Passionate and real. Active and passive participles
They are divided into two large categories: independent and service. Among independent ones, participles are considered to be one of the most difficult to understand. The main difficulty for pupils and students is the division into passive and real participles. In fact, this task will be within the power of anyone who knows the identifying features that all representatives of this part of speech possess. In order to distinguish between passive and real participles, you need to remember two simple formulas:
A) The real participle serves to indicate the sign of the object that performs the action.
B) The passive, in turn, is necessary to designate the subject of the action, that is, the object to which this action is directed.
Sometimes the real participle is difficult to distinguish from the passive only in meaning. In this case, you need to pay attention to the grammatical and morphemic characteristics of the word. To form this part of speech, special identifier suffixes are used, by which we can confidently judge whether we see a real participle or a passive participle in front of us.
Active present participles
They take their stem from present tense verbs ( imperfect form) with the addition of suffixes -usch, -yushch (for I conjugation) or -ash, -yashch (for II conjugation). For example, the participle "running" is formed from the verb I conjugation to run. Picture 1: Girl cooking soup (cooking is a valid present participle).
Real past participle
It is formed from the stem of the infinitive of verbs in the past tense (perfect form), with the addition of suffixes -sh, -vsh. For example, participle "asleep"derived from the verb "sleep". Verbs with the suffix -nu are somewhat out of this rule, since the actual participles formed from these verbs lose the corresponding suffix. Example: get wet - wet.
Passive participles
They are formed according to the same rules, but differ from the real ones by identification morphemes. So, the passive participles of the present tense, formed from the stem of the infinitive of past tense verbs, are characterized by such suffixes as -nn, -enn, -yonn, -t. Examples: say - said (suffix -nn), heat - red-hot (suffix -yonn).
In the lesson, you will learn more about the concept of "pledge of the sacrament", consider the differences between the real and passive voice(semantic and grammatical). Special attention during the lesson, pay attention to the suffixes with which the participles are formed.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Valid and passive participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises number 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
The task: write out phrases with participles, mark the suffixes of participles, determine the pledge of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Seen from afar 3. Towering building 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Remaining in memory 7. Intimidating sight 8. Trembling 9. Respectful 10. Passionate tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.
The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working etc.
In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves minor member sentences (definition).
Real and passive participles.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.
A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
Formation of real participles of the present and past tenses.
I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Real past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -w- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.
The case and generic endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) infiltrated literary language from Old Church Slavonic. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.
2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.
Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)
Passive participles short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.
Unlike the sacraments full form in short participles one n: book read - book read, floors painted - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Participles of the full form have the same case endings, like "adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought etc.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. The students are preparing for the spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of the subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.
Particle spelling not with sacraments.
Particle not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
Winding led to the garden uncleared track.
On the uncut the meadow was full of flowers..
unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.
In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.
Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.
With participle in short form negation not written separately: Work not finished. Required materials yet not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
Real Communion - this is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws, painted (or painted) a picture.
Passive Communion - this is a participle showing a sign of the subject that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by the student.
Real and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read - reading, reading, readable (imperfective); read - read, read. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
I. Active present participles are formed from the basis of the present tense using the suffixes -usch- (-yush-) for lagols of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation. Wez-ut - carrying, work-yut - working, fight-yut-sya - struggling, hold-at - holding,
II. Real past participles time are formed from the stem of an indefinite form with the help of the suffix -vsh-, if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -w-, if the stem ends in a consonant: read-t - read, see-t - saw, carried - carried.
The real participles of the present and past tense from reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: fight - struggling; fight - fought.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the basis of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: read-yut - read-em-th; see - kind-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om-: ved-ut - ved-om-th; attracted-ut - attracted-th-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) With the help of the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а (-я), -е: read-be - read; sow - sown; see - seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn (-yonn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant sound or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify - glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds.
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t-: we-t - washed; vi-th - twisted; me-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th - grated; lock up - locked; grind - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of the "c" group include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, y, o, and also I (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we- t - washed, touch - touched, stabbed - chopped, wrinkled (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (szhn-y, szhm-y) - compressed.
2. For verbs whose base of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Participle formation table.
Short form of passive participles .
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read-read; open-open. The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles ^ does not decline and serves as a predicate in the sentence. Compare: 7. The forest shrouded in mist is noisy.- The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children went to the open door. The door is open. (The word is open-definition, and the word is open-: predicate.) Passive participles of the short form are formed with in--. relics of the suffix -n- or less often -t-. c In contrast to the full form participles, in short participles there is one n: the read book-book is read, the painted priests-aphids are painted.
2. Dictionaries of the Russian language. Their meaning. Features of the dictionary entry different types dictionaries.
Dictionary - a book containing a collection of words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged according to a certain principle, and giving information about their meanings, use, origin, translation into another language, etc. ( linguistic dictionaries) or information about the concepts and objects they designate, about figures in any areas of science, culture, etc.;
1) Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about morphological and
syntactic properties of the word. Grammar dictionaries include words in direct or reverse alphabetical order. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammar dictionary.
2) Derivational dictionaries- dictionaries showing the division of words into their constituents
morphemes, word-formation structure of a word, as well as a set of words with a given morpheme - root or affix. Words in word-building dictionaries are given with division into morphemes and with stress.
3) Spelling dictionaries– dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their normative
writing. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, industry, reference dictionaries for press workers, school. Recall also that the spelling of words should be checked according to authoritative dictionaries.
4) Orthoepic dictionaries- dictionaries reflecting the rules of literary pronunciation.
5) Synonymic dictionaries describe words that are different in sound and spelling, but
identical or close in meaning. Such a definition of synonyms should be considered a working one, since it does not claim to be comprehensive in covering the essence of synonymy.
6) Dictionaries of antonyms - linguistic reference dictionaries in which a description is given
antonyms. The main tasks of antonym dictionaries:
· Systematized presentation of lexical units with opposite meanings (including phraseology).
· Analysis of the semantics of antonymic pairs (paradigms).
· Fixation and analysis of the characteristic patterns of the use of correlative antonyms, their connection with synonyms.
7) Dictionaries of linguistic terms- a kind of branch encyclopedic dictionaries.
8) Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, word meanings, or word combinations that appear in
a certain period of time or used only once. In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year is tens of thousands.
9) Homonym dictionaries is a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, words that match
in their design (sound and / or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.
10) Paronyms- these are single-root words that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in
sound (in connection with a common root or base), but differ in their meanings.
11) Explanatory dictionaries- linguistic dictionaries that explain the meanings of words and
phraseological units of any language by means of this language itself.
12) Terminological dictionaries– dictionaries containing the terminology of one or more
special areas of knowledge or activity.
Ticket number 10
1. The main ways of forming words.
1. Prefix method- a way of forming a word by attaching a prefix to a whole word. For example:
run → run, yacht → superyacht, inform → misinform, grandson → great-grandson, public → antisocial, always → forever, take → take away, sound → ultrasound, champion → ex-champion, important → paramount, symmetry → asymmetry, mobilization → demobilization, organization → reorganization
2. Suffix way- a way of forming a word by adding a suffix to the base of the word. For example:
read → reader, blue → turn blue, white → whiteness, ocean → oceanarium, exam → examiner, two → two, comfort → comfortable, three → three times, meow → meow, swamp → swampy, wheeze → hoarse, white → whiten, two → twice, academy → academician, action → shareholder, music → musician, program → programmer
3. Prefixed-suffixal method- a way of forming a word by simultaneously joining
prefixes and suffixes to the stem of a word. For example: city → suburban, sound → voice, Moscow → Moscow region, clear → find out, river → interfluve, muscle → intramuscular, five → five together, dense → close, term → early, ticket → ticketless, coast → coast, pain → anesthetize.
4. Addition (pure addition)- a way of forming words on the basis of a coordinating or subordinating
a combination in which the last component is a whole word, and the first component (components) is the basis. For example: light and pink → light pink, product turnover → commodity turnover, vegetable and storage → vegetable store, fish protection → fish protection, official and business → official business, scientific and popular → popular science, Russian and English → Russian-English.
5. Abbreviation (complex abbreviation)- a way of forming derivative words (nouns) by
addition of truncated segments or truncated segments and whole words of the original phrase (less often - words). For example: registration of acts of civil status → registry office, agro-industrial complex → agro-industrial complex, state apparatus → state apparatus, radio station → walkie-talkie, head of household → supply manager, head educational part→ head teacher
2. Vocabulary. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.
VOCABULARY is the vocabulary of the language.
LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.
WORD- this is the main structural and semantic unit of the language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. characteristic features words are integrity, separability and integral reproducibility in speech.
The main ways of replenishing the vocabulary of the Russian language.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:
Words are formed on the basis of word-building material (roots, suffixes and endings),
New words come into the Russian language from other languages due to the political, economic and cultural ties of Russian people with other peoples and countries.
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- fixed in the mind of the speaker, the correlation of the sound design of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality.
single and multiple words.
Words are single-valued and polysemantic. Single-valued words are words that have only one lexical meaning regardless of the context in which they are used. There are few such words in Russian, these are
scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),
proper names (Petrov Nikolay),
recently emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),
words with a narrow-subject meaning (binoculars, can, backpack).
Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they can have multiple meanings. In each separate context, some one value is updated. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning, and meanings derived from it. The base value is always given in explanatory dictionary in first place, followed by derivatives.
direct and figurative meaning words.
The direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it may change over time. For example, the word "table" had in Ancient Russia meaning "reigning, capital", and now it has the meaning "piece of furniture".
A figurative meaning is such a meaning of a word that arose as a result of the transfer of a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some kind of similarity.
For example, the word "sediment" direct meaning- "solid particles in a liquid and deposited on the bottom or on the walls of the vessel after settling", and the figurative meaning is "a heavy feeling that remains after something."
HOMONYMS These are words that are different in meaning, but the same in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a "spherical flying smoky mass" (a club of smoke) and a club is a "cultural and educational institution" (a club of railway workers). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.
SYNONYMS are words that are close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.
Synonyms may differ slightly in sign or style, sometimes both. Synonyms that have the same meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language, these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).
Synonyms are used to make speech more diverse and avoid repetition, as well as to give a more accurate description of what is being said.
ANTONYMS are words that are opposite in meaning.
Antonyms are words that are relative in meaning; you can not put in an antonymous pair of words that characterize an object or phenomenon from different angles (early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).
If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning has its own antonym (for example, for the word “old” in the phrase “old man”, the antonym is the word “young”, and in the phrase “old carpet” - “new”).
Like synonyms, antonyms are used to make speech more expressive.
Ticket number 11
1. The role of language in life and society.
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