Verbal suffixes in Russian. Spelling of verb suffixes

-al- (-ate-), -en- (-yang-), -ast- (-at-), -ev- (-ov-, -[j]-), -evat- (-ovate-), -en-, -enn- (-he N-), -ensk- (-insk-), -willows- (-Liv-, -chiv-), -in-, -ist-, -it- (-ovit-), -to-, -l-, -n- (-sh-), -Teln-, -uch- (-yuch-, -cell-), -chat-.

1. Suffix - al- (-ate such as one becomes under the influence of action ( stale, tanned, outdated).

2. Suffix - en- (-yang-) forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. made of this or that material or relating to something ( leather, clay, wood, earthen);

2. designed to place something ( wood, wardrobe);

3. working on what is called the original word ( wind, oil, peat).

3. Suffix - ast- (-at-) forms adjectives that name parts of the body of a person or animal, external qualities of a person, accessories of his appearance ( hairy, shaggy, lipped, bespectacled, horned, cheeky). An exception [?]: striped, married.

4. Suffix - ev (-ov), [-j-] forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. belonging of an object to a person or animal ( grandfathers, slesarev, wolf, dog);

2. made of something, referring to someone, something ( pear, garden).

5. Suffix - enn-, -he N- form adjectives with the meaning:

1. sign or property ( cranberry, oath, morning, traditional);

2. susceptibility to action, result of action or characterization by action ( slow, intensified, in love).

6. Suffix - ensk- (-insk-) forms adjectives denoting geographical names ( Cuban, Penza).

7. Suffix - willows 1) a constant property, quality, inclination towards something; 2) possessing some quality to a large extent ( lazy, deceitful, beautiful, playful).

8. Suffix - in- forms adjectives denoting people and animals: ( goose, uncle).

9. Suffix - ist- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. similar to something ( silver, velvety);

2. possessing something in large quantities ( vociferous, branchy);

3. having a penchant for some action ( cocky, jerky, jerky).

10. Suffix - it- (-ovit-) forms adjectives with the meaning: possessing to a greater extent something ( eminent, venomous, angry).

11. Suffix - to- forms adjectives with the meaning: 1) prone to some action; 2) such that often does something; 3) or one with which something is often done ( brittle, sticky, sticky, malleable, tenacious).

12. Suffix - l- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. being in a state that arose as a result of an action called by the original word ( rotten, skillful, tired);

2. possession of the attribute named in the original word ( light coloured).

13. Suffix - Liv- forms adjectives denoting 1) state, action, property; 2) an inclination towards something; 3) or the possession of some quality ( silent, happy, noisy).

14. Compound suffix - l-n- forms: adjectives with the meaning of intended to perform an action ( knitting, maternity, drying).

15. Suffix - n (-sh) forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. a sign or property related to an object, phenomenon, action, place, time or number named by the original word ( spring, distant, yesterday, home, thousandth);

2. susceptibility to some action or the result of any action that is called the original word (verbal adjectives torn, read, called, tattered).

16. Suffix - ovate- (-evat-) forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. somewhat reminiscent of someone or having some property of something ( manly, roguish, youthful);

2. shade of weakened (somewhat, slightly) quality ( bluish, whitish, sweetish).

17. Compound suffix - tel-n- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. producing or capable of producing an action ( observant, satisfactory);

2. being the object of action or capable of becoming one ( desirable, desirable);

3. designed to perform an action ( swimming, flying);

4. indicating a certain connection with the action ( selective. preparatory).

18. Suffix - uch- (-yuch-, -cell-) forms adjectives with the meaning: prone to some action ( melodious, smelly, hanging).

19. Suffix - chat- forms adjectives with the meaning:

1. possessing something, having something in large quantities or to a large extent ( patterned, log, knobby);

2. filling with some quality, property what is indicated by the original word ( smoky, fistulous, bulbous).

20. Suffix - chiv- forms adjectives with the meaning: capable, inclined to do something, to show some property ( resourceful, accommodating, persistent).

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The source of enrichment of our speech is the continuous process of word formation. In Russian, it occurs in several ways. One of the most common is suffixal: a small particle - a suffix, joining the root, gives rise to a word with a different semantic or emotional connotation. In some words, notes of affection, tenderness are introduced, in others - neglect and criticism. The sound of joyful motives is replaced by bitter irony. The ability to modify and transform words makes the suffix their significant part.

There are derivational and formative suffixes that are responsible for the grammatical form. The first category is the most numerous and widespread. The derivational suffix -ost, for example, can turn one part of speech into another.

The meaning and functions of the suffix awn

The suffix -ost in Russian word formation has been known since ancient times. Its activity is shown in our days, when the process of vocabulary replenishment is gaining momentum. This word-forming suffix was and remains the most productive. There are more than four thousand words ending in it.

Semantic shades mainly refer to such semantic groups as:

From the examples given, it can be seen that words with this suffix do not have an ending, and nouns are derived from adjectives with the same stem and always belong to the feminine gender of the 3rd declension.

Often words with the suffix -ost form pairs of antonyms:

The zero ending in nouns with -ost in some cases makes it difficult to distinguish between words. Nouns such as: awn, cane, dirty trick, volost, honeysuckle, fortress (only in the meaning of a structure!) - do not have a suffix in their composition, and the particle of the same name is a separate morpheme that belongs to the base of the word. This also includes the "guest" - a masculine noun, 2 declensions.

Rules for writing and declension

The suffix awn refers to constants. He is always in a weak unstressed position, therefore, it easily forms nouns from derived adjectives with a fixed accent based on:

This feature suggests the rule of its spelling: regardless of the pronunciation [Ast], in all derived nouns, the letter “O” should be written:

We hear: "tricky" - we write "tricky"

When declension of feminine nouns to -ost, changes occur only at the visual level. "b" disappears in spelling, while the sound [Ast] also remains unchanged:

Them. n. - ripeness [sp’elast’]
Rod.p. - ripeness [sp'elast'i]
Data p. - ripeness [sp'elast'i]
Win.p. - ripeness [sp'elast'i]
Tv.p. - ripeness [sp'elast'y'u]
P.p - about ripeness [sp'elast'i]

The spelling of suffixes is closely related to morphology. There are various rules for writing this morpheme, they are studied differently for each part of speech. Consider what are the verbal suffixes.

Suffix -ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva-

These suffixes form imperfective verbs, to which the question "what to do?" For example: draw, dance, paint, dance.

Morphemes -ova- / eva- form imperfective verbs from other parts of speech, usually from nouns:

command - to command;
test - try;
envy - envy;
excitement - to worry;
expense - to spend;
grief - grieve;
conversation - to talk;
participation - participate;
feeling - to feel;
sympathy - sympathize;
stroke - stroke.

The spelling of these morphemes is checked by the form of the verb in the first person singular. numbers in the present. In order to put the verb in the right form, you need to ask the question: "What am I doing now?" The answer will be:

I am dancing now;
I'm drawing right now.

As you can see, the verb ends in -th. In this case, the suffix -ova- / -eva- is written.

Examples of words in which the verbal suffix -ova-/-eva- stands out:

I envy - envy, welcome - welcome, explore - explore, organize - organize, wring - uproot, worry - worry, peck - peck, attack - attack, pursue - pursue, use - use, enmity - enmity.

The morphemes -yva-/-iva- also form verbs that ask the question "what to do?" For example: take a bite.

The suffixes -yva-/-iva- produce imperfective verbs from perfective verbs:

(what to do?) test - (what to do?) test.

The spelling of these morphemes also depends on the 1st letter. the only one. real numbers. time. Let's remember the question: "What am I doing now?" And the answer will be: "I'm dancing now", "I'm finishing now."

After that, we determine that at the end - I am / - I am.

Examples of words in which it stands out:

Choking - choking, inventing - inventing, swaying - swaying, educating - educating, biting off - biting off, refusing - refusing, searching - searching, lubricating - lubricating, hanging - hanging, painting - coloring, sawing - sawing, unwinding - unwinding, pulling away - pull apart, draw - draw, loosen - loosen, scatter - scatter, wink - wink, hang - hang, experience - experience, shudder - shudder, think - think.

Suffixes in participles

Morphemes -ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva- are preserved in real participles.

This is due to the fact that participles, denoting a sign of an object by action, are formed from verbs, and the spelling of verbal suffixes is preserved in them. For example:

Verb suffix -va and vowel before it

In the event that the stress falls on the final part of the verb, it is impossible to single out -ova- / eva-, -yva- / -iva-, since the suffix will be different - va. It is always stressed, and this differs from previous derivational morphemes. For example, it is distinguished in the words:

weaken-wa´-th;
sweat-wa´-th;
poly-va´-th;
sell-va'-t;
sing-wa'-th.

This suffix forms an imperfective form from a perfective, it appears in the form of nesses. in. and disappears in the verbs of owls. in. This will help to highlight it in the word:

weaken (sov.v.) - weaken-va-t (non-sov.v.);
sweat (sov.v.) - fog-wa-be (non-sov. look);
water (sov.v.) - water-va-t (non-sov.view);
to pass through (owl. century) - pass through (non-sov. look);
sing (sov.v.) - sing-wa-t (non-sov.view).

Appearing in verbs, it takes on stress, and the vowel in front of it turns out to be unstressed and turns into a spelling. To select it, the following rule applies: to correctly write a vowel before the stressed suffix -va, you need to skip this suffix.

Suffix -e-

This verbal suffix is written in intransitive verbs, from which questions of the accusative case cannot be raised:

black-e-be (from what?) from grief;
seriously-e-be (from what?) From problems;
rusty-e-be (from what?) from humidity;
turned white-e-be (from what?) from old age.

Such verbs contain the meaning of an action that occurs without extraneous influence, and this meaning is introduced by the suffix -e.

Vowels before the suffix -l-

The verbal suffix of the past tense -l- is usually found after spelling vowels: ver ... l, ve ... l, hung ... l, measured ... l, detour ... l, despaired ..., glued ... l, se ... l, clean ... l.

To choose a vowel before -l-, you need to put the verb in the initial form. The vowel that comes before -t will remain before -l:

twirl - spit;
winnow - winnow;
to start - started;
depend - depended;
measure - measured;
repent - repented;
bow - bowed;
cherish - cherished;
hope - hoped;
travel around - traveled;
despair - despaired;
glue - glued;
reyat - reyal;

listen - listened;
sow - sowed;
clean - cleaned;
hear - heard.

Is the standard. It is also preserved in gerunds before -in- and -lice-: despair-lice, stick-in, listen-in, sow-in, clean-in.

Task for pinning

So, when you know what verbs are and how they are written, you can move on to the practical part.

Letters are missing from this text. It is easy to restore it if you remember some of the studied rules governing the spelling of verbs.

It is interesting to watch the monkeys living in the trees. You can examine them ... and photograph them ... because they, without experiencing fear, freely perform various miracles of dexterity. They don't jump over... waddle, but flutter... waddle from branch to branch, sway... waddle and somersault on the vines. Everything that seems attractive to them, the monkeys pluck, grasp ... with their tenacious paws, inspect ... wail, sniff ... sniff and try to try ... wat, even bring it to their ear to listen ... to. They pawn something ... by the cheek, and discard something ... as unnecessary.