Map and its symbols. Classification of conventional signs
3.1. Cartographic symbols
Cartographic symbols name the designations on the maps of various objects and their characteristics. It can be said that conventional signs form the language of the map, without knowing which it is impossible to read the map. With the help of conventional signs on the map, the real picture of the area is visually conveyed. They convey the content of the cards, designate objects, phenomena, processes. Signs can be used to display real and abstract objects. For example, for displaying settlements, cartographic signs have a substantive meaning, and when displaying population density, they have a semantic meaning.
Earlier, in the distant past, objects on the cards were transmitted in a picture way (Fig. 3.1). Each item was marked with a picture, understandable without any explanation. These drawings conveyed the features of each object, for example, appearance temples in cities, tree species, etc.
Rice. 3.1. Image of buildings and settlements on old maps
The advantages of this method are visibility, simplicity and accessibility in understanding the object. But it is impossible to make any calculations and measurements on such a map. Currently, this method is used on tourist maps, panorama maps and various children's maps. With the development of the military this way images of objects did not meet the requirements for the map. Gradually, such drawings began to be replaced by conventional signs (Fig. 3.2).
Rice. 3.2. Improvement of conventional signs of settlements
Many conventional signs in their pattern resemble the objects themselves, so they can be easily remembered. In addition, the qualitative characteristics of objects are conveyed by the color of conventional signs. The colors adopted for some conventional signs also correspond to the color of objects on the ground. For example, forests, young growth, shrubs, gardens are depicted in green; water bodies - blue; relief elements are brown.
Conventional signs are regularly updated, but there are no major changes in their form and style. On topographic plans and maps, standardized symbols are used, which are mandatory for use by all organizations involved in topographic and geodetic work.
On thematic maps, symbols and methods of representation are developed by the map editor. The development of conventional signs is one of the most important and responsible tasks in the work of a cartographer. The correct and successful choice of symbols ensures good readability and visibility of the map.
The main requirements for conventional signs are:
conventional signs should be legible and simple in style;
should not overload the map (the size of conventional symbols is hundreds of times more sizes object on the ground);
quickly recognizable and clearly distinguishable from each other;
be economical in terms of the area they occupy;
transmit the exact location of the object.
There are three main groups of symbols used on topographic maps:
1. Off-scale, or point, applied to objects that are not expressed
in map scale (point objects). They indicate the exact location of the object, but do not give the dimensions of the planned outline (Fig. 3.3). The size of the symbol is chosen so that it is well read on the map. Each off-scale symbol has a main point, which is strictly localized on the map scale.
Rice. 3.3. The position of local objects depicted by off-scale conventional signs
The following points of the off-scale symbol should correspond to the position of the object on the ground on the plan:
− for signs correct form(circle, square, triangle, etc.) - the center of the sign;
− for signs in the form of a perspective image of an object (water gauges, lighthouses, remnant rocks, etc.) - the middle of the base of the mark;
− for signs with a right angle at the base (tree species, kilometer posts, standpipes, etc.) - the top of the corner of the sign;
− for signs in the form of combinations of several figures (oil and gas rigs, chapels, tower-type structures, etc.) - the center of the lower figure of the sign.
2. Linear - are used to depict objects of a linear nature, the length of which is expressed in the map scale, but the width is not. For example, rivers, oil and gas pipelines, roads, power lines, etc. The axis of a linear symbol is always built on a map scale (Fig. 3.4).
Rice. 3.4. Some conventions for topographic maps
3. Areal or scale - used to fill in the areas of objects that are expressed on the scale of the map (forests, solonchaks, swamps, etc.). Such signs usually consist of a contour and its filling, retain their outlines and allow you to determine the area of objects.
To convey the content of thematic maps, a variety of methods are used: the method of a qualitative background, point, movement lines, linear signs, isolines, areas, cartograms, cartograms, localized diagrams, icons.
Without correct use conventional signs can not get an image good quality. The choice of conventional signs, color, size, shape must be taken seriously, since the size of signs is 60–80 or more times the size of an object on the ground. Thanks to conventional signs, the map becomes informative, visual and easy to read. Great Traveler P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky said: The map is more important than the current
a hundred, since he often speaks much brighter, more clearly and concisely than the best flow
hundred." Knowing the language of the map, the features of its compilation, you can extract a huge amount of useful information from it.
3.2. Inscriptions on geographical maps
Signatures occupy a special place on the map, which carry a very large semantic load, significantly enrich the content of the map. Thanks to the signs, we can easily navigate the terrain. But sometimes they can also worsen its readability. A large number of inscriptions creates diversity, they can cover the main content of the map, and can also cross important objects (roads, rivers, etc.). For example, on small-scale maps, more than half usable area cards take signatures. Therefore, when compiling any cartographic work, it is necessary to establish the optimal number of inscriptions to be applied and carefully consider their location. There are the following types of inscriptions:
1. Own object names- the names of rivers, lakes, mountains, cities, etc.
for example, Yenisei, Tom, Yarovoye, Alatau, Tomsk, Asino, etc.;
2. Explanatory inscriptionsthat send:
quality characteristics(oak, pine, salty, sandy, etc.);
quantitative characteristics(indication of the width of the road, the width of the river, the height of the trees, etc.);
chronological characteristics(dates of events, periods of development of any phenomena, for example, the period of accessibility of the pass, etc.);
explanations for the lines of motion(“Way of H. Columbus”, “Way of Magellan”);
explanatory characteristics of the cartographic grid (“The Arctic Circle”, “East of Greenwich”, digitization of parallels and meridians, kilometer grid).
3. Terms - concepts related to mapping objects, for example, "lake", "bay", "ridge", "mountain", "stream", etc.).
The inscriptions on the cards are different. font pattern, height and color . The font pattern, as a rule, conveys the qualitative characteristics of the object. For example, it is customary to sign navigable rivers in capital letters on topographic maps; in capital letters of a direct outline - cities, and in lowercase direct letters - villages of a rural type.
In order to enhance the meaning of inscriptions in the characteristics of objects and improve their readability, the inscriptions are made different colors. So, the inscriptions of hydrographic objects are conveyed in blue, the relief - in brown. The drawing and color of signatures give a qualitative characteristic, and the size - a quantitative one.
Basic requirements to the placement of inscriptions are:
1. The inscription should be located so that it is clearly visible to which object it refers, its placement should not raise any doubts;
2. Labels should not overload the map, cross each other and obscure important objects (roads, rivers, borders, etc.);
3. Placement of inscriptions should ensure their legibility. When placing inscriptions on maps, the nature of the localization of objects is taken into account: point, line or areal;
4. For off-scale conventional signs, the signature is located next to the object with right side along the parallels or parallel to the northern and southern frames of the map (plan). If the map is very busy, labels can be placed to the left or above the object in any free space (Fig. 3.5).
Rice. 3.5. Placement of inscriptions for off-scale symbols
5. The inscription of linear extended objects is given either parallel to the sign of the object, or along its axis (Fig. 3.6);
Rice. 3.6. Placement of labels for line features
6. Labels for areal objects are placed along a smooth curve along the major axis of the contour. If the object has curved outlines, then the inscription also bends accordingly. If the signature does not fit inside an object, such as a lake, then this object is signed next to it (Fig. 3.7).
The inscriptions are very closely related to the main content of the map. Not all objects placed on the map may be labeled, for example, some rivers may be shown without inscriptions, on topographic maps settlements with less than 50 inhabitants in densely populated areas may not be labeled. On the maps, the selection of inscriptions is made depending on the purpose, subject, scale of the map, as well as on the nature of the mapped territory.
When compiling topographic maps, the names of objects are given after the image of each element of the map content; on small-scale maps - after displaying the entire contents of the map.
A whole world can fit on one sheet of the map, with all the oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson, we will learn what maps were in antiquity, and what types of maps are now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is a scale, a map legend. We will learn how to use the scale of depths and heights, determine the coordinates of terrestrial objects.
Subject: The planet we live on
People started drawing maps even before they thought about whether the Earth is round or flat. Scientists have discovered in Kamchatka a drawing on a bone depicting a path to a place rich in prey. This is probably one of the oldest maps. Maps were drawn on pieces of bark, cut out on wooden boards, which were convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched cards with a sharp object on damp clay tiles, which, after drying, became strong, with a clear image.
This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.
Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()
Rock paintings of the area were also found in caves where people lived thousands of years ago.
Rice. 2. Rock drawing of the area ()
With the invention of paper, cards began to be drawn on it. All the information received by scientists and travelers during their wanderings in different lands was applied to the maps.
Rice. 3. ancient map peace on paper ()
Making a map was a long process, because all the details were drawn by hand, so the cards were very expensive.
For a long period of time only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before navigators discovered Australia and Antarctica.
When you look for any country on the globe, you see only one hemisphere. And to see something else, the globe must be rotated.
On the globe it is impossible to designate a large number of geographic objects without increasing its size. A globe big size not suitable for travel use.
Scale- this is the ratio of the length of the lines on the map or drawing to the actual length. The scale of the physical map of Russia tells us that each centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km on the ground.
Rice. 7. Physical map of Russia ()
On the map you can show two halves of the Earth at once. If we divide Earth along the equator, it will map of the northern and southern hemispheres,
Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres
and if along the line of the zero meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres
On the mineral map special icons mark the places of mineral deposits.
Rice. 9. Map of minerals ()
On the animal habitat maps habitats indicated. various kinds birds and animals.
Rice. 10. Bird and animal habitat map ()
On the contour maps No color coding and depicted, but not signed, all kinds of geographical objects. They are convenient for laying routes.
Rice. 11. Contour map
On the political map of the world depict countries and their borders.
Rice. 12. political map Eurasia ()
On the synoptic maps conditional icons show observations of the weather.
Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()
Various cards are combined into atlases.
Rice. 14. Geographic atlas ()
The maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, maps of the hemispheres and world maps.
Conventions on the map are the same as on the globe. They're called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the map.
Let's find the West Siberian Plain on the physical map of Russia.
Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()
Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.
Here are some of the most big world swamps - Vasyugan. The lines represent rivers, borders and roads, the circles represent cities.
Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps
The seas and mountains have real outlines and are painted in different colors. Blue and blue - reservoirs, yellow - hills, green - lowlands, brown- the mountains.
At the bottom of the map, a scale of depths and heights is placed, with which you can see what height or depth means this or that shade of color on the map.
The deeper the ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the Arctic Ocean, the darkest shade of blue is in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5,527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the depth of the sea is 200 meters.
Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean
The higher the mountains, the darker the color they are marked with. So, Ural mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.
Rice. 19. Ural Mountains
Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are indicated in dark brown.
Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains
Chomolungma (Everest) is located in the Himalayas - highest peak peace (8848 m).
Using the height scale, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.
Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains
Them Brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is more than 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.
Using the map, you can determine the exact location of any object. To do this, you need to know coordinates: latitude and longitude, which is determined by degree grid formed by parallels and meridians.
Rice. 26. Degree grid
The equator serves as a reference point - on it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on either side of the equator and is called north or south. For example, coordinate 60⁰ northern latitude means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at an angle of 60⁰ to the equator.
Rice. 27. Latitude
Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called western or eastern.
Rice. 28. Longitude
St. Petersburg coordinates - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E
Moscow coordinates - 55⁰ N, 37⁰E
Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around 3. M .: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. Surrounding world 3. M .: Enlightenment.
- Academician ().
- survival().
- Locate on the physical map of the world Pacific Ocean. Define it deepest place, specify its name and depth. Describe how you identified this place.
- Compose short test(4 questions with three answer options) on the topic "Geographic maps".
- Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.
LIST OF CONDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS USED ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
BUT
Asphalt, asphalt concrete (road surface material)
ed. car factory
alb. alabaster plant
eng. hangar
anil. aniline paint factory
JSC Autonomous Region
apat. apatite mining
are. ditches (canal or ditch in Central Asia)
art. k. artesian well
arch. archipelago
asb. asbestos plant, quarry, mine
ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
aster. astronomical point
asph. asphalt plant
aird. aerodrome
airp. the airport
B
B cobblestone (road surface material)
b., ball. beam
B., Bol. Big, th. -th, -th (part of own name)
bar. barrack
bass. swimming pool
ber. birch (forest species)
Bet. concrete (dam material)
biol. Art. biological station
bl.-p. checkpoint (railway)
Bol. swamp
BR paving stones (road surface material)
br. ford
br. could. mass grave
b. tr. transformer booth
bulg. bulgunnyakh (a separate mound of natural formation)
boom. paper industry(factory, plant)
Boer. drilling rig, well
boo. bay
IN
In viscous (river bottom soil) (hydrography)
vag. car repair, car building plant
vdkch. water tower
vdp. waterfall
vdpr. Art. waterworks
vdkhr. reservoir
Vel. Great, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
vet. veterinary station
wines winery, distillery
wkz. railway station
Volk. volcano
water. water tower
High Vyselki (part of own name)
G
Gravel (road surface material)
woof harbor
gas. gas plant, gas rig, well
gasg. gas holder (large gas tank)
gal. haberdashery industry (plant, factory)
pebble gravel (mining product)
Gar. garage
hydrol. Art. hydrological station
Ch. Chief (part of own name)
clay clay (mining product)
clay. alumina refinery
beagle pottery factory
mountains hot spring
gost. hotel
proh. mountain pass
dirty mud volcano
Fuels and lubricants fuels and lubricants (warehouse)
sol. bitterly- salty water(in lakes, springs, wells)
Mrs. hospital
hydroelectric power plant
D
D wooden (material of the bridge, dam)
dv. yard
det. e. orphanage
jute. jute plant
D. O. holiday home
home building house-building plant, plant of ancient. woodworking industry (plant, factory)
ancient corner charcoal(roasting product)
firewood. wood storage
trembling yeast plant
E
ep. erik (narrow deep channel connecting the riverbed with a small lake)
F
Reinforced concrete reinforced concrete (material of a bridge, dam)
wish. ferruginous source, iron ore mining site,
iron processing plant,
yellow-sour ferric source
Zap. Western, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
app. zapan (backwater, river bay)
orders reserve
backfill covered well
zat. backwater (a bay on a river used for wintering and repairing ships)
animal Fur farm, nursery
Land earth (dam material)
ground dugout
mirror mirror factory
grains. grain farm
winter wintering, wintering
angry gold (mine, deposit)
golden-plat. gold-platinum developments
AND
games. toy factory
Izv. lime quarry, lime (calcined product)
emerald emerald mines
inst. institute
claim. portage artificial fiber (factory)
ist. a source
TO
K rocky (river bottom soil), chipped stone (road surface material), stone (material of a bridge, dam)
K., k. well
kaz. barracks
kam. quarry, stone
stone-shot stone crushing plant
kam. stb. stone pillar
kam. corner hard coal (mining product)
can. channel
rope. rope factory.
kaol. kaolin (mining product), kaolin processing plant
karakul. karakul state farm
quarantine. quarantine
rubber rubber plant, rubber plantation
ceramics. ceramic factory
kin. cinematographic industry (factory, plant)
brick brickworks
Cl clinker (road pavement material)
clh. collective farm
leather tannery
coke. coking plant
amp. compound feed plant
compress. Art. compressor station
con. horse-breeding state farm, stud farm
cond. confectionery factory
cannabis cannabis state farm
cons. canning factory
boiler basin
Koch. nomad camp
kosh. koshara
Cr., Red. Red, -th, -th, -th (part of own name
crepe. fortress
croup. cereal plant, cereal mill
godfather joss-house
chickens. resort
L
lag. lagoon
lacquer paint and varnish factory
A lion. Left, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
forestry forester's house
forester forestry
lesp. sawmill
years. flyer, flyer
to lay down. clinic
LZS forest protection station
lim. firth
foliage. larch (forest species)
flax flax processing plant
M
M metal (bridge material)
m. Cape
poppy. pasta factory
M., Mal. Small, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
margar. margarine factory
maslob. oil mill
maslod. butter factory
mash. machine building plant
furniture furniture factory
medep. copper smelter, plant
copper copper developments
met. metallurgical plant, metal products factory
met.-arr. metalworking plant
met. Art. meteorological station
fur. fur factory
MZHS machine and livestock station
min. mineral spring
MMS machine-reclamation station
could. grave, graves
they say dairy plant
mol.-meat. dairy and meat farm
mon. monastery
mram. marble (mining product)
MTM machine and tractor workshop
MTF dairy farm
music instr. musical instruments(factory)
torment. flour mill
soap. soap factory
H
obs. observation tower
fill well filling
nat. env. national district
invalid inactive
oil oil production, oil refinery, oil storage, oil rig
Lower Lower, -ya, -her, -ie (part of own name)
nism. lowland
Nick. nickel (mining product)
New New, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
ABOUT
o., islands island, islands
oaz. oasis
observ. observatory
ovr. ravine
sheep sheep farm
refractory refractory products (factory)
lake Lake
Oct. October, -th, -th, -e (part of own name)
op. greenhouse
rest. n. stopping point (railway)
otd. svh. state farm department
OTF sheep farm
willingly hunting hut
P
P sandy (river bottom soil), arable land
p., pos. village
mem. monument
steam. ferry
parf. perfume and cosmetics factory
pass. apiary
per. pass (mountain), transportation
dog. sand (mining product)
caves cave
beer brewery
Pete. nursery
food conc. food concentrates (factory)
sq. platform (railway)
plastic plastics (factory)
boards. platinum (mining product)
tribal breeding livestock farm
fruits. fruit-growing state farm
fruit horticultural state farm
fruit.-yag. fruit and berry farm
peninsula
burial stop frontier outpost
burial kmd. border commandant's office
loading loading and unloading area
pl. fire tower (depot, barn)
polygraph printing industry (plant, factory)
floor. Art. field camp
since. threshold, thresholds
settlement sq. landing site
fast. dv. inn
pr. pond, strait, passage (under the overpass)
Right. Right, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
adj. jetty
prov. provinces
wire wire mill
arch. duct
strand spinning mill
PS Settlement Council
PTF poultry farm
put. n. way post
R
glad. radio factory
radiost. radio station
once. siding
development ruins
res. destroyed
res. rubber products (plant, factory)
rice. rice farm
R. n. worker's settlement
PC District Council (RC - district center)
ores mine
hands sleeve
fish. fishery (plant, factory)
fish. settlement fishing village
FROM
dignity. sanatoriums
cap. barn
sugar sugar factory
sugar cane. sugar cane (plantation)
NE North-East
Holy Saint, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
St. over
beetroot sugar beet farm
pig pig farm
lead lead mine
svh. state farm
Sev. Northern, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
sat down Art. breeding station
seed. seed farm
chamois. sulfur spring, sulfur mine
NW North-West
forces. silo tower
silica. silicate industry (plant, factory)
sk. rock, rocks
skip. turpentine plant
skl. warehouse
slate shale development
pitches. tar plant
Owls. Soviet, -th, -th, -e (part of own name)
soybean soybean state farm
Sol. salt water, salt pans, salt mines, mines
sop. hill
grade. Art. Sort Facility
saved. Art. rescue station
speech. match factory
Wed, Wed. Medium, -ya, -her, -ye (part of own name)
SS Selsovet (center of a rural settlement)
St., Star. Old, -an, -oe, -s (part of own name)
herd. stadium
became. Steel Plant
mill. camp, camp
stb. pillar
glass glass manufacture
Art. pumping transfer station
building under construction
p.m. building materials factory
STF pig farm
court. shipyard, shipyard
bitches cloth factory
dry dry well
dry dryer
s.-x. agricultural
s.-x. mash. agricultural engineering (factory)
T
T solid (river bottom soil)
tab. tobacco-growing state farm, tobacco factory
there. customs
text. textile industry(combine, factory)
ter. waste heap (dump of waste rock near mines)
tech. technical College
comrade Art. goods station
tol. tolevy plant
peat. peat developments
tract. tractor plant
trick. knitting factory
tun. tunnel
CHP combined heat and power plant
At
corner brown coal, stone (mining product)
coal - sour carbonic source
Ukrainian strengthening
ur. tract
ug. gorge
F
f. fort
fact. trading post (trading settlement)
fan. plywood factory
farf. porcelain and faience factory
fer. farm
fz. fanza
firn. firn field (snow field of granular snow in high mountain areas)
phosph. phosphate mine
ft. the fountain
X
x., hut. farm
hut. hut
chem. chemical factory
chem.-farm. chemical pharmaceutical plant
bread bakery
clap. cotton-growing state farm, cotton gin
cold. fridge
ridge ridge
chromium. chrome mine
crunch. crystal plant
C
C cement concrete (road surface material)
C., Center. Central, th, th, th (part of own name)
color. non-ferrous metallurgy (factory)
cement. cement factory
teas. tea-growing state farm
chayn. tea factory
h met. ferrous metallurgy (factory)
chug iron foundry
W
check mine
shiv. Shivera (rapids on the rivers of Siberia)
cipher. slate plant
school school
Slag slag (road surface material)
line Gateway
sword twine factory
PCS. gallery
SCH
Shch crushed stone (road surface material)
gap alkaline source
E
elev. elevator
email subst. electrical substation
el.-st. power station
email -techn. electrical plant
ef.-oil. essential oil crops state farm, plant for the processing of essential oils
YU
SE Southeast
South Southern, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
SW Southwestern
legal yurt
I
Yag. berry garden
Symbols that we see on modern maps and plans did not appear immediately. On ancient maps, objects were depicted using drawings. It was only from the middle of the 18th century that drawings began to be replaced by images of what objects look like from above, or to designate objects with special signs.
Symbols and legend
Conventional signs- these are symbols denoting various objects on plans and maps. Ancient cartographers sought to convey with the help of signs individual characteristics objects. Cities were depicted in the form of walls and towers, forests - in drawings. different breeds trees, and instead of the names of cities, small banners were applied with the image of coats of arms or portraits of rulers.
At present, cartographers use a wide variety of conventional signs. They depend on the degree of detail, coverage of the territory and content of the cartographic image. Signs of plans and large-scale maps make them look like the objects depicted. Houses, for example, are marked with rectangles, the forest is painted over in green. According to the plans, you can find out what material the bridge is made of, what species of trees it consists of, and get a lot of other information.
The values are shown in the legend. Legend an image of all the conditional zpacks that are used on a given plan or map, with an explanation of their meanings. The legend helps to read the plan and map, that is, to understand their content. With the help of conventional signs and legends, one can represent and describe the objects of the area, find out their shape, size, some properties, and determine the geographical position.
By purpose and properties, the conventional signs of plans and maps are divided into three types: linear, areal and point.
Linear signs depict roads, pipelines, power lines, borders. These signs, as a rule, exaggerate the width of the object, but accurately indicate its length.
Area (or scale) signs are used to depict objects whose dimensions can be expressed on the scale of a given map or plan. This, for example, is a lake, a piece of forest, a garden, a field. According to the plan or map using the scale, you can determine their length, width, area. Areal signs, as a rule, consist of a contour and signs filling the contour or coloring. All water bodies (fresh lakes, swamps, seas) on any plans and maps are blue. in green on plans and maps of a large scale, areas with vegetation cover (forests, shrubs, gardens) are indicated.
Point (or off-scale) signs these are dots or special icons-drawings. They display small objects (wells, water towers, separately standing trees on the plans settlements, deposits on maps). Because of small size such objects cannot be expressed to scale, therefore, to determine their size by cartographic image it is forbidden.
Many objects that are marked with icons on the maps are displayed on the plans with area symbols. These are, for example, cities, volcanoes, mineral deposits.
On the plans and maps are many of their own geographical names, explanatory captions and digital symbols. They give an additional quantitative (length and width of the bridge, depth of the reservoir, height of the hill) or qualitative (temperature, salinity of water) characteristics of objects.
"Plan of the area. Conventional signs»
6th grade
Today we start learning new topic"Plan of the area. Conditional signs. Knowledge of this topic will be useful to you in the future. There are several types of terrain images: drawing, photograph, aerial photograph, photograph from space satellite, map, plan of the area (topographic plan).
Use to create topographic plans modern technology(helicopters, planes, satellites) (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Aircraft M-101T "Sokol" - designed for shooting terrain
(http://www.gisa.ru)
Photographs obtained as a result of aerial photography of the earth's surface are called aerial photographs.
Consider an aerial photograph (Fig. 2) and a topographic plan (Fig. 3) of the same area (the channel of the Moskva River in the Vorobyovy Gory area). Which image gives us more complete information about geographical objects? What type of image is more convenient to use to take a walk around Moscow?
Comparison will allow us to conclude that it is precisely according to the plan of the area that we can find out detailed information about geographical objects (for example, the name of a river, the name of streets, metro stations, parks).
  Rice. 2. Aerial photo shot (http://maps.google.ru) |
 Rice. 3. Plan of the area (http://maps.google.ru) Scale 1:50 000 At
River word designations |
Imagine that you are going on a hike far from the city. You need to prepare for the conditions of an unknown area in which you have never been, you need to think about what equipment, what clothes to take, perhaps - prepare for crossing a river, ravine, etc. You can get information about the hiking area by reading the map correctly.
Before you are two different images of the earth's surface: a satellite image (Fig. 1) and topographic map(land plan) (Fig.4-5).
Let's find out comparing satellite image And terrain plan. Find similarities and differences.
Using figures 4 and 5, we will fill in the table "Features of the image of the area."
|
Image features |
Terrain plan |
aerial view |
|
1. Top view |
+ |
+ |
|
2. You can find out the name of the settlement, river, lake, etc. |
+ |
_ |
|
3. You can determine the type of vegetation, the names of tree species |
+ |
_ |
|
4. All visible objects are shown from above |
_ |
+ |
|
5. Only important objects are shown |
+ |
_ |
|
6. You can recognize the sides of the horizon |
+ |
_ |
|
7. Objects are depicted by conventional signs |
+ |
_ |
To summarize - what is a topographic map or terrain plan?
Let's write down the definition of the concept of "land plan" in a notebook.
Terrain plan or topographic plan (from Latin "planum" - plane) - an image on a plane small area the earth's surface in a reduced form with the help of conventional signs.
In order to work with a topographic plan, you need to be able to read it. The "alphabet" of the topographic plan are conventional signs. The symbols used to build terrain plans are the same for all countries of the world, which makes them easier to use even if you don't know the language.
Conventional signs- designations used on maps or plans to depict various objects and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In other words, conventional signs designate objects on the plan and are similar to these objects.
What can be learned using this terrain plan (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Plan of the area (T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova, 2009)
And much more!
Topographic symbols are usually divided into: large-scale (or areal ), off-scale , linear And explanatory .
W 
Draw the following diagram in your notebook:
large-scale
, or areal
conventional signs serve to depict such topographic objects that occupy a significant area and whose dimensions in plan can be expressed in
scale given map or plan. An areal symbol consists of a boundary symbol of an object and symbols that fill it or a symbolic coloring. The contour of the object is shown as a dotted line (the contour of a forest, meadow, swamp), solid line(contour of a reservoir, settlement) or a symbol of the corresponding boundary (ditch, fence). Filling characters are located inside the contour in a certain order (arbitrarily, in a checkerboard pattern, in horizontal and vertical rows). Areal symbols allow not only to find the location of the object, but also to evaluate it linear dimensions, area and outlines ( http://www.spbtgik.ru).
W Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
|
Village |
Orchard
Bush
Meadow
vyr
ubka
L
eu deciduous
R
hodwheel
ABOUT
zero
Garden
arable land
Swamp
Windmill
Well
School
Forester's house
Monument
Power station
wooden bridge
metal bridge
standalone tree
Spring
Factory
Building
Railroad station
|
Village |
|
Linear conventional signs are designed to depict extended objects on the ground, for example, iron and car roads, clearings, power lines, streams, borders and others. They occupy an intermediate position between large-scale and off-scale conventional signs. The length of such features is expressed at the scale of the map, while the width on the map is not to scale. Usually it turns out to be greater than the width of the depicted terrain object, and its position corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the symbol. Linear topographic symbols also depict horizontal lines.
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
|
Village
|
Windmill Well School Forester's house Monument Power station wooden bridge metal bridge standalone tree Spring Factory Building
|
Highway clearing Trail Line power transmission
River
Ravine
|
Explanatory
conventional signs are used to additionally characterize the local objects shown on the map. For example, the length, width and carrying capacity of the bridge, the width and nature of the road surface, the average thickness and height of trees in the forest, the depth and nature of the ford soil, etc. Various inscriptions and proper names of objects on the maps are also explanatory; each of them is performed in a set font and letters of a certain size.
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
|
Village
|
Windmill Well School Forester's house Monument Power station wooden bridge metal bridge standalone tree Spring Factory Building
|
Highway clearing Trail Line power transmission
River
Ravine
|
|
Let's take a closer look given type conventional signs.
If you want to get acquainted with other conventional signs, you can download the following document (Word file)
http://irsl.narod.ru/books/UZTKweb/UZTK.html
Now let's put the theoretical knowledge into practice.
You must complete the following five tasks.
Exercise 1.
The site plan is used for:
A) the study of a vast territory, for example, Russia;
B) construction, agricultural work in a small area;
B) traveling around various countries peace;
D) for planning a route if you want to go hiking.
Task 2.
The "ABC of the plan" are conventional signs. But what do they correspond to on the ground? Choose the number under which the conventional sign is shown, corresponding to the letter denoting its meaning (Fig. 7).
For example: 1-A; 2- V.
A) a break B) swamp; B) a path D) shrub; D) meadow
Rice. 7. Conventional signs of the terrain plan
(Baranchikov, Kozarenko, 2007)
Task 3.
Roads are marked on the plan:
A) black solid or dashed lines;
B) brown lines;
B) blue lines
D) green lines.
Task 4.
Scale or areal symbols on the plans of the area indicate the following objects:
A) swamp Orchard, forest, arable land;
B) a well, a school, a spring, a separate tree;
C) path, clearing, river, ravine;
G) Railway, vegetable garden, plant, lake.
Task 5.
Carefully study the photograph (Fig. 8) and the plan adjacent to it (Fig. 9).
Answer the questions.
Question 1. Schoolchildren-tourists ford the river near the place where the stream flows into it?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 2. Is it possible to determine from the plan in which direction the Sona River flows?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 3. Is it possible to determine from a photograph what is the probable immediate goal of schoolchildren-tourists?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 4. Is it possible to determine from the plan of the area that tourists are heading towards the village of Sonino, where they can rest and replenish their food supplies?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 5. What lands occupy most of the territory depicted on the plan.
A) swamps
B) mixed forest;
B) shrub
List of literature used by the teacher when developing the lesson
Geography of the Earth: 6th grade: assignments and exercises: a guide for students / E.V. Baranchikov, A. E. Kozarenko, O. A. Petrusyuk, M. S. Smirnova. - M .: Education, 2007. - S. 7-11.
Elementary course in geography: textbook for grade 6. educational institutions / T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova. - M .: Bustard, 2010. - 174 p.
Working programs in geography. Grades 6-9 / N. V. Bolotnikova. - 2nd ed., Rev., add. - M .: Publishing house "Globus", 2009. - S. 5-13.
This material was prepared for you by the geography teacher of the Central Organ No. 109
Daria Nikolaevna Chekushkina.
E-mail address:chekushkina.
daria@
gmail.
com
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