How many forms of the verb in Russian. What are the forms of the verb

What are the forms of the verb in Russian?

The verb is the most complex of all parts of speech. It has a view, 2 conjugations, conjugated verbs, which are very ancient. It has transitivity, recurrence, pledge. The verb has three tenses, two numbers, three persons. In the past tense, it has gender. In the Present tense, it can acquire moods, and in the future have a simple and complex shape. And the verb can also have an infinitive, and in Russian there are two parts of speech, which, according to some textbooks, are its special forms. And all this must be taken into account in the morphological analysis. Even students of the philological departments of universities do not always cope with this uncle verb. I knew one part-time student in Soviet time, who passed the morphology five times and flunked this case because of the verb and its forms.

The first, perhaps, form of the verb is the infinitive, indefinite, which answers the question what to do? . By tense, the verb can be used in the present, future and past tense, and in the past tense there are two forms - perfect and imperfect (for example, did - did). Verbs are used in singular and plural. Also, verbs change by gender - masculine, feminine and neuter.

Remember existing forms verbs in Russian is not difficult. First, as in any other language, verbs have an initial form, the so-called infinitive, which is the easiest to remember because it answers the question What to do? Further, the verbs are divided into tenses, this is also simple - past, future and present give three more forms. Naturally, verbs are also divided into number - singular and plural. And the favorite forms of the verbs of each student are participle and participle. The participle is an adjective verb, for example frozen, and the gerund participle is an adverb verb that shows an additional action, for example, I was trembling, freezing.

In Russian, the verb has many forms. Let's start with verb conjugation. Each verb can change in persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Therefore, we distinguish between the form of the first person singular and plural present tense, second person form, etc.

Here are the personal forms of the verb go:

I'm going, we're going

you go you go

he goes, they go.

In the past tense of the indicative mood, the verb has its own form, formed from the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -l-:

Past tense forms:

took, took, took, took.

The verb has a special form - participle, which combines the qualities of a verb and an adjective, that is, indicates a sign of action.

Participles formed from the verb sow:

sowing, sown (present tense);

sowed, sown (past tense).

Mention and gerund- an invariable form of the verb, which has the features of a verb and an adverb and denotes additional action in relation to the verb-predicate.

Hearing, speaking - gerund imperfect form;

Having heard, understood, brought, baked - a perfect participle.

In a sentence, the participle is usually a circumstance.

Russian language is very Difficult language. Including due to the fact that each word practically has many forms. The same applies to verbs. Verbs have an indefinite form when they answer the question what to do? . I also have perfect and imperfect forms. From different tenses, the corresponding forms of verbs are formed, the same can be said about the singular and plural. And these are just the main ones.

A verb is a part of speech that names an action or state as a process. Answers questions such as - what to do, what to do. The morphological features of the verb are: aspect, tense, mood, face. Moods are: indicative, imperative and conditional. Time: past, present and future.

The forms of the verb are those categories in which the verb changes: mood, tense, person, number, gender.

Verbs can be in the form of indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive in some textbooks) moods. In the indicative mood, the category of time appears: the form of the present, past and future tenses. Each of these forms has singular and plural forms; in past tense and singular verbs change by gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), in the present and future - by persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

Standing apart is the indefinite form of the verb, or the infinitive (what to do? what to do?), in which not a single inconstant feature is defined.

In modern school grammar, participles and gerunds are considered not as a special form of the verb, but as independent parts of speech.

A verb in Russian can have several forms.

Initial (undefined) verb form (it is also called the infinitive), for example, go.

Past tense form, present, future, an example went, I go, I go.

Singular, plural form, examples stand, stand.

Special form of the verb - participle.

Special form of the verb - gerund.

Verbs change by person, number, gender.

And that's just small examples. The topic of verbs is covered in more detail here.

Verbs change by person, number, tense, gender.

Genus - there are three types of female / male / middle.

Time - there are 3 types - present, future, past.

Number is Singular and Plural.

Faces - there are 1, 2, 3. (I, you, he) (we, you, they).

The verb has several forms and several kinds of changes.

Persons can be first, second and third.

The verb can be singular or plural.

The verb can be used in the feminine, male and neuter genders.

The meaning of the verb morphological features and syntax function

Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).

In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - forms of mood and time), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).

The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) but -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [to]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.

Verb stems

The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive And basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.

To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.

To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person plural is taken): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (any form can be used, except for the masculine singular form, since it can be represented null suffix, which makes it difficult to isolate basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive	Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a.	1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing).
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw.	2. Shapes imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw).
3. Valid participles past tense: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew.	3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing).
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp.	4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable).
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing).

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: to read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:

1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;

2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: to read- reread, reread, reread etc.);

2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.

Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: talk- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).

There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.

transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; waste time- do not waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot be carried direct complement, are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. Everything reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent

I conjugation		II conjugation

If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.

But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based And be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).

There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) to want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (want- want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish- I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

	eat eat	ladies give give give
	eat eat eat	give dad-they will give

Verb to be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers eat And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: I will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only auxiliary to be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).

verb mood

Verbs change according to moods. The form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(future).

Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants Orthodox lands native past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Inclination forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).

verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.

The form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, how in violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

The form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

The form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.

The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.

Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).

Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).

Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.

The form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.

The form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.

The form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.

The form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.

Category faces And numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- middle genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called inadequate And redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up etc.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes by two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.

These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject with them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).

Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.

Scheme morphological analysis verb. I. Part of speech. 1. initial form(indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)	An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect appearance; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) imperative mood; 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate.

§one. general characteristics verbs as parts of speech

The verb is an independent significant changeable part of speech. The verb word combines different forms. Which ones, depends on the interpretation of some important concepts.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

The most significant differences relate to the interpretation of what participles and gerunds are. Some authors believe that participles and gerunds are special forms of the verb, while others believe that these are special parts of speech. As a result, the question of the number of verb forms is interpreted differently. Proponents of the first point of view teach that verb word includes forms:

the initial form is the indefinite form of the verb (or, as it is also called, the infinitive),
conjugated forms, both personal and impersonal,
inflected form - participle,
invariable form - gerund.

And supporters of the second point of view exclude participle and participle from verb forms. In our diagram, therefore, participles and gerunds are connected with the verb by broken lines.

All verb forms are united by common unchangeable features. Variable features, if any, may be different.

1. Grammatical meaning:"action".
Verbs are words that answer questions like: what to do?, what to do?

2. Morphological features:

constants - type: perfect-imperfect, transitivity, recurrence, type of conjugation;
changeable

for conjugated forms: number, mood, tense, person (in the imperative and indicative mood of the present and future tense), gender (in the conditional and indicative mood in the past tense in the singular);
in declined forms (participles): gender, number, case;
invariable forms (the indefinite form of the verb and gerund) do not.

Attention:
Those who exclude participles and gerunds from verbal forms do not consider signs of participles and gerunds in this topic.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence:

Personal forms of the verb, as well as impersonal verbs, are most often predicated.

I love Petersburg.
It's getting light.

The indefinite form of the verb - the predicate or its part, as well as the subject and somewhat less often - the main member of the one-part impersonal offer, complement, definition and circumstance.

I love walking around Petersburg.
Walking around St. Petersburg is a great pleasure.
Be rain!
The children asked us to go to Petersburg.
We had a desire to go to St. Petersburg.
I went for a walk in the evening Petersburg.

Attention:
The syntactic role of participles and gerunds is considered only by those authors who classify them as verb forms.

Participles are: full - by definition, short - by predicate.

Petersburg is a city founded by Peter I.

Petersburg was founded by Peter I.

Participles are adverbs in a sentence.

Having founded St. Petersburg, Peter I moved the capital there.

§2. Verb types

View is a constant morphological feature of the verb. All verbs are perfective or imperfective. The generally accepted notation is:

CB - for perfective verbs,
NSV - for imperfective verbs.

Questions to the verb as a part of speech: what to do? what to do?- reflect the division of verbs by type.

Species formation

Most non-derivative Russian verbs are NSV verbs, for example: eat, live, love, jump, scream.
From them, with the help of prefixes and suffixes, CB verbs are formed, for example:

eat → eat, eat up, overeat,
to live → to live, live, survive,
love → fall in love
jump → jump,
shout → scream.

Also in Russian, the formation of NSV verbs from SV verbs is common. In this case, NSV suffixes are used: -yva-, -va-, -a-, for example:

rewrite → rewrite,
knock down → knock down
decide → solve.

Some verbs SV and NSV form aspect pairs, for example:

do - do,
write - write,

jump - jump,
paint - paint.

The meaning of the verbs that make up the aspect pair differs in only one component: process - result, multiple - single action.
Many verbs SV and NSV are not considered to be an aspect pair, because in addition to the value of the form, they differ in some additional value, for example:

write (NSW)
add (ST, additional meaning: bringing the action to the end),
rewrite (CB, additional meaning: doing the action again),
write off (CB, additional meaning: performing an action according to a model, copying),
write (NE, additional meaning: write a lot, cover some surface with a letter), etc.

The verbs SV and NSV have different forms:

NSV verbs in the indicative mood have three tense forms, for example:
- present time: love, love, love, love, love, love,
- future: will love, will love, will love, will love, will love, will love(form of the future tense formed with the verb to be, is called a compound form),
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
verbs CB in the indicative mood have only two forms: future and past tense. The present tense of CB verbs is impossible, because this contradicts their species value. The form of the future tense for NE verbs is not compound, like for NSV verbs, but simple: love, look, know etc.
- future: love, love, love, love, love, love,
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.

Attention:

The Russian language has two-part verbs. These are verbs in which the meaning of the form can only be determined in the context. In some contexts they appear as ST verbs, and in others as NSV, for example:

After all, criminals executed(SV).
criminals executed whole month (NSV).
Yesterday he promised(SV) that will visit us today.
Every day he promised(NSV) to call, but every time he postponed his visit.

Do not be surprised:

If the verb has different lexical meanings, then the species pairs can be different.

For example:

Teach (NSV) - learn(SV) what? (words, poem, song), i.e. learn something on your own.
Teach (NSV) - teach(SV) who? (son, children, high school students, athletes), i.e. teach someone something.

§3. Transitivity

Transitivity is the property of a verb to govern nouns expressing the meaning of the object of action, for example:

be in love(whom? what?) mother, animals, books, chocolate
look film, magazines, photos
to read book, report, note, congratulations
eat ice cream, chicken, soup, cake
drink water, tea, coffee, juice

Remember: most of the time given value expressed in Russian by nouns in V.p. without a suggestion.

In the event that the verb has a negative particle not, the noun is more often in R.p. The value of the object does not change. For example:

Not to love (whom? what?) brother, animals, books, chocolate.

If the verb controls V.p. noun with the meaning of an object, then this verb is transitive. If verbs are followed by nouns in other forms, and the accusative case without a preposition is impossible, then the verb is intransitive, for example: walk around the city, jump into the water, grow up near the house, doubt the correctness, rejoice in luck etc. The use of such verbs with nouns in V.p. impossible, for example, in Russian it is impossible to say: walk the city, jump water, grow a house, rejoice in luck.

Attention:

It is important that forms of passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

§4. recurrence

Verbs are divided into reflexive and non-reflexive. The formal indicator is the formative suffix -sya (-s), at the end of the word. If the form of the reflexive verb has an ending, then the suffix -sya -s follows it, for example:

dressed, dressed, dressed, dressed.

Attention:

the suffix -sya happens after consonants, for example: bathed, bathes,
suffix -s - after vowels: bathed, swam.

Values reflexive verbs can be different, for example:

Wash, dress, dress(the action of the subject is directed at himself),
meet, hug, kiss(mutual actions directed at each other: you can’t meet, hug, kiss yourself),
wonder, rejoice, be angry(subject state),
the fabric is wrinkled, the dog bites, the cat scratches(a sign that characterizes the properties of the subject),
it's getting dark- impersonality.

Remember:

Reflexive verbs are intransitive.

§five. Conjugation

Verb conjugation is the nature of the change of the verb in the present tense form in persons and numbers. There are two conjugations, reference to one of the two types is made according to a set of endings. This means that verbs do not change by conjugation, they refer to them. Conjugation is thus a constant morphological feature of verbs.

Conjugation patterns

Attention:

If the endings are stressed, then the definition of conjugation does not cause problems. No need to put verbs in an indefinite form: the endings are clearly audible, so you will not be mistaken either in writing or in parsing.
The problem can only arise with verbs that have unstressed endings.

In order to determine the endings or the type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings, you need to put the verb in an indefinite form. If the verb is -it , then it is a verb of 2 conjugations.
An exception: shave, shave and obsolete word be based. Also, conjugation 2 includes

7 exception verbs per -et : twirl, endure, offend, depend on, hate, And see, And look,
4 exception verbs on -at : drive, hold, hear, breathe.

The remaining verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.

Attention:

Verbs want to run And honor special. Them and all derivatives of them, for example: run, run, run, run, run etc., refer to dissonant verbs. The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of 1 conjugation, and in others - 2. Let's conjugate these verbs:

want - want, want, want, want, want, want (in singular endings 1 sp., in plural - 2).
run - run, run, run, run, run, run (in all forms, except 3 l. pl., ending 1 sp., in 3 l. pl. - ending 2 sp.)
honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms, except 3 l. pl., ending 1 sp., in 3 l. pl. - ending 2 sp.)

Attention:

Verbs eat And give do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings.

Eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat,
Give - ladies, give, give, give, give, give.

Verbs that are derivatives of eat and give also change, for example: eat, finish eating, eat, hand over, submit etc.

It is necessary to know the conjugation of verbs, since this knowledge allows you to correctly write personal endings of verbs, as well as suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense. The ability to determine the conjugations of verbs is also necessary when performing morphological analysis.

§6. Mood

Inclination is a variable morphological feature. It expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian:

indicative,
imperative,
conditional (the term "subjunctive" is also common).

Indicative

Verbs in the indicative mood express real-life actions and change in tense.

There are three tenses in Russian: present, past and future. The present and future tenses may overlap. In the present and future tenses, verbs are conjugated, i.e. change in person and number. The endings are thus not only indicative of person and number, but also of tense and mood. Verbs are inflected in the past tense. The endings serve as indicators of number and gender, and the formative suffix -l is an indicator of time and mood.

Imperative mood

Imperative verbs express motivation. Imperative verbs have singular and plural forms of 1st, 2nd and 3rd person. Examples:

let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go - the forms of the 1st person express an impulse to joint action;
go, go - forms of 2 persons express an impulse to action;
let (let) go, go, long live- motivation refers to the 3rd person.

Imperative forms with words let's, Let's, let be, let, Yes are called analytic forms. These words are involved in the formation of forms of the 1st and 3rd person and are indicators of the imperative mood together with the verbs with which they are used.

Conditional mood

Conditional verbs can express:

condition,
action possible under any conditions.

If would you called, we would meet b. If would we met, I would return you a book.

The form of verbs in the conditional mood is the same as in the past tense of the indicative mood*, but with the particle would. If the form is expressed in two words, then it is considered analytical. This means that the indicator of the conditional mood is the formative suffix -l and the particle would.

* Opinions regarding the form of the verb in the conditional mood are different. Some authors believe that this is the past tense form, while others consider it a homonymous form of the verb in the past tense.

§7. Time

Time is a variable. Time, like mood, is a verb category. They are not characteristic of other parts of speech.
The tense of the verb expresses the ratio of the time of action and the moment of speech. The forms of time differ only in the indicative mood. Three times:

past,
the present,
future.

Not all verbs have forms of all three tenses. Perfective verbs do not have a present tense form.

Real tense and grammatical tense may not match. For example:

Yesterday he comes And He speaks: - Today I came on time

(action in the past is expressed in the forms of the present tense).

The future tense can be expressed analytically, in two words: the verb to be in desired form and an imperfective verb in an indefinite form, for example:

In perfective verbs, only the simple future tense is formed, for example: I'm leaving, write, We'll see.
In Russian it is impossible to say: write, we'll see. This is a gross violation of the morphological norm.

§8. Face

The person is a changeable sign in present and future tense verbs of the indicative mood and verbs of the imperative mood. The face denotes the producer of the action.
If the action is performed by the speaker, then the verb is put in the form of 1 person.
If the action is performed by the listener, then the verb is put in the form of the 2nd person.
If the action is performed by other persons not participating in the conversation, then the verb is put in the 3rd person form.

I like oranges.(1 l., unit)
We love oranges.(1 lit., pl.)

You love oranges.(2 l., unit)
You love oranges.(2 lit., pl.)

He loves oranges.(3 l., unit)
They love oranges.(3 lit., pl.)

In Russian, verbs are possible that denote an action that does not have a producer. Such verbs are called impersonal.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs denote a state of nature or a person that does not depend on their will. Therefore, both nature and man are not considered as producers of action.

It's getting dark.
It was getting dark.
I'm sick.
I'm unwell.

Forms of the verb in the impersonal form cannot be a predicate in a two-part sentence. They are the main members of one-part impersonal sentences.

§nine. Genus

Gender is a variable morphological feature of the verb. Verbs have gender forms in the singular. past time of the indicative mood and singular form. conditional inclination.

Lesson passed, lecture passed, interview passed, the meetings took place (in the past tense, the inflective gender differs only in the singular).
If the lesson passed(lecture passed, interview passed), we would have gone home (in the conditional incl. the gender differs only in the singular).

§10. Number

Number is a morphological feature common to all verbal forms, except for the indefinite form of the verb and the gerund.

Verb forms

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

Is it correct to assume that the verb is a significant part of speech?
What morphological features unite all verb forms?
- Non-permanent (changing) signs
What kind of verbs are more common among Russian derived verbs?
What tense forms do the verbs CB have?
- real
- past
- future
Can intransitive verbs govern nouns in Cp?
Is it true to assume that transitive verbs are irreflexive?
What are the names of verbs that have the endings of the 1st conjugation in some forms, and the 2nd in others?
- Impersonal
- transitional
- Heterogeneous
How do verbs change in the present tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By number and gender
Can impersonal verbs be predicates in two-part sentences?
Is tense a constant (unchangeable) feature of the verb?
How do verbs change in the past tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and in the singular by gender
Are single-root verbs with different prefixes and different meanings an aspect pair: rewrite - write?

Right answers:

Permanent (immutable) features
real
Heterogeneous
By persons and numbers
By numbers and in the singular by gender

In contact with

A verb is a part of speech that tells about all the actions of a person and animals. This is the most complex morphological substance. It must be treated very carefully and studied in the most detailed way. This article can help in this difficult matter.

What is the verb

Cunning and insidious, revealing not only how objects work, but also in what state they are.

The verb rarely gives up its role as a predicate, but it can itself be in the role of any of the members of the sentence.

Features possessed by verbs

The grammatical features of this part of speech are very diverse:

Mood
Time
Numbers

Verbal questions are as multifaceted as its signs. In accordance with species forms: what to do? and what to do? According to the tenses of the verb: what does it do?, what will it do?, what will it do?, what did it do?, what did it do?

Verbs can form participles and participles. These two forms combine verbs together with signs of other parts of speech. Participles are friends with adjectives, and participles with adverbs.

species pairs

The perfect and imperfect look can be easily learned to distinguish. It all depends on the question being asked. If the prefix s- is present in the question, then the name of the species also begins with the letter "s".

The action has already ended or is about to begin.

If the prefix in the question is non-, then the form is imperfect.

Verbs indicate an action that is continuous or repeated.

For example, to the verb "come" you need to ask the question: what to do?. The view is perfect. The verb "to go" comes with the question what to do?. The look is imperfect.

Verbs can change

Changing a verb in Russian is called conjugation. If verbs have the same endings, they are combined into whole groups. These groups are conjugations, there are only two of them. The first conjugation is characterized by the letter -e when changing in persons and numbers, and the second conjugation differs by the letter -i. This is determined without special trouble only in the case when the endings are stressed, but if doubts arise due to the fact that the verb has an unstressed personal ending, you will need to use a rule that has a number of exception verbs. In this case, the first conjugation is not too demanding, it takes away a lot of verbs and two more that end in -it: shave and lay. But the second conjugation is extremely demanding of itself, it will not invite every verb to its group. It includes only those that end in a combination of letters -it, Only 7 verbs with -et and only 4 verbs with -at.

VERB FORMS AND WAYS OF THEIR FORMATION

The verb has a branched system of forms. According to the functions, the nature of the change in the form of the verb is divided into conjugated, non-conjugated and declined.

Verb forms according to the nature of the change

Grammatical meanings appear in different verb forms in different ways. All verb forms have the meanings of aspect, pledge, transitivity, reflexivity. The infinitive and the participle, being invariable forms of the verb, have only signs of aspect, pledge, transitivity, reflexivity. The personal forms of the verb are conjugated, i.e. change in moods, tenses, persons, numbers, and in the past tense – by birth. Full participles change by gender, number and case, i.e. decline (according to the adjective type of declension, like adjectives), and also have two forms of voice (real and passive) and change in time (they have forms of the present and past tense). The short form is only passive participles. Short forms vary only in numbers and genders.

Two verb stems

Two stems are used to form verb forms: the stem of the present or future simple tense (for perfective verbs) and the stem of the past tense (or infinitive). The basics of present and past tense can differ: take-ut - bra-th or match: carry-ut - carry-ti.

The basis of the present (future simple) tense is distinguished by cutting off the ending from the verbs of the 3rd person plural: chitaj-ut, write -ut.

The basis of the past tense is distinguished by cutting off the suffix -l- from the verb in the form of the past tense (for the infinitive, respectively, the suffix -t or -ti): read, read, write, write.

The following forms of the verb are formed from the basis of the present tense:

1) present tense forms: chitaj; 2) forms of imperative mood: chitaj; 3) present participles: chitaj; 4) imperfect participles: chitaj-a.

From the basis of the past tense are formed:

1) past tense forms: heard-l(a); 2) forms of the subjunctive mood heard - l (a) would; 3) past participles heard - vsh-th; 4) perfect participles: heard - in

The totality of all forms of the verb of the same kind forms the paradigm of the verb.

The form of the verb is called conjugation. In linguistics, the term conjugation has two meanings. IN broad sense conjugation- this is a change in the verb by persons, numbers, tenses, moods (as well as by gender in the past tense and in the subjunctive mood). In a narrow sense- This is a change of the verb in persons and numbers.

Conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. Depending on the system of endings, there are two main types of conjugation: the first and the second. There are also non-conjugated verbs and verbs of special conjugation forms. The endings of the present/simple future tense are called personal endings verb, as they also convey the meaning of the person.

If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. Verbs of I conjugation- these are verbs with endings: -u (-u), -eat, -eat, -ete, -ut (-yut). VerbsII conjugations- these are verbs with endings: -u (-u), -im, -ish, -ite, -at (-yat). Yes, verbs sleep, fly belong to II conjugation ( cn ish, cn yat; years ish, years yat ), and the verbs make a mistake drink- to I conjugation ( mistake eat oh, wrong ut Xia, pi eat, pi ut ). The same conjugation includes prefixed verbs derived from them with unstressed endings ( arrival ish (II question) , bittern eat (I question) ).

If the ending is unstressed, the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive. The second conjugation includes all verbs in -it (except shave, lay, rest), as well as 4 verbs with -at ( drive, hold, hear, breathe) and 7 verbs in -et ( watch, see, offend, hate, depend, twirl, endure b); the rest of the verbs belong to the first conjugation.

Opposite conjugated verbs have endings of both types of conjugation. Conjugated verbs include: want, run, honor, glimpse and their prefixes : want at, want- eat, want- no; want- them, want- ite, want- yat.

	Singular	Plural
	I want to run at	Hot them, beige them
	hoch eat, beige ish	Hot ite, run ite
	hoch no, beige it	Hot yat, run ut

Verb glimpse has an incomplete paradigm with forms: dawns And squeal.

Verbs of a special (archaic) type of conjugation: eat, get bored, give, create, and derivative words formed from them in a prefixed or postfixal way have a special system of endings.

Most verbs have all possible forms of person and number, but there are also verbs that do not have any or usually do not use certain forms. These are verbs with insufficient paradigm (for example, there is no first person in verbs vacuum, conquer and etc.)

Verb paradigm

Paradigm- the totality of all forms of the verb. The question of the scope of the full verbal paradigm remains unresolved. Some linguists do not include in it the forms of participles and gerunds, as well as verbs that differ in appearance. Complete paradigm - a set of forms of the gerund, all personal (conjugated) forms and all forms of the sacrament. All paradigm components must be of the same kind. The original word of the paradigm - the infinitive - is not included in the paradigm. The complete verb paradigm includes several partial paradigms in which verb forms are combined in a general way form changes (unchanged, conjugated, declined). private paradigm - personal forms of the verb or participle forms.

According to the composition of the components, particular paradigms can be sufficient ( full), inadequate (incomplete) and redundant . Verbs that do not form all possible conjugated forms (see the section “Category of Person”) or do not form participles and gerunds have an insufficient paradigm. For example, for verbs to win, to find oneself, to stupefy there are no forms of the 1st person singular. numbers; at verbs crowd, group, scatter singular forms are not used. numbers; at verbs foal, crystallize- forms of the 1st and 2nd person. Verbs also have an insufficient paradigm to fever, to branch, to lack, to mean, to find oneself, to fit, to win, to vacuum, to disperse, to melt, to get cold, to be weird. Verbs that have parallel personal forms have a redundant paradigm (usually these forms partially differ in meaning or in stylistic coloring): splashes - splashes, moves - moves, masquet - throws, I suffer - I suffer, measure - measure, recover - recover, shake - shake, rinse - rinse, wave - wave, whip - whip, pinch - pinch.