhina M.N., Chigovskaya Ya.A. Stylistic and textual status and interaction of the categories of retrospection and prospection in scientific speech (interdisciplinary aspect) // Stereotyping and creativity in the text: Mezhvuz. Sat. scientific works / Responsible. ed. M.P. Kotyurova. - Perm, 2001. - S. 118 - 156. Matveeva T.V. Functional styles in terms of textual categories: a synchronous-comparative essay. - Sverdlovsk, 1990 - 172s. Glebskaya T.F. Modern Russian language. Syntax. Explanatory link in a simple sentence: Teaching aid. - Tomsk, 2005. - 36p. Sypchenko S.V. Speech techniques of popularization of scientific knowledge in the pedagogical process // Problems of the development of speech culture of the teacher: Materials of the regional scientific and practical seminar (November 28-29, 1997). - Tomsk, 1997. - S.32-37.
Handed over to the set 13.06.2006
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Format 62x84/16. Headset "Times".
Screen printing. Offset paper No. 1.
Conv. oven l. 6.98. Order number 44.
1 Rats M.V., Oizerman M.T. Reflections on innovation // Questions of methodology. - 1991. - No. 1.
2 Budon R. A place of disorder. Criticism of theories of social change. Per. from fr. - M., 1998. - 284 p.
3 Senge P., Kleiner A., Roberts S. et al. Dance of Change: New Challenges for Learning Organizations. Per. from English. - M .: CJSC "Olimp-Business", 2003; Gaiselhart H. Learning Enterprise in the 21st Century. Per. with him. N.V. Malova. - Kaluga: "Spiritual knowledge", 2004.
4 Geiselhart H. The learning enterprise in the 21st century. Per. with him. N.V. Malova. - Kaluga: "Spiritual knowledge", 2004. - P. 228.
5 Shchedrovitsky P.G. The beginning of a system-structural study of relationships in small groups. Lecture course. / From the archive of P.G. Shchedrovitsky. T. 3. - M .: Publishing House "The Way", 1999. - 352 p.
6 Ibid., pp. 212-213.
7 Essays on Russian Literature of Siberia. T.1. pre-revolutionary period. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1982. - P. 45.
8 The total number of hours in the Russian language for grade 5 and the indicated distribution are given in full accordance with the existing programs in the Russian language recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (see Programs of educational institutions. Russian language. 5-9 grades. M .: Education, 2000 .
The peculiarity of the scientific style, its speech structure is revealed mainly in syntax, and at the supra-phrasal level (i.e., in connections, correlations of sentences within the text and its components - a paragraph and a supra-phrasal unity, or a complex syntactic whole). It is in the functioning of syntactic units and in the organization of interphrase links and relationships in the text that such main features of the scientific style as the generalized abstract nature of the presentation and its emphasized logic are most fully revealed.
Simple sentence. Among simple sentences, widespread (90%) * prevail, as a rule, with a very branched system of secondary members of the sentence, with homogeneous members of the sentence (often with a whole series of homogeneous members); in the structure of simple sentences, semi-predicative formations are active (participial and adverbial constructions, hence isolations), as well as introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions. For example: The Greco-Roman tradition, thanks to the development of book printing and the division of literature into scientific and artistic (which is associated with the development of book printing), consistently created rational rhetoric and poetics as a doctrine of style and the embodiment of thought in words.(from the book by Yu. Rozhdestvensky "Theory of Rhetoric").
* Cm.: Kozhina M.N. On the speech system of the scientific style in comparison with some others. Perm, 1972, p. 323.
Special calculations showed that the average number of words in one sentence of a general scientific text is 24.88, but most sentences contain 17 words* (to be precise, word forms, i.e., prepositional-nominal combinations).
* See: Functional style of the general scientific language and methods of its research / Ed. O.S. Akhmanova and M.M. Glushko. M., 1974. S. 22.
In the sphere of a simple sentence, indefinitely personal, impersonal, as well as generalized personal sentences are active.
Definitely personal sentences, of course, are not relevant here, since the scientific style tends to a non-personal manner of presentation, to the actual elimination of the subject of speech as an active figure (forms of the 1st and 2nd person are possible in polemical texts. However, in written texts of a polemical orientation these forms are extremely rare, they are more natural in oral - academic - speech). As for "author's we", then it is generalized. This confirms its synonymy with the impersonal sentence: So we've come to the conclusion... and So we can conclude...
Most often in the scientific style, indefinitely personal sentences are used with a verb-predicate expressed in the form of the 3rd person plural. Such a predicate means (“timeless”) generally accepted phenomena, facts, patterns: Distinguish three types of yarn; Compound put into the flask.
Active and generalized-personal sentences with a verbal predicate in the 1st person of the present and future plural: Let's give function definition; Let's produce summation of all terms; Let's attribute this function to the class of differentiable functions.
Among impersonal sentences, three types are more common:
a) with modal words expressing possibility, impossibility, necessity, + infinitive (Need find a curve; It is forbidden derive the formula);
b) in the predicate - an impersonal verb or an impersonal form of a personal verb (required determine the current strength with a series connection of sources);
c) predicative adverbs (Any proper rational fraction easily expressed in terms of simple fractions). Impersonal sentences that express the state of nature and man are not presented. (It freezes; It drizzles; I feel bad).
In the scientific style, passive constructions clearly predominate over active ones. This can be explained by the desire for objectivity and generalization of presentation without indicating the subject of the action. Verb constructions introduced (Mounting produced for the first time; Continues additional recruitment of employees); participial constructions (Dot deleted from the plane; Force attached to the body at some angle to the horizon);
As for constructions with verbal nouns (Study of the phenomena of time scale change in the gravitational field), then their activity in the scientific style is explained primarily by its nominal character (as well as the official business style), which is manifested in the functioning of verbal formations in scientific texts, along with the predominance of nouns over verbs, as well as the auxiliary function of verbs in a sentence.
Difficult sentence. In the scientific style, there is a clear predominance of complex sentences over compound ones. This is due to the fact that the former express causal, conditional, investigative, temporal relationships (which, of course, is very important for a scientific presentation).
At the same time, multi-component syntactic structures are cultivated in the scientific style, in which, along with the subordinating, the coordinating connection is also presented, for example:
Thus, it was found that the phenomenon of desynchronization is observed when stimulating those estero- and interoceptive fields in which there are endings of somatic or cerebrospinal fibers going to the central nervous system without interruption, while synchronization phenomena are caused mainly from those interoceptive fields (gastric mucosa ), in which, according to our data, there are endings of only or predominantly sympathetic afferent fibers going to the central nervous system, most often with a synoptic break (one or more) in the autonomic ganglia.
Such complex formations are usually distinguished by the clarity of grammatical and semantic connections, the orderliness of the internal organization. The above illustration is quite typical in its syntactic structure: to the main sentence was found there are two "chains" of subordinate parts, the construction of which is characterized by parallelism.
Multicomponent constructions are often complicated by participial and adverbial phrases (judging by special studies, usually their number does not exceed two or three, but there are sentences with a much larger number of isolations - from 8 to 12), plug-in constructions.
Phrases. In the syntax of the phrase, substantive nominal combinations are brought to the fore. The genitive adjective is widespread (labor productivity, soil erosion, angle of attack), as well as (mainly in terminology) combinations of the type noun + adjective (agriculture, economic geography, stressed consonant, culture shock...). Such selectivity is due to the tendency of the scientific style to nomination as a means of logging reality, accurate information about reality (and science is engaged in obtaining objective information about the patterns and exact facts of natural, social and spiritual life), to differentiation of nominations (in accordance with the tendency of scientific analysis to detail , differentiation of concepts).
In the scientific style, the highest percentage of uses of the genitive case is up to 46% (in the language of fiction. - up to 22%). Accordingly, phrases with a genitive adjective are also very active.
Phrases functioning in a scientific style are very diverse in their structural construction. Multicomponent phrases attract attention, since they arose and arise as a result of the differentiation of concepts inherent in scientific analysis: primary winding of the transformer; transmission system of sequential action; spacecraft launch reusable ; frequency-modulated audio carrier.
Superphrasal level. The specificity of a scientific text lies in the fact that its content finds its expression, becomes accessible to the reader due to strict logic, coherence and consistency of presentation.
As already noted, the logical presentation in a scientific style is manifested to a large extent in the fact that complex sentences dominate here, the connections between the parts are expressed incomparably more clearly, more diversely, more differentiated than in compound sentences. To characterize the coherence of scientific speech, the overall high percentage of complex sentences (50.3%)* is indicative, as well as the fact that a simple sentence is complicated by phrases containing subordinate connections**.
* Cm.: Kozhina M.N. On the speech system of the scientific style in comparison with some others. Perm, 1972, p. 325.
** Cm.: Lariokhina N.M. Questions of syntax of the scientific style of speech (analysis of some structures of a simple sentence). M., 1979. S. 27.
For the syntax of the scientific style, the saturation of speech and text with various means of expressing emphasized logic is typical. The subject of special concern of the author of a scientific text is the selection and delimitation of the main content of the text from the secondary, the main, basic concepts from derivatives, the clarity in distinguishing theses. In this regard, in the presentation, an important role is given to such formulations, methods of presentation, speech turns, as a direct indication that the discussion of this issue, thesis is over and we are moving to the next question, the thesis that this concept is fundamental, basic, etc. Introductory words like firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, so, thus, therefore, introductory structures: as already noted, as stated in the previous paragraph etc., various kinds of speech turns, phrases activate the reader's attention, help him to systematize the material presented, follow the author's presentation. For these purposes, the question-answer form, rhetorical question, "lecturer's speech" are often used. we".
As an example, let's take an excerpt from the book by K.A. Timiryazev "Life of Plants":
So far we have considered sheet activity... Based the basic law of chemistry that matter is not created, does not disappear, we tried our best find the sources of this substance and the transformations that it ... undergoes.
But the plant body presents us not only matter... hence, a reserve of heat has accumulated in the birch ... The question is born: Where did this warmth come from, this strength? For in order to find out, we must look to familiar chemical phenomena...
Semantic connections between sentences in the text are "provided" by a variety of syntactic ways of organizing the presentation. One of these methods is repetition.
Repetition is presented in the texts of different functional varieties of the literary language. So, within the framework of the language of fiction, repetition is the most important factor in organizing a poetic text of lyrical content. See, for example, the beginning and final stanza of V. Bryusov's poem "Heaps of brought snow ...":
The organizing role of repetition in the composition of lyrical poems is due to the specifics of this genre. In the scientific style, as in the official business style, repetition acts as an important means of communication between sentences, which ensures the accuracy and logical validity of information.
Repetition as a way of organizing the presentation is as follows:
The repetition of the same word (usually a noun) - the so-called lexical repetition (The interaction of two atoms can only occur when collision these atoms. clash must occur with sufficient kinetic energy);
The use of a synonym for a word, in general a synonymous replacement of words, in a subsequent sentence - a synonymic repetition (Potassium cyanide solution has an alkaline reaction and smells strongly of hydrocyanic acid. Similar properties has sodium cyanide);
Replacing part of the previous sentence with pronouns this, all of them, all of this- pronominal repetition (When an element is in a free state, it forms a simple substance, then the movement of electrons around all atoms of this substance occurs in the same way. This is true for all simple substances, regardless of their structures).
Along with ensuring the coherence of the text, the connection between sentences, repetition is involved in the logical deployment of the presentation. For example: Everyone organism is a set of ordering of interacting structures that form a single whole, i.e. is an system. Living organisms possess signs, which most do not have inanimate systems. However, among these signs there is not a single one that would be inherent only to the living. Possible way to describe a life is to list the main properties living organisms. (Here, single-root words also act as a kind of repetition.)
The scientific style, the features of which are the subject of research for linguists, is a set of specific speech techniques that are used mainly in the scientific, scientific and technical, popular science sphere to express and design ideas, hypotheses, and achievements that are diverse in content and purpose.
General characteristics of scientific text
A scientific text is a result, result or report on research activities, which is created for a circle of people who have the appropriate qualifications for its perception and evaluation. In order to make it as informative as possible, the author must resort to the use of a formalized language, special means and ways of presenting the material. Most often, a scientific text is a work published or intended for printing. Scientific texts also include specially prepared materials for oral presentation, for example, a report at a conference or an academic lecture.
The characteristic features of the scientific style are the neutrality of tone, an objective approach and informativeness, the structure of the text, the presence of terminology and specific language means adopted among scientists for a logical, adequate presentation of the material.
Varieties of scientific style
The prevalence of the written form of the existence of works of scientific style determines the validity, balance, clarity of their content and design.
The division of scientific texts into types and types is explained, firstly, by the difference in the objects described by numerous disciplines, the content of the research activities of scientists, and the expectations of the potential audience. There is a basic specification of scientific literature, which divides texts into scientific-technical, scientific-humanitarian, scientific-natural. It is possible to single out more particular sublanguages that exist within each of the sciences - algebra, botany, political science, etc.
M. P. Senkevich structured the types of scientific style according to the degree of “scientific” nature of the final work and identified the following types:
1. The actual scientific style (otherwise - academic) is typical for serious works intended for a narrow circle of specialists and containing the research concept of the author - monographs, articles, scientific reports.
2. The presentation or generalization of the scientific heritage contains secondary information materials (abstracts, annotations) - they are created in a scientific-informative or scientific-abstract style.
4. Scientific reference literature (reference books, collections, dictionaries, catalogs) aims to provide extremely concise, accurate information without details, to present only facts to the reader.
5. Educational and scientific literature has a special scope, it outlines the basics of science and adds a didactic component that provides illustrative elements and materials for repetition (educational publications for various educational institutions).
6. Popular science publications present biographies of prominent people, stories of the origin of various phenomena, a chronicle of events and discoveries and are available to a wide range of interested persons, thanks to illustrations, examples, explanations.
Scientific text properties
The text created in the scientific style is a standardized closed system.
The main features of the scientific style are compliance with the normative requirements of the literary language, the use of standard turns and expressions, the use of the capabilities of the "graphic" language of symbols and formulas, the use of references and notes. For example, cliches are generally accepted in the scientific community: we will talk about the problem ..., it should be noted that ... the data obtained during the study led to the following conclusions ..., let's move on to the analysis ... etc.
To transmit scientific information, elements of an "artificial" language - graphic - are widely used: 1) graphs, diagrams, blocks, drawings, drawings; 2) formulas and symbols; 3) special terms and lexical features of the scientific style - for example, the names of physical quantities, mathematical signs, etc.
So, the scientific style, the features of which are characterized by correspondence, serves for accuracy, clarity and conciseness in expressing the thoughts of the study. A scientific statement is characterized by a monologue form, the logic of the narrative is revealed sequentially, the conclusions are designed as complete and complete sentences.
Semantic structure of scientific text
Any text of the scientific style has its own construction logic, a certain finished form that corresponds to the laws of structuring. As a rule, the researcher adheres to the following scheme:
- introduction to the essence of the problem, substantiation of its relevance, novelty;
- selection of the subject of research (in some cases, the object);
- setting a goal, solving certain tasks in the course of achieving it;
- a review of scientific sources that in any way affect the subject of research, a description of the theoretical and methodological basis for the work; justification of terminology;
- theoretical and practical significance of a scientific work;
- the content of the scientific work itself;
- a description of the experiment, if any;
- results of the study, structured conclusions based on its results.
Language features: vocabulary
An abstract tone and generalization form the lexical features of the scientific style:
1. The use of words in their specific meanings, the predominance of words with an abstract meaning ( volume, permeability, resistance, conflict, stagnation, word formation, bibliography etc.).
2. Words from everyday use acquire a terminological or generalized meaning in the context of a scientific work. This applies, for example, to technical terms: coupling, coil, tube and etc.
3. The main semantic load in a scientific text is carried by terms, but their share is not the same in different types of works. Terms introduce certain concepts into circulation, the correct and logical definition of which is a necessary condition for a professionally written text ( ethnogenesis, genome, sinusoid).
4. Works of scientific style are characterized by abbreviations and compound words: publishing house, GOST, Gosplan, million, research institutes.
The linguistic features of the scientific style, in particular, in the field of vocabulary, have a functional orientation: the generalized abstract nature of the presentation of the material, the objectivity of the views and conclusions of the author, the accuracy of the information presented.
Language features: morphology
Morphological features of the scientific style:
1. At the grammatical level, with the help of certain forms of the word and the construction of phrases and sentences, an abstraction of the scientific text is created: it is noted that..., it appears that... etc.
2. Verbs in the context of a scientific text acquire a timeless, generalized meaning. Moreover, the forms of the present and past tense are used mainly. Their alternation does not give either “picturesqueness” or dynamics to the narrative, on the contrary, they indicate the regularity of the described phenomenon: the author notes, indicates ...; the achievement of the goal contributes to the solution of problems etc.
3. Prevailing (approximately 80%) also attach a generalized meaning to the scientific text. In stable phrases, perfective verbs are used: consider...; show with examples etc. Also common are indefinitely personal and impersonal forms with a touch of obligation or necessity: characteristics refer to ...; you need to be able to ...; should not forget about…
4. In a passive meaning, reflexive verbs are used: it is required to prove ...; explained in detail...; issues are considered and others. Such verbal forms make it possible to focus on the description of the process, structure, mechanism. Short passive participles have the same meaning: o the definition is given ...; norm can be understood etc.
5. In scientific speech, short adjectives are also used, for example: attitude is characteristic.
6. A typical feature of scientific speech is the pronoun we, used in place of I. This technique forms such features as the author's modesty, objectivity, generalization: During the study, we came to the conclusion…(instead of: I came to a conclusion…).
Language Features: Syntax
The linguistic features of the scientific style in terms of syntax reveal the connection of speech with the specific thinking of the scientist: the constructions used in the texts are neutral and commonly used. The most typical is the method of syntactic compression, when the volume of the text is compressed while increasing its information content and semantic content. This is realized with the help of a special construction of phrases and sentences.
Syntactic features of scientific style:
1. The use of definitive phrases "noun + noun in the genitive case": metabolism, currency liquidity, device for dismantling etc.
2. Definitions expressed by the adjective are used in the meaning of the term: unconditioned reflex, solid sign, historical digression and etc.
3. The scientific style (definitions, reasoning, conclusions) is characterized by a compound nominal predicate with a noun, as a rule, with an omitted linking verb: Perception is a basic cognitive process…; Deviations from the normative implementations of the language is one of the most striking features of children's speech. Another common "predicate formula" is the compound nominal predicate with a short participle: can be used.
4. Adverbs in the role of circumstance serve to characterize the quality or property of the phenomenon under study: significantly, interestingly, convincingly, in a new way; all these and other events are well described in historical literature….
5. The syntactic structures of sentences express the conceptual content, therefore, the standard for a writing scientist is a complete sentence of a narrative type with an allied connection between its parts, with a lexical content neutral in terms of style and a normative word order: It must be said that zoopsychologists have long, stubbornly and unsuccessfully tried to teach the most developed anthropoids (chimpanzees) a sound language. Among complex sentences, structures with one subordinate clause dominate: Between the intellect and language there is an intermediate primary communicative system, which is called the functional basis of speech.
6. The role of interrogative sentences is to draw attention to the material presented, to express assumptions and hypotheses: Maybe the monkey is capable of sign language?
7. To implement a detached, deliberately impersonal presentation of information, impersonal sentences of various types are widely used: The status equal genres include friendly communication (heart-to-heart talk, chatter, etc.)… Thus, the desire to be an objective researcher, speaking on behalf of the generalized scientific community, is emphasized.
8. In order to formalize the cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating allied connection are used in scientific speech. Compound conjunctions and allied words are often found: in spite of the fact that, in spite of the fact that, because, meanwhile, while, while, while and others. Complex sentences with attributive, causes, conditions, time, consequences are widespread.
Means of communication in scientific text
The scientific style, the features of which lie in the specific use, relies not only on the normative base of the language, but also on the laws of logic.
So, in order to logically express his thoughts, the researcher must use the morphological features of the scientific style and syntactic possibilities to connect the individual parts of his statement. This goal is served by various syntactic constructions, complex sentences of various types with “paper clip words”, clarifying, participial, adverbial phrases, enumerations, etc.
Here are the main ones:
- comparison of some phenomena like... so...);
- the use of connecting sentences containing additional information about what was said in the main part;
- adverbial phrases also contain additional scientific information;
- introductory words and phrases serve to connect semantic parts both within one sentence and between paragraphs;
- "word-paper clips" (for example, thus, therefore, meanwhile, in conclusion, in other words, as we see) serve to establish a logical connection between different parts of the text;
- homogeneous members of a sentence are necessary to enumerate logically similar concepts;
- frequent use of cliched structures, logical and concise syntactic structure.
So, the scientific style, the features of the means of communication of which we have considered, is a fairly stable system that is difficult to change. Despite the extensive system of opportunities for scientific creativity, regulated norms help the scientific text to keep its shape.
Language and style of popular science text
The presentation of the material in popular science literature is close to neutral, general literary, as the reader is offered only specially selected facts, interesting aspects, fragments of historical reconstructions. The form of presentation of this kind of data should be accessible to non-specialists, therefore, the selection of material, the system of evidence and examples, the manner of presenting information, as well as the language and style of works related to popular science literature, are somewhat different from the actual scientific text.
You can visualize the features of the popular science style in comparison with the scientific one using the table:
The popular science style uses many means belonging to the national language, but the features of originality are given to it by the functional features of the use of these means, the specific organization of the text of such a scientific work.
So, the features of the scientific style are specific lexical and grammatical means, syntactic formulas, thanks to which the text becomes “dry” and accurate, understandable to a narrow circle of specialists. The popular science style is designed to make the narrative about a scientific phenomenon accessible to a wider range of readers or listeners (“just about complex”), so it approaches the degree of impact to works of artistic and journalistic style.
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