Interesting facts about physics. Physics around us: interesting facts

Physics is one of the basic sciences about the structure of the nature around us. Why study physics? It is complex and contains many formulas. But its study gives an idea of ​​how our world works.

Sometimes schoolchildren say that physics, its laws and formulas are too far from Everyday life. This is not true, because the science of physics is not invented from the head. It simply describes natural phenomena. Physics tells about the laws of motion, balance, attraction of the earth, electricity and others. Physics describes the behavior of bodies when they are moving and when they are at rest, when they are heated, when they are cooled. The energy of our world is also described by physics.

With the help of physics, people learned what lightning, thunder, light, rain are. Why rivers freeze in winter, why ripe fruits fall from trees. Even the flight of a bird is a description of a physical process. Physics is life itself, nature itself.

Science and technology, almost the entire modern civilization, is based on physics, as well as on mathematics. Taking into account the laws of physics, it is planned to build buildings, bridges, ships, and conduct communication networks. If people did not know physics, if they did not discover physical laws and formulas, then there would be no cars, rockets, planes, mobile phones etc. What can I say, even plumbing cannot be properly repaired if the laws of physics are not taken into account.

Physics is an exact, entertaining science. It is especially interesting to put physical experiments and experiments.

"Physics around us".

Work plan:

Physics. Concept.

History.

Physics in nature.

Physics in medicine.

Physics and Literature.

Physics and art.

Output.

Physics. Concept.

Physics(fromother Greekφύσις "nature") - areanatural science, a science that studies the most general and fundamental patterns that determine structure and evolution material world. The laws of physics underlie all natural science.

The term "physics" first appeared in the writings of one of the greatest thinkers of antiquity -Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. Initially, the terms "physics" and "philosophy" were synonymous, since both disciplines try to explain the laws of functioningUniverse. However, as a resultscientific revolutionIn the 16th century, physics emerged as a separate scientific direction.

INRussian languagethe word "physics" was introducedMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, when he published the firstRussiaphysics textbook translated fromGerman language. The first Russian textbook called "Brief outline of physics" was written by the first Russian academicianInsurance.

IN modern world the importance of physics is extremely great. Everything that distinguishes modernsocietyfrom the society of past centuries, appeared as a result of the practical application of physical discoveries. So, research in the fieldelectromagnetismled to the emergencephones, opening inthermodynamicsallowed to createcar, developmentelectronicsled to the advent of computers.

The physical understanding of the processes occurring in nature is constantly evolving. Most of the new discoveries soon find application in technology and industry. However, new research is constantly raising new mysteries and discovering phenomena that require new physical theories to explain. Despite the huge amount of accumulated knowledge, modern physics is still very far from being able to explain all natural phenomena.

History

One of the main features of a person is the ability (to a certain extent) to predict future events. To do this, a person builds mental models of real phenomena (theories); in case of poor predictive power, the model is refined or replaced with a new one. If you create practically utility model natural phenomena failed, it was replaced religious myths("lightning is the wrath of the gods").

The means to test theories and find out which one is true were very few in antiquity, even when it was about everyday earthly phenomena. The only physical quantity that could then be measured accurately enough -length; later added to itinjection. The standard of time wasdays, which Ancient Egypt divided not into 24 hours, but into 12 days and 12 nights, so there were two different hours, and in different seasons the duration of the hour was different. But even when the units of time familiar to us were established, due to the lack of accurate clocks, most physical experiments were simply impossible to carry out. Therefore, it is natural that instead of scientific schools semi-religious teachings arose.

prevailedgeocentric system of the world, althoughPythagoreansdeveloped andpyrocentricin which the stars, sun, moon and six planets revolve aroundCentral Fire. To make everything a sacred number celestial spheres(ten), the sixth planet was announcedcounter-earth. However, individual Pythagoreans (Aristarchus of Samosetc.) createdheliocentric system. Among the Pythagoreans, for the first time, the conceptetheras a universal filler of emptiness.

The first formulation of the law of conservation of matter was proposed by Empedocles in the 5th century BC. e.:

Nothing can come from nothing, and nothing that exists can be destroyed.

Later, a similar thesis was expressedDemocritus,Aristotleand others.

The term "Physics" originated as the title of one of Aristotle's writings. The subject of this science, according to the author, was to elucidate the root causes of phenomena:

Because scientific knowledge arises in all investigations that extend to principles, causes, or elements by means of their knowledge (after all, we are then sure of the knowledge of any thing, when we recognize its first causes, first principles and decompose it further down to elements), it is clear that in the science of nature must first of all determine what belongs to the principles.

This approach takes a long time (actually up toNewton) gave priority to metaphysical fantasies over experimental research. In particular, Aristotle and his followers argued that the movement of a body is supported by a force applied to it, and in its absence the body will stop (according to Newton, the body retains its speed, and the acting force changes its value and/or direction).

Some ancient schools proposed the doctrine ofatomsas the fundamental principle of matter.Epicuruseven thought thatfree willhuman is caused by the fact that the movement of atoms is subject to random displacements.

In addition to mathematics, the Hellenes successfully developed optics. Hero of Alexandria has the first variational principle of "least time" for the reflection of light. Nevertheless, there were gross errors in the optics of the ancients. For example, the angle of refraction was considered proportional to the angle of incidence (even Kepler shared this error). Hypotheses about the nature of light and color were numerous and rather absurd.

Physics in nature

Of course, nuclear explosions, energy sources, "lawlessness" of computers and lasers, the creation of new materials show that the range of interests of scientists extends far beyond the "fragments of the century before last." However, the caricatured image of a scientist, and indeed of all science, is tenacious. Although few things can be as far from the truth as a picture created by an impressionable and ardent poet. Even when Mayakovsky wrote his verse, dramas of quite Shakespearean proportions played out in and around science. In order to understand me correctly, I note that the question "To be or not to be" as applied to humanity and not to an individual, albeit a very significant one, was first raised precisely thanks to physicists and on the basis of the achievements of physics.

It is not at all accidental that about three centuries have passed under the sign of this science. People involved in it have discovered and are discovering the fundamental laws of nature that determine the structure and movement of material objects in a huge range of distances, times and masses. These ranges are grandiose - from small, atomic and subatomic, to cosmic and universal.

Of course, it was not physicists who said "Let there be light", but it was they who found out its nature and properties, establishing the difference from darkness, and learned how to control them.

In the course of their work, physicists, to a decisive extent the largest of them, have developed a certain style of thinking, the main elements of which are the willingness to rely on well-tested fundamental laws and the ability to single out the main element in a complex natural, and even social, phenomenon, as simple as possible, that makes it possible to understand the complex phenomenon under consideration.

These features of the approach allow physicists to be very successful in dealing with problems that often lie far beyond their narrow specialization.

Confidence in the unity of the laws of nature, based on extensive experimental material, confidence in their validity, combined with a clear understanding of the limited area of ​​applicability already open laws, pushes physics forward, beyond the border of the unknown today.

Physics is a complex science. It requires enormous intellectual effort from the people who deal with it. It is absolutely incompatible with amateurism. I remember how, after graduating from the University and the Shipbuilding Institute in 1958, I stood at a crossroads - where to go next. And my father, very far from science, asked me if I could return to engineering after ten years of physics. My answer was an unqualified yes. "What about physics after ten years of engineering?" he asked. My "no" and determined the further choice, which I did not regret and do not regret for a second.

The complexity of physics and the importance of its results, which make it possible to create a picture of the world and stimulate the spread of its ideas far beyond the framework of this science itself, determine the public interest in it. Here are some of those ideas, in order. This is scientific (not speculative!) atomism, the discovery electromagnetic field, the mechanical theory of heat, the establishment of the relativity of space and time, the concept of an expanding Universe, quantum jumps and, in principle, not because of an error, the probabilistic nature of physical processes, primarily at the micro level, the great unification of all interactions, the establishment of the existence of directly unobservable subatomic particles - quarks.

This is where popular books appear, which are designed not to teach physics to beginners, but to explain it to those who are interested. There is another purpose of popular books, among which the most famous among the people of my generation is " Entertaining physics"Yakov Perelman, not a relative of M.E. Perelman. I mean a demonstration of how much in everyday life, the technique and technology familiar to us, can be qualitatively understood, based only on the already well-known fundamental laws of physics, first of all - the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, and the belief that they are universally applicable.

There are a great many objects of application of the laws of physics. Why it is not worth pouring water into boiling oil, why the stars twinkle in the sky, why the water swirls, flowing out of the bathroom, why the whip clicks and why the driver spins it over his head to amplify the sound of the click, why steam locomotives once strove to jump off the rails, but never do this electric locomotives? And why does an approaching plane roar menacingly, and, as it moves away, it goes into falsetto, and why do dancers or figure skaters start spinning with their “embraces” wide open, but then quickly press their hands to their bodies? There are a great many such "whys" in everyday, not to mention non-everyday, life. It is useful to learn to see them, to train yourself to search for the incomprehensible.

The books of M. E. Perelman contain record number questions like "why?" (more than five hundred), give them answers, in most cases - unambiguously correct, sometimes - inviting discussion, occasionally - most likely incorrect, provoking disagreement. There are also questions to which science today has no simple and generally accepted answer. This means that the reader has room for intensive intellectual work.

Along the way, the author explains what is generally known to professionals, but which causes such a strong bewilderment among outsiders. Namely, the author emphasizes the operational nature of many definitions in such a generally recognized exact science as physics. Professionals know that even the most fundamental of the concepts that physics operates on, such as time and energy, space and momentum, are refined as science itself develops.

Even vacuum, which was once an analogue of absolute emptiness, the absence of anything in the self-evident "empty" space, over time "overgrown" with completely non-trivial features, from the primitive becoming the most difficult object of study. The universality of the physical approach dictates a similar attitude to the definitions of non-trivial concepts in other areas that are very far from physics.

Reading the mentioned books by M.E. Perelman is also interesting for professionals - in order to argue, to find others that allow a simple, sometimes visual, explanation of the issue. Well, a non-specialist will be able to expand his horizons, not necessarily in a hurry to give his own, different from the author's, explanation. It is worth remembering that what is written is a verbal cast, often greatly simplified, from a sometimes very complex physical construction based on a physical theory that is far from simple in the everyday sense of the word. You don't have to follow the lead real character, director of a Moscow research institute who denied private theory Einstein's relativity (he did not read the general one!) because the speed of light is included in the formulas! "And what will happen if the light is turned off?" - the venerable gunsmith wrote to the department of science of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

Studying physics, beginning to understand its laws, you become attached to a special beauty, there is a really additional dimension in the perception of the surrounding world. The great physicist R. Feynman once wrote about this, noting that understanding the nature of the glow of stars, the mechanism of their birth and death makes a picture of the night starry sky even more beautiful and romantic.

In conclusion, I want to note one, somewhat unexpected, aspect of the benefits of knowledge of physics, and by no means superficial. Academician A. B. Migdal once told about him. He sunbathed in the mountains, and a couple settled down nearby. The young man was explaining to his most pleasant companion why the daytime sky is blue. He told her about the scattering of light, mentioned Lord Rayleigh the theorist. The girl sat with her mouth open, admiringly looking at the erudite. And that carried, and he, showing negligence and inattention to the elders, said that the probability of radiation scattering is proportional to the cube of the frequency.

But Migdal was already alert. Recalling the classic, which is appropriate here only in a very weakened form, to say: perhaps the academician "in his thoughts, under the darkness of the night, kissed the bride's lips." "Young man, the probability of scattering cannot be proportional to the cube of frequency - this would obviously contradict the invariance of the theory with respect to the change in the sign of time. In Rayleigh, as it should be, the probability is not proportional to the cube, but to the fourth power of frequency!", - in his usual tone, not allowing objections, said Migdal. Needless to say, the triangle changed its shape, and the fat-bellied hypotenuse became a leg when it reached the top.

In a word, read about physics, and whoever is not too late - learn it. It will pay off.

Physics in medicine

Medical physics is the science of a system that consists of physical devices and radiation, medical and diagnostic devices and technologies.

The goal of medical physics is to study these systems for the prevention and diagnosis of diseases, as well as the treatment of patients using the methods and means of physics, mathematics and technology. The nature of diseases and the mechanism of recovery in many cases have a biophysical explanation.

Medical physicists are directly involved in the treatment and diagnostic process, combining physical and medical knowledge, sharing responsibility for the patient with the doctor.

The development of medicine and physics have always been closely intertwined. Since ancient times, medicine has used medicinal purposes physical factors, such as heat, cold, sound, light, various mechanical influences (Hippocrates, Avicenna, etc.).

The first medical physicist was Leonardo da Vinci (five centuries ago), who conducted research on the mechanics of locomotion. human body. Medicine and physics began to interact most fruitfully from the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, when electricity and electromagnetic waves were discovered, that is, with the advent of the era of electricity.

Let's name a few names of the great scientists who made major discoveries in different eras.

The end of the 19th - the middle of the 20th centuries. associated with the discovery of x-rays, radioactivity, theories of the structure of the atom, electromagnetic radiation. These discoveries are associated with the names of V.K. Roentgen, A. Becquerel,

M. Skladovskoy-Curie, D. Thomson, M. Planck, N. Bohr, A. Einstein, E. Rutherford. Medical physics really began to establish itself as an independent science and profession only in the second half of the 20th century. with the advent of the atomic age. In medicine, radiodiagnostic gamma devices, electronic and proton accelerators, radiodiagnostic gamma cameras, X-ray computed tomographs and others, hyperthermia and magnetotherapy, laser, ultrasound and other medical-physical technologies and devices have become widely used. Medical physics has many sections and names: medical radiation physics, clinical physics, oncological physics, therapeutic and diagnostic physics.

by the most important event in the field of medical examination can be considered the creation of computed tomography, which expanded the study of almost all organs and systems of the human body. OCT has been installed in clinics around the world, and a large number of physicists, engineers and doctors worked in the field of improving technology and methods of bringing it almost to the limits of the possible. The development of radionuclide diagnostics is a combination of methods of radiopharmaceutics and physical methods registration of ionizing radiation. Positron emission tomography imaging was invented in 1951 and published in the work of L. Renn.

Physics and Literature

In life, sometimes without noticing it, physics and literature are closely intertwined. Since ancient times, people in order to convey to posterity literary word, used inventions based on the knowledge of physics. Little is known about the life of the German inventor Johannes Gutenberg. But, great inventor to bring to us literary masterpieces, he studied the laws of physics and mechanics. In the printing house organized by him, he printed the first books in Europe, which played a huge role in the development of mankind.

The first Russian printer, Ivan Fedorov, was known to his contemporaries as a scientist and inventor. For example, he knew how to cast guns, invented a multi-barreled mortar. And the first wonderful images of literary and printing art - "Apostle" (1564) and "Hourmaker" (1565) will forever remain in people's memory.We call the name of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov one of the first among the most remarkable representatives of domestic science and culture. A great physicist, he left a number of works that have importance for the industrial development of Russia. great place in his scientific works occupied optics. He himself made optical instruments and original mirror telescopes. Exploring the sky with his instruments, inspired by the infinity of the Universe, Lomonosov wrote beautiful poems:The abyss of stars is full.The stars have no number, the abyss - the bottom ...

Without such a science as physics, there would be no such literary genre like a science fiction novel. One of the creators of this genre was the French writer Jules Verne (1828 - 1905). Inspired by the great discoveries of the 19th century, the famous writer surrounded physics with a romantic halo. All of his books "From the Earth to the Moon" (1865), "Children of Captain Grant" (1867-68), "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" (1869-70), "The Mysterious Island" (1875 .) are imbued with the romance of this science.

In turn, many inventors and designers were inspired by incredible adventure heroes of Jules Verne. So, for example, the Swiss scientist-physicist Auguste Piccard, as if repeating the paths of fantastic heroes, climbed into the stratosphere on the stratosphere balloon he invented, taking the first step towards uncovering the secret of cosmic rays. O. Piccard's next passion was the idea of ​​conquering the depths of the sea. The inventor himself sank to the seabed, on the bathyscaphe he built (1948).

About 160 years ago, in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, Letters on the Study of Nature (1844-1845) by A. I. Herzen were published - one of the most significant and original works in the history of both philosophical and natural sciences of Russia thoughts. The revolutionary, philosopher, author of one of the masterpieces of Russian classical literature, The Past and Thoughts, Herzen, nevertheless, was keenly interested in the natural sciences, including physics, which he repeatedly emphasized in his writings.

Now it is necessary to turn to the literary heritage of Leo Tolstoy. Firstly, because the great writer was a teacher-practitioner, and secondly, because many of his works relate to the natural sciences. The most famous comedy is The Fruits of Enlightenment. The writer was extremely negative about "any superstitions", he believed that they "hinder the true teaching and prevent it from penetrating into the soul of people." Tolstoy understood the role of science in the life of society in this way: firstly, he was a supporter of organizing the life of society on a strict scientific basis; secondly, he makes a strong emphasis on moral and ethical norms, and because of this, the natural sciences in Tolstoy's interpretation turn out to be secondary sciences. That is why Tolstoy in Fruits of Enlightenment ridicules the Moscow nobility, in whose heads science and anti-science are mixed.

It must be said that at the time of Tolstoy, on the one hand, the then physics was going through a severe crisis in connection with the experimental verification of the basic provisions of the theory of the electromagnetic field, which refuted Maxwell's hypothesis about the existence of the world ether, that is, the physical medium that transmits the electromagnetic interaction; and on the other hand there was a craze for spiritualism. In his comedy, Tolstoy describes the scene of a séance, where the natural science aspect is clearly visible. Particularly indicative is Professor Krugosvetlov's lecture, where an attempt is made to give a scientific interpretation of mediumistic phenomena.

If we talk about modern meaning Tolstoy's comedies, then, perhaps, the following should be noted:

1. When for some reason, this or that phenomenon of nature does not receive a timely explanation, then its pseudo-scientific, and sometimes anti-scientific interpretation is a very common thing.

2. The very fact that the writer considers scientific topics in a work of art is significant.

Later, in the final chapter of the treatise "What is art?" (1897) Lev Nikolaevich emphasizes the relationship between science and art, as two forms of cognition of the world around, taking into account, of course, the specifics of each of these forms. Cognition through the mind in one case and through the senses in the other.

Apparently, it was no coincidence that the great famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison (1847 - 1931) sent one of his first phonographs to L. N. Tolstoy, and thanks to this, the voice of the great Russian writer was preserved for posterity.

The Russian scientist Pavel Lvovich Schilling was destined to go down in history thanks to his work in the field of electricity. However, one of Schilling's main hobbies - oriental studies - made his name widely known. The scientist collected huge collection Tibetan-Mongolian literary monuments, the value of which is difficult to exaggerate. For which, in 1828, P. L. Schilling was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of literature and antiquities of the East.

It is impossible to imagine world literature without poetry. Physics in poetry occupies a worthy role allotted to it. Poetic images, inspired by physical phenomena, give visibility and objectivity to the world of thoughts and feelings of poets. What kind of writers did not turn to physical phenomena, perhaps even themselves, without knowing it, described them. For any physicist, the phrase "I love a thunderstorm in early May ..." will evoke associations with electricity.

The transmission of sound was described by many poets in different ways, but always ingeniously. So, for example, A. S. Pushkin in his poem "Echo" perfectly describes this phenomenon:Does the beast roar in the deaf forest,Does the horn blow, does the thunder rumble,Does the maiden sing beyond the hill -For every soundYour response in the empty airYou suddenly give birth.

G. R. Derzhavin’s “Echo” looks a little different:But, suddenly, receding from the hillReturning thunder,Thunders and surprises the world:Thus forever the echo of the lyre is immortal.

Almost all poets also turned to the theme of sound, singing and invariably admiring its transmission over a distance.

In addition, almost all physical phenomena caused creative people inspiration. It is difficult to find such a poet in world literature who would not at least once write works about the earth and sky, about the sun and stars, about thunder and lightning, about comets and eclipses:And, like any comet,Embarrassing with the brilliance of novelty,You rush like a dead lump of lightA path devoid of straightness!(K. K. Sluchevsky)You learn from the sky and follow it:Itself is in motion, but the pole is motionless.(Ibn Hamdis)

Our parents also remember the dispute that flared up at the turn of the 60s - 70s between "physicists" and "lyricists". Everyone tried to find priorities in their own science. There were no winners, no losers in that dispute, and there could not be, since it is impossible to compare two forms of cognition of the surrounding world.

I would like to end with an excerpt from the work of Robert Rozhdestvensky (the famous member of the sixties), dedicated to nuclear physicists. The work is called "People whose names I do not know":How many different things would you come up with!Much needed and amazing!You know that for the mindNo boundaries are foreseen.How easy it would be for people to breathe!How would people love light!And what thoughts would beatin the hemispheresthe globe!..But so far blows over the worldA little softening disbelief.But while the diplomats are tallCompose messages soft, -For the time being, and yetYou remain nameless.Nameless. Unsociable.Ingenious invisible...Every student in the world to comeYour life will boast ...Low - low bow to you, people.You Great Ones.

No last names.

Physics and art

The fine arts keep the richest opportunities for aesthetic education in the process of teaching physics. Often, students capable of painting are burdened by lessons in which the exact sciences are taught to them in the form of a set of laws and formulas. The teacher's task is to show that people of creative professions simply need knowledge of physics professionally, because "... an artist who does not have a certain worldview has nothing to do in art now - his works, wandering around the particulars of life, will not interest anyone and will die before they were born" . In addition, very often an interest in a subject begins precisely with an interest in a teacher, and the teacher must know at least the basics of painting and be an artistically educated person, so that living ties are born between him and his students.

This information can be used in different ways: to illustrate physical phenomena and events from the life of physicists with works of art, or, conversely, to consider physical phenomena in the technique of painting and the technology of painting materials, to emphasize the use of science in the arts, or to describe the role of color in production. But at the same time, it must be remembered that painting in a physics lesson is not a goal, but only an assistant, that any example should be subordinated to the internal logic of the lesson, in no case should one stray into an artistic and art history analysis.

The student meets art already at the first lessons of physics. So he opens the textbook, sees a portrait of M.V. Lomonosov and recalls the words of A.S. Pushkin, familiar from literature lessons, that Lomonosov “was our first university himself.” Here you can talk about the scientist's experiments with colored glass, show his mosaic panel " Poltava battle"and sketches of the auroras, read his poetic lines about science, about the joy that comes with the acquisition of new knowledge, outline the scope of interests of a scientist as a physicist, chemist, artist, writer, quote the words of academician I. Artobolevsky: "Art for a scientist is not rest from intense studies in science, not only a way to rise to the heights of culture, but an absolutely necessary component of his professional activity.

Particularly advantageous in this regard is the "Optics" section: linear perspective (geometric optics), aerial perspective effects (diffraction and diffuse scattering of light in air), color (dispersion, physiological perception, mixing, complementary colors). It is useful to look into painting textbooks. It reveals the meaning of such characteristics of light as luminous intensity, illumination, angle of incidence of rays. Talking about the development of views on the nature of light, the teacher talks about the ideas of ancient scientists, that they explained light as an outflow with the greatest speed. the thinnest layers atoms from bodies: “These atoms compress the air and form imprints of the images of objects reflected in the moist part of the eye. Water is the medium of vision, and therefore a wet eye sees better than a dry one. But air is the reason why distant objects are not clearly visible.

Various sensations of light and color can be described when studying the eye, consider the physical basis optical illusions, the most common of which is the rainbow.

I. Newton was the first to understand the “device” of the rainbow, he showed that the “sunny bunny” consists of various colors. Very impressive is the repetition in the class of the experiments of the great scientist, while it is good to quote his treatise "Optics": "The spectacle of the living and bright colors, resulting from this, gave me pleasant pleasure.

Later, the physicist and talented musician Thomas Jung would show that the differences in color are due to different wavelengths. Jung is one of the authors modern theory flowers along with G. Helmholtz and J. Maxwell. The priority in creating a three-component theory of colors (red, blue, green - the main ones) belongs to M.V. Lomonosov, although the famous Renaissance architect Leon Batista Alberti also expressed a brilliant guess.

In confirmation of the enormous influence on the impression of the power of color, one can cite the words of the famous specialist in technical aesthetics, Jacques Vienot: “Color is capable of everything: it can give birth to light, calm or excitement. It can create harmony or cause shock: miracles can be expected from it, but it can also cause disaster. It should be mentioned that the properties of color can be given "physical" characteristics: warm (red, orange) - cold (blue, blue); light (light colors) - heavy (dark). Color can be "balanced".

A good illustration of the physiological perception of mixing colors can be the painting by V.I. Surikov “Boyar Morozova”: the snow on it is not just white, it is heavenly. On closer examination, you can see a lot of colored strokes, which from afar, merging together, and create the right impression. This effect also fascinated the Impressionist artists, who created a new style - pointillism - painting with dots or strokes in the form of commas. "Optical mixture" - a decisive factor in the technique of execution, for example, J.P. Seurat, allowed him to achieve extraordinary transparency and "vibration" of the air. Students know the result of mechanical mixing yellow + blue = green, but they are invariably surprised by the effect that occurs when strokes of additional colors, such as green and orange, are applied next to the canvas - each of the colors becomes brighter, which is explained by the most complex work of the retina.

Many illustrations can be found on the laws of reflection and refraction of light. For example, an image of an overturned landscape on a calm surface of water, a mirror with the replacement of the right for the left and the preservation of size, shape, color. Sometimes an artist introduces a mirror into a painting with a dual purpose. So, I. Golitsyn in the engraving depicting V. A. Favorsky, firstly, shows the face of the old master, whose entire figure is turned back to us, and secondly, he emphasizes that the mirror here is also a tool for work. The fact is that etching or engraving on wood or linoleum is cut in mirror reflection to get a good print. In the process of work, the master checks the image on the board by reflection in the mirror.

The well-known popularizer of science, physicist M. Gardner, in his book “Painting, Music and Poetry” noted: “Reflection symmetry is one of the oldest and most simple ways create images that please the eye.

Output

So, we are convinced that physics surrounds us everywhere and everywhere.

Bibliography:

Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Internet encyclopedia "Wikipedia"

What science is rich in Interesting Facts? Physics! Grade 7 is the time when schoolchildren begin to study it. So that a serious subject does not seem so boring, we suggest starting your studies with entertaining facts.

Why are there seven colors in the rainbow?

Interesting facts about physics can even touch the rainbow! The number of colors in it was determined by Isaac Newton. Even Aristotle was interested in such a phenomenon as a rainbow, and its essence was discovered by Persian scientists in the 13-14th century. However, we are guided by the description of the rainbow that Newton made in his Optics in 1704. He singled out the colors with a glass prism.

If you look closely at the rainbow, you can see how the colors smoothly flow from one to another, forming a huge number of shades. And Newton initially singled out only five main ones: purple, blue, green, yellow, red. But the scientist had a passion for numerology, and therefore wanted to bring the number of colors to the mystical number "seven". He added two more colors to the description of the rainbow - orange and blue. So it turned out a seven-color rainbow.

Liquid form

Physics is around us. Interesting facts may surprise us, even when it comes to such a familiar thing as ordinary water. We are all used to thinking that a liquid does not have its own shape, even a school physics textbook says so! However, it is not. The natural shape of a liquid is a sphere.

Eiffel tower height

What is the exact height eiffel tower? And it depends on the weather! The fact is that the height of the tower fluctuates by as much as 12 centimeters. This is due to the fact that in hot sunny weather the structure heats up, and the temperature of the beams can reach up to 40 degrees Celsius. And as you know, substances can expand under the influence of high temperature.

Selfless Scientists

Interesting facts about physicists can be not only funny, but also tell about their dedication and dedication to their favorite work. While studying electric arc physicist Vasily Petrov deleted upper layer skin on the fingertips to feel the weak currents.

And Isaac Newton introduced a probe into his own eye to understand the nature of vision. The scientist believed that we see because light presses on the retina.

quicksand

Interesting facts about physics can help to understand the properties of such an entertaining thing as quicksand. They represent a Human or animal cannot completely sink into quicksand due to its high viscosity, but it is also very difficult to get out of it. To get your foot out of the quicksand, you need to make an effort comparable to lifting a car.

You can’t drown in it, but life is dangerous from dehydration, the sun, and hot flashes. If you get into quicksand, you need to lie on your back and wait for help.

supersonic speed

You know what was the first device that overcame the Common Shepherd's Whip. The click that frightens the cows is nothing more than a pop when overcoming. With a strong blow, the tip of the whip moves so fast that it creates a shock wave in the air. The same thing happens with an aircraft flying at supersonic speeds.

Photonic spheres

Interesting facts about the physics and nature of black holes are such that sometimes it is simply impossible to even imagine the implementation of theoretical calculations. As you know, light is made up of photons. Falling under the influence of the gravity of a black hole, photons form arcs, areas where they begin to orbit. Scientists believe that if you put a person in such a photon sphere, he will be able to see his own back.

Scotch

It is unlikely that you unwound tape in a vacuum, but scientists in their laboratories did it. And they found that when unwinding, a visible glow and X-rays appear. Power x-ray radiation such that it even allows you to take pictures of body parts! Why this happens is a mystery. A similar effect can be observed upon the destruction of asymmetric bonds in a crystal. But here's the problem - there is no crystalline structure in scotch tape. So scientists will have to come up with another explanation. Do not be afraid to unwind the tape at home - no radiation occurs in the air.

Experiments on humans

In 1746, the French physicist and part-time priest Jean-Antoine Nollet investigated the nature of the electric current. The scientist decided to find out what is the speed of the electric current. Here's just how to do it in a monastery...

The physicist invited 200 monks to the experiment, connected them with iron wires and discharged a battery from the recently invented Leyden jars into the poor fellows (they are the first capacitors). All the monks reacted to the blow at the same time, and this made it clear that the speed of the current was extremely high.

Genius Loser

Interesting facts from the life of physicists can give false hopes to underachieving students. There is a legend among negligent students that the famous Einstein was a real loser, did not know mathematics well and generally flunked his final exams. And nothing, became world We hasten to disappoint: Albert Einstein began to show remarkable mathematical abilities as a child and had knowledge that far exceeded the school curriculum.

Perhaps the rumors about the poor performance of the scientist arose because he did not immediately enter the Zurich Polytechnic University. Albert brilliantly passed exams in physics and mathematics, but in other disciplines right amount did not score. Pulling up knowledge on the right items, the future scientist successfully passed the exams in next year. He was 17 years old.

Birds on a wire

Have you noticed that birds love to sit on wires? But why don't they die from electric shock? The thing is that the body is not a very good conductor. Bird paws create parallel connection through which a small current flows. Electricity prefers wire, which is the best conductor. But as soon as the bird touches another element, for example, a grounded support, electricity rushes through its body, leading to death.

Hatches against fireballs

Interesting facts about physics can be remembered even while watching Formula 1 city races. Sports cars move at such high speeds that a low pressure is created between the bottom of the car and the road surface, which is enough to lift the hatch cover into the air. This is exactly what happened at one of the city races. The manhole cover collided with the next car, a fire broke out and the race was stopped. Since then, manhole covers have been welded to the rim to avoid accidents.

natural nuclear reactor

One of the most serious branches of science - nuclear physics. There are interesting facts here as well. Did you know that 2 billion years ago, a real natural nuclear reactor operated in the Oklo region? The reaction proceeded for 100,000 years until the uranium vein was depleted.

An interesting fact is that the reactor was self-regulating - water entered the vein, which played the role of a neuron moderator. With the active course of the chain reaction, the water boiled away, and the reaction weakened.

Physics is a school subject, in the study of which many people face problems. From the course of physical knowledge, many have learned only a quote from Archimedes: “Give me a fulcrum, and I will turn the world upside down!”. In fact, physics surrounds us at every step, and physical life hacks make life easier and more convenient. Meet another dozen life hacks that will expand your horizon of knowledge about the world around you.

1. Puddle, disappear!

If you spill water, do not rush to wipe up the puddle. Just rub it on the floor, increasing the surface area of ​​the liquid. The larger the surface of the liquid, the faster it will evaporate. Of course, “sweet” puddles are not left to dry out: the water will evaporate, and the sugar will remain.

2. Shadow tan

Direct sunlight and sensitive skin are a dubious tandem. To "gold" the body and not get burned, sunbathe in the shade. Ultraviolet radiation is scattered everywhere and will "reach" you even under palm trees. Do not refuse dates with the sun, but protect yourself from its burning kisses.

3. Automatic watering of plants

Going on vacation? Take care of potted plants. Organize automatic watering: place a jar of water next to the pot, lower a cotton cord into it to the bottom, put the other end into the pot. The capillary effect works. Water fills the voids in the fabric fibers and moves through the fabric. The system works by itself - as the earth dries up, the movement of water through the fabric increases and, conversely, with sufficient moisture, it stops.

4. Quickly cool the drink

To quickly cool your drink bottle, wrap it in a damp paper towel and place it in the freezer. It is known that water evaporates from a wet surface, and the temperature of the remaining liquid decreases. Evaporative cooling effect will enhance the cooling effect freezer, and the wet bottle will cool much faster.

5. Properly cool food

Another physical hack on the topic of proper cooling is dedicated to products. Cold air always goes down, warm air always goes up. And that is why refrigerants in the freezer bag should be placed on top! Otherwise, cold air remains from below, and the upper products will be spoiled.

6. sunlight flask from a bottle

Attic spaces also need lighting. If there is no way to conduct lamp light, use solar energy. Make a hole in the roof of the attic and fix it in plastic bottle with water. Sunlight, reflected and scattered, evenly illuminates the room. Alas, such a "lamp" works only during the day.

7. Milk won't run away

How to boil milk so that it does not run away, and the stove does not have to be tediously scrubbed? Put a saucer upside down on the bottom of the pan, pour milk. The saucer will hold back the foaming and simmering, forcing the milk to boil like water.

8. Boil Potatoes Quickly

If put into water when boiling potatoes butter, the heat capacity of water will increase, and the potatoes will cook 2 times faster! In addition, butter will have the most positive effect on the taste of potatoes.

9. "Cure" for a foggy mirror

The misted mirror in the bathroom breaks the harmonious rhythm of the gathering. How to get rid of condensation? When taking a shower, the air heats up, but the surface of the mirror remains cold. To solve the problem, it is enough to smooth out the temperature difference - for example, warm the mirror with a hairdryer.

10. Cool handle

Some materials heat up quickly - iron, copper, silver and other metals. Others receive and transfer heat slowly - cork, wood or ceramics. So upgrade your heated handles by threading wooden wine bottle corks into the ears.

EXTRA-CLASS ACTIVITY IN PHYSICS

"PHYSICS AROUND US"

7th grade

Physics teacher

Yoremenko T.P.

Goals:

- Development of interest in the study of physics as a subject of the scientific and technical cycle

-development of mental activity and creativity when deciding practical tasks

Formation of skills to work in groups, use physical instruments and measure physical quantities, education of communicative

qualities, the ability to conduct a dialogue, the culture of speech.

Equipment: Instruments - scales, ruler, stopwatch, compass, flask, beaker, thermometer.

Stage 1: Team Presentation

- name, emblem, motto, newspaper (A-3 format)

Stage 2 "Protection of science" (what is the meaning of physics and its laws for us)

Stage 3: Contests

- Laboratory equipment

- Body weighing

- measurement of the volume of bodies

- "body-substance"

-physical phenomena

- "captain's"

introduction teachers about the importance of science and the conditions for the event

words on the board

It is easy for us to live and work with physics

She will do everything quickly for us

She will come in handy in our life

Therefore, we are friends with physics now!

She helps us build houses,

She washes, irons, and sews.

Paves the way to the star worlds

With her, no one will ever be lost

Team View

-Name

-motto

-emblem

-protection of science

The jury evaluates the performance of the teams

Teams start their first competition.

1st competition"Laboratory equipment"

Representatives of each team take turns calling the equipment and explaining what it is for (each correct answer is 1 point)

2nd "Weighing bodies"

Students weigh the proposed bodies and the result is recorded in kg.

The jury evaluates the speed of work, compliance with all weighing rules, the beauty of actions and the accuracy of the result.

Viewers can be shown the "burning handkerchief" experience

Jury's word

3rd "Body-substance"

Teams are offered a set of different bodies of 5 pieces, you need to name these bodies and indicate the substance. (In turn, one after another)

4th Physical phenomena, quantities, units of measurement

Write in columns

Phenomena	Quantities	Units

Riddles for fans (while tasks are being completed)

1. Was a solid body,

She stood with a red nose in the cold.

And then turned into a puddle (snowman)

2. Thunders and sparkles with sparks

And then he starts crying. (Thunderstorm)

3. No one has ever met him

But whatever you say, it repeats right away (echo)

4. Not for the ground, but for the roof deftly

A fragile carrot caught. (icicle)

The judges sum up

Shows the experience of "floating candle"

Word to the judges

"captain's"

1. the most common liquid on earth (water)

2. gas necessary for breathing (oxygen)

3.what is in empty bottle(air)

4Device for determining cardinal points (compass)

5.White sweet powder (sugar)

6.Tube without a bottom (tube)

7. Temperature at which water begins to freeze (0 0 С)

8. What is gasoline made from?

9. When the sun shines, but does not warm?

10. What is the water in the sea?

11. How many days in a year? (365 or 366)

12. Device for measuring time (hours)

13. How many grams in a kilogram (1000)

Second captain

1.Glass vessel of a round shape (flask)

2. Frozen water (ice)

3. Duration of the day (24 hours)

4. Device for measuring the mass of bodies (scales)

5. The substance from which the nails are made (iron)

6. Device for measuring the volume of liquid (beaker)

7. The temperature at which water boils (100 0 С)

8. What is closer to us, the Moon or the Sun? (Moon)

9. What color is the water? (colorless)

10. How many meters in a kilometer (1000)

11. What value does the car's speedometer measure? (Speedometer)

12. When are the nights shorter in winter or summer? (in summer)

13. How many seconds in an hour (3600)

Phenomena	Quantities	Units

The snow is melting, the wheel is spinning, the bus is standing, the handle, tree, height, circumference, angle, m 3. inertia, mass, water, speed, ton, meter, degree, beaker, volume, force, m / s,