Tests “Moral guidelines of activity. Spiritual and moral guidelines

Many generations of educators, psychologists and researchers of the human personality are discussing what a person's spiritual and moral guidelines are and what is their power of influence on the harmonious development of the individual. Moreover, each group names almost identical (with slight deviations) norms of behavior. What are these factors that significantly affect the quality of human life?

What are spiritual and moral guidelines?

This term usually means a set of rules for interaction with society and moral principles, patterns of behavior that a person is guided by in order to achieve harmony in life or spiritual development. These rules include:

Morality and its components: conscience, mercy, freedom, duty (patriotism included) and justice.
Morality: this term implies the essence of a person’s high demand for himself in terms of his activity, aimed both at external world, as well as in the internal. The main moral guidelines are the craving for kindness and humility, the rejection of actions that are harmful to both society and oneself, as well as spiritual development of his personality.
The ethics of communication implies tact and respect towards others, following these norms makes a person's life acceptable in society, without condemnation or persecution.

Who set these standards?

Almost all socially adapted groups, castes and nations take as a guide the basic precepts of the religion they profess, or the teachings of authoritative sages.

For example, if a person is a believer, then he chooses the Bible, the Koran or the Bhagavad Gita as a spiritual guide, and if an atheist, then he may well follow the teachings of Confucius or Stephen Hawking.

What gives an immoral life?

What are spiritual and moral guidelines for a person who goes against the rules of the system and does not want to live according to generally accepted commandments? After all, there are nihilists who deny everyone and everything, unless they are happy in their little world, which is very limited by their desperate protest. Some classify anarchists among them, but the latter deny only the power of man over another being, they fully accept the dominance of moral norms.

The life of such people is actually sad, and in their declining years, most of them still turn their eyes to the moral values already comprehended by other people and related actions, thereby proving that the spiritual component is a powerful backbone of every outstanding society.

The question of what are the spiritual and moral guidelines of a person is the basic problem of such a science as ethics. It is from the point of view of the category of good as the highest value that they must be considered.

In ethics, the question of what are the spiritual and moral guidelines of a person, what is their function, is solved with the help of definitions of the concepts of "spirituality" and "morality".

Let's consider these concepts in more detail.

The Phenomenon of Spirituality

The concept of spirituality involves two interpretations: secular and religious.

From the point of view of the first of them, spirituality is the desire of a person to embody the highest values in his life, such as goodness, beauty and truth, to realize himself through love for the world around him and to achieve the ideal.

From the point of view of a religious position, spirituality is understood as a deep connection between a person and God, the achievement of unity with him and the beginning of the process of "deification" of a person's personality.

At the same time, both secular and religious positions suggest that the source of spirituality is conscience, which is interpreted as a sense of connection between man and God (religious position) or a sense of inner harmony and justice (secular position).

The concept of morality

The concept of morality requires a more specific interpretation. Usually, this phenomenon is understood as a part of human culture, which contains universal moral norms, rules of behavior, knowledge, and beliefs.

The question of what a person’s spiritual and moral guidelines are can be answered as follows: these are spiritual and moral indicators that include such values as conscience, love, kindness, a sense of duty, beauty, the desire for truth, a thirst for justice, the desire for ideal.

The value of spiritual and moral guidelines

We have established that the spiritual and moral guidelines of a person are his values and beliefs. These are the attitudes of the individual through which she cannot transgress. They regulate the conscious and help him find his place in the world, being a kind of core of his consciousness.

In fact, the decency of a person depends on how important these guidelines are in his life. For example, not every person can commit acts of theft, treason or betrayal, because not all people are allowed to do this by their conscience, in other words, their spiritual and moral guidelines.

And a certain part of people are usually called “people with a burnt conscience”, they are capable of unseemly acts because they do not see in them the degree of evil that really exists there. with lost spiritual and moral guidelines.

What are the spiritual and moral guidelines of a person: the golden rule of morality

A significant role in the formation of spiritual and moral guidelines of a person is played by the rule formulated in antiquity, which is commonly called the "golden rule of morality". Its description can be found in the most ancient texts, as well as in the texts of the New Testament.

It reads: "Do not treat other people in a way that you would not want them to treat you."

This rule is very simple. However, if people who know about him really embodied him in their lives, there would be much less evil, injustice and misfortune on earth. The whole trouble lies in the fact that many of us, following the woeful words of one of the apostles, know where the good is, but they do not follow it, they know where the evil is, but they commit atrocities.

Spiritual and moral education

Speaking about what a person's spiritual and moral guidelines are, one cannot but say about the need to organize the spiritual and

Even teachers of antiquity thought about how to educate such a person. Today, many works have been written on this topic.

As a rule, they come down to the fact that parents and teachers are advised to instill spiritual and moral guidelines in children by their life example. After all, if parents tell a child to act fairly and honestly towards people around them, but they themselves are far from ideal in their behavior, then the child is likely to inherit their bad example, not paying attention to their noble words.

Parenting strategy

There is a basic state document called the “Strategy for the Development of Education in Russian Federation for the period up to 2025".

This document proposes a list of spiritual and moral values, defines their role in the process of cultural development of our country, gives the concept of what a person's spiritual and moral guidelines are, what their role is.

This strategy was created by a group of leading Russian scientists.

The spiritual and moral guidelines of a person themselves, their role in human activity are described in sufficient detail. We present only them short list, which included such values as humanism (or philanthropy), honor, justice and conscience, will, faith in goodness, personal dignity, the desire to fulfill one's duty, including moral, love for one's family, Fatherland and people.

As we can see, this list of basic spiritual and moral guidelines includes, first of all, those values that are the most important for the formation of the personality of a citizen and a person. Their development in people will certainly contribute to the harmonization of social relationships and building a more just society.

Thus, we have tried to answer the questions about what a person's spiritual and moral guidelines are, what is their role in people's activities. Without spiritual and moral values, the world would turn into something terrible, and the living would envy the dead. It is these qualities that live in the hearts of people that keep the world from chaos and the dominion of evil.

OPTION 1.

1. The main task of spiritual and theoretical activity is

2) preservation of spiritual goods

2. Culture in the most broad sense words means

1) the level of upbringing of an individual

2) lifestyle and standards of behavior of a group of people

3) material and spiritual benefits created by mankind

4) a collection of works of fine art

3. Are they true the following judgments?

A. Where cognition is impossible for one reason or another, a wide field of activity for faith often opens up.

B. Beliefs are inherent in a person with any type of worldview, but their sources are different.

4. The science of morality, morality is

1) ethics;

2) existence;

3) aesthetics;

4) eclecticism.

5. Which of the following definitions does not apply to the definition of morality?
1) the form of the informative and evaluative orientation of the individual, the commonality in command and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people;
2) institutionalized justice, a means of civilized resolution of contradictions;
3) a system of norms, rules governing communication and behavior of people to ensure the unity of public and personal interests;
4) shape public consciousness which reflects and consolidates the ethical qualities of social reality.

6. Unconditional, compulsory demand(command), not allowing objections, binding on all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances, is called
1) categorical imperative
2) "the golden rule of morality"
3) scientific worldview
4) spiritual need.

7. Are the following statements correct?

A. The creation, preservation and dissemination of spiritual values are aimed at meeting the spiritual needs of people.

B. Fashion does not have any great influence on spiritual consumption.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both statements are wrong

8. Are the following statements correct?

A. Spiritual production is carried out, as a rule, by special groups of people whose spiritual activity is professional.

B. Spiritual production along with professional activity includes activities carried out on an ongoing basis

people.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong

9. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, the idea of the highest moral requirements

1) ideal; 2) value; 3) law; 4) religion.

10. Central to ethics are the concepts
1) general and particular;
2) good and evil;
3) absolute and relative;
4) ideal and material.

Part B.

IN 1. You are presented with institutions that contribute to the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values, but one of them is an exception to this list.

Archive, museum, administration, school, media, library.

IN 2. Perform matching.

Term

Definition

1. Spiritual consumption

A. Personal adherence to moral values, personal awareness of the need for unconditional fulfillment of moral requirements.

2. Values

B. Approval or condemnation of human activity from the standpoint of those requirements that are contained in the moral consciousness of society, an ethnic group, a social community of people, certain individuals.

3. Debt

B. That which is most precious is sacred to the individual, to the community of people.

4. Moral assessment

D. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, ideas about the highest moral requirements, about the most sublime in man.

5. Ideal

E. The process of meeting the spiritual needs of people

IN 3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "morality"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about morality.

Questions

Ordinary worldview

Scientific outlook

BUT.

IN.

AND.

Answer options:

Part C.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

(S.E. Krapivensky)

C1. Name the three elements of the spiritual realm public life selected by the author.

C2.

C3.

The spiritual world of man and activity.

OPTION 2.

Part A. Choose the correct answer.

1. The main task of spiritual and practical activity is

1) production of spiritual goods

2) change in people's consciousness

3) consumption of spiritual values.

4) distribution of spiritual values

2. Are the following statements correct?

A. Worldview is a person's view of the world as a whole.

B. Worldview is a person's attitude to the world around him.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong

3. The science of morality, morality is

1) ethics; 2) existence;

3) aesthetics; 4) eclecticism.

4. The quality of spiritual consumption depends on

1) the culture of the subject of activity;

3) research by sociologists

4) leisure activities

5. The concept of "spiritual culture of the individual" includes

1) the standards of behavior that have developed in society in political life;

2) a person's ideas about himself, about his destiny in the world;

3) religious beliefs and rituals that distinguish one denomination from another

4) scientific knowledge accumulated by mankind over the entire period of its existence.

6. Are the following statements correct?

A. It is necessary to approach moral assessment based on the specific conditions in which human activity takes place.

B. Self-education in the sphere of morality is, first of all, self-control, making high demands on oneself

themselves in all their activities.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong

7. Personal responsible adherence to moral values, personal awareness of the need for unconditional fulfillment of moral requirements in ethics is determined by the category

1) debt; 2) conscience;

3) honor; 4) dignity.

8. Choose a definition corresponding to the concept of "morality":
1) perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, the idea of the most sublime in man;
2) the conscious need of the individual to act in accordance with their value orientations;
3) the form of the informative-evaluative orientation of the individual, commonality in command and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people;
4) institutionalized justice, a means of civilized resolution of contradictions.

9. The concept of the categorical imperative was formulated

1) D. Diderot;

3) G.F. Hegel;

2) I. Kant;

4) K. Kautsky

10. Are the following statements correct?

A. There is no morality without conscience.

B. Conscience is the internal court that a person administers over himself.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong

Part B.

IN 1. You are presented with a classification of worldview types, but one of them does not belong to this classification. Write the extra term as an answer.

Theocentrism, sociocentrism, anthropocentrism, sociocentrism, worldcentrism.

IN 2. Carry out the mapping

Term

Definition

1. Spiritual production

A. System-forming principle of moral concepts.

2. Ideal

B. The conscious need of the individual to act in accordance with their value orientations.

3. Welcome

C. The activity of people in the creation of spiritual values.

4. Persuasion

D. The totality of all the results of knowledge, their assessment on the basis of previous culture and practical activities, national consciousness, personal life experience.

5. Mentality

E. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, ideas about the highest moral requirements, about the most sublime in man.

IN 3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "worldview"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the worldview.

AT 4. Fill in the gaps in the table. Write your answer in the form

Questions

Ordinary worldview

Religious worldview

Scientific outlook

Character traits

BUT.

Forte

Weak side

IN.

AND.

Answer options:

1.relies on direct life experience person.

2. man has not yet taken the predominant place in the scientific worldview.

3. intolerance to other life positions, insufficient attention to the achievements of science

4. The basis is the religious teachings contained in the monuments of world culture: the Bible, the Koran, the Talmud, etc.

5. makes little use of the experience of other people, the experience of science and culture, experience religious consciousness as an element of world culture.

6. based on the scientific picture of the world, on the generalized results of the achievements of human knowledge

7. arises spontaneously as a result of human practical activity

8. close connection with the world cultural heritage.

9. validity, realism, connection with production and social activities of people.

Part C.

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C3.

“The spiritual realm appears before us as the most sublime<...>Spiritual needs are born here, from the most elementary to the most sophisticated.<...>; here the production of ideas unfolds<...>; this is where their consumption takes place to a large extent.<...>

For the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, spiritual production is carried out, the single, general goal of spiritual production is the reproduction of social consciousness in its integrity.

Among the functions of spiritual production, we single out, first of all, spiritual activity aimed at improving all other spheres of society (economic, political, social).

However, the process of spiritual production cannot be considered complete as soon as new ideas, applied and fundamental, are received. Here everything is the same as in material production: the product of labor must reach the consumer, that is, go through the stages of distribution and exchange, which in spiritual production take on a specific form. In this regard, we can talk about the function of producing knowledge about these ideas and disseminating (broadcasting) this knowledge. This function is carried out by general education and high school, cultural and educational institutions, mass media.

There is another important function of spiritual production - production public opinion. It is easy to guess that this function is inseparable from the function of production and dissemination of knowledge, as if woven into it, while singling it out as a relatively independent one, we emphasize the important circumstance that the ideological moment is more clearly expressed in it.

(S.E. Krapivensky)

C1. Name three elements of the spiritual sphere of public life, highlighted by the author.

C2. Based on the content of the text, name the goal and any two functions of spiritual production.

C3. Give one example of spiritual activity aimed at improving the economic, social and political spheres of public life.

You already know that, being a social being, a person cannot but obey certain rules. This - necessary condition the survival of the human race, the integrity of society, the sustainability of its development. In the same time established rules, or norms, are designed to protect the interests and dignity of each individual person. Moral standards are the most important. Morality is a system of norms, rules governing communication and behavior of people, ensuring the unity of public and personal interests.

Who sets moral standards? There are different answers to this question. The position of those who consider the activity and commandments of the great teachers of mankind: Confucius, Buddha, Moses, Jesus Christ to be the source of moral norms is very authoritative.

In the sacred books of many religions, a well-known rule is written, which in the Bible reads as follows: "... In everything you want people to do to you, do the same to them."

Thus, even in ancient times, the foundation was laid for the main universal normative moral requirement, which was later called the "golden rule" of morality. It says: "Do to others the way you would like others to do to you."

According to another point of view, the norms and rules of morality are formed naturally - historical way- and are extracted from mass everyday practice.

Based on the experience, humanity has developed basic moral prohibitions and requirements: do not kill, do not steal, help in trouble, tell the truth, keep promises. At all times, greed, cowardice, deceit, hypocrisy, cruelty, envy were condemned, and, on the contrary, freedom, love, honesty, generosity, kindness, diligence, modesty, fidelity, mercy were approved. In the proverbs of the Russian people, honor and reason were inextricably linked: “The mind gives birth to honor, and dishonor takes away the last.”

The moral attitudes of the individual have been studied by the greatest philosophers. One of them is I. Kant. He formulated the categorical imperative of morality, following which is very important for the implementation of the moral guidelines of activity.

A categorical imperative is an unconditional mandatory requirement (command) that does not allow objections, is obligatory for all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances.

How does Kant characterize the categorical imperative? Here is one of his formulations (consider it and compare it with the "golden rule"). There is, Kant argued, only one categorical imperative: “act always according to such a maxim, the universality of which, as a law, you can at the same time desire.” (Maxima is the highest principle, the highest rule.) The categorical imperative, like " Golden Rule”, affirms the personal responsibility of a person for the acts committed by him, teaches not to do to another what you do not wish for yourself. Consequently, these provisions, like morality in general, are humanistic in nature, for the “other” acts as a Friend. Speaking about the meaning of the "golden rule" and the categorical imperative of I. Kant, the famous philosopher of the 20th century. K. Popper (1902-1994) wrote that "no other thought has had such a powerful influence on the moral development of mankind."

In addition to direct norms of behavior, morality also includes ideals, values, categories (the most general, fundamental concepts).

Ideal- this is perfection, the highest goal of human striving, the idea of the highest moral requirements, the most sublime in man. These notions of what is better, more valuable, and majestic are what some scholars call "modeling a desirable future" that meets human interests and needs. Values are what is most precious, sacred both for one person and for all mankind. When we are talking about the negative attitude of people to certain phenomena, about what they reject, the terms “anti-values” or “negative values” are often used. Values reflect a person's attitude to reality (to certain facts, events, phenomena), to other people, to himself. These relationships may vary different cultures and at different peoples or social groups.

On the basis of the values that people accept and profess, human relations are built, priorities are determined, goals of activity are put forward. Values can be legal, political, religious, artistic, professional, moral.

The most important moral values constitute the system of a person's value-moral orientation, which is inextricably linked with the categories of morality. Moral categories are pair-related (bipolar) in nature, such as good and evil.

The category of "good", in turn, also serves as the backbone of moral concepts. The ethical tradition says: "Everything that is considered moral, morally proper, is good." The concept of "evil" concentrates the collective meaning of the immoral, opposed to the morally valuable. Along with the concept of “good”, the concept of “virtue” (doing good) is also mentioned, which serves as a generalized characteristic of the consistently positive moral qualities of a person. A virtuous person is an active, moral person. The opposite of the concept of "virtue" is the concept of "vice".

Also one of the most important moral categories is conscience. Conscience- is the ability of the individual to learn ethical values and be guided by them in all life situations, independently formulate their moral duties, exercise moral self-control, be aware of their duty to other people.

The poet Osip Mandelstam wrote: ... Your conscience: The knot of life in which we are recognized ...

There is no morality without conscience. Conscience is the internal court that a person administers over himself. “Remorse,” wrote Adam Smith more than two centuries ago, “is the most terrible feeling that has visited the heart of man.”

Among the most important value orientations is patriotism. This concept denotes value attitude a person to his Fatherland, devotion and love for the Motherland, his people. A patriotic person is committed to national traditions, social and political structure, language and faith of his people. Patriotism manifests itself in pride in the achievements of the native country, in empathy with its failures and troubles, in respect for its historical past, for people's memory, and culture. From the course of history, you know that patriotism originated in ancient times. It was noticeably manifested in periods when there was a danger to the country. (remember the events Patriotic War 1812, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945)

Conscious patriotism as a moral and socio-political principle involves a sober assessment of the successes and weaknesses of the Fatherland, as well as a respectful attitude towards other peoples, a different culture. Attitude towards another people is the criterion that distinguishes a patriot from a nationalist, that is, a person who seeks to put his own people above others. Patriotic feelings and ideas elevate a person morally only when they are associated with respect for people of different nationalities.

The qualities of citizenship are also connected with the patriotic orientations of a person. These socio-psychological and moral qualities of an individual combine both a feeling of love for the Motherland, and responsibility for the normal development of its social and political institutions, and awareness of oneself as a full-fledged citizen with a set of rights and duties. Citizenship is manifested in the knowledge and ability to use and protect personal rights, respect for the rights of other citizens, observance of the Constitution and laws of the country, and strict fulfillment of one's duties.

Are moral principles formed in a person spontaneously or do they need to be formed consciously?

In the history of philosophical and ethical thought, there was a point of view according to which moral character inherent in a person from the moment of birth. Thus, the French Enlightenment believed that man is by nature good. Some representatives of Eastern philosophy believed that man, on the contrary, is inherently evil and is the bearer of evil. However, the study of the process of formation of moral consciousness has shown that there are no grounds for such categorical statements. Moral principles are not laid down in a person from birth, but are formed in the family on the example that is before his eyes; in the process of communicating with other people, during the period of education and upbringing at school, in the perception of such monuments of world culture, which allow both to join the already achieved level of moral consciousness, and to form one's own moral values on the basis of self-education. Not last place at the same time, it also occupies the self-education of the individual. The ability to feel, understand, do good, recognize evil, be persistent and uncompromising towards it are special moral qualities of a person that a person cannot receive ready-made from others, but must develop on his own.

Self-education in the sphere of morality is, first of all, self-control, making high demands on oneself in all types of one's activities. The affirmation of morality in the mind, the activity of each person is facilitated by the repeated implementation of positive moral norms by each person, or, in other words, the experience of good deeds. If such repetition is absent, then, as studies show, the mechanism of moral development “spoils” and “rusts”, the ability of the individual to make independent moral decisions, which is so necessary for activity, is undermined, his ability to rely on himself and answer for himself.