A story about a plant in the steppe zone. What plants grow in the steppe

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Steppes are the most species-rich community drought-resistant plants- xerophytes. They are common where the climate is warm but there is not enough rainfall to allow a forest to grow. Steppes - "a type of vegetation represented by a community of drought-resistant perennial herbaceous plants with a predominance of turf grasses, less often sedges and onions." If we analyze the geographical distribution of the steppe landscapes on the globe, it will find -

Xia that the most typical steppes are formed in the inner regions of the mainland. Steppe zones of the temperate zones of the northern and southern hemispheres, characterized by a dry climate, treeless watersheds, dominance of herbaceous, predominantly cereal vegetation on chernozem, dark chestnut and chestnut soils.

The area is dominated by steppes, which are changed by pasture digression and represent short-grass pasture communities with dominance of fescue and sagebrush. Small fragments of the hay-growing variants of the steppe have been preserved, among which the southern, northern and central variants are distinguished, which represents the transition between the northern and southern ones. In the steppes of the central variant, if they are not disturbed by grazing, feather grass-pinnate, Zelessky, narrow-leaved are common. In addition, there are fescue and forbs are very abundantly represented. The steppe also includes shrubs - caragana, spirea, gorse, broom.

In addition to the mountain steppes, solonetzic steppes have been preserved in small fragments on the plain, which usually include wormwood Lerkha, Gmelin's kermek, and false couch grass. For the steppe on gravelly soils, it is characteristic

the participation of species - petrophytes, i.e. stone-loving ones - protozoa, thyme, mountain grate, Siberian cornflower and others. Such steppes are especially easily destroyed by pasture digression. The yield of steppe hayfields is up to 4-5 q/ha

Hay, the productivity of steppe pastures as a result of overgrazing is low and amounts to no more than 15-20 c/ha of green mass

throughout the pasture period. According to the classification, according to the research of Professor Mirkin B.M. , all the steppes of the Republic of Bashkortostan can be divided into two main types - meadow and typical. Meadows are common in the forest-steppe zone, and in the steppe zone they gravitate towards the slopes of the northern exposure.

Typical steppes occupy areas in the steppe zone of the republic.

Mordovnik ball-headed

A biennial or perennial herb from the Asteraceae family. The height of the plant reaches 1.5 m. The stem is single, straight, branched at the top. It is covered with glandular hairs. The leaves are twice pinnately dissected, large, 10 to 25 cm long and 4 to 10 cm wide. Rosette leaves with a petiole, the rest are sessile, amplexicaul. From above they are green, and from below they are covered with white felt, there are small spines along the edges. The flowers are collected in spherical inflorescences, they are bluish-white in color. Spherical heads have a diameter of 4-5 cm. Seed fruits. It grows in river valleys, among shrubs, on the edges of island forests, in wastelands.

The plant population on the Roman-gora hill is represented by single plants. Occasionally there are "islands" of 5-10 plants. In general, the plants are in good vital condition.

Yarrow

Perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. A plant with an upright stem. In the conditions of Belarus, its height ranges from 48 to 72 cm. Several shoots of stems depart from a thin creeping rhizome. The leaves are basal - lanceolate, doubly pinnately dissected into narrow small slices. Stem leaves shorter, pinnately dissected.

Stem leaves are shorter, pinnately dissected, divided into a large number of lobules. The inflorescence is corymbose, consisting of many flower baskets. The flowers are small, white, pink-purple or reddish. Blooms in June-August, a very long time.

It grows on the hill everywhere, where there are patches of meadow steppe. It is especially common on the southern side of the slope in gentle places, where cattle graze more often and closer to the Asly-Udryak river.

Asparagus officinalis

Perennial herbaceous plant from the lily family. The stem of asparagus is erect, reaching a height of up to 150 cm, strongly branched. The branches on the stem depart at an acute angle. The leaves are reduced to scales, modified shoots resembling leaves are formed in the axils of the stem. Underground stem straight, smooth. It is juicy, etiolated, forming shoots extending from the rhizome. These stems are used as vegetable plant. The flowers are small, greenish-yellow. Perianth of six petals with 6 stamens. The fruit is a red globular berry. Blooms in June - July. Asparagus grows in meadows, among thickets of shrubs, and is also found in the steppe, on the slopes of the mountains.

It is quite rare in the study area. Found in areas adjacent to the forest belt and located between rows of trees inside the forest belt. The population is represented by single plants.

Adonis spring

Perennial herbaceous plant from the buttercup family. Adonis has a two-stroke development - at the beginning

Early flowering is different, and then the stem and leaves are formed. Flower early in spring - from the end of April, in May. A bush in which there are up to 20-30 pieces of flowers blooms from 40 to 50 days. The very first flowers, as a rule, are large, but they are pale yellow, golden, apical, solitary, abundantly visited by bees. Adonis at the beginning of flowering has a bush height of 10 to 15 cm, and in the fruiting phase it reaches 30-70 cm. In each bush, there are from 2 to 15 generative and from 4 to 23 vegetative shoots.

Found throughout the study area. The population consists of more than 150 plants that are in good vital condition.

Budra ivy

Perennial, herbaceous plant from the mint family. Budra has a creeping and branched stem, it takes root, forming new stems. The leaves are petiolate, opposite, crenate-toothed, rounded kidney-shaped. They are covered with hairs. Flowers 3-4 pcs. located in the axils of the middle stem leaves, they are small, two-lipped, violet-blue or bluish-lilac in color. Pedicels 4-5 times shorter than the calyx, equipped with subulate bracts. The calyx is covered with hairs; its teeth are triangular, finely pointed. The height of the rising stems ranges from 10 to 40 cm. It blooms in May-June.

It grows along the ravine and on the south side of the slope. Numerous population, studied at the beginning of flowering.

St. John's wort

A perennial herbaceous plant from the St. John's wort family. The stem is straight, 45 to 80 cm high, glabrous, with two faces. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire, opposite, sessile. Translucent dotted receptacles are scattered on the leaves, which resemble holes - hence the name - perforated.

The flowers are numerous, golden-yellow in color, collected in a broadly paniculate, almost corymbose inflorescence. The sepals are acute with an entire margin. Petals twice as long as the sepals, blooms in June-July. The fruit is a three-celled multi-seeded basket, opens with 3 valves. The rhizome is thin, several stems depart from it.

Found only in one place on the eastern gently sloping side of the hill. Presented by 8-15 plants.

Veronica oak

Perennial herbaceous plant. Keeps green shoots all year round. The leaves are arranged oppositely, in the axils of the brush are not regular flowers. The flower has 2 stamens and 1 pistil. The fruit of Veronica is a flattened box.

Grows in meadow areas of the steppe of the study area. Plants are evenly distributed among other species. Often found on the outskirts of the forest belt.

Awnless bonfire

Belongs to the grass family. It has smooth stems, reaching a height of one meter. The leaves are flat and wide. Spikelets are collected in an inflorescence - a sprawling panicle. Bonfire is a good fodder grass, it blooms from the end of May and in June. From the creeping rhizome, many high erect shoots of peduncles depart.

In plant communities, the hill is a species that forms the environment, because. occurs uniformly often almost everywhere.

sporysh

Annual, herbaceous plant from the buckwheat family. small plant height from 10 to 40 cm. It has straight stems, prostrate, branched. The leaves are elliptical or lanceolate, small, with a short spine. The flowers are in the axils of the leaves, distributed evenly throughout the plant. The corolla of the flower is pale pink. The fruit is a trihedral nut. It blooms from May to October. It grows along the roads, on the streets, in the yards, on pastures. On pastures where there is a large load of livestock, all types of plants suffer, only knotweed remains.

This species is well expressed at the foot of the hill from the side of the river and animal stalls. Almost never found in the main system.

Common colza

Herbaceous plant from the cruciferous family. Bright green rosettes of colza from bizarre lyre-shaped. pinnately dissected leaves are seen in large numbers in the fields plowed last autumn. Blooms in May-June. With an abundance of sun and moisture from the melted snow, a flower-bearing shoot with a brush of yellow flowers quickly stretches near the colza. The fruit is multi-seeded, opening with two valves. Good honey plant.

It grows unevenly in the vegetation cover of the hill and is found in a large way from the side of the field, located closer to the eastern slope.

Kozelets purple

Hemicarps at the base with a hollow swollen leg, 12 mm long, ribbed, light gray. Stems erect and ascending, furrowed, simple and branching. Basal leaves on long petioles, pinnate and dissected, with narrow linear lateral segments. Baskets are cylindrical, the involucre is slightly cobweb, then naked, its leaves are lanceolate, sometimes with a horn-shaped appendage. Flowers yellow, marginal reddish on the outside.

It grows on a hill on the lawns between the trees of the forest belt. It occurs moderately often, the population consists of single plants that are located at a relatively small distance from each other - from 40 to 60 cm.

Karagan

Belongs to the legume family. Shrub with gray straight thin branches, with four contiguous obovate leaves with a wedge-shaped base and thorns at the top; flowers are golden yellow with a wide obovate sail, blunt boat, concentrated 2-3 on single peduncles, which are twice as long as the calyx, pods up to 3 cm long, glabrous, cylindrical, 1-4 seeds.

Grows mainly on the western slope of the mountain, in the ravine and adjacent beam on the north side.

Nonea dark

Belongs to the borage family. The whole plant is covered with protruding stiff hairs and sparse glandular ones. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones are narrowed in petioles, the rest are sessile, semi-amplex. Bracts lanceolate, longer than flowers, dark red-brown. The calyx is bell-shaped, incised to one part. The lobes of the calyx are lanceolate. Nuts are reticulate-wrinkled.

It grows everywhere on the hill, it was studied and determined at the beginning of flowering.

Bell

Belongs to the bell family. Flowers numerous, in large branched inflorescence. Corolla funnel-shaped bell-shaped, blue or white. Stem with dense foliage. The leaves are large-serrate, glabrous or pubescent.

Grows in communities of studied plants between cereal plants. It is rare, there are only about 30 plants counted in the population.

Veronica longifolia

Belongs to the family Norichnikovye. The leaves are unequally serrated to the very top, with finely pointed,

Simple or to the base of the b.ch. double serrations, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute at the base, heart-shaped or rounded, often whorled. The inflorescence is a terminal dense raceme, lengthening up to 25 cm, sometimes with several lateral racemes; flowers on pedicels, almost equal to calyxes. Corolla blue about 6 mm. Long, with a hairy tube inside. The whole plant is glabrous or with short grayish pubescence.

The distribution of this plant in the studied ecosystem is moderately rare. Grows as individual plants or 2-3 individuals.

Violet amazing

Belongs to the violet family. Stem up to 30 cm tall. The petioles of large broad-heart-shaped stem leaves are grooved, pubescent only on the convex, downward-facing hairs. Stipules of stem leaves are large, entire, stipules are large, rusty-red.

On the hill grows in places with low grasses or among low grass cover, likes stony areas of the surface.

forest anemone

Ranunculaceae family. Perennial. Stem leaves not fused, similar to basal leaves, short-haired. Flowers are yellow-white.

It grows in small "families" between pine trees and separately on open slopes on the eastern and northern sides of the Roman-gora hill.

field bindweed

Belongs to the bindweed family. Naked or scattered drooping plant with recumbent, creeping or climbing shoots. Flowers up to 3.5 cm in diameter, usually collected in 2-3 or solitary. Bracts in the form of a pair of small linear leaflets are located oppositely in the middle of the pedicel, do not reach the calyx. Corolla pink, rarely white.

Grows in areas with others meadow plants from the side of the ravine and the river.

Onosma Preduralskaya

Belongs to the borage family. Pedicels very short, much shorter than the bracts. The whole plant is hard-rough. The stem is straight, simple, rarely branched, covered with stiff, erect bristles and dense down. Basal leaves are numerous, petiolate, linear, stem sessile, linear-lanceolate.

Likes open sunny places with rocky soil. Grows in crowded bushes. Very interesting during the flowering period. There are not many plants on the Roman-mountain hill on the south side. Numerical accounting showed about 20 plants.

Wormwood flat

Belongs to the Compositae family. The root is vertical, woody, developing branched flower-bearing shoots and straight ribbed reddening branched flower-bearing stems. Leaves fruitless shoots and lower stem leaves are twice-, thrice-pinnate, their lobules are narrowly linear 3-10 mm long, slightly pointed, middle and upper stem leaves are sessile, bracts are short, narrowly linear. The outer leaflets of the involucre are oval, almost round, convex, green along the back, the inner ones along the edge are broadly membranous-marginated.

Well expressed as a cover plant on the southern slope of Roman-gora hill. Plants are smaller than usual, indicating oppression by grazing pressure.

World around 4th grade

steppe zone

In the past, there were endless steppes in the steppe zone. Now they are plowed almost everywhere, fields have taken their place. The preserved areas of the steppes with their wonderful flora and fauna must be protected.

Using the map in the tutorial, color in contour map(The world around 4th grade, p.

Features of all kinds of plants in the steppe

36-37) steppe zone. To select a color, you can use the "key" below.

What zone, located between the steppes and forest zones, remained unpainted? Paint it at home.

Answer: Forest steppe

Our inquisitive Parrot knows something about the steppes. Here are some of his statements. Are they true? Circle "Yes" or "No". If not, correct the mistakes (orally).

a) The steppe zone is located south of the forest zones. Answer: Yes
b) The steppe zone has a cold, rainy summer. Answer: No
c) The soils in the steppe zone are very fertile. Answer: Yes
d) Tulips bloom in the steppe at the height of summer. Answer: No
e) In the steppe there is a bustard - one of the most small birds our country. Answer: No

Seryozha and Nadya's mother asks if you know steppe plants. Cut out the drawings from the Appendix and place them in the appropriate boxes. Check yourself in the textbook. After self-testing, stick the drawings.

And this task was prepared for you by Seryozha and Nadia's dad. Learn steppe animals by fragments. Write the names of the animals. Ask a student sitting next to you to check on you.

Draw a diagram of a power supply circuit for steppe zone. Compare it with the scheme proposed by a neighbor on the desk. With the help of these diagrams, tell about the ecological connections in the steppe zone.

Feather grass - Filly - Steppe lark - Steppe eagle
Tipchak - Hamster - Steppe viper

Think about what ecological problems steppe zone are expressed by these signs. Formulate and write down.

Suggest conservation measures to help solve these problems for class discussion.

Continue filling out the poster "The Red Book of Russia", which was drawn by Seryozha and Nadia's dad. Find on the poster a plant and animals of the steppe zone and sign their names.

Thin-leaved peony, steppe eagle, bustard, steppe dyke

8. As instructed by the textbook (p. 117), draw the steppe.

9. As instructed by the textbook (p. 117), prepare a report on the plants and animals of the steppe that are of particular interest to you.

Post subject: bustard

Message plan:

1) Preface
2) Basic information
3) Conclusion

Bustard is recognized as the heaviest of flying birds, this inhabitant of the steppe mainly moves on the ground and runs quickly in case of danger. Individuals are considered omnivores, in their diet are plant foods (seeds, shoots, wild garlic) and animals (insects, rodents, frogs), during the mating season, males perform a spectacular dance.
Dimensions:
Length: males up to 105 cm, females from 75 to 80 cm
Weight: males up to 16 kg, females - up to 8 kg
Lifespan: 20-25 years
The bustard is predominantly a steppe bird. It lives on open plains without copses, meadows and fields. This is due to the caution of the birds, since the free space there is far visible. During nesting, individuals stop at areas with high vegetation. There are also cases when bustards nest among grain crops, sunflowers and other crops.

Source(s) of information: Internet, encyclopedia

Plants of the steppe zone: photos and names

What plants grow in the steppe?

Mountain steppes with lush alpine vegetation and high mountains, characterized by sparse and inconspicuous vegetation, mainly consisting of grains and breakwort.
Meadow. Steppes, characterized by the presence of small forests that form glades and edges.
Real. Steppes with feather grass and fescue growing on them in great predominance. These are the most typical steppe plants.
Saz - steppes, consisting of plants that adapt to an arid climate, shrubs.
Desert steppes on which desert grasses grow tumbleweed, wormwood, prutnyak
It is also necessary to say a few words about the forest-steppes, which are characterized by the alternation of deciduous forests and coniferous forests with areas of steppes, since the plants of the steppe and forest-steppe differ only in subspecies.

The steppe has its embodiment on any continent except Antarctica, and on different continents it has its own name: in North America it is a prairie, in South America- pampas (pampas), in South America, Africa and Australia - this is a savannah. In New Zealand, the steppe is called Tussoki.

Let us consider in more detail which plants grow in the steppe.

Plant species of the steppe

Krupka. This is an annual plant of the cruciferous family, growing in the highlands and in the tundra. There are about 100 varieties of grains, typical for our steppes. It is characterized by a branched stem with oblong leaves, crowned with tassels of yellow flowers. Flowering period April - July. In folk herbal medicine, krupka is used as a hemostatic, expectorant and diuretic.
Breaker. It is also an annual plant, about 25 cm long and with oblong leaves, many flower arrows, each of which ends in an inflorescence consisting of tiny white flowers. Prolomnik is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic and hemostatic, as well as an anticonvulsant for epilepsy.
Poppy. Depending on the species, it is an annual or perennial grass with flower buds on long peduncles. It grows on rocky slopes, near mountain streams and rivers, in fields, along roads. And although poppies are poisonous, they are widely used in herbal medicine as a sedative and hypnotic for insomnia, as well as for some diseases of the intestines and bladder.
Tulips are perennial herbaceous plants of the steppe of the lily family with large and bright flowers. They mainly grow in semi-desert, desert and mountainous areas.
Astragalus. This plant has more than 950 species of various colors and shades, growing in desert and dry steppes, in the forest zone and in alpine meadows. It is widely used for edema, dropsy, gastroenteritis, diseases of the spleen, as a tonic, as well as for headaches and hypertension.
Feather grass. It is also a variety of herbs. There are more than 60 of them, and the most common of them is the feather grass. It is a perennial plant of the grass family. The feather grass grows up to 1 meter tall with smooth stems and spinous leaves. Stipa is used as a decoction in milk for goiter and paralysis.
Mullein. This is a large (up to 2 m) plant with hairy leaves and large yellow flowers. Studies of the plant have shown the presence in its flowers of many useful substances, such as flavonoids, saponins, coumarin, gum, essential oil, aukubin glycoside, the content of ascorbic acid and carotene. Therefore, the plant is actively used as a food additive in salads and hot dishes, drinks are prepared, and they are also eaten fresh.
Melissa officinalis. It is a perennial tall herb with a pronounced lemon scent. The stems of the plant are crowned with bluish-lilac flowers, which are collected in false rings. Lemon balm leaves contain essential oil, ascorbic acid, and some organic acids.
Camel's thorn is a semi-shrub, up to 1 meter in height, with a powerful root system, bare stems with long spines and red (pink) flowers. The camel's thorn is widespread in the riverine space, grows along ditches and canals, on wastelands and irrigated lands. The plant contains many vitamins, some organic acids, rubber, resins, tannins, essential oil, as well as carotene and wax. A decoction of the plant is used for colitis, gastritis and stomach ulcers.
Sagebrush. It is a herbaceous or semi-shrub plant found almost everywhere. The whole plant has a straight stem with thin pinnately divided leaves and yellowish flowers collected in inflorescences. Wormwood is used as a spicy plant, and the essential oil is used in perfumery and cosmetics. Wormwood is also important as a fodder plant for livestock.
So, we have considered only some types of steppe plants. And, of course, the differences in the landscape leave their mark on the appearance of the herbs growing on it, but, nevertheless, some common features can be distinguished. So steppe plants are characterized by:

Branched root system
bulb roots
Fleshy stems and thin, narrow leaves

Plants of the steppe zone

VEGETATION of the steppes consists of various herbs able to tolerate drought. In some plants, the stems and leaves are strongly pubescent or have a developed wax coating; others have stiff stems covered with narrow leaves that curl up in the dry season (cereals); still others have fleshy and juicy stems and leaves with a supply of moisture. Some plants have a deep root system or form tubers, bulbs, rhizomes.

The steppe zone is one of the main land biomes. Under the influence, first of all, of climatic factors, zonal features of biomes were formed. The steppe zone is characterized by a hot and arid climate during most of the year, and in spring there is a sufficient amount of moisture, so the steppes are characterized by the presence a large number ephemera and ephemeroids among plant species, and many animals are also confined to a seasonal lifestyle, hibernating during the dry and cold season.

Steppe almond. Photo: Sirpa Tahkamo

The steppe zone is represented in Eurasia by the steppes, in North America by the prairies, in South America by the pampas, and in New Zealand by the Tussock communities. These are spaces of the temperate zone, occupied by more or less xerophilous vegetation. From the point of view of the conditions for the existence of the animal population, the steppes are characterized by the following features: good review, abundance of plant foods, relatively dry summer period, existence summer period rest or, as it is now called, semi-rest. In this respect, steppe communities differ sharply from forest communities. Among the predominant life forms of steppe plants, cereals stand out, the stems of which are crowded into turfs - turf grasses. In the Southern Hemisphere, such turfs are called Tussocks. Tussocks are very tall and their leaves are less rigid than those of the tufts of steppe grasses of the Northern Hemisphere, since the climate of communities close to the steppes of the Southern Hemisphere is milder.

Rhizome grasses that do not form turfs, with single stems on creeping underground rhizomes, are more widely distributed in the northern steppes, in contrast to turf grasses, whose role in the Northern Hemisphere increases towards the south.
Among the dicotyledonous herbaceous plants, two groups stand out - the northern colorful forbs and the southern colorless. The colorful forbs are characterized by a mesophilic appearance and large bright flowers or inflorescences, for the southern, colorless forbs - a more xerophilic appearance - pubescent stems into leaves, often narrow or finely dissected leaves, flowers inconspicuous, dim.
Typical for the steppes are annual ephemera, which fade in the spring after flowering and die off, and perennial ephemeroids, in which, after the death of the ground parts, tubers, bulbs, and underground rhizomes remain. Colchicum is peculiar, which develops foliage in the spring, when there is still a lot of moisture in the steppe soils, retains only underground organs for the summer, and in autumn, when the whole steppe looks lifeless, yellowed, gives bright lilac flowers(hence its name).

The steppe is characterized by shrubs, often growing in groups, sometimes solitary. These include spireas, caragans, steppe cherries, steppe almonds, and sometimes some types of juniper. The fruits of many shrubs are eaten by animals.
Xerophilous mosses, fruticose and scale lichens, sometimes blue-green algae from the genus Nostok grow on the soil surface. During the summer dry period, they dry up, after rains they come to life and assimilate.

In the steppe there are plants that are rather nondescript, perhaps that is why they are unfamiliar to many: grits and daggers. They appear among the first on dry ridges, sand mounds, hills and hills.

Krupka from the cruciferous family is most often found in the highlands and in the tundra. The total number of its species in our country reaches one hundred. The most common are Siberian grains (found in meadows, dry tundra, alpine and subalpine lawns almost throughout the country, including the Arctic and the mountain systems of Central Asia and Siberia), as well as oak grains (widely distributed, except for the Arctic, in fields, dry meadows and steppes). Outwardly, these grains are very similar to each other.

Krupka oakwood is an annual plant with a branched, leafy stem up to 20 centimeters tall, in the lower part of which there is a basal rosette of oblong leaves, and in the upper part there are loose tassels of yellowish flowers. It blooms in April-July. The chemical composition of grains has been poorly studied, it is only known that alkaloids are contained in the aerial part. The plant was used in folk herbal medicine as a hemostatic agent along with the shepherd's purse. It is believed that the aerial part, together with the seeds, has an expectorant and antitussive effect, as a result of which it is used for whooping cough and various bronchial diseases. An infusion of herbs is popular as an external remedy for various skin diseases(rashes and others), especially of allergic origin in children (at the same time, they take an infusion or decoction of herbs externally and internally as a blood purifier) o Plant seeds are popular in Chinese medicine, which are used as an expectorant and diuretic.

Krupka Siberian is a perennial with dark yellow flowers. Deserves, like the oak groats, study for medical purposes.
There are 35 species of primroses from the family of primroses in our country, distributed mainly in the mountains of the Caucasus, Central Asia and Siberia. The most common is the northern breakwort - a small, up to 25 centimeters, annual plant with a basal rosette of medium-sized oblong leaves and, as a rule, numerous, up to 20 pieces, flower arrows up to 25 centimeters high, each of which ends with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence, consisting of 10-30 tiny white flowers. There is a northern breakwater almost throughout the country - in the forest-steppe, steppe, forest and polar-arctic zones: on upland and steppe meadows, rocky slopes, in sparse pine and other forests, and he especially loves it.

Plant world of the steppe

willingly occupies plowed clearings and deposits like a weed.

The plant has long been used for medicinal purposes by the people of our country. Recently, medicine has been studying the possibility of obtaining contraceptive (contraceptive) drugs from it. The studies carried out gave good results - the age-old folk experience of using the prolomnik was fully confirmed. It is believed that the prolomnik has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, its decoction or paste is used for leucorrhoea in women and gonorrhea in men, hernia and goiter, gastralgia, urolithiasis, especially widely - with sore throat (gargle and take it orally). Prolomnik is also known to be used as an anticonvulsant in epilepsy and eclampsia (seizures, including in children), as well as a diuretic and hemostatic agent.

The grits are oak. Photo: Matt Lavin

Tumbleweeds are a peculiar life form of steppe plants. This life form includes plants that break off at the root collar as a result of drying out, less often - rotting, and are carried by the wind across the steppe; at the same time, sometimes rising into the air, sometimes hitting the ground, they scatter the seeds. In general, the wind plays a significant role in the transfer of seeds of steppe plants. There are a lot of flying plants here. The role of the wind is great not only in the pollination of plants, but the number of species in the pollination of which insects take part is less here than in forests.

Features of steppe plants:

a) Small leaves. The leaves of steppe grasses are narrow, not wider than 1.5-2 mm. In dry weather, they are folded lengthwise, and their evaporative surface becomes even smaller (adaptation to reduce evaporation). In some steppe plants, leaf blades are very small (bedstraws, kachima, thyme, gerbils, saltworts), in others they are divided into the thinnest slices and segments (gills, adonis, etc.).
b) pubescence. A whole group of steppe plants creates a special "microclimate" for itself due to abundant pubescence. Many species of astragalus, sage and others protect themselves from the sun's rays with the help of pubescence and thus fight drought.
c) wax coating. Many use a layer of wax or other waterproof substance that is secreted from the skin. This is another adaptation of steppe plants to drought. It is possessed by plants with a smooth, shiny surface of the leaves: spurges, gills, Russian cornflower, etc.
d) The special position of the leaves. Avoiding overheating, some steppe grasses (naeolovaty, serpuhi, chondrils) place their leaves edge to the sun. And such a steppe weed as wild lettuce generally orients its leaves in a north-south vertical plane, representing a kind of living compass.
e) Coloring. Among the summer steppe grasses, there are few bright green plants, the leaves and stems of most of them are painted in dull, faded colors. This is another adaptation of steppe plants that helps them protect themselves from excessive lighting and overheating (wormwood).
e) Powerful root system. The root system is 10-20 times larger than the above-ground organs in mass. There are many so-called soddy cereals in the steppe. These are feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, wheatgrass. They form dense tufts, having a diameter of 10 cm or more. Turf contains a lot of remnants of old stems and leaves and has a remarkable ability to intensively absorb thawed and rain water and hold it for a long time.
g) Ephemera and ephemeroids. These plants develop in the spring when the soil is sufficiently moist. Thus, they have time to fade and bear fruit before the onset of the dry period (tulips, irises, saffron, goose onions, adonis, etc.).

home comfort

steppe plants

Steppe plants are extremely diverse, but many of them have common features. Among them are small, narrow leaves. In some species, they have the ability to curl up during drought to protect against excessive evaporation of moisture. The color of the leaves is often grayish or bluish-green: the bright green foliage familiar to the eye can rarely be found here. Steppe plants tolerate heat and lack of rain well.

According to various reference books, you can see about 220 different plant species in the steppe. Many steppe plants have an extensive root system that allows them to extract moisture from the ground. Willows can be found in the floodplains of flowing rivers, and in those places where ground water approach close to the surface of the earth - and other trees and shrubs: hawthorn, Tatar maple, wild grapes, blackthorn, etc. In places with saline soil, special steppe plants grow: saline wormwood, kermek, sveda, soleros.

Inhospitable for most of the year, the steppe transforms in early spring. At this time, before the beginning of the dry season, it is covered with a motley carpet of early flowering plants: tulips, irises, hyacinths, crocuses, poppies. These plants of the steppe differ from cultivated varieties, first of all, in their smaller size. At the same time, their shape can be more bizarre - like, for example, the Schrenk tulip, one of the ancestors of the cultural varieties of this flower. Due to the plowing of the steppe, as well as the ruthless collection of flowers, this species is listed in the Red Book of Russia. Dwarf steppe iris, like the Schrenk tulip, can have flowers various shades, from yellow to purple. This species is also listed as endangered.

Before the heat comes, bright steppe flowers already have time to give seeds. In their tubers are stored nutrients that will allow them to flourish in next year. The turn of plants accustomed to drought comes: fescue, feather grass, wormwood. Tipchak (Valisian fescue) is an erect grass up to half a meter high. This plant serves as food for horses and small livestock and is one of the main pasture plants in the steppe zone (fescue is unsuitable for harvesting for future use). Feather grass, a typical representative of the steppe flora, is a perennial grass with a short rhizome and narrow, long leaves resembling a wire. In total, there are about 400 species in this genus, some of them are protected. The main enemy of feather grass is uncontrolled grazing, during which this plant is simply trampled down. As for wormwood, along with other plants, almost all of its species are found in the steppe (there are more than 180 of them in total). Solid wormwood thickets usually form low varieties - for example, drooping wormwood, seaside and others.

Individual plants of the steppe (for example, kermek) after drying form the so-called tumbleweed. At the end of summer, the dried stalk of kermek breaks off from the roots with a gust of wind and rolls along the ground, scattering seeds along the way. Other stems and twigs can cling to it: the result is a rather impressive dry lump. Kermek ordinary blooms with pink, purple or yellow small flowers. Based on it, many cultivars are currently bred, which are widely used in landscape design. The small-leaved and creeping species of the genus Sveda, common on saline soils, are, respectively, a small shrub and an annual plant with reddening stems. They are willingly eaten by camels.

What plants are typical for the steppe zone

Like them, soleros also serves as livestock feed during the autumn-winter season. Soda was extracted from its ashes.

All steppe plants have their own characteristics that allow them to survive in conditions of heat and lack of moisture. These include powerful roots, early flowering in certain species, narrow leaves, etc.

Vegetation

The Rostov region is occupied by two zones of vegetation: feather grass steppe zone and semi-desert zone, or wormwood-fescue steppes. The first occupies most of the region, and the second - only the extreme southeast (in the upper reaches of the Sal and Manych). Steppes are called vast flat spaces covered with grassy vegetation, well adapted to the conditions of an arid climate. Here is how A.P. Chekhov described them in the story “The Steppe”: “Before the eyes of those who were traveling there was a wide, endless plain intercepted by a chain of hills. Crowding and peering out from behind each other, these hills merge into a hill that stretches to the right of the road to the very horizon and disappears into the purple distance; you go, you go and you can’t make out where it begins and where it ends.”

Feather-grass steppes in the past occupied large areas on the Don. At present, they are almost completely plowed up. In order to restore the picture of real steppe vegetation, we must turn to those few areas of steppe virgin lands that are still preserved in various parts of the region. Some of them are registered and protected.

Vegetation map of the Rostov region

Up to 400 species of various herbs and shrubs grow in the virgin steppes of the Don. The main cover is formed turf cereals growing in dense turf bushes: feather grass, fescue and celleria. Are of lesser importance rhizomatous cereals: bonfires, wheatgrass and bluegrass angustifolia.

In addition, growing in the steppe legumes: yellow alfalfa,fine-leaved vetch, sainfoin, licorice other. These are valuable fodder grasses. Found in abundance in the steppes forbs: drooping sage and steppe (cornflowers),adonis (Adonis),steppe peony (voronets), steppe aster (sage),Tumbleweed: katrans, kermeks, swing and others, and in the downed places - wormwood.

Tipchak

Alfalfa

drooping sage

A special group is made up of early spring plants with a short period of development: ephemera (annual)— beetroot,ranunculus and others as well ephemeroids (perennials)— bluegrass bulbous (thin-legged),tulips, goose bows, crocus and some others.

Buttercup

Tulip

Ephedra (Kalmyk raspberry)

Bulbous mint (thin-legged)

Wild almond (bean)

goose bow

In drier steppes are common shrubs — romantic (feverfew) and rods (outstretched kochia).

From bushes grow on flat ground wild almond (bean) and dereza (Siberian), along the beams - turn, and in drier places - shrub-ephedra (Kalmyk raspberry).

From the group of "lower" plants there are mosses, seaweed nostoc, lichens and mushrooms.

Steppe plants are well adapted to a dry climate: they have a number of adaptations that reduce evaporation. However, they strongly evaporate water, which protects them from overheating by the sun. A powerful root system serves them to supply water from great depths.

During the hottest hours of the day, evaporation exceeds the intake of water from the soil, and without protective devices, the plant may die. That is why some herbs have very narrow, hard leaves that roll up into a tube in dry weather (feather grass, fescue), others are densely covered with hairs (steppe aster, wormwood) or a wax coating. Only early spring plants do not have any adaptations to retain moisture. They finish development before the onset of drought.

The zone of feather grass steppes on the Don is divided into two subzones. The northern and western parts of the region are subzone of forb-feather grass steppes. The soils here are chernozem, precipitation is up to 500 mm. There are a lot of forbs and legumes in these steppes. There are few ephemera. The herbage is thick and tall.

During growing season the steppe changes its appearance several times. There is a rapid change of colorful pictures (change of aspects). Already at the end of March-April, against the brown background of the steppe, yellow islands of adonis (Adonis) and yellow stars of goose onions appear, a little later - purple and yellow irises (cockerels), and in some steppes red and yellow tulips bloom in huge numbers.

From the end of April and most of May the steppe is green. Shrubs bloom during this period: wild almond (bean), blackthorn and dereza - pink, white and yellow spots. Fiery red steppe peonies bloom. Bulbous bluegrass develops from cereals at this time.

Around May 20, mass flowering of feather grass begins, and the steppe becomes white. With great artistic power, M. A. Sholokhov conveys in the novel “ Quiet Don"the beauty of the steppe at this time:" The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind resiliently crushed it, swooping in, roughening it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where flowing air ran

stream, the feather-grass bent prayerfully, and for a long time a blackening path lay on its gray ridge. On a feather grass background, large blue islands of drooping sage and vetch, white fragrant balls of katrans, pink thyme flowers and many other flowering plants stand out.

In the second half of June, the grasses begin to turn brown, but the steppe is still motley. Blue thickets of steppe sage, yellow thickets of alfalfa, pink islands of sainfoin, balls of some tumbleweeds and a number of other plants bloom.

In early July, most of the plants fade, and the steppe becomes brown. Only in rainy years, when the tyrsa feather grass develops strongly, does it remain golden-green in places. At the same time, late tumbleweeds bloom: purple balls of kermek and others. In September the steppe is brown. This monotony is broken by the flowering of the steppe aster, wormwood and a few other plants. At the end of November - in December the steppe is covered with snow.

Feather Lessing

Sainfoin

less colorful subzone of fescue-feather grass steppes. She takes eastern part regions, with the exception of the extreme southeast. The soils here are dark chestnut and chestnut, precipitation falls from 400 to 300 mm.

Of the cereal grasses, fescue and feather grass predominate, there are few forbs. Subshrubs, chamomile and prostrate kochia are common. There are much more ephemera here. Herbage is sparse and low. Thickets of shrubs are found only along the beams.

The southeastern regions of the region are occupied by wormwood-fescue steppes, or semi-deserts. There is little precipitation here - up to 300 mm. Light chestnut soils with spots of solonetzes predominate. Fescue, gray wormwood, chamomile, steppe aster, and prutnyak grow. The herbage is low and sparse. On salt licks, the herbage is even more sparse. Fescue, white and black wormwood and others grow here.

depressions- small rounded depressions - have dark-colored soils and bright juicy greens. The herbage on them is dense and tall. It is dominated by couch grass, pontic wormwood, licorice.

Reed (bulrush)

Kamysh (Kuga)

Soleros

Vegetation cover Don floodplain (zaimishcha) heterogeneous: here grow and meadow, and marsh, and aquatic, and saline grasses.

Meadow vegetation consists of grasses, mainly couch grass, various sedges, legumes - vetch, clover, licorice and meadow forbs - watercress, plakun-grass (lossweed), sorrel.

swamp vegetation takes large areas along the lower reaches of the Don and in the floodplains of other rivers. Reed (bulrush) and reeds (kuga) form huge thickets here. They also grow in swampy areas. cattail (chakan), iris (cockerels),calamus, various sedge other. For salt marshes, formed in the floodplains of rivers and near salt lakes, are characteristic soleros,sweda, kermeks, saline wormwood, shrub sarsazan, bush tamarisk and a number of others.

In river floodplains, part of the land is occupied by hayfields and pastures, and part is plowed under garden and other crops. Some marsh grasses are used for household purposes: reed and reeds are used to make reed slabs and others. Construction Materials. From the cane you can get a protein paste - a valuable animal feed, as well as cellulose.

weed plants, which grow in the fields, bring great harm to agriculture. This is thistle field, couch grass, colza (field mustard),kurai, mice, amaranth, dodder, bindweed and many others. The main measures to combat them are correct handling soil and crop care. Recently, chemical weed control agents, the so-called herbicides, have been used.

Surepka

Kurai

Many wild plants are used to make medicines. These include calamus, lily of the valley, spring adonis, celandine, shepherd's purse, gray jaundice, licorice, medicinal sweet clover, marshmallow, oregano, motherwort, black henbane, elecampane, yarrow, medicinal chamomile, coltsfoot, medicinal dandelion and other.

honey plants serve: sweet clover, alfalfa, sainfoin, clover, colza, sage, thyme, bruise, oregano.

Lesov there are few in the Rostov region: they occupy only about three percent of the territory. They grow in the northern part of the region, mainly in the upper reaches of the beams and floodplains.

Celandine

Altey

Oregano

Melilot officinalis

Adonis (spring)

Valerian

Jaundice gray

Clover

Thyme

Scaffolding located in beams is called ravine. They consist of oak, ash, maple, elm, linden, aspen, pear, apple, as well as shrubs: black maple, viburnum, buckthorn, euonymus, privet, elderberry. Blackthorn, wild rose, hawthorn and others grow along the edges.

floodplain forests the composition of tree species is similar to ravine. Grow in damp places aspen, aspen, alder and and you.

There are no ravine forests in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Thickets grow here along the banks of the rivers willows, and in the beams - turn.

In the eastern regions of the region, forests grow in floodplains in only a few places. There are no ravine forests at all. Thickets of shrubs are found only along the beams.

Much attention is paid to artificial afforestation on the Don. Several forestries, forestries and more than three dozen forest protection stations of the region create new forests and forest belts on sandy massifs, on the banks of reservoirs, on the slopes of ravines and gullies. Trees protect the fields from destructive dry winds, help to accumulate moisture in the soil, strengthen the banks of rivers and reservoirs, the slopes of gullies and ravines, and stop the movement of sand.

In recent years, much has been done to create state forest belts that run in our region along the banks of the Don (from Voronezh to Rostov) and the Northern Donets (from Belgorod to the confluence with the Don). The third lane goes along the watershed of two tributaries of the Don - Khopra and Medveditsa - from Penza to Kamensk.

Forest plantations are of great importance. They not only have a favorable effect on natural conditions, but also heal and decorate the life of Soviet people. That is why the Law on Nature Protection requires the conservation and enhancement of tree and shrub vegetation.

Natural herbaceous vegetation also affects the climate, the water regime of rivers, and enriches the soil.

It also has great economic importance: it serves as a food base for animals, provides medicinal and technical raw materials. Therefore, on pastures, it is necessary to observe the timing of grazing, overseeding of grasses in order to improve the herbage, etc.

Over the past decades, hundreds of thousands of hectares of virgin lands have been plowed up in our region. Wheat crops, orchards and vineyards are now spread over these areas.

But this does not mean that we do not value the natural steppe vegetation and do not protect it. Currently, wildlife sanctuaries have been created in many districts of the region. Here you can only mow hay. There are such reserves in Malchevsky, Salsky, Zimovnikovsky, Remontnensky and other areas. In addition, near the Persianovka station to the north of Novocherkassk, on the territory of the Donskoy Agricultural Institute, there is a protected area of the steppe.

Residents of cities and villages, and schoolchildren in the first place, should take care of the natural resources of the region, protect forests from fires and predatory cuttings. Nature is a national wealth, and everyone should love and protect it.

Questions and tasks.

1. What vegetation zone is our area in? Name the main types of natural vegetation.

2. What useful plants available in your area?

3. What tree species do windbreaks and forests consist of? Do you care for them, do you protect them?

4. Are there places in your district that are declared nature reserves? Take a tour there and collect plants for the herbarium.

5. What activities could your school take to protect protected areas?

https://linkyou.ru/ linkyou.ru.

What plants grow in the steppe?

Mountain steppes with lush alpine vegetation and high mountains, characterized by sparse and inconspicuous vegetation, mainly consisting of grains and breakwort.
Meadow. Steppes, characterized by the presence of small forests that form glades and edges.
Real. Steppes with feather grass and fescue growing on them in great predominance. These are the most typical steppe plants.
Saz - steppes, consisting of plants that adapt to an arid climate, shrubs.
Desert steppes on which desert grasses grow tumbleweed, wormwood, prutnyak
It is also necessary to say a few words about the forest-steppes, which are characterized by the alternation of deciduous forests and coniferous forests with areas of steppes, since the plants of the steppe and forest-steppe differ only in subspecies.

The steppe has its embodiment on any continent except Antarctica, and on different continents it has its own name: in North America it is the prairie, in South America it is the pampas (pampas), in South America, Africa and Australia it is the savannah. In New Zealand, the steppe is called Tussoki.

Let us consider in more detail which plants grow in the steppe.

Plant species of the steppe

Krupka. This is an annual plant of the cruciferous family, growing in the highlands and in the tundra. There are about 100 varieties of grains, typical for our steppes. It is characterized by a branched stem with oblong leaves, crowned with tassels of yellow flowers. Flowering period April - July. In folk herbal medicine, krupka is used as a hemostatic, expectorant and diuretic.
Breaker. It is also an annual plant, about 25 cm long and with oblong leaves, many flower arrows, each of which ends in an inflorescence consisting of tiny white flowers. Prolomnik is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic and hemostatic, as well as an anticonvulsant for epilepsy.
Poppy. Depending on the species, it is an annual or perennial herb with flower buds on long peduncles. It grows on rocky slopes, near mountain streams and rivers, in fields, along roads. And although poppies are poisonous, they are widely used in herbal medicine as a sedative and hypnotic for insomnia, as well as for some diseases of the intestines and bladder.
Tulips are perennial herbaceous plants of the steppe of the lily family with large and bright flowers. They mainly grow in semi-desert, desert and mountainous areas.
Astragalus. This plant has more than 950 species of various colors and shades, growing in desert and dry steppes, in the forest zone and in alpine meadows. It is widely used for edema, dropsy, gastroenteritis, diseases of the spleen, as a tonic, as well as for headaches and hypertension.
Feather grass. It is also a variety of herbs. There are more than 60 of them, and the most common of them is the feather grass. It is a perennial plant of the grass family. The feather grass grows up to 1 meter tall with smooth stems and spinous leaves. Stipa is used as a decoction in milk for goiter and paralysis.
Mullein. This is a large (up to 2 m) plant with hairy leaves and large yellow flowers. Studies of the plant have shown the presence of many useful substances in its flowers, such as flavonoids, saponins, coumarin, gum, essential oil, aucubin glycoside, the content of ascorbic acid and carotene. Therefore, the plant is actively used as a food additive in salads and hot dishes, drinks are prepared, and they are also eaten fresh.
Melissa officinalis. It is a perennial tall herb with a pronounced lemon scent. The stems of the plant are crowned with bluish-lilac flowers, which are collected in false rings. Lemon balm leaves contain essential oil, ascorbic acid, and some organic acids.
Camel's thorn is a semi-shrub, up to 1 meter in height, with a powerful root system, bare stems with long spines and red (pink) flowers.

The camel's thorn is widespread in the riverine space, grows along ditches and canals, on wastelands and irrigated lands. The plant contains many vitamins, some organic acids, rubber, resins, tannins, essential oil, as well as carotene and wax. A decoction of the plant is used for colitis, gastritis and stomach ulcers.
Sagebrush. It is a herbaceous or semi-shrub plant found almost everywhere. The whole plant has a straight stem with thin pinnately divided leaves and yellowish flowers collected in inflorescences. Wormwood is used as a spicy plant, and the essential oil is used in perfumery and cosmetics. Wormwood is also important as a fodder plant for livestock.
So, we have considered only some types of steppe plants. And, of course, the differences in the landscape leave their mark on the appearance of the herbs growing on it, but, nevertheless, some common features can be distinguished. So steppe plants are characterized by:
- Branched root system
- bulb roots
- Fleshy stems and thin, narrow leaves

Even more interesting

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What is STEP?

Steppes are the most species-rich communities of drought-resistant plants - xerophytes. They are common where the climate is warm but there is not enough rainfall to allow a forest to grow. Steppes - "a type of vegetation represented by a community of drought-resistant perennial herbaceous plants with a predominance of turf grasses, less often sedges and onions." If we analyze the geographical distribution of steppe landscapes on the globe, we will find -

Hay, the productivity of steppe pastures as a result of overgrazing is low and amounts to no more than 15-20 c/ha of green mass

Typical steppes occupy areas in the steppe zone of the republic.

Mordovnik ball-headed

The plant population on the Roman-gora hill is represented by single plants. Occasionally there are "islands" of 5-10 plants. In general, the plants are in good vital condition.

Yarrow

Asparagus officinalis

Perennial herbaceous plant from the lily family. The stem of asparagus is erect, reaching a height of up to 150 cm, strongly branched. The branches on the stem depart at an acute angle. The leaves are reduced to scales, modified shoots resembling leaves are formed in the axils of the stem. Underground stem straight, smooth. It is juicy, etiolated, forming shoots extending from the rhizome. These stems are used as a vegetable plant. The flowers are small, greenish-yellow. Perianth of six petals with 6 stamens.

The fruit is a red globular berry. Blooms in June - July. Asparagus grows in meadows, among thickets of shrubs, and is also found in the steppe, on the slopes of the mountains.

It is quite rare in the study area. Found in areas adjacent to the forest belt and located between rows of trees inside the forest belt. The population is represented by single plants.

Adonis spring

Perennial herbaceous plant from the buttercup family. Adonis has a two-stroke development - at the beginning

Found throughout the study area. The population consists of more than 150 plants that are in good vital condition.

Budra ivy

It grows along the ravine and on the south side of the slope. Numerous population, studied at the beginning of flowering.

St. John's wort

Found only in one place on the eastern gently sloping side of the hill. Presented by 8-15 plants.

Veronica oak

Grows in meadow areas of the steppe of the study area. Plants are evenly distributed among other species. Often found on the outskirts of the forest belt.

Awnless bonfire

In plant communities, the hill is a species that forms the environment, because. occurs uniformly often almost everywhere.

sporysh

Annual, herbaceous plant from the buckwheat family. A small plant with a height of 10 to 40 cm. It has straight stems, prostrate, branched. The leaves are elliptical or lanceolate, small, with a short spine.

The flowers are in the axils of the leaves, distributed evenly throughout the plant. The corolla of the flower is pale pink. The fruit is a trihedral nut. It blooms from May to October. It grows along the roads, on the streets, in the yards, on pastures. On pastures where there is a large load of livestock, all types of plants suffer, only knotweed remains.

This species is well expressed at the foot of the hill from the side of the river and animal stalls. Almost never found in the main system.

Common colza

It grows unevenly in the vegetation cover of the hill and is found in a large way from the side of the field, located closer to the eastern slope.

Kozelets purple

Karagan

Grows mainly on the western slope of the mountain, in the ravine and adjacent beam on the north side.

Nonea dark

It grows everywhere on the hill, it was studied and determined at the beginning of flowering.

Bell

Grows in communities of studied plants between cereal plants. It is rare, there are only about 30 plants counted in the population.

Veronica longifolia

Belongs to the family Norichnikovye. The leaves are unequally serrated to the very top, with finely pointed,

The distribution of this plant in the studied ecosystem is moderately rare. Grows as individual plants or 2-3 individuals.

Violet amazing

Belongs to the violet family. Stem up to 30 cm.

height. The petioles of large broad-heart-shaped stem leaves are grooved, pubescent only on the convex, downward-facing hairs. Stipules of stem leaves are large, entire, stipules are large, rusty-red.

On the hill grows in places with low grasses or among low grass cover, likes stony areas of the surface.

forest anemone

Ranunculaceae family. Perennial. Stem leaves not fused, similar to basal leaves, short-haired. Flowers are yellow-white.

It grows in small "families" between pine trees and separately on open slopes on the eastern and northern sides of the Roman-gora hill.

field bindweed

Grows in areas with other meadow plants from the side of the ravine and the river.

Onosma Preduralskaya

Wormwood flat

Belongs to the Compositae family. The root is vertical, woody, developing branched flower-bearing shoots and straight ribbed reddening branched flower-bearing stems. Leaves of sterile shoots and lower stem leaves are twice-, thrice-pinnately dissected, their lobules are narrowly linear 3-10 mm long, slightly pointed, middle and upper stem leaves are sessile, bracts are short, narrowly linear. The outer leaflets of the involucre are oval, almost round, convex, green along the back, the inner ones along the edge are broadly membranous-marginated.

Well expressed as a cover plant on the southern slope of Roman-gora hill. Plants are smaller than usual, indicating oppression by grazing pressure.

Plants of the steppe zone

The VEGETATION of the steppes consists of various herbs that can tolerate drought. In some plants, the stems and leaves are strongly pubescent or have a developed wax coating; others have stiff stems covered with narrow leaves that curl up in the dry season (cereals); still others have fleshy and juicy stems and leaves with a supply of moisture. Some plants have a deep root system or form tubers, bulbs, rhizomes.

The steppe zone is one of the main land biomes. Under the influence, first of all, of climatic factors, zonal features of biomes were formed. The steppe zone is characterized by a hot and arid climate during most of the year, and in spring there is a sufficient amount of moisture, so the steppes are characterized by the presence of a large number of ephemera and ephemeroids among plant species, and many animals are also confined to a seasonal lifestyle, falling into hibernation in arid and cold season.

Steppe almond. Photo: Sirpa Tahkamo

The steppe zone is represented in Eurasia by the steppes, in North America by the prairies, in South America by the pampas, and in New Zealand by the Tussock communities. These are spaces of the temperate zone, occupied by more or less xerophilous vegetation. From the point of view of the conditions for the existence of the animal population, the steppes are characterized by the following features: a good view, an abundance of plant food, a relatively dry summer period, the existence of a summer period of rest or, as it is now called, semi-rest. In this respect, steppe communities differ sharply from forest communities. Among the predominant life forms of steppe plants, cereals stand out, the stems of which are crowded into turfs - turf grasses. In the Southern Hemisphere, such turfs are called Tussocks. Tussocks are very tall and their leaves are less rigid than those of the tufts of steppe grasses of the Northern Hemisphere, since the climate of communities close to the steppes of the Southern Hemisphere is milder.

Rhizome grasses that do not form turfs, with single stems on creeping underground rhizomes, are more widely distributed in the northern steppes, in contrast to turf grasses, whose role in the Northern Hemisphere increases towards the south.
Among the dicotyledonous herbaceous plants, two groups stand out - the northern colorful forbs and the southern colorless. Colorful forbs are characterized by a mesophilic appearance and large bright flowers or inflorescences, for southern, colorless forbs - a more xerophilic appearance - pubescent stems into leaves, often leaves are narrow or finely dissected, flowers are inconspicuous, dim.
Typical for the steppes are annual ephemera, which fade in the spring after flowering and die off, and perennial ephemeroids, in which, after the death of the ground parts, tubers, bulbs, and underground rhizomes remain. Colchicum is peculiar, which develops foliage in the spring, when there is still a lot of moisture in the steppe soils, retains only underground organs for the summer, and in autumn, when the whole steppe looks lifeless, yellowed, gives bright lilac flowers (hence its name).

In the steppe there are plants that are rather nondescript, perhaps that is why they are unfamiliar to many: grits and daggers.

They appear among the first on dry ridges, sand mounds, hills and hills.

Krupka oakwood is an annual plant with a branched, leafy stem up to 20 centimeters tall, in the lower part of which there is a basal rosette of oblong leaves, and in the upper part there are loose tassels of yellowish flowers. It blooms in April-July. The chemical composition of grains has been poorly studied, it is only known that alkaloids are contained in the aerial part. The plant was used in folk herbal medicine as a hemostatic agent along with the shepherd's purse. It is believed that the aerial part, together with the seeds, has an expectorant and antitussive effect, as a result of which it is used for whooping cough and various bronchial diseases. An infusion of herbs is popular as an external remedy for various skin diseases (rashes and others), especially those of allergic origin in children (while taking an infusion or a decoction of the herb externally and internally - as a blood purifier) o In Chinese medicine, the seeds of the plant are popular, which are used as an expectorant and diuretic.

The grits are oak. Photo: Matt Lavin

Features of steppe plants:

a) Small leaves. The leaves of steppe grasses are narrow, not wider than 1.5-2 mm. In dry weather, they are folded lengthwise, and their evaporative surface becomes even smaller (adaptation to reduce evaporation). In some steppe plants, leaf blades are very small (bedstraws, kachima, thyme, gerbils, saltworts), in others they are divided into the thinnest slices and segments (gills, adonis, etc.).
b) pubescence. A whole group of steppe plants creates a special "microclimate" for itself due to abundant pubescence. Many species of astragalus, sage and others protect themselves from the sun's rays with the help of pubescence and thus fight drought.
c) wax coating. Many use a layer of wax or other waterproof substance that is secreted from the skin. This is another adaptation of steppe plants to drought. It is possessed by plants with a smooth, shiny surface of the leaves: spurges, gills, Russian cornflower, etc.
d) The special position of the leaves. Avoiding overheating, some steppe grasses (naeolovaty, serpuhi, chondrils) place their leaves edge to the sun. And such a steppe weed as wild lettuce generally orients its leaves in a north-south vertical plane, representing a kind of living compass.
e) Coloring. Among the summer steppe grasses, there are few bright green plants, the leaves and stems of most of them are painted in dull, faded colors. This is another adaptation of steppe plants that helps them protect themselves from excessive lighting and overheating (wormwood).
e) Powerful root system. The root system is 10-20 times larger than the above-ground organs in mass. There are many so-called soddy cereals in the steppe. These are feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, wheatgrass. They form dense tufts, having a diameter of 10 cm or more. Turf contains a lot of remnants of old stems and leaves and has a remarkable ability to intensively absorb melt and rain water and retain it for a long time.
g) Ephemera and ephemeroids. These plants develop in the spring when the soil is sufficiently moist. Thus, they have time to fade and bear fruit before the onset of the dry period (tulips, irises, saffron, goose onions, adonis, etc.).

It is a mistake to think that steppe flowers, deprived of sufficient moisture, look dull and unattractive. It is enough to recall the names of such steppe plants as hyacinth, clematis - and it immediately becomes clear that the steppes are not without bright colors.

Below you will find out what other plants grow in the steppe zone and are suitable for cultivation in the middle zone. You can also get acquainted with the names, see photos of steppe flowers that adorn landscape flower beds and rockeries.

Drought-resistant steppe plants with flowers

This chapter lists steppe flowers with names that do not tolerate stagnant moisture.

Adonis (ADONIS). Buttercup family.

Spring Adonis (A. vernalis) is an elegant spring plant of the steppes of Europe and Siberia. It is a perennial with a short rhizome and branched stems that form a shrub.
20-30 cm high. The leaves are light green, thinly divided.

The flowers are solitary, bright yellow, up to 8 cm in diameter, shiny and very elegant. Adonis blooms in early spring (late April - early May).

Growing conditions. Sunny areas with rich loose alkaline soils, well drained. It's drought tolerant steppe plant with flowers does not tolerate stagnant water.

Reproduction. Preferably by seeds, as it does not tolerate the division of the bush. Seeds do not germinate together, during the year. Sowing freshly harvested. Planting density - 5-6 bushes per 1 m2.

Adonis is a difficult plant to cultivate - an object for experienced hobbyists. But with proper planting, it can decorate a flower garden for 10-15 years without transplants.

Anafalis (ANAPHALIS). Aster family (composite).

Two species of this drought-resistant steppe plant are cultivated, growing in East Asia and North America. Bush with erect stems 50-80 cm high, with white-tomentose pubescence of stems, leaves and flowers. The leaves are narrow, linear, entire. At the ends of the shoots are small silvery baskets in a corymbose inflorescence. Easily forms self-seeding.

Types and varieties:

Anafalis three-veined(A. triplinervis)- with larger leaves.

Anafalis pearl(A. margaritacea)- leaves are smaller.

Growing conditions. Sunny areas with dry neutral soils.

Reproduction. By dividing the bush (spring, late summer), seeds (sowing before winter). Transplantation and division after 3-4 years. Planting density -9 pcs. per 1 m2.

Used in mixed flower beds, mixborders, rockeries.

Goniolimon (GONIOLIMON). The pig family.

Steppe and semi-desert perennials, typical "tumbleweeds", forming a dense spherical bush 10-40 cm high from highly branched inflorescences and oblong ovate leaves collected in a surface rosette.

Look at the photo: these steppe flowers, which are silvery "balls", can decorate any flower garden on dry soil and a winter bouquet.

Types and varieties:

goniolimon beautiful(G. speciosum)- the leaves of the rosette are rounded, bluish, the inflorescence is in the form of "deer antlers".

Goniolimon Tatar (G.tataricum)- leaves are ovate, spiky, the inflorescence is more loose, corymbose.

Growing conditions. Sunny areas with deep, well-drained, sandy soils. They do not tolerate moisture stagnation. Salt resistant.

Reproduction. Preferably by seeds, seedlings bloom in the 2-3rd year, it is better to transplant young plants. Perhaps cuttings in the spring. Planting density - single.

An excellent plant for rockeries or as tapeworms on dry slopes, against an inert layer (crushed stone or gravel). They are also used in, especially in winter bouquets.

Decorative steppe plants

Below you will see photos and names of steppe plants, which are the most decorative.

Kachim, gypsophila (GYPSOPHILA). Carnation family.

These are mainly perennials from the steppes and semi-deserts of Eurasia. They have a deep tap root, small lanceolate leaves on knotted, highly branched stems. Panicle inflorescences of this ornamental plant of the steppe zone, consisting of small flowers, are numerous and provide an openwork, “flying” appearance of the bush (height 60-90 cm). The exception is k. creeping (height 10-15 cm).

Types and varieties:

Kachim panicled (G. panicuiata)- large (up to 100 cm) tumbleweed bush, varieties:

"Compacta Plena"

Flamingo- with pink flowers.

Kachim creeping (G. repens)- low, creeping, grade "Rosea" - with pink flowers.

Kachim pacific (G. pacifica)- openwork bush, 50 cm high, with pink flowers.

Kachim holly (G. acutifoiia)- high bush (up to 170 cm), falling apart.

Growing conditions. Sunny places with loose neutral dry soils.

Reproduction. Seeds (sowing in spring), seedlings bloom in the 2-3rd year, but they need to be transplanted two years. It is possible (but difficult) to reproduce by renewal buds with a "heel" in the spring. Planting density - single bushes.

Meadowsweet (FILIPENDULA). Rosaceae family.

A diverse group of plants, 15 species grow in the temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. Among them there are low dry-loving plants of the steppes - l. ordinary and high moisture-loving - l. Kamchatka, but always very decorative, with a delicate aroma, easily cultivated plants with a dense inflorescence of small fragrant flowers.

Types and varieties:

Drought-resistant, relatively low (height 30-50 cm) meadowsweet ordinary (F. vulgaris) has a rosette of openwork feathery wintering leaves, blooms in May, often grows a terry form - "Plena".

meadowsweet (F. ulmaria)- 100-150 cm high with a dense inflorescence of small white flowers, a common plant in wet meadows and edges of central Russia.

Meadowsweet red (F. rubra)- 150-200 cm high with large pinnate leaves and an inflorescence of pink flowers (variety "Venusta" with dark pink flowers), grows along the banks of rivers in North America.

Purple meadowsweet (F. purpurea)- 50-100 cm high with palmate leaves and panicle of purple flowers.

Meadowsweet Kamchatka(F. kamtschatica)- 150-300 cm high, forms a magnificent shrub with large palmate leaves and a panicle of white flowers (grows well in partial shade on moist clay soils).

Meadowsweet ordinary- decoration of sunny rockeries, can be planted in borders. The rest - create spots in flower beds like " natural garden"and in mixborders.

Growing conditions. Dry sunny places with neutral soil for l. ordinary, other species can grow in the sun and in partial shade, but always on a good
moist soils.

Reproduction. By dividing the bush (in spring and at the end of summer) and seeds (sowing before winter). Seedlings bloom in the 2-3rd year. Planting density - from single to 12 pieces. per 1 m2.

It is widely used in mixborders (in the foreground), rockeries, borders, in beds with fragrant herbs. The flowers are dried and used for flavoring.
premises. Meadowsweet Kamchatka is suitable for single landings among the lawn or against the background of ground cover plants.

Hyacinth (HYACINTHUS). Hyacinth family (lily).

The genus includes about 30 species growing in the Mediterranean. In culture, varieties of the eastern city are mainly grown.

Hyacinth orientalis (H. Orientalis)- bulbous perennial, spherical bulb, compact bush, belt-shaped leaves, fragrant bell-shaped flowers, in a loose racemose inflorescence, located on a fleshy leafless peduncle.
In nature, it grows in the steppes of Asia Minor. More than 200 varieties of this plant are known.

They are grouped into two groups:

1) varieties with simple flowers;

2) varieties with double flowers.

All of them bloom in early May for 10-14 days, have different height peduncle (15-35 cm), differ in color.

Growing conditions. Sunny areas with well-drained, light sandy loamy soil enriched with humus do not tolerate stagnant moisture. It is possible, but not necessary, to dig out in June, dry it, and plant it in the ground in early October and cover it with spruce branches.

Reproduction. Bulbs, baby bulbs. Planting density - 25 pcs. per 1 m2.

Tall steppe flowers

Below are the names and photos of steppe flowers, reaching a height of one meter.

Kermek, limonium (LIMONIUM). The pig family.

This is a tall steppe flower, also found in the semi-deserts of Europe, Central Asia and Altai. They have a thick tap root that extends deep into the soil and a rosette of dense elliptical basal leaves. Peduncles branched, blue-violet flowers.

Kinds:

Kermek broadleaf(L. platyphyllum = L. latifolium)- up to 100 cm high, the leaves are large, broadly oval, the inflorescence is loosely paniculate.

Kermek Gmelin (L. gmelinii)- 50 cm high, narrow elliptical leaves, pyramidal inflorescence.

Growing conditions. Sunny places with drained sandy or rocky soils. Tolerates light soil salinity.

Reproduction. Seeds (sowing before winter), seedlings bloom in the 2-3rd year. Transplant only young plants (under the age of 3 years). Planting density - 5 pcs. per 1 m2.

, clematis (CLEMATIS). Buttercup family.

The genus includes shrubs, semi-shrubs and herbs. Herbaceous perennials have a powerful deep root system, stems 50-100 cm high. Leaves are leathery.
Flowers solitary, drooping or in corymbose inflorescence. They grow in steppe meadows, in the steppes and among shrubs in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Types and varieties:

Clematis whole-leaved (C. integrifolia)- 50-80 cm high, leafy stems lie down, and single blue-violet flowers 5-8 cm in diameter sit on their tops, lanceolate pubescent sepals give them decorative effect.

Clematis straight (C. recta)- about 100 cm high, with a corymbose inflorescence of small fragrant white flowers and large pinnate leaves.

Growing conditions. Sunny places with dry rich drained soils.

Reproduction. Seeds (sowing in spring), seedlings bloom in the 2nd year, dividing the bush (in spring), cuttings are possible (spring).

Eremurus (EREMURUS). Asphodelaceae (lily) family.

The genus includes about 60 species, growing mainly in the steppes and semi-deserts of Central Asia. A rosette of linear leaves and a strong tall peduncle grow from a short disc-shaped rhizome, ending in a dense cylindrical raceme of flowers. Plant height 70-200 cm, flowers are wide open, with long protruding stamens.
Powerful inflorescences are very decorative, so flower growers have always tried to grow these plants in middle lane Russia, but, as a rule, unsuccessfully. Short wet summers, wet autumns and early springs prevent the normal growth and flowering of these plants. Success is ensured only if they are dug up annually.

Species and varieties. The most resistant yellow-flowered species:

Eremurus angustifolia (E. stenophyllus) and Altai (E. altaicus).

Eremurus red (E. fuscus) and beautiful (E. spectabilis).

Eremurus lactiflora (E. lactiflorus).

Eremurus powerful (E. robustus), up to 200 cm high - less promising.

Growing conditions. These species can be grown without digging in the summer to dry in sunny areas with stony neutral soils. For the winter - cover with spruce branches or leaf litter.

Reproduction. By dividing the bush (August) and seeds (sowing before winter), the seedlings bloom in the 4-5th year. Planting density - 5 pcs. per 1 m2, but better singly.

How many poems and stories have been written about the steppe, about its pristine beauty. I live in East Kazakhstan, and we have a lot of steppes. The most beautiful time of the year here is spring. Everything starts to come alive and bloom. So, I'll tell you what plants grow in this natural area, let's go!

What grows in the steppe

Herbaceous plants grow here, few shrubs and trees. Tulip, iris, feather grass, kermek, etc. are found here.

For example, iris blooms in early spring. It can be immediately recognized by the elongated stem and the flower of a twisted shape. They come in the following colors:

blue;
yellow;
purple;
white.

True, the duration of flowering is only 2 weeks. But another plant - feather grass. It can be recognized by its panicle inflorescences. Seeing a feather grass on the field, you might think that this is one giant blanket. While the plant is young, the hairs are soft, and livestock eats it. But, no matter how beautiful the feather grass would look, it harms agriculture. When the seeds ripen, they scatter along with these hairs throughout the steppe, picked up by the wind.

And steppe cherry grows in the steppe. In height, it reaches about the waist of a person. Ripens already in June. The fruits do not differ in taste from ordinary cherries, and the inhabitants of the steppe eat its berries with pleasure.

What medicinal plants are in the steppe

Medicinal plants also grow in the steppe:

cornflower;
skewer;
immortelle;
chamomile;
sagebrush;
hemorrhagic pharmacy.

Cornflower and burnet are used as an anti-inflammatory agent, and can also be used as an anesthetic. Wormwood is used as a disinfectant and tonic. Well, such a flower as chamomile does have several properties. Although at first glance it seems that this is the most common plant. So, chamomile is used as an antiseptic and hemostatic agent. Does not allow inflammation to spread. Improves liver function and relieves convulsions.

Steppe plants are beautiful. Here you rarely see a tree or a bush, but the whole earth under your feet and for several kilometers ahead is covered with a wide variety of herbs and flowers.

The steppe zone is characterized by a flat landscape and a complete absence of trees. Therefore, the plant world is represented mainly by herbs. In the temperate zone of Eurasia, grasses grow (varieties of feather grass, bluegrass, couch grass, legumes) and bulbous plants. Shrubs are rare. A powerful sod layer formed by the interlacing of grass rhizomes, as well as the duration of dry periods and lack of moisture, prevent the germination of tree seeds.

A video film about the steppes of Ukraine will help you get a better impression of the nature of the steppe zone of Eurasia.

AT spring period the steppe of the temperate zone strikes with a riot of colors: plants of the bulbous family bloom beautifully.

The most beautiful feather grass is the most common steppe plant of the cereal family, forming a sod layer. Ripened seeds, thanks to the awn attached to them, covered with a white edge, fly over long distances.

The “gray-haired” fields of flowering feather grass, a typical plant of the steppe, look very unusual.

The most typical representative of the steppe can rightfully be considered wheatgrass. This perennial herb has a very dense, tough rhizome that forms numerous shoots and penetrates even overdried soil. The height of wheatgrass in a favorable period reaches 1 m in height, during the flowering period the plant throws out an ear.

In the east of North America, meadow prairies are located, which are characterized by rich herbage, strong soil cover and instability of the alternation of drought and rainfall. The territory of the Great Plains is similar to the steppes of Eurasia and is rich in tall grasses. Here grow: feather grass, Gerardi bearded man, Gram grass, phloxes, dicots, asters. In the west, the prairies are drier, so the absolute majority of plants are low-growing cereals, wormwood, bulbous, and in the southern regions - cacti.

This is a turf grass that grows in the form of a bush, its roots contribute to the formation of turf. The height of the plant reaches 2.5 m in height, the leaf width is up to 1 cm. It is very decorative, it turns orange or dark red in autumn.

The pampas in South America, due to the low level of average annual precipitation, have more sparse vegetation. They are characterized by grass-sedge herbage, alfalfa, barley, succulents, one of the subspecies of which are cacti.

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A story about a plant in the steppe zone. What plants grow in the steppe

Mordovnik ball-headed

Yarrow

Asparagus officinalis

Adonis spring

Budra ivy

St. John's wort

Veronica oak

Awnless bonfire

sporysh

Common colza

Kozelets purple

Karagan

Nonea dark

Bell

Veronica longifolia

Violet amazing

forest anemone

field bindweed

Onosma Preduralskaya

Wormwood flat

World around 4th grade

steppe zone

Features of all kinds of plants in the steppe

Plants of the steppe zone: photos and names

Plant species of the steppe

Plants of the steppe zone

Plant world of the steppe

steppe plants

What plants are typical for the steppe zone

Plant species of the steppe

What is STEP?

Mordovnik ball-headed

Yarrow

Asparagus officinalis

Adonis spring

Budra ivy

St. John's wort

Veronica oak

Awnless bonfire

sporysh

Common colza

Kozelets purple

Karagan

Nonea dark

Bell

Veronica longifolia

Violet amazing

forest anemone

field bindweed

Onosma Preduralskaya

Wormwood flat

Plants of the steppe zone

Drought-resistant steppe plants with flowers

Decorative steppe plants

Tall steppe flowers

What grows in the steppe

What medicinal plants are in the steppe

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