The traditional dwelling of the peoples of our country. Presentation on the world around "dwellings of different peoples"

Man at all times strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most inveterate adventurers, who are always beckoned by horizons, sooner or later return to their home. People of different nationalities and religions have always created a home for themselves, taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine being in certain natural conditions. The amazing forms of buildings, the materials from which the dwelling was built and the interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.

The human dwelling is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the form of the house appears from an organic feeling. It has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, a bee hive, or a clam shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main premises and the plan of the house - in the upper room, entrance hall, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gynecee.

BORDEY

Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

AIL "WOODEN YURT"

Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

BALAGAN

Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

VALKARAN

Valkaran (“the house of the jaws of a whale” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

WIGWAM

Tepee is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Tepees are often erroneously referred to as the cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepee". The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.

ISLU

A truly amazing invention. Invented by the Eskimos of Alaska. You understand that not everything is good with building materials in Alaska, but people have always used what they have at hand and in large quantities. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That is why the Eskimos began to build domed houses from ice slabs. Inside, everything was covered with skins for warmth. This idea was very liked by the inhabitants of Finland - a northern country, where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants built on the principle of an igloo and even competitions are held, in which participants assemble an igloo from ice blocks at speed.

CAJUN

Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

MINCA

Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls, sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese of simple origin were engaged in the cultivation of silkworms, when building a dwelling, it was taken into account that the main place in the room was allocated for silk spinning.

KLOCHAN

Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so one should not expect much comfort inside.

PALLASO

Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for the front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

IKUQUANE

Ikukwane is a large domed thatched house of the Zulus (South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

RONDAVEL

Rondavel - the round house of the Bántu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

KUREN

Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Saklya

Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. It is built of clay and ceramic bricks, the roof is flat, narrow windows look like loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-storey, or it could be built of clay and not have windows. An earthen floor and a hearth in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.

PUEBLITO

Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, as expected, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interiors are also covered with clay plaster. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. The pueblitos were located in high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

TRULLO

Trullo is an original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.

Italian dwelling, classified in our time as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by chance. Such a building was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas houses were built illegally and, with any claims from the authorities, could easily be liquidated.

LEPA - LEPA

Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Bajao, the people of Southeast Asia. The Bajao, "Sea Gypsies," as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the Pacific's Coral Triangle, between Borneo, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

TIPI

Native American dwellings. This building was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with deer skins on top. In the center there was a hearth, around which sleeping places were concentrated. There must be a hole in the roof for smoke. It is hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.

DIAOLOU

Diaolou is a fortified high-rise building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

HOGAN

Hogan is an ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first railroad passed through the territory of the Navajo, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

YURT

Dwelling for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz. Why is it convenient in the conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house is a matter of a couple of hours. The base is built of poles, covered with mats on top. Until now, shepherds use such buildings. Probably, many years of experience suggests that they are not looking for good from good.

SLAVIC hut

Log house, the construction of the Slavs. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were stacked according to a certain principle. The oven was laid out in the house. The hut was heated in black. The pipe on the roof was put up later, and then the smoke was already removed from the house through it. Log cabins could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, building a new house from an old log cabin. Until now, this method is used by summer residents.

NORTH RUSSIAN hut

The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a single whole.

WARDO

Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, there is a box for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo was finished with skillful carvings and painted with bright colors. Vardo flourished at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

YAODONG

Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

BONGU TRADITIONAL HOUSING

TURF HOUSE

The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

No matter how ridiculous the building may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created a family, suffered and died. Through the houses of these people flowed life, history with all its peculiarities, events and miracles.

Almost every nation or small nationality has its own home. These buildings are a reflection of some idea, people's ideas about convenience, beauty, comfort and coziness. Of course, for a story about every national building of the peoples of the world, it will be necessary to write a book, and more than one. Here is a list of several unusual and unique in appearance dwellings.

At first glance, the igloo is a very strange national dwelling of the Eskimos of Alaska, not very suitable for living. But on closer examination, it turns out to be very convenient.

The building material that is used to build the building is ice, sometimes snow. Blocks are cut out of it, something like huge bricks, and a domed structure is erected.

Inside this national dwelling, everything is lined with animal skins to create comfort and warmth. These structures are still erected by the Eskimos for living and protection from frost.

And in a number of countries, this idea is used to build restaurants, art objects and entertainment venues. The shape attracts visitors who want to see if the igloo is actually warm inside, even though it is made of snow and ice.

These structures are built of stone and are typical for the highlanders living in the Caucasus. They are based on brick and clay.

The roof of such a national dwelling is flat. The windows are not wide, more like loopholes. There could be several floors in the sakla. And windows are often completely absent.

Initially, the decoration of such buildings was more than modest. The floor was made of earth, and a primitive hearth was erected in the middle of the dwelling for heating and cooking.

The yurt is an unusual national dwelling, which was most often used by the nomadic peoples of the steppes and deserts: Kazakhs, Mongols and others. What is its advantage?

This house is completely collapsible. Its basis is made up of flexible poles, the structure is covered with mats. You can assemble and disassemble a yurt in less than 2 hours.

The shepherds of Central Asia still use just such dwellings, as they are incredibly convenient for those who are constantly on the move. In addition, yurts are time-tested and have never failed.

As the name implies, such a house is typical for the Slavic peoples. Its basis is logs, which were folded into a box, often without the use of nails - a frame.

It is collapsible, and if desired, you can transport the building and put it in a new place. Usually in the hut there was one room and a kitchen, in the middle of which there was a stove.

They were heated in a black way, chimneys and pipes appeared later. And also, behind the main log house, an outbuilding was erected, in which livestock was kept, supplies were stored.

Such a national dwelling can be found on the territory of Moldova and Romania. The main part of the building was located underground, the roof was covered with reeds.

This building perfectly protected from sudden changes in temperature and winds. The floor was smeared with clay, the house was heated by a hearth.

Vardo - one of the national dwellings of the peoples of the world

This is a mobile home, which was most often used by nomadic gypsies. If you look at it carefully, you might be surprised how convenient this wagon is.

Inside, everything is perfectly adapted for living, there are sleeping places, boxes for storing clothes, a small stove for cooking and heating. All household items were kept in a small chest behind the wardo.

And at the bottom of the wagon, something like a pantry was built, where objects that were no longer needed at the moment were placed and even chickens lived. Outwardly, the vardo was incredibly beautiful, decorated with carvings, skillfully painted. He was eye-catching from afar.

This national dwelling was invented by the Navajo Indians. Such a construction, erected from poles and branches, was carefully coated with clay.

Sometimes a small corridor was also attached, there were no doors, the entrance was curtained with a piece of cloth.

After the railroad came to the United States, the Navajo began to use wooden sleepers to build hogans, which were more reliable.

This is a national dwelling, characteristic of some regions of Italy. It is built from large stones.

Due to the fact that the walls are thick, the trullo is very warm in winter and cool in summer.

Roofs are conical. Usually in these buildings there are 2 floors, it was necessary to climb to the upper tier by a ladder.

This is a Japanese traditional home. It was usually built from readily available and improvised materials: bamboo, hay, mud, clay.

There were no walls, screens were used to divide the space, this helped to easily change the internal layout.

Roofs were made thatched and low so that rain or snow would not linger on their surfaces.

Rondavel

Such a dwelling is characteristic of the African Bantu people. The house itself has a round base and is built of stone.

Each such house is a whole story filled with traditions. Any of these national dwellings deserves a detailed study, since it is incredibly interesting to find out why the peoples of the world took such a form, these materials and such a construction principle as a basis.

Greenland: The structure of the blocks of dense snow. Igloo - home of the Eskimos

Georgia: Stone building with outbuildings and defensive tower. Saklya - dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders

Russia: A building with a mandatory "Russian" oven and cellar. The roof is gable (in the south - four-slope). Izba - a traditional dwelling of Russians

Konak - a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. This is an expressive building under a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates a deep shadow. Often such "mansions" resemble the letter "g" in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. Buildings are oriented to the east (tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a covered roomy balcony and an asam steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, so outbuildings are not needed.

North America: dwelling of the Indians of North America, a hut on a frame made of thin trunks, covered with matting, bark or twigs. It has a domed shape, in contrast to tipis, dwellings of a conical shape. Wigwams built by North American Indians

Dwellings on trees in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - at six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. The structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the structure. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get into the hut along long stairs connected from poles.

Felij - a tent that serves as a home for the Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.

From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is most secure during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that transmits light. And in the cold season they are covered with wooden panels. The inner walls (fushima) are also movable frame-like shields, covered with paper or silk, and help to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which they walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large canopies that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and the scorching sun.

The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara desert are deep earthen pits in which interiors and a courtyard are made. About seven hundred caves are located on the slopes of the hills and in the desert around them, in some of them troglodytes (Berbers) live to this day. Craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the inner courtyard (khausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Often, troglodyte dwellings have several floors, the stairs between which are tied ropes. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber hostess needs a shelf, she simply digs it into the wall. However, TV antennas can be seen near some of the pits, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings save well from the heat - it is cool in these chalk caves. This is how the housing problem is solved in the Sahara.

Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kirghiz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours, it is convenient to transport it. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter, on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all they put stones under the future hearth, and then they set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The skeleton is covered with felt from the outside, and a door is made from it. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter. From above, the yurt is tied up with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to carefully listen to the sounds outside.

South India: The traditional dwelling of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and thatch, without windows, with one small entrance.

Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval section, from 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical straw roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or there was only a small window opening. Pallazo.

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The house is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native dwelling gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, its culture and features of life are revealed. The appearance of the dwelling, building materials and the method of construction depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.

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Izba is a traditional dwelling of Russians. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen plowshares. A four-wall log house, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs stacked on top of each other. The house was without a foundation: repeatedly sorted and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled to them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that dampness was not felt in the house. The top had the form of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut, they necessarily arranged a red corner, where there was a goddess and a table (a place of honor for the elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or kut, a male corner, or a horse, and a zakut - behind the stove. Furnaces were given a central place in the entire space of the dwelling. A live fire was maintained in it, food was cooked and slept here. Above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove, a floor was laid. They slept on them, kept household utensils.

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An igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow is suitable, on which a clear imprint of a person's foot remains. Large knives cut out blocks of different sizes in the thickness of the snow cover and stack them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor dug in the snow below the floor level leads. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the dwelling, heat does not go outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo, a canopy of reindeer skins is hung, separating the residential part from the snowy walls and ceiling. The Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Home of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.

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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the lee side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklu is made of stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terraced arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a courtyard for the upper one. In each sakla, one or two small windows and one or two doors are cut. Inside the rooms they arrange a small fireplace with a clay chimney. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, floors covered with clay and covered with carpets. Here, in the summer, women prepare food.

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Stilt houses are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, Oceania. Two- or three-meter piles, on which houses are erected, provide the room with coolness and dryness even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made from woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light penetrates through the cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is covered with palm branches. Steps decorated with carvings usually lead to the interior. The doorways are decorated in the same way.

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Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered from above with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or a deer is pulled over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The skeleton is also covered with branches, bark, mats.

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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The camps of the nomadic Chukchi numbered up to 10 yarangas and were stretched from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga - a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center of 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter of 5.7 to 7-8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with deer skins, usually sewn into two panels with straps, the ends of the straps in the lower part were tied to sleds or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was located in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at the rear wall of the yaranga, a sleeping room (canopy) was made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped. The average size of the canopy is 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, on top of them - with thick skins. The bed headboard - two oblong bags stuffed with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket sewn from several deer skins. To illuminate their dwellings, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal fat, while the tundra Chukchi used fat melted from crushed deer bones that burned odorless and soot in stone oil lamps. Behind the canopy, at the back wall of the tent, things were kept; at the side, on both sides of the hearth, - products.

16 geographical and historical and cultural provinces can be distinguished: East European, West Central European, Central Asian-Kazakhstan, Caucasian, Central Asian, Siberian, Southeast Asian, East Asian, Southwest Asian, South Asian, African tropical, North African, Latin American, North American, Oceanian, Australian . At the same time, each of them has its own characteristics. In this article, we will consider the national dwellings of the peoples of the world.

Eastern European province

It includes the following regions: northern and central, Volga-Kama, Baltic, southwestern. It should be noted that in the north, utility and residential premises were built under a common roof. In the south, there were more often large villages, while outbuildings were located separately. In those places where there was not enough forest, wooden and stone walls were coated with clay, after which they were whitewashed. In such buildings, the stove has always been the center of the interior.

West Central European province

It is divided into regions: Atlantic, North European, Mediterranean and Central European. Considering the dwellings of the peoples of the world, we can say that in this province rural settlements have different layouts (circular, cumulus, scattered, ordinary) and consist of rectangular buildings. Fachwerk (frame houses) prevail in central Europe, log houses - in the north, brick and stone - in the south. In some areas, utility and residential premises are under a common roof, in the second - they are built separately.

Central Asian-Kazakhstan province

This province occupies the plains in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea, high mountain systems and deserts of the Pamirs and Tien Shan. It is divided into regions: Turkmenistan (southwestern), Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (southeastern), Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (northern). Such traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world here are rectangular adobe buildings with a flat roof in the south, frame houses in the mountains, semi-nomads and nomads have round yurts with felt covering and a lattice frame. In the north, the houses were influenced by immigrants from Russia.

Caucasian province

This province is located between the Caspian and Black Seas in the southern part of the East European Plain. It covers various landscapes of the mountain systems of the Caucasus, mountain plains and foothills, is divided into 2 regions: Caucasian and North Caucasian. Such dwellings of the peoples of the world, pictures with images of which can be seen in this article, are very diverse - from stone fortresses and tower houses to turluch (wattle) semi-dugouts and structures; in Azerbaijan - adobe one-story dwellings with an absolutely flat roof, an entrance and windows to the courtyard; in the Eastern part of Georgia - these are 2-storey houses made of wood and stone with balconies, gable or flat roofs.

Siberian province

It is located in the northern part of Asia and occupies the taiga, dry steppes and tundra from the Pacific Ocean to the Urals. The settlements are dominated by rectangular log houses with in the northern part - dugouts, plagues, yarangas - in the northeast, a multi-angled yurt - at the cattle breeders in the south.

Central Asian province

The province occupies deserts located in the temperate zone (Takla-Makan, Gobi). It is worth noting that the dwellings of the peoples of the world are very diverse. In this place they are represented by round yurts (among the Turks and Mongols), as well as woolen tents of the Tibetans. Among the Uighurs, part of the Tibetans, as well as the Izu, houses with walls made of hewn stone or mud brick predominate.

East Asian Province

This region occupies the Korean peninsula, the plains of China, and the Japanese islands. The houses here are frame-and-pillar with adobe filling, with a flat-gable or flat roof, which other traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world cannot boast of. Pile structures predominate in the southern part of the province, while heated benches dominate in the northern part.

Southeast Asian Province

These are the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, as well as the Indochina peninsula. Includes the following areas: East Indochinese, East Indonesian, West Indochinese, West Indonesian, Philippine. The dwellings of different peoples of the world are represented here by pile buildings with high roofs and light walls.

South Asian Province

It includes the Ganges and Indus valleys, the Himalayan mountains in the northern part, arid regions and low mountains in the western part, the Burmese-Assam mountains in the east, and the island of Sri Lanka in the south. All kinds of dwellings of the peoples of the world, photos of which can be seen in this article, today are of great interest to historians. Here, mostly settlements of the street plan; most often you can find brick or adobe 2- and 3-chamber houses, with a high or flat roof. There are also frame-pillar buildings. Several floors of stone - in the mountains, and the nomads - interesting woolen tents.

Dwellings of different peoples of the world: North African province

It occupies the Mediterranean coast, the arid subtropical zone of the Sahara, in addition, oases from the Maghreb to Egypt. The following areas are distinguished: Maghreb, Egyptian, Sudanese. Settled farmers have large settlements with very disorderly buildings. In their center is a mosque, a market square. The houses are square or rectangular made of stone, adobe, with an inner courtyard and a flat roof. Nomads live in woolen black tents. The division of the dwelling is preserved into male and female halves.

Dwellings of the peoples of the world: a southwest Asian province

This province occupies mountains with oases and arid highlands in deserts and river valleys. It is subdivided into the Iranian-Afghan, Asia Minor, Arabian, Mesopotamian-Syrian historical and cultural regions. Rural settlements are mostly large, with a central market square, rectangular mud-brick, stone or adobe houses with a courtyard and a flat roof. The interior decoration includes felt mats, carpets, mats.

North American province

It includes taiga and arctic tundra, Alaska, prairies and temperate forests, as well as subtropics on the Atlantic coast. The following areas are distinguished: Canadian, Arctic, North American. Before European colonization, only Indians and Eskimos lived in this place (the main types of houses differ slightly from each other, depending on the areas where people live. The settlers have housing traditions that are similar in many respects to European ones.

African tropical province

It includes the equatorial regions of Africa with dry and wet savannas, tropical forests. Areas are distinguished: West-central, West African, East African, tropical, Madagascar island, South African. Rural settlements are scattered or compact, consisting of small frame-pillar dwellings with a round or rectangular layout. They are surrounded by various outbuildings. Sometimes the walls are decorated with painted or embossed ornaments.

Latin American province

It occupies all of Central and South America. There are such areas as: Mesoamerican, Caribbean, Amazonian, Andean, Fireland, Pampas. Local residents are characterized by rectangular, single-chamber dwellings made of reed, wood and adobe, with a high 2- or 4-pitched roof.

Oceanian province

It consists of 3 regions: Polynesia (Polynesians and Maori), Micronesia and Melanesia (Melanesians and Papuans). Houses in New Guinea are piled, ground, rectangular, and in Oceania they are frame-pillar with a gable high roof made of palm leaves.

Australian province

It also occupies Australia. The dwellings of the natives of these places are sheds, wind barriers, huts.

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