Direct, reverse (inverted) types of word order. Direct and reverse word order in a sentence (inversion)

Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse order words

In most sentences of the Russian language, there is a usual, straight word order. In direct word order, the given, known, topic precedes the new, unknown, rheme. The direct word order (it is also called objective) is adopted in most stylistically neutral statements, where an extremely accurate, exhaustively objective statement of facts is necessary, for example, in scientific texts, official business documents.

When solving special semantic and stylistic tasks in expressive and emotionally colored statements, reverse (subjective) word order in which the rheme precedes the topic. It is important to note that for the subjective word order, a change in the place of phrasal stress is mandatory, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ falls at the beginning or middle of the sentence: Gloomy and gloomy Sergei Timofeevich. And how can he be different? Joyless were the last, before meeting with Turkina, the years of his life(I SK.). In this sentence, using the subjective word order ( inversions) the court speaker manages to create psychological characteristics client.

The actual division of any sentence is determined by its formal structure, lexical content and semantic organization. For each type of sentence, there is a neutral word order, which involves placing a phrasal stress at the end of the sentence and expressing the semantic division of the sentence into a topic and a rheme. With a neutral word order, usually grammatical, semantic and actual articulation coincide. Inversion(changing the neutral order of words) is usually a means of actual articulation, in which phrasal stress, falling at the end of a sentence, highlights syntagmas or syntagma that are important in semantic terms; in this case, the grammatical division of the sentence does not coincide with its semantic and communicative organization. Cases of transferring the place of phrasal stress serve as a stylistic means that highlights a given sentence or statement in the general context as a whole.

Norms formal business style, which also includes legal texts, require a direct word order in a sentence. It obeys some general rules.

The subject in a sentence usually precedes the verb, for example: In relation to Sidorin, the prosecutor opened a criminal case under article 113 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; Semenyuk committed the theft of materials in the amount of 2 thousand rubles. If there are adverbial words at the beginning of the sentence, then the subject is usually placed after the predicate: January 11, 2000 ᴦ. a fire broke out at the warehouse of Rospromtorg; On the fact of theft, a criminal case was opened.

The agreed definition is usually always found before the word being defined: lenient punishment, grievous bodily harm, dangerous injury. Separate definitions are after the defined words, for example persons under the influence of alcohol; a quarrel that arose while drinking alcohol; a crime under Art. 107 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; pressure deal.

The order of words in constructions with several definitions depends on the morphological nature of these definitions. Definitions expressed by pronouns precede the word being defined and all definitions expressed by other parts of speech: these extreme measures, his careless handling of fire, their unspecified alibi, her outstanding criminal record and etc.

If, with one word being defined, there are two definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives, then a qualitative adjective is used first, then a relative one, because. the relative adjective is more closely related to the word it defines: severe bodily injury, dangerous stab wound, severe traumatic brain injury, new criminal case.

Heterogeneous definitions expressed relative adjectives, are arranged based on the logical gradation of the concepts assigned to these words: definitions expressing narrower concepts precede definitions denoting broad concepts: Bryansk regional court, Moscow City Bar Association, Soviet District Council of People's Deputies.

Inconsistent definitions are in the position after the word being defined: expert opinion, commission on juvenile affairs, collegium on civil cases, investigator for especially important cases.

Complement usually follows the control word: count on justice, resignation, file an accusation, sue. If the sentence has several objects with one control word, then the direct object, ᴛ.ᴇ. an addition expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition precedes all other additions: write a letter of resignation, make a statement about what happened. In the event that the proposal contains indirect addition with the meaning of a person, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is expressed by a noun in the dative case, then it is placed before a direct object denoting the subject to which the action is directed: report to the management about the events, inform the police about the impending terrorist attack.

In a sentence, the direct object can be the same as the subject. The means of distinguishing the members of the sentence in this case is the word order: the subject is in the first place, the direct object is in the last, for example: The court applies the law. At the same time, in some cases, ambiguity and ambiguity arise in such constructions. In a sentence Motorcycle hit a bike subject motorcycle, expressed in the nominative case of a noun, formally coincides with the direct object bike, expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition, which creates semantic ambiguity. To avoid such ambiguity arising from formal coincidence grammatical forms, it is extremely important to change the grammatical construction. In this sentence, it would be appropriate to use a passive phrase: Bicycle hit by motorcyclist.

The circumstances of the mode of action, measure and degree, purpose, place and time usually come before the predicate. Circumstances of place, time and purpose are usually determinants, ᴛ.ᴇ. free distributors of the entire sentence, in this regard, they most often occupy the preposition (they stand at the beginning of the sentence), and if the sentence contains a tense, then it usually precedes everything else: November 2, 2002 ᴦ. near the store on the street. Uritsky committed the theft of alcoholic beverages in the amount of 5037 rubles; March 30, 1999 the defendant Gulyaev died suddenly.

We emphasize once again that it is extremely important to strictly observe the rules of word order in a sentence in book speech, especially in official business texts, since violations of the direct word order contradict the basic requirements for such texts - strict objectivity, accuracy and clarity of content.

IN colloquial speech, journalistic and literary texts, the reverse (subjective) word order can be used, in which the rheme precedes the topic. Changing the usual, direct word order in a sentence in order to create expressively meaningful contexts is commonly called inversion. Inversion is an important rhetorical device, a means of expressive syntax used in fiction(prose and poetry) and journalism.

As a remedy speech expressiveness inversion is also used in judicial oratory. The brilliant Russian lawyer F.N. Plevako skillfully used the technique of inversion in his speeches: “ Russia had to endure many troubles, many trials for its more than a thousand-year existence ... Russia endured everything, overcame everything”; “The last day has come. She was preparing for something terrible.”. The preposition of the complement in these sentences contributes to the accentuation of a part of the statement.

The most common case of inversion is the postposition of a consistent definition. Most often, an agreed definition is placed after the word being defined in colloquial speech; the tendency to colloquialism explains many cases of inversion in judicial oratory, for example She saved up this money for years with her labor. Or: Kitel-ev / drunk in a frenzy / started a fight(See: Ivakina N. N. S. 237).

A means of strong semantic highlighting of a circumstance is to put it at the beginning of a sentence: She was worried like a mental patient; working in the laundry, he asks every minute if Lukerya has come, if she has seen the drowned woman. Almost unconsciously, under the heavy yoke of an oppressive thought, she betrays herself.(A.F. Koni).

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, inversion (reverse word order) has rich stylistic possibilities, is effective tool verbal expressiveness of the utterance.

Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order" 2017, 2018.

Order of words in a sentence

In fact, we will talk here not just about the direct and reverse order of words (but about it too), today we will try to analyze many aspects with you German proposal.

1) Direct and reverse word order

What it is? IN German we cannot make sentences as our soul wants. It doesn't work like that) There are special rules, we need to follow these rules. Let's start with the simplest: Direct word order

Direct order:

In the first place - the subject (answers the questions who? what?)

In third and subsequent places - everything else

Example: Ich fahre nach Hause. - I'm driving home .

In the first place - the subject (who? - me)

In second place is the predicate (what am I doing? - food)

In third place - everything else (where? - home)

That's it, it's very simple

What then is reverse word order?

In the first place - some additional member of the sentence (as a rule, these are adverbs (when? how? where?))

In second place is the predicate (that is, the verb: what to do?)

In third place is the subject (answers the questions who? what?)

In the following places - everything else

Example : Morgen fahre ich nach Hause. - Tomorrow I will go home.

In the first place - an additional member of the proposal (when? - tomorrow)

In second place is the predicate (what will I do? - I will go)

In third place - the subject (who? - me)

In fourth place - everything else (where? - home)

What is reverse word order? In our opinion, he decorates the speech. Speaking using only direct word order is boring. So use different designs.

2) ruleTEKAMOLO

What is this rule? And I'll tell you: "Very cool rule!". We have dealt with the direct and reverse word order, and then what? We read and understand!

First, let's figure out what these letters mean.

TEKAMOLO

TE - temporal - time - when?

KA-causal - reason - for what reason? why?

MO - modal – mode of action – how? on what? how?

LO-local - place, where? where?

Sometimes this rule is also called in Russian KOZAKAKU. To be honest, we don't really like this option, but you can remember it that way. The Russian version is composed by the first letters of the questions.

KO - when?

FOR - why?

KA - how?

KU - where?

Great, figured out what these letters mean! Now why do we need them? So, if, for example, we compose a large sentence that does not consist of two or three words, then this rule will come in very handy for us! Consider with you the direct word order and the following sentence: I will go to Berlin by train tomorrow in connection with the exam.

We know that the word order is direct: first the subject, then the predicate, and everything else. But we have a lot of everything else here, and it is according to this rule that we will arrange everything correctly with you.

I will go to Berlin tomorrow by train in connection with the exam.

Ich fahre - first step taken

Ich fahre morgen (time - when?) wegen der Pr ü fung (reason - for what reason? why?) mit dem Zug (mode of action - how? in what way?) nach Berlin (place - where?).

This is how the proposal will sound. Remember this rule, and everything will be okay. Of course, in a sentence, for example, there can only be time and place: I will go to Berlin tomorrow. Then what are we to do? Just skip the rest.

I will go to Berlin tomorrow.

Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin.

3) Known and unknown

Let's move on to the next point. I named it: known and unknown. We know that the German language has certain and indefinite articles. Definite articles are known. Indefinite articles are unknown. And here we also have a rule!

— If the sentence contains a word with a definite article, then it comes before "TIME"

Example: I will buy this chain tomorrow in Berlin (by the word "this" we can understand that we are talking about a specific item).

Ich kaufe die Kette morgen in Berlin.

We put with you the word " die Kette » before the time, and then comes the word order according to the rule TEKAMOLO.

— If the sentence contains a word with an indefinite article, then it comes after "PLACE"

Example: I will buy some chain tomorrow in Berlin (by the word “some” we can understand that we are talking about a non-specific subject).

Ich kaufe morgen in Berlin eine Kette.

We put with you the word " eine Kette" after the place.

4) Where to put place names?

And we all also analyze the word order in the German sentence. The next point is where to put the pronouns? Let's go figure it out! Here you need to remember only one thing - as a rule, pronouns are closer to the verb! That is, if we have a pronoun in a sentence, then we will put it immediately after the verb.

Example: I will buy you some chain tomorrow in Berlin.

Ich kaufe dir morgen in Berlin eine Kette.

Example: I will buy you this chain tomorrow in Berlin.

Ich kaufe dir die Kette morgen in Berlin.

5) But what aboutDativ und Akkusativ?

And the last point that we will analyze is the position of the dative and accusative cases. In fact, it will not be scary at all if you mess something up. But still, let's get acquainted with the rule.

— If Akkusative is something vague and Dative - specific, then Dative will stand before Akkusative.

Example: I give (this) man (some) a book.

Ich gebe dem Mann ein Buch.

This is the right choice!

That was the basic information on word order in a sentence! I wish you success in learning German!

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Order of words in a sentence

The mutual arrangement of the members of the sentence, which has a syntactic, semantic and stylistic meaning. The first is expressed in the fact that with the place occupied by a member of the sentence, its syntactic function. So, in the sentence Sunny day, the adjective solar acts as a definition with the word day - the main member of the nominative sentence; with a different word order (Sunny Day), the same adjective plays the role of a predicate in a two-part sentence. In sentences like Mother loves daughter with homonymous nominative and accusative cases syntactic role both nouns are determined by their place in the sentence: in direct word order ( cm. below) in the first place is the subject, in the second - the direct object. In the sentence Free brother returned, the adjective patient occupies the position of an agreed definition, and in the sentence Brother the patient returned - the position of the nominal part of the compound predicate. In sentences of identity like Moscow - the capital of the USSR, the subject is in the first place, the predicate is in the second; in a different word order (the capital of the USSR is Moscow), the former predicate becomes the subject, and the former subject becomes the predicate.

The grammatical-semantic meaning of word order finds its expression, for example, in combinations of a quantitative numeral with a noun. In the sentence Fifty people attended the meeting, the prepositive cardinal numeral indicates the exact number of persons; in the sentence At the meeting, fifty people were present;

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "word order in a sentence" is in other dictionaries:

Typology of word order (in a sentence) is one of the possible systems of typological classification of languages ​​used in linguistic typology. It is based on the basic order in which the subject (English subject), predicate are in the sentence ... ... Wikipedia

In phrases, it can have a formal meaning, i.e., indicate various relationships between parts of the phrase. In so-called. analytical languages ​​(see) PS, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in Chinese. or … Literary Encyclopedia

Word order- WORD ORDER in phrases can have a formal meaning, i.e., indicate different relationships between parts of the phrase. In so-called. analytical languages ​​(see) PS, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Word order- Word order is a certain arrangement of words in a sentence or syntactic group. Structural types P. s. differ in the following oppositions: progressive, or consistent (the defining word follows the defined: “read a book”), ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

word order in a simple sentence- Typical relative arrangement of word forms in their specific functions - subject, predicate, etc. The word order performs the corresponding functions, therefore it is not constant, fixed: 1) grammatical (neutral) order ... ...

A multifunctional formal tool used in the construction of a sentence. In languages ​​of a synthetic type (for example, Russian), it mainly serves the contextual connections of the sentence and is a means of actual articulation ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

word order- in phrases it can have a formal meaning, i.e., indicate different relationships between parts of the phrase. In so-called. analytical languages ​​(see) PS, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in Chinese. ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

reverse word order (inversion)- Word order in a sentence that does not match the word order in a phrase. O. p. s. used in different styles. So, in journalistic speech, it contributes to the creation of expressiveness, the fulfillment of the influencing function of the statement: ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

In Russian, word order (more precisely, the order of sentence members) is considered free. This means that in the proposal there is no strictly fixed place for one or another of its members. For example, a sentence consisting of five significant words: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday- allows 120 options depending on the permutation of the members of the proposal.

They differ in the direct word order, determined by the type and structure of the sentence, the way the syntactic expression of this sentence member, its place among other words that are directly related to it, as well as the style of speech and context, and about br a t n y
order, which is a deviation from the usual order and most often performs the function
i n v e rs and i, i.e. stylistic device selection of individual members of the proposal by rearranging them. The direct order is typical for scientific and business speech, the reverse is widely used in journalistic and literary and artistic works; the reverse order plays a special role in colloquial speech, which has its own types of sentence construction.

The determining factor in the arrangement of words in a sentence is the purposefulness of the statement, its communicative task. Associated with it is the so-called actual articulation of the statement, which involves the movement of thought from the known, the familiar to the unknown, the new: the first (the basis of the statement) is usually enclosed in the initial part of the sentence, the second (the core of the utterance) is in its final part. Wed:

1) On April 12, 1961, Yu flew. BUT. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind(the starting point, the basis of the statement is an indication of the date, i.e. the combination April 12, 1961, and the core of the statement is the rest of the sentence, which is logically underlined);

2) Flight Yu. BUT. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind, took place on April 12, 1961(the basis of the statement is the message about the historical flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, and the core of the statement is an indication of the date, which is logically emphasized).

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate

1. In declarative sentences, the subject usually precedes the predicate, for example: Wires stretched from tree to tree...(Azhaev); Some left the village to work...(Gladkov); The earth revolves around the sun.

   The mutual arrangement of the subject and the predicate may depend on whether the subject denotes a certain, known object or, conversely, an indefinite, unknown object. Wed: The train has come(definite). - The train came(indefinite, some).

   The reverse order of the main members of the sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:

   The setting of the subject in front of the predicate in such cases was found in old texts, for example: - Tell me, gossip, what is your passion for stealing chickens? - the peasant said to the fox, meeting with her(Krylov); - Do you know your grandfather, mother? son says to mother(Nekrasov); the rhythm of the verse is also taken into account;

   3) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed...(Pushkin); Spring came(L. Tolstoy); It was a moonlit night(Chekhov);

   4) in descriptions, in a story, for example: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly, creating fairy tales(Bitter);

   5) as a stylistically given technique and inversion, in order to logically highlight one of the main members of the sentence, for example: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded beast is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers from childhood, swept away(A. Koptyaeva).

   When setting adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject often comes after the predicate, for example: Noise came from the street...(Chekhov). However, under these conditions, the direct order of the main members of the sentence is also found, for example: Uvarov and Anna arrived at the base at the hottest time of the day.(A. Koptyaeva).

2. In interrogative sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Will my grandfather or aunt intercede for me?(Pushkin); So will I give you this will, dear, short?(A. N. Ostrovsky).
3. In incentive sentences, pronouns-subjects preceding the verb-predicate strengthen the categorical nature of the command, advice, motivation, and following the predicate, they soften the tone of the command. Wed: You only pick me(A. N. Ostrovsky). - Do not crush me, old woman(Turgenev).
4. In colloquial speech, the copula is often put in first place, for example: I was young, hot, sincere, not stupid ...(Chekhov).
5. Putting the nominal part of the predicate before the subject serves the purpose of inversion, for example: Mysterious and therefore beautiful are the dark thickets of forests, the depths of the seas; the cry of a bird and the crackling of a tree bud bursting from the warmth are mysterious(Paustovsky).

   The means of highlighting the predicate is also the setting of the nominal part before the link, for example: ... Both were left hungry(L. Tolstoy); Bor became deaf, gloomy(Seifullin). Same in compound verbal predicate when placing an infinitive before an auxiliary verb, for example: So you, well, didn’t even think about sowing?(Sholokhov).

§ 179 Place of determination in a sentence

1. A concordant definition is usually placed in front of the noun being defined, for example: interesting plot, proofreading, verified quotes, third edition, our publishing house.

   Putting an agreed definition after the noun being defined serves the purpose of inversion, for example: On all sides the mountains are impregnable(Lermontov).

   A postpositive definition (that is, a definition after the word being defined) was often found in the works of writers and poets of the 19th century, for example: She had a strong influence on me.(Turgenev); Participation and unfeigned love were visible on Anna's face.(L. Tolstoy); The lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea(Lermontov); There is a short, but marvelous time in the initial autumn ...(Tyutchev).

   Postpositive definitions are common, referring to a noun repeated in a given sentence, for example: This notion of a reflex is, of course, an old notion...(Academician I.P. Pavlov); Voropaev recalled his first meeting with Goreva - an amazing and rare meeting due to the peculiar front-line beauty(Pavlenko). Wed in journalistic and business speech: Such plans, bold and original plans, could only arise under our conditions; This decision is definitely the wrong decision, and is subject to reversal..

   In stylized speech, post-positive definitions give the story the character of a folk narrative; cf. at Neverov: The moon came out on a dark night, looking lonely from a black cloud at deserted fields, at distant villages, at nearby villages..

   Determinants expressed by possessive pronouns, being in a position after a definable noun, can give an expression an expressive coloring, for example: I remember your hands from the moment I became aware of myself in the world.

   In neutral styles, it is not uncommon to have postpositive adjectives expressed by demonstrative pronouns, for example: This half-station ... was surrounded by a double shaft of thick pine logs(Kazakevich).

   The means of semantic selection of the definition is:

   a) its isolation, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter);

   b) separating the definition from the noun being defined, for example: Rare in the ashen dawn sky swayed the stars(Sholokhov).

   A detached definition is usually postpositive, for example: publication of letters received by the editorial office; exhibition of paintings nominated for a prize. Putting such common definitions (without their isolation) in front of the word being defined is perceived as a kind of inversion; compare: publication of letters received by the editorial office; exhibition of nominated paintings.
   

2. If there are several agreed definitions, the order of their arrangement depends on their morphological expression:

   1) definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech, for example: on this solemn day, our future plans, all the typos noticed, every fourth Tuesday. Putting pronouns after adjectives is an inversion, for example: In the morning this silver-opal hour slept the whole house(Fedin); The tanker struggled with his slow and long pain(L. Sobolev);

   2) attributive pronouns precede other pronouns, for example: all these amendments, each of your remarks. But the pronoun most placed after the demonstrative pronoun, for example: the same possibilities, the same case;

   3) definitions expressed quality adjectives, are placed in front of definitions expressed by relative adjectives, for example: new historical novel, warm woolen linen, light leather binding, late autumn;

   4) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by some qualitative adjectives, then the one that denotes a more stable feature is placed closer to the noun being defined, for example: huge black eyes, a pleasant light breeze, an interesting new story;

   5) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by one relative adjectives, then, as a rule, they are arranged in ascending order of semantic gradation (from a narrower concept to a broader one), for example: daily weather reports, antique bronzes, specialist bookstore.
   

3. An inconsistent definition is placed after the noun being defined, for example: expert opinion, leather-bound book, sequel novel. But definitions expressed by personal pronouns in the role of possessives come before the word being defined, for example: his objections, their statements.

   Putting an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in front of the word being defined is an inversion, for example: medium sized bear(Gogol); general Zhukov yard(Chekhov).

   Prepositive inconsistent definitions, that is, those standing in front of the word being defined, were fixed in some stable turns, for example: watchmaker, senior lieutenant of the guard, kind-hearted person.

   Agreed definitions usually precede inconsistent ones, for example: high mahogany bed(L. Tolstoy); old tobacco eyes(Sergeev-Tsensky). But an inconsistent definition, expressed by a personal pronoun with a possessive meaning, usually precedes the agreed definition, for example: his last performance, their increased demands.

§ 180. Place of the complement in the sentence

1. The complement usually follows the control word, for example: proofread the manuscript, correct typographical errors, ready to type.

   An object (most often direct) expressed by a pronoun (personal, indefinite) can precede the control word without creating an inversion, for example: I liked the book; This sight startled him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression; I am glad to see you.

   Putting the complement in front of the control word usually has the character of an inversion, for example: Apothecary, maybe we'll see(Chekhov); The soul reaches for the high(V. Panova). Wed in live conversation: Someone asks you; Forgotten all their friends; Can you fix a TV?

   The usual preposition of the object with the value of the person in impersonal sentences, for example: He needs to talk to you; Sister is unwell; Everyone wanted to relax.
   

2. If there are several additions related to the same control word, a different word order is possible:

   1) usually a direct object precedes other additions, for example: Take the manuscript from the proofreader; Discuss the issue with your employees; The person who entered offered his hand to everyone present.;

   2) the indirect object of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct object of the subject, for example: Tell us your address; The mother gave the child a beautiful toy; This woman saved Bekishev's life...(V. Panova).

   Similarly, the genitive case with the meaning actor(inconsistent definition) precedes another case (in the role of an object), for example: visit of the son to his parents, memorandum of the author for the editor.
   

3. A direct object, coinciding in form with the subject, is usually placed after the predicate, for example: Mother loves daughter; The oar touched the dress; Laziness breeds carelessness; Courts uphold laws. When the subject and object are interchanged, the meaning of the sentence changes ( Daughter loves mother; The dress hit the paddle) or there is an ambiguity ( Carelessness breeds laziness; Laws Protect the Courts). Sometimes in such cases of inversion, the desired meaning is preserved, which follows from lexical meaning named members of the proposal ( The bicycle crashed the tram; The sun covered the cloud), but correct understanding such sentences are somewhat difficult, therefore it is recommended either to maintain a direct word order, or to replace the actual turnover with a passive one ( The bike is broken by a tram; The sun is covered by a cloud).

§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence

1. Circumstances about the training, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e , are usually placed in front of the verb-predicate, for example: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The boy looked defiantly at us; Gavryushka blushed deeply and protested violently...(Gladkov); The train station was moving faster and faster…(G. Nikolaeva); Pavement smoothly whitened(Antonov).

   Some adverbs that combine with few verbs are placed after them, for example: to walk, to lie prone, to walk barefoot, to fall on one's back, to walk.

   Usually, the circumstances of the course of action are postpositive, expressed by a noun in an adverbial sense, for example: to scatter in waves, to disperse in circles.

   The place of the circumstance of the mode of action may depend on the presence or absence in the sentence of other minor members; compare: The climbers walked slowly. – Climbers slowly walked along a steep path.

   The means of semantic highlighting the circumstance of the mode of action or measure and degree is to put them at the beginning of a sentence or separate from the words to which they adjoin, for example: In vain Grigory tried to see Cossack lava on the horizon.(Sholokhov); Twice experienced this feeling Nikita(Fedin); Yes, we were very friendly.(L. Tolstoy).
   

2. Prepositive circumstances of measure and degree, for example: The announcer repeated the figures given in the text twice; The director is very busy; The manuscript is well prepared for typesetting..
3. The circumstance of tense usually precedes the verb-predicate, for example: We didn't talk much over dinner.(Turgenev); Belikov died a month later.(Chekhov); In the evenings the doctor was left alone(V. Panova).

   Often, however, the circumstance of time is postpositive, which contributes to its semantic separation, for example: My sister got up early; I came before dawn.
   

4. The circumstance of place is usually prepositive, and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, for example: The factory was unsettled...(Bitter); A cloud came from the west(Sholokhov).

   If the adverb of place is at the beginning of a sentence, then the predicate often immediately follows it, and then the subject, for example: To the right was the white building of the hospital...(Garshin); Unfamiliar smells of herbs and flowers rushed from everywhere ...(Serafimovich). However, under these conditions, a direct order of the main members of the sentence is also possible, for example: Over the gray plain of the sea the wind gathers clouds(Bitter).

   Setting the circumstance of the place after the predicate is the norm in those combinations in which the presence of the circumstance is necessary for the completeness of the statement, for example: The house is located on the outskirts of the city; His parents live permanently in the south.

   If the sentence contains a time adverb and a place adverb, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverb of time in the first place, and the adverb of place in the second, for example: Tomorrow, warm weather without precipitation is expected in our city; By evening, everything calmed down in the house.. The statement of two circumstances side by side emphasizes their semantic role in the sentence. Their other placement is also possible: the adverb of time is put in the first place, then the subject, followed by the predicate, and, finally, the adverb of place and other members of the sentence, for example: In early April, the river opened up along its entire length; Yesterday I met my old friend on the street.
   

5. Circumstances of cause and purpose and more often come before the predicate, for example: Due to rough seas, the ship arrived late.(Chekhov); Two girls were crying in fear(V. Panova); A man with a bag on his back ... for a laugh, he pushed the other with his shoulder(Malyshkin).

   The statement of these circumstances after the verb-predicate usually leads to their semantic separation, for example: She woke up with fear; He does not go to work, allegedly due to illness; The train was sent to the depot for an annual repair.

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

1. Not being members of the sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they refer to the sentence as a whole; compare: He seemed to be asleep. – He seemed to fall asleep. – He seemed to fall asleep.

   At the same time, it should be noted that the semantic load of the introductory word in the given variants is not the same: to a greater extent it is noted in the first of them, where at the beginning of the sentence the word seemed close in value to simple sentence in the unionless complex sentence; the last two options are equivalent.

   If the introductory word is related in meaning to a separate member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it, for example: A real bird began to appear, game, according to the hunters(Aksakov); Our dilapidated boat bent over, scooped up and solemnly went to the bottom, fortunately, in a shallow place(Turgenev).

   You should not put an introductory word between the preposition and the word that the preposition controls, for example: “The matter was in apparently right hands” (instead of: The case seemed to be in the right hands.).
   

2. Appeals are also freely located in the sentence, however, for their semantic and intonation allocation, the place they occupy in the sentence is not indifferent: the appeal at the beginning or at the end of the sentence is logically underlined. Wed: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my baby. – Tell me doctor what's wrong with my baby. – Tell me what's up with my baby doctor.

   In appeals, slogans, appeals, orders, oratory speeches, official and personal letters, the appeal, as a rule, is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

   Same in poetic speech, and the appeal is often distinguished into an independent sentence, for example: A pale young man with burning eyes! Now I give you three testaments(Bryusov); My dear mother earth, my forest side, the land suffering in captivity! I will come - I just don’t know the day, but I will come, I will return you(Twardowski). Wed broken treatment with the main part at the end of the sentence: For blood and tears, thirsting for retribution, we see you, the forty-first year(Schipachev).
   

3. Particles, as a rule, stand before the word to which they refer in meaning. Wed:

   but) This book is difficult even for him(we are talking about difficulties for a qualified person);

   b) This book even difficult for him(the unexpectedness of the difficulty is emphasized);

   in) Even this book is difficult for him(We are talking about an unprepared reader).

   Particle still postpositive ( pretty insisted), but to emphasize the meaning, sometimes in colloquial speech it is placed before the verb, for example: The state adviser, although he himself disappeared, but still killed his comrade(Gogol); Elena said nothing, and I did lock her up this time too.(Dostoevsky).
   

4. The separation of the preposition from the controlled noun in constructions like: “I will come with a few more comrades” is unsuccessful (instead of: I will come with a few more friends); “Export volume has declined from about…; increased to about…” (instead of: … decreased from about …; increased to about...).

   You should not put two prepositions in a row, for example: “In one of the letters received from you ...” (instead of: In one of the letters I received from you...); "Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects" (instead of: Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects).

   In combinations of a noun with a numeral, denoting an approximate amount, the preposition is placed between the named parts of speech ( ten minutes later, twenty steps away), and not before the whole combination (“in ten minutes”, “in twenty steps”).

Direct, reverse (inverted) types of word order

The problem of direct reverse types word order inevitably affects the opposition of objectivity/subjectivity that is organically connected with it, which leads to the need for their parallel consideration.

The selection of these oppositions in the category of word order is based on two common traditions in the study of word order - "Greenberg" and "Prague". The first is based on the assumption that every language has a neutral, basic, unmarked word order. Another tradition is associated with the work of Czech linguists and explains the word order by "pragmatic" statuses "theme/rheme"

According to W. Mathesius, the objective word order is one in which the initial part of the sentence is taken as the starting point (the topic of the sentence), and its end is taken as the core of the statement (rheme), in this case, the thought moves from the known to the unknown. In subjective word order, the core comes first, and then the starting point of the sentence.

The definition that LES gives to these oppositions is as follows:

With an objective word order, the arrangement of the members of the sentence corresponds to the movement of thought, the subjective word order expresses the emotions and intentions of the speaker. [Mathesius 1967: 239-246]

Direct word order is such an arrangement of the components of a sentence that is generally accepted, most widely accepted in speech in a given language, in relation to which any other order is perceived as a permutation. With the reverse order of words (inversion), there is a violation of the usual arrangement of the words or phrases that make up the sentence, as a result of which the rearranged component of the sentence is highlighted and attracts attention (LES 1990: 388).

Both oppositions echo each other: if certain location words in a sentence corresponds to the movement of thought, which means that it is generally accepted, and the component that attracts attention as a result of inversion clearly expresses the emotions and intentions of the speaker - inversion is always subjective. The formal expression of these oppositions also coincides: Sie hat keine Tranen (direct objective word order). - Tranen hat sie keine (Bredel) (reverse subjective word order).

Grammarians postulate the SVO order for the modern German language: the predicate has a strictly fixed position, and this feature is one of the main features of the structure of the German sentence (Deutsche Satzstruktur ...) Since some members of the sentence (namely the subject and objects) have a similar character in terms of valence , theoretically any of them can be in the first place in the sentence. Such possibilities of syntactic organization of the sentence give rise to the problem of direct and reverse word order.

How can we call the word order basic if it does not satisfy the needs of speech? After all, almost every sentence fulfills the condition that W. Engel calls consistency with the previous sentence (Anschlu? an den vorhergehenden Text):

Bettina ist gestern in Stuttgart gewesen. Dort hat sie die Staatsgalerie besucht.

Ich komme aus einer gröen Stadt. In dieser Stadt kenne ich mich aus.

The same problem is indicated by V. Jung: “It is a mistake to define the arrangement “subject - personal form of the verb” as “normal”, as opposed to inversion, the arrangement “personal form of the verb - subject”. The place of the nucleus (Kernstellung) is normal in a declarative sentence, i.e. finding a finite verb in the second place. It is preceded by a component that can be either the subject or another member of the sentence"

The current state of linguistics, which has significantly expanded its area of ​​interest, directs the problem of direct, basic word order into a new direction. To be basic means to be natural. Of particular importance for choosing the sequence of words in a sentence are the cognitive processes that occur in the human mind, and hence its cognitive aspect.

Thus, relying on the spatio-temporal order of the external world and taking into account the universal strategy of discourse explains the existence of several natural word orders that can claim the status of a basic one.

Excessive emphasis on only one typology of word order - based on the concepts of subject and object - is not entirely justified. So very witty is the remark about the languages ​​of the Uto-Aztecan family, where the word order follows the “indefinite - verb - definite” model: “if the first linguists were native speakers of the Odham language (Uto-Aztecan family), and if they were inclined to count that all possible languages ​​operate on the basis of the same correspondences between functions and structures as their native language, then English language would be regarded as a language with a "free" word order". Indeed, definite and indefinite noun phrases in German can be found in different parts suggestions:

Der Duden ist ein Nachschlagewerk. - Einem Zigeuner liegt die Musik im

However, to say that the use of a certain and not definite article in German it has nothing to do with word order, illegally. So, G. Helbig refers definite and indefinite articles to the number of morphological indicators that determine the order of words in German:

Ich schenke dem Kind ein Buch.

Ich schenke das Buch einem Kind.

Er borgt den Studenten Bucher.

Er borgt die Bucher Studenten.

By examples, a noun with a definite article precedes a noun with an indefinite article. It seems that the certainty/indefiniteness expressed by the article echoes the opposition famous/unknown, expressed by the pragmatic categories theme and rheme. So, in the sentence Kinder sind die Menschen, it is the presence of the definite article that makes it possible to recognize the known, that is, the topic of this statement, which in this particular case coincides with the subject, as a result of which the emotionally uncolored version of the sentence is defined as Die Menschen sind Kinder. Thanks to this, it is possible to recognize the true subject-object relationship and translate the sentence as follows: What kind of children are these people, and not Children are people.

The fact that a deviation from the prescribed word order can give a displaced element markedness (the more pronounced the deviation, the stronger the markedness) is noted in some German grammars.

W. Engel calls such situations selection (Hervorhebung):

Er meldete seinen Freund Dumitru in der Botschaft an.

Er meldete in der Botschaft seinen Freund Dumitru an.

Ich habe das gerne nicht gehabt.

Gerne habe ich das nicht gehabt.

The reverse process is also noted: initially, a rhematic element can be “thematized” due to a shift to the beginning of the sentence (ibid.):

Die Regierung kann mit finanziellen Zuschlussen die Machtverhaltnisse in jedem Land beeinflussen.

Die Regierung kann die Machtverhaltnisse in jedem Land mit finanziellen Zuschlussen beeinflussen.

The shift of any element in the foreground of the sentence causes its strongest emphasis:

Die Drogenkriminalitat konnte man mit der kostenlosen Angabe von Drogen an einen ausgewahlten Personenkreis eindammen.

The following laws can be traced in the location of the main members of the proposal:

1) In an independent sentence, the predicate can be divided into 2 parts, which will stand separately in different parts of the sentence and form a frame construction (brackets in the sentence). In a subordinate clause, both parts of the predicate will stand side by side.

2) In an independent sentence, the subject and predicate stand side by side; in the subordinate clause, on the contrary, where the verbale Rahmen is missing, it will be replaced by separating the subject from the predicate.

According to the location of the final verb, 3 forms of the sentence are distinguished: Second place of the verb (Kernform), First place of the verb (Stirnform), Last place verb(Spannform).

The second place of a verb in a sentence can be found in declarative sentences, in questions, in open subordinate clauses: Er behauptet, der Zug kommt um 8.

First place in the verb clause (Spitzenstellung). The subject follows the predicate.

The first place of the verb in a sentence can be found in interrogative, imperative, exclamatory (Ist das Wetter aber herrlich!), some types of subordinate clauses (in (open subordinate clauses, concessive clauses, subordinate clauses, in den Satzen der Redeeinkleidung, which follow direct speech (Entschuldige! Sagte er), in the main clause that follows the subordinate clause (Als ich auf die Stra?e trat, war es schon dunkel.)

The last place of the verb is expressed through the location of the verb at the end.

Er fragte, ob der Zug um 8 kommt.

The last place of a verb in a sentence is used in subordinate clauses and in "pseudo-subordinate" clauses which, due to their form, function as exclamatory clauses. The subject and predicate are separated from each other.

The use of unusual positions of the verb for the sentence form is acceptable only from the point of view of style. In addition to the above cases, there are others.

In prose, instead of placing the verb in second place, in the following sentence, the same verb will already be in first place.

Denn es regnete. Regnete ununterbrochen. (W. Bochert, Preu?ens Gloria)

For some writers (z. B. L. Feuchtwagner, W. Bochert) this will be hallmark style.

As an exception, the initial position of the verb with a separable prefix comes across. The prefix can stand both separately with the verb, and together.

Auf tut sich der weite Zwinger (F. Schiller)

Auf steiget der Mond und wieder sinkt die Sonne. (W. Raabel)

Damage to the position of the subject in the construction of the sentence occurs if the subject from the usual position 1 or 3 of the member in the sentence is transferred to the end. The emphasis is on the subject, which is in the final position as a result of the tension growing at the end of the sentence, which begins to weaken at the end. This is typical only for prose:

Auf dem Pferde dort unter dem Tor der siegreichen Einmarsche und mit Zugen steinern und blitzend ritt die Macht. (H. Mann, der Untertan)

Da fielen auf seine Hande Blumen. (H. Mann, Die kleine Stadt)

compared to simple inversion: Da fielen Blumen auf seine Hande.

Selbst zart, selbst bla?, geduldig, immer lachelnd, immer etwas zerstreut mitten in diem Wirbel von Kopfen und den Wolken von Kohldampf stand sie, seine Tochter; die Tochter des Generals. (B. Kellermann, Der 9. November)

Gegenuber, auf dem Dache gegenuber, wehte im frischen Wind lustig, wie die selbstverstandlichste Sache der Welt; hoch oben - eine blutrote, blutrot leuchtende Flagge! (ebd.)