General principles body regulation

Throughout its development, the organism is continuously updated, retaining some of its properties and changing or losing others. However, there are basic properties, although partially changing, but constantly allowing it to maintain its existence and adequately adapt to changing environmental conditions. There are only three of them:

metabolism and energy,

Irritability,

regulation and self-regulation.

Each of these properties can be traced at the cellular, tissue and system levels, but at each of these levels they have their own characteristics.

The human body is a set of hierarchically connected (not only interconnected, but also interdependent, mutually subordinate) systems, but at the same time it is a single complex multi-element system. The interconnected and normal vital activity of all the constituent parts (organs and systems) of the body is possible only under the indispensable condition of maintaining the relative physico-chemical constancy of its internal environment. This constancy is dynamic in nature, since it is maintained not at an absolutely constant level, but within the limits of permissible fluctuations of the basic physiological functions. It's called homeostasis.

Homeostasis is possible due to the mechanisms of regulation and self-regulation. Regulation - is the implementation of the reactions of the body and its systems, ensuring the adequacy flow of vital functions and activities of various environmental characteristics(physical, chemical, informational, semantic, etc.). Regulation performs the function of integration human body as a whole.

Regulation of organ functions - this is a change in the intensity of their work to achieve a useful result according to the needs of the body in various conditions his life activity.

Changing the parameters of functions while maintaining them within the boundaries of homeostasis occurs at each level of the body or in any hierarchical system due to self-regulation, or domestic for the system life control mechanisms. Local self-regulation mechanisms inherent in organs and systems can be observed in the examples of the work of the heart, stomach, intestines, or the automatism of alternations of inhalation and exhalation in the respiratory system. For the implementation of the functions of the body as a whole, the interconnection and interdependence of the functions of its constituent systems is necessary. In this sense, the organism can be considered as a self-organizing and self-regulating system, and self-regulation as a property of the whole organism.

The activity of the organism as a whole is carried out due to the regulation of the nervous and humoral systems. These two systems are interconnected and mutually influence each other.

The regulation of functions in the human body is based on the impact on the physiological system, organ or set of organs through control signals coming in the form of nerve impulses or directly humoral (chemical) factors. When analyzing the mechanisms of regulation, as a rule, the reflex and humoral components are considered separately.

Humoral (chemical) regulators can be some compounds that enter the body with food (for example, vitamins), a product of the vital activity of cells formed during metabolism (for example, carbon dioxide), physiologically active substances synthesized in tissues and organs (prostaglandins, kinins and etc.), prohormones and hormones of the diffuse endocrine system and endocrine glands. These chemical substances enter the tissue fluid, then into the blood, are carried throughout the body and affect cells, tissues and organs distant from the cells where they are formed. Hormones are the most important specialized chemical regulators. They can cause the activity of organs (triggering effect), enhance or suppress functions (corrective effect), accelerate or slow down metabolic processes and affect the growth and development of the body.

The nervous mechanism of regulation has a higher speed of action compared to the humoral one. Unlike humoral nerve signals are sent to strictly defined organs. All cells, tissues and organs are regulated by the nervous system, which unites and adapts their activity to changing environmental conditions. The basis of nervous regulation are unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

Both mechanisms of regulation are interrelated, it is difficult to distinguish between them, since they represent different aspects of a single neurohumoral regulation. There are many biologically active substances that can affect the vital activity of nerve cells and functions. nervous system. On the other hand, the synthesis and release of humoral factors into the blood are regulated by the nervous system. In the modern sense, neurohumoral regulation is the regulatory and coordinating influence of the nervous system and biologically active substances contained in the blood, lymph and tissue fluid on the vital processes of the body.

Neurohumoral regulation of body functions- this is the regulation of the activity of the body, carried out by the nervous and humoral systems. Leading value belongs to the nervous system (more rapid response of the body to changes in the external environment).

Regulation is carried out according to the principles: 1) self-regulation- the body, with the help of its own mechanisms, changes the intensity of the functioning of organs and systems according to its needs in various conditions of life. Ex: when running, the activity of the central nervous system, muscle, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and at rest their activity is significantly reduced. 2) system principle- functional systems according to P.K. Anokhin.

Meaning and overall plan structure of the nervous system. The main regularities of the ontogeny of the nervous system.

Function of the nervous system: regulates the activity of all organs and systems, causing their unity, connection with the external environment with the help of highly differentiated cells that perceive and transmit information.

According to the topographic principle, the nervous system is divided into central ( spinal cord, brain) and peripheral(somatic and autonomic) - represented by fibers and nerves of 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal cords. The somatic system innervates the work of skeletal muscles, the autonomic (autonomic) nervous system, in turn, is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic and innervates the work of internal organs.

The nervous system regulates: 1) the behavior of the body during external environment. This regulation by I.P. Pavlov called GNI; 2) regulates the work of internal organs - lower nervous activity.

The central nervous system (CNS) plays a leading role in the organization of adaptive processes occurring during individual development. Therefore, the dynamics of morpho-functional transformations in this system is downloaded on the nature of the activity of all body systems.

The number of CNS neurons reaches its maximum number in the 24-week-old fetus and remains constant until old age. Differentiated neurons are no longer capable of dividing, and the constancy of their numbers plays a major role in the accumulation and storage of information. Glial cells continue to remain immature even after birth, which leads to a deficiency in their protective and supporting functions for brain tissue, slow metabolic processes in the brain, its low electrical activity and high permeability of the blood-brain barrier.

By the time of birth, the fetal brain is characterized by low sensitivity to hypoxia, a low level of metabolic processes (metabolism), and the predominance of the anaerobic mechanism of energy production during this period. Due to the slow synthesis inhibitory mediators in the CNS of the fetus and newborn, generalized excitation easily occurs even with a small amount of stimulation. As the brain matures, the activity of inhibitory processes increases. In the early stages of intrauterine development, nervous control of functions is carried out mainly by the spinal cord. At the beginning of the fetal period (eighth to tenth weeks of development), control of the medulla oblongata over the spinal cord appears. From 13-14 weeks there are signs of mesencephalic control of the underlying parts of the central nervous system. The corrective effects of the cortex on other structures of the CNS, the mechanisms necessary for survival after birth, are revealed at the end of the fetal period. By this time, the main types of unconditioned reflexes are determined: indicative, protective (avoidance), grasping and food. The latter, in the form of sucking and swallowing movements, is most pronounced.

The development of the central nervous system of the child is greatly facilitated by thyroid hormones. A decrease in the production of thyroid hormones in the fetal or early postnatal periods leads to cretinism due to a decrease in the number and size of neurons and their processes, a violation of protein metabolism in the brain and nucleic acids, as well as the transmission of excitation in synapses.

In comparison with adults, children have a higher excitability of nerve cells, less specialization of nerve centers. In early childhood, many nerve fibers do not yet have a myelin sheath that provides isolated conduction of nerve impulses. As a result, the excitation process easily passes from one fiber to another, neighboring one. Myelination of most nerve fibers in most children ends by three years old, but some last up to 5-7 years. The high irradiation of nervous processes is largely associated with poor "isolation" of nerve fibers, and this entails imperfect coordination of reflex reactions, an abundance of unnecessary movements and uneconomical vegetative support. Myelination processes normally proceed under the influence of thyroid and steroid hormones. With the development, "maturation" of neurons and interneuronal connections, the coordination of nervous processes improves and reaches perfection by the age of 18-20.

Age-related changes in the functions of the central nervous system are also due to other morphological features of development. Despite the fact that the spinal cord of the newborn is the most mature part of the CNS, its final development is completed simultaneously with the cessation of growth. During this time, its mass increases by 8 times.

The main parts of the brain stand out already by the third month of the embryonic period, and by the fifth month of embryogenesis, the main furrows of the cerebral hemispheres have time to form. The human brain develops most intensively in the first 2 years after birth. Then the rate of its development decreases slightly, but remains high until the age of 6-7, when the child's brain mass reaches 80% of the adult brain mass.

The brain develops heterochronously. The fastest maturation of the stem, subcortical and cortical structures that regulate the vegetative functions of the body. These departments, in their development, already at 2-4 years old are similar to the brain of an adult. The final formation of the stem part and the diencephalon is completed only at the age of 13-16. The paired activity of the cerebral hemispheres in ontogenesis changes from unstable symmetry to unstable asymmetry and, finally, to stable functional asymmetry. The cellular structure, shape and placement of the furrows and convolutions of the projection zones of the cortex become similar to the adult brain by the age of 7. In the frontal regions, this is achieved only by the age of 12. The maturation of the cerebral hemispheres is fully completed only by the age of 20-22.

At the age of 40, the processes of degeneration in the central nervous system begin. Possible demyelination in the posterior roots and pathways of the spinal cord. With age, the rate of propagation of excitation along the nerves decreases, synaptic conduction slows down, and the lability of nerve cells decreases. Weakening of inhibitory processes different levels nervous system. Uneven, multidirectional changes in the individual nuclei of the hypothalamus lead to a violation of the coordination of its functions, changes in the nature of vegetative reflexes and, therefore, to a decrease in the reliability of homeostatic regulation. In older people, the reactivity of the nervous system decreases, the ability of the body to adapt to stress is limited, although individuals and at the age of 80, the functional state of the central nervous system and the level of adaptive processes can remain the same as in middle adulthood. On the background general changes in the autonomic nervous system, the weakening of parasympathetic influences is most noticeable.

The central nervous system is the most stable, intensively functioning and long-lived system of the body. Its functional activity is ensured by long-term preservation of nucleic acids in nerve cells, optimal blood flow in the vessels of the brain, and sufficient oxygenation of the blood. However, if these conditions are violated, the functional capabilities of the central nervous system are sharply reduced.

Watching the work of your body, you noticed that after running, the frequency of breathing and heart rate increases. After eating, the amount of glucose in the blood increases. However, after some time, these indicators supposedly acquire their original values ​​on their own. How does this regulation take place?

Humoral regulation(lat. humor - liquid) is carried out with the help of substances that affect the metabolic processes in cells, as well as the functioning of organs and the body as a whole. These substances enter the bloodstream, and from it - into the cells. Thus, an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases the frequency of respiration.

Some substances, such as hormones, perform their function even if their concentration in the blood is very low. Most hormones are synthesized and released into the blood by the cells of the endocrine glands, which form the endocrine system. Traveling with blood throughout the body, hormones can enter any organ. But the hormone affects the functioning of the organ only if the cells of this organ have receptors for this particular hormone. The receptors are combined with hormones, and this entails a change in the activity of the cell. So, the hormone insulin, joining the receptors of the liver cell, stimulates the penetration of glucose into it and the synthesis of glycogen from this compound.

Endocrine system ensures the growth and development of the body, its individual parts and organs with the help of hormones. It is involved in the regulation of metabolism and adapts it to the needs of the body, constantly changing.

Nervous regulation. Unlike the system of humoral regulation, which responds mainly to changes in the internal environment, the nervous system responds to events occurring both inside the body and outside it. With the help of the nervous system, the body responds to any impact very quickly. Such reactions to the action of stimuli are called reflexes.

Immune regulation is provided by the immune system, the task of which is to create immunity - the body's ability to resist the action of external and internal enemies. They are bacteria, viruses, various substances that disrupt the normal functioning of the body, as well as its cells, dead or reborn. The main fighting forces of the immune regulation system are certain blood cells and special substances contained in it.

Human organism- self-regulating system. The task of self-regulation is to support all chemical, physical and biological indicators of the body's work within certain limits. So, the body temperature of a healthy person can vary between 36-37 ° C, blood pressure 115/75-125/90 mm Hg. Art., the concentration of glucose in the blood - 3.8-6.1 mmol / l. The state of the body, in which all parameters of its functioning remain relatively constant, is called homeostasis (Greek homeo - similar, stasis - state). The work of the regulatory systems of the body, acting in constant interconnection, is aimed at maintaining homeostasis.

Connection of the nervous, humoral and immune regulatory systems

The vital activity of the body is regulated, acting in concert, by the nervous, humoral and immune systems. These systems complement each other, forming a single mechanism of neurohumoral-immune regulation.

Neurohumoral Interactions. Any complex action of the body on an external stimulus - whether it is tasks in control work or a meeting with an unfamiliar dog in the yard of one's house - begins with the regulatory influences of the central nervous system.

Excitation of the reticular formation brings all the structures of the central nervous system into a state of readiness for action. Activation of the limbic system evokes a particular emotion—surprise, joy, anxiety, or fear—depending on how the stimulus is judged. At the same time, the hypothalamus is activated and hypothalamic-pituitary system. Under their influence, the sympathetic nervous system changes the mode of operation of the internal organs, the adrenal medulla and thyroid glands increase the secretion of hormones. The production of glucose by the liver increases, the level of energy metabolism in cells increases. There is a mobilization of the body's internal resources necessary to effectively respond to the stimulus acting on the body.

The activity of the nervous system may be subject to humoral influences. In this case, information about changes in the state of the body with the help of humoral factors is transmitted to the structures of the nervous system. It, in turn, stimulates reactions aimed at restoring homeostasis.

Everyone felt hungry and knows how a person acts when he wants to eat. How does the feeling of hunger arise, is it a manifestation of food motivation? The hunger and satiety centers are located in the hypothalamus. With a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in insulin levels, the neurons that are sensitive to their content in the blood are activated, and we feel that we are hungry. Information from the hypothalamus goes to the cerebral cortex. With her participation, the eating behavior, that is, a set of actions aimed at finding and absorbing food.

The feeling of satiety occurs when glucose levels and fatty acids increases in the blood, and the level of insulin decreases. All these signals activate the saturation center of the hypothalamus, food motivation disappears - eating behavior is inhibited.

Let us give another example of the relationship between the system of humoral and nervous regulation. With the onset of puberty, the production of sex hormones increases in the body. Sex hormones affect the structures of the nervous system. In the hypothalamus there are centers whose neurons are connected with the sex hormone testosterone and are responsible for sexual reflexes. Due to the action of testosterone in women and men, sexual desire arises - one of the most important human motivations, without which the implementation of reproductive function is impossible.

Neuroimmune Interactions. The immune system, destroying foreign agents and damaged cells of the body itself, thereby regulates the state of its internal environment. There is a relationship between the immune system and the nervous system.

Lymphocytes that mature in the organs of the immune system have receptors for mediators of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Consequently, these cells are able to perceive signals coming from the nerve centers and respond to them. The hypothalamus receives humoral signals about the penetration of the antigen into the body and activates the autonomic nervous system. Impulses pass through the sympathetic neurons that innervate the lymphoid tissues of the immune system, and the mediator norepinephrine is released. Under its influence, the number of T-lymphocytes increases, which inhibit the activity of B-lymphocytes. Parasympathetic neurons, when excited, release the mediator acetylcholine, which accelerates the maturation of B-lymphocytes. So, the sympathetic nervous system is able to suppress the immune response, and the parasympathetic - to stimulate it.

Homework

2. Prepare for control work"Nervous system".

Is the calorie content of foods a decisive factor influencing weight? Let's try to figure this out.

Regulatory system of the body

All that we receive is spent on various needs: the synthesis of enzymes, maintaining body temperature, the work performed, moving in space, thinking and nervous activity etc. The greater the energy consumption, the more intense the metabolism becomes and the process proceeds better (up to a certain point).

An amazing balance is maintained between the intake of energy and its expenditure, the mechanism of self-regulation works.

In the human body, it is carried out at several levels. In the biological body, the process is coordinated by the brain, it can invade the work of any of the systems, up to a single cell.

However, under the conditions ordinary life the current tasks in the body are solved by the subconscious, which, in turn, also has several levels of hierarchy, but we will not focus on this. Now the next point is important: if you give a certain setting or program to your subconscious, it is possible to work miracles with your body.

In addition to direct intervention, the subconscious mind influences the body through a complex multi-level system. hormonal regulation. It includes the hypothalamus - the main coordinating center, the pituitary gland - the middle link to which the endocrine glands obey. The metabolism is directly regulated by hormones.

Thus, it turns out that, first of all, a person’s weight is affected by internal causes- installations of the subconscious and hormonal balance. And they, in turn, are affected by health (more precisely, pathologies), genotype and emotions.

American scientists have proven THAT AVERAGE HUMAN WEIGHT DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE CALORIE OF FOOD. Naturally, normal conditions are implied, when there are no forced restrictions on food.

That is, the following situation develops, which, as it were, asserts a certain weight. If there is a slight temporary overeating, then the excess energy increases metabolism and turns into heat until a balance is established. If you deliberately overeat for a long time, then, undoubtedly, fat reserves will begin to replenish. But if a person stops doing this, then the weight will soon begin to return to the original. Of course, such overloads will not pass without a trace, internal organs will wear out prematurely.

In a situation of malnutrition, the body uses its reserves and exists at their expense. The process of heat generation in order to save is reduced, the metabolism slows down. Hunger arises, which a person seeks to satisfy, and the body's reserves are replenished.

Unfortunately this regulatory system of the body is not what we would like. Nature does not know a lazy life in conditions of abundance. The task of survival requires our body to store a small amount of fat reserves for a rainy day. And if a person eats plentifully and satisfyingly, reserves are gradually formed for “rainy days”, which do not come, and the reserves continue to grow ....

Relationship between food intake and age

In addition, with age, the ratio between the synthesized hormones changes, and the balance begins to shift towards weight accumulation. Some authors (V. Dilman) believe that obesity is a normal consequence of aging.

The fact is that by the age of 22-25, the process of puberty and growth is completed, and the level of metabolic hormones gradually begins to decrease. As a result, the absorption of nutrients decreases by 1-2% annually, and by the age of 50 in relatively healthy people, it is 40-50% of the youthful level and even less in those who are sick.

Although growth has stopped, the cells of the body continue to divide and renew without stopping. The body's need for energy and nutrients increases, because people give birth and raise children, are promoted, etc. In addition, the work of the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine system in the body worsens, nutritional deficiency under the influence of diseases, drugs, smoking, alcohol, stressful situations, various stimulants.

People continue to satisfy the feeling of hunger with the usual amount of food, however, at the cellular level, the body experiences hunger due to the absorption of less and less necessary elements. This deficiency activates the protective functions of the body - fat reserves begin to accumulate in the waist, hips, abdomen, chest and other genetically predisposed places.

A typical reaction of most women and men and women in response to a decrease in the process of assimilation of food, increased stress, increased body weight, lack of energy is a strict diet and exercise. As a result, the body in conditions of deficiency responds with diseases, depressive states, fatigue, and premature aging.

The way out of this situation is, which will ensure health and longevity, but more on that in other articles.

Of course, a person is able to consciously shift the internal balance in the direction he needs. But it takes great work regulatory systems, and for this someone will have to reset excess weight, increase physical activity, give up sweet cakes and donuts.

Dysregulation is a disease, and a disease cannot be "normal." Indeed, in the "norm" a person has a good constitution, feels vigorous and strong, and when he is thin or fat, then this is already a pathology.

Weight gain can lead to self-indulgence healthy people However, obesity itself will quickly provoke the development of diseases. In addition, overweight is often the result of congenital or acquired diseases of the body's regulatory system. For example, when with early childhood the child is fed, the body will adapt to this and form new fat cells. That is, parents will doom their child to be complete.

Exhaustion or abnormal thinness is also, as a rule, evidence of some kind of hidden illness - the presence of a nervous or hormonal disorder, gastric or intestinal disease etc.

Summarizing all of the above, we formulate several provisions:

1. The decisive role in maintaining weight belongs to the regulatory systems of the body, not calories. They coordinate energy consumption, control the feeling of hunger. Obesity or thinness speak of breakdowns in the mechanisms of regulation of a congenital, acquired or age-related nature.

2. To a greater extent, the work of regulatory systems is affected by repeated external influences - nutrition, exercise stress, emotions, etc. If there are systematic inconsistencies of any kind, the balance is disturbed. But this position itself gives us the opportunity to consciously influence the regulatory systems of the body.

3. Optimizing energy metabolism and weight is possible only with the help of an integrated approach - physical education, mental hygiene. With the help of diet alone, it will be possible to maintain weight for some time, and even then not always. But this disharmony will not give the body health and longevity.

And the most important conclusion: "COUNTING CALORIES IS NOT NEEDED." When the body is able to take food, energy deficiency automatically stimulates a healthy hunger. And satisfying it without overeating is the most reasonable way to eat.

Basic concepts and key terms: regulatory systems, nervous, endocrine, immune systems.

Remember! What is the regulation of the functions of the human body?

Regulation (from lat. regulation) - put in order, arrange.

Think!

The human body is a complex system. It contains billions of cells, millions of structural units, thousands of organs, hundreds of functional systems, dozens of physiological systems. And why do they all work harmoniously, as a whole?

What are the features of the regulatory systems of the human body?

REGULATORY SYSTEMS

a set of organs that have a leading influence on the activity of physiological systems, organs and cells. These systems have structural features and functions associated with their purpose.

Regulatory systems have central and peripheral departments. Leadership teams are formed in the central bodies, and peripheral organs ensure their distribution and transfer to the working bodies for execution (principle of centralization).

To control the execution of commands, the central bodies of regulatory systems receive response information from the working bodies. This feature of the activity of biological systems is called the principle feedback.

Information from regulatory systems throughout the body is transmitted in the form of signals. Therefore, the cells of such systems have the ability to produce electrical impulses and chemicals, to encode and distribute information.

Regulatory systems carry out the regulation of functions in accordance with changes in the external or internal environment. Therefore, the governing commands that are sent to the authorities are either stimulating or slowing down (the principle of double action).

Such features in the human body are characteristic of three systems - nervous, endocrine and immune. And they are the regulatory systems of our body.

So, the main features of regulatory systems are:

1) the presence of central and peripheral departments; 2) the ability to produce guiding signals; 3) activity on the principle of feedback; 4) double mode of regulation.

How is the regulatory activity of the nervous system organized?

The nervous system is a set of human organs that perceive, analyze and provide the activity of the physiological systems of organs in a very fast mode. The structure of the nervous system is divided into two parts - central and peripheral. The central one includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral one includes the nerves. The activity of the nervous system is reflex, carried out with the help of nerve impulses that occur in nerve cells. A reflex is a response of the body to irritation that occurs with the participation of the nervous system. Any activity of physiological systems has a reflex character. So, with the help of reflexes, the secretion of saliva for tasty food, pulling the hand away from the thorns of a rose, etc. are regulated.

Reflex signals are transmitted from high speed nerve pathways that form reflex arcs. This is the path along which impulses are transmitted from receptors to the central parts of the nervous system and from them to the working organs. The reflex arc consists of 5 parts: 1 - receptor link (perceives irritation and turns it into impulses); 2 - sensitive (centripetal) link (transmits excitation to the central nervous system); 3 - the central link (it analyzes information with the participation of intercalary neurons); 4 - motor (centrifugal) link (transmits guiding impulses to the working body); 5 - working link (with the participation of a muscle or gland, a certain action occurs) (ill. 10).

The transmission of excitation from one neuron to another is carried out using synapses. This is a plot of con

cycle of one neuron with another or with a working organ. Excitation in synapses is transmitted by special substances-mediators. They are synthesized by the presynaptic membrane and accumulate in synaptic vesicles. When the nerve impulses reach the synapse, the vesicles burst and the neurotransmitter molecules enter the synaptic cleft. The membrane of the dendrite, called postsynaptic, receives information and converts it into impulses. Excitation is transmitted further by the next neuron.

So, due to the electrical nature of nerve impulses and the presence of special pathways, the nervous system carries out reflex regulation very quickly and provides a specific effect on the organs.

Why are the endocrine and immune systems regulatory?

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that provide humoral regulation of the functions of physiological systems. The highest department of endocrine regulation is the hypothalamus, which, together with the pituitary gland, controls the peripheral glands. The cells of the endocrine glands produce hormones and send them into the internal environment. The blood, and subsequently the tissue fluid, delivers these chemical signals to the cells. Hormones can slow down or increase cell function. For example, the adrenal hormone adrenaline revitalizes the work of the heart, acetylcholine slows it down. The influence of hormones on organs is a slower way of controlling functions than with the help of the nervous system, however this influence can be general and long-term.

The immune system is a collection of organs that form special chemical compounds and cells to provide a protective effect on cells, tissues and organs. The central organs of the immune system include the red bone marrow and thymus, and the peripheral organs include the tonsils, appendix, and lymph nodes. The central place among the cells of the immune system is occupied by various leukocytes, and among chemical compounds- antibodies produced in response to foreign protein compounds. The cells and substances of the immune system are spread by the fluids of the internal environment. And their effect, like hormones, is slow, long and general.

So, the endocrine and immune systems are regulatory systems and carry out humoral and immune regulation in the human body.

ACTIVITY

Learning to know

Independent work with the table

Compare the nervous, endocrine and immune regulatory systems, identify the similarities and differences between them.

Biology + Neurophysiology

Platon Grigoryevich Kostyuk (1924-2010) - an outstanding Ukrainian neurophysiologist. The scientist for the first time designed and used microelectrode technique to study the organization of nerve centers, penetrated into nerve cell by registering its signals. He studied how information is converted from electrical to molecular form in the nervous system. Platon Kostyuk proved that calcium ions play an important role in these processes. And what is the role of calcium ions in the nervous regulation of the functions of the human body?

Biology + Psychology

Each person reacts to colors differently, depending on temperament and health status. Psychologists, based on the attitude to color, determine the character of a person, his inclinations, intellect, type of psyche. So, the red color strengthens memory, gives vigor and vigor, excites the nervous system, and purple enhances creativity, has a calming effect on the nervous system, increases muscle tone. Applying knowledge of regulatory systems, try to explain the mechanism of the effect of color on the human body.

RESULT

	Questions for self-control
	1. What are regulatory systems? 2. Name the regulatory systems of the human body. 3. What is a reflex? 4. What is a reflex arc? 5. Name the components of the reflex arc. 6. What are the endocrine and immune regulatory systems?
	7. What are the features of the regulatory systems of the human body? 8. How is the regulatory activity of the nervous system organized? 9. Why are the endocrine and immune systems regulatory?
	10. Name the similarities and differences between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems body regulation.

This is textbook material.