Separate writing of prepositions with nouns. How are suggestions written?

A preposition is an auxiliary, that is, a service part of speech, which is designed to link nouns (less often numerals and pronouns) with other words in a text construction. Prepositions have the following properties:

They help to create phrases and related constructions in sentences;
The preposition does not refer to parts of the sentence;
This part of speech is not subject to any changes;
The preposition is not used with verbs;
Between this part of speech and the word that it connects, you can always insert an additional construction;
After using a preposition, you can put a question to a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Since prepositions are a separate part of speech, they are written separately with words. Problems arise when differentiating a given part of speech with prefixes in a word. The latter is the part of the word that is written before the root and changes its meaning.

When writing prepositions, one should take into account some distinctive features of the service part of speech:

Two simple prepositions can form one complex construction, which will be formed with a hyphen;
A preposition can be formed from another part of speech, that is, become its derivative (thanks to, according to);
A preposition can be formed from a combination of two parts of speech.

The spelling of prepositions is difficult due to the fact that a person often confuses it with other parts of speech. In the process of writing a text, you should always remember the distinctive features of the preposition and the basic rules for writing it.

Some people find it difficult to memorize many of the rules of the Russian language, so they, first of all, should improve this skill. BrainApps, thanks to professionally designed games and individual workouts, will allow you to quickly achieve visible results in improving memory and other brain functions.

Rules for writing prepositions

The use of prepositions in sentences is not particularly problematic. There are few rules for writing them, but mistakes in this part of speech remain one of the most common. It is difficult for people to distinguish this official part of speech from gerunds and adverbs that are pronounced identically, but are written differently.

Writing this part of speech with a hyphen

In order to correctly write a preposition with a hyphen, it is enough to remember specific words, most of which are outdated options and are not used in modern speech. The main prepositions to remember are: because of, from under. All others are considered vernacular.

If there are doubts when writing a word that is a preposition, but is not included in this list, you definitely should not use a hyphen. However, you should think again about whether this construction is a preposition.

Separate writing of prepositions

Some prepositions, despite being derived from nouns, are written separately. These include constructions with particles "by", "for" and "in". In addition, you should remember the spelling of the prepositions “during” and “continuing”, which have only the letter “e” at the end. However, if the word form is a mixture of a preposition and a noun in the prepositional case, then the ending changes to "and". An additional test criterion in the latter variant may be the possibility of inserting one more word inside the construction.

The combination “in conclusion” does not apply to prepositions and the way it is written depends entirely on the sentence. If the word form is a circumstance, that is, it has a dependent construction, then the letter “and” is written. In other situations, the noun is put in the accusative case and, accordingly, the letter “e” is used.

Spelling of prepositions together

When writing prepositions together, you need to be able to clearly define the part of speech, since word combinations that are identical in sound are written completely differently. Common controversial designs:

"Despite" and "despite". The first option is used in cases where it is impossible to remove “not”, the construction cannot be replaced by a verb, and the meaning of the word form is: “despite the fact that”.
"I mean" and "I mean". The first part of speech is used together in situations where there is a causal relationship. Separate spelling of the word form is required if there is a spatial relationship.
"follow" and "follow". The preposition is written together if it can be supplemented with the phrase "behind the beast."
"As a result" and "as a result". The preposition is written only with the letter "e" and expresses a consistent transition from cause to effect. When combining a noun with a preposition, the endings can change.
"Towards" and "to meet". The first option indicates the direction, and the second implies a specific goal (to meet a friend).
"About" and "About". The preposition is used in the sense of "about something" and is written together. The second option is used in cases where one more word can be inserted between words.
"In the middle" and "in the middle". In the first case, a spatial relationship is implied, in the second, there is a specific object and it is possible to separate words with another one.
"like" and "like". The first option is written together, as it implies a synonym for "something like." In the second case, a third can be inserted between the words.
"Like" and "kind of". The first option is used in cases where the construction can be replaced by a synonym.

In order to never make mistakes when writing prepositions, one should know well the spelling of all other parts of speech and their distinctive properties. Quick decision-making, without remembering the rules, becomes real only with sufficient experience.

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Possible difficulties

good advice

In some cases, words with a prefix are written with a hyphen, and in some - together.

Swim like a dog.

Take more.

The prefix is not the only condition for writing an adverb with a hyphen. It is necessary that the adverb ends in -mu (him), -ki, -i. If these conditions are absent in the adverb, it is usually written together.

In Georgian (in ... ki).

In a bearish way (in ... s).

Little by little (we write together, there are no conditions for a hyphen).

Words with to and the final part -th (-th) in some cases are written with a hyphen, and in others - separately.

Made it the old way.

Followed the old trail.

Do not confuse adverbs in -mu (-mu) and adjectives.

Did (how?) the old way (adverb).

Walked along (what?) old (adjective) trail (here the preposition on refers to the noun: on the trail).

You can make a mistake in writing words with the prefix something, for example:

some...where, some...at...whom.

Do not confuse adverbs with something and pronouns with something. Pronouns are written according to a special rule (see Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of indefinite and negative pronouns).

It is difficult to understand when words are written together and when words are written separately:

in ... breadth, in ... depth, in ... distance, in ... top, in ... bottom, on ... top, along ... bottom, along ... top, along ... sides, in ... front, ... back, ... century, in ... century, etc.

Distinguish between adverbs with the meaning of time or space and the nouns from which these adverbs are formed. Please note that the presence of a dependent word indicates that we have a noun in front of us, which must be written separately with a preposition.

Went upstairs (There is no dependent word, this is an adverb, it is written together).

He climbed to the top of the hill (There is a dependent word for hill, written separately).

Remember: words to the side, to the side, to the depth, to the depth, to the width, to the height, to the length are always written separately.

Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether a given word is a noun or has already become a derivative preposition:

during ... the day,

during ... discussions,

in the course of ... the river.

This problem usually arises in relation to the following prepositions: during, in continuation, due to, despite.

If the forms in during, in continuation have a temporary meaning, they are considered prepositions, at the end E is written.

If these forms do not have a temporary meaning, they are considered nouns, the corresponding case ending is written at the end.

Photos will be developed during the day. But: In the course of this river, fast and powerful, it is not easy to keep the boat.

If the form due to has the meaning of the cause, it is considered a preposition and is written together. If this form has a different meaning, it is considered a noun and is written separately with the appropriate case ending.

Due to an administrator error, there were failures in the management of the pipeline. But: A mistake crept into the investigation into the Maleev case.

If the form despite has the meaning of concession (close in meaning to the union though), it is considered a preposition and despite is written together. If a similar form is used in the meaning of "without looking", it is considered a gerund and is written separately.

Despite the squalid environment, the service at the hotel was tolerable. But: Despite the faces of the neighbors, he continued to chew his sandwich.

A rule from reference materials is sometimes difficult to apply in practice.

Indeed, the rule on distinguishing between unions and homonymous forms covers only the most typical cases. We hope, however, that the training tests will be enough to master this topic.

You can make a mistake in writing words with the stem gender-, for example:

half ... the seventh morning;

half ... the metropolitan loaf.

In cases half past six in the morning; half past nine in the evening, the basis of the floor is written with the word together. Word Eleventh floor written with a hyphen.

Combinations in which there is an adjective between the base half and the second part of the compound word are written separately.

floor of the capital loaf;

half a bay leaf.

There is a problem of distinguishing between complex adjectives and phrases adverb + adjective, for example:

a lot ... promising (project) and deadly ... dangerous (risk).

In the first case, we have a complex adjective, the first part of which is formed from an adverb and which denotes a whole concept (written together). In the second case - a phrase that has not merged into a compound word (written separately). Unfortunately, there is no general spelling rule that works effectively in each specific case to solve this problem. However, it can be noted that adverbs that do not merge with an adjective usually answer the questions how? how? in what degree? More often than others, the following words act in this role:

Vital.

Originally Russian.

Just the opposite.

It is difficult to remember the spelling of compound adjectives that are traditionally hyphenated.

See reference materials. Remember the spelling of adjectives:

World ... historical,

world famous;

folk…democratic, folk…liberation, folk…poetic.

Also watch the video, if something is not clear, you need to repeat the material, or the right rule was not found.

Hyphen in adverbs

Most adverbs in Russian are written together. In some cases, separate spelling is preserved, see: Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs and adverbial expressions. There is a special group of adverbs that are written with a hyphen.

Knew (in) English; said (in) simple; put on (up collar) inside out.

Adverbs are written with a hyphen under the following conditions:

1) according to - ... th / ... him,

To my mind;

in Russian;

like a wolf.

But: little by little(no condition);

in my opinion(no adverb here).

2) in - ... s / ... them,

Firstly;

third.

3) something - ...,

... - anything;

Somewhere;

somehow;

ever;

somewhere.

4) The adverb consists of two parts that completely or partially repeat each other.

Barely;

little by little.

He knew English - condition 1 applies (in ... KI).

He simply said - there are no conditions for writing with a hyphen, it is written together, like most adverbs.

Put on top-down - condition 4 applies (the adverb consists of two parts that partially repeat each other).

Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs and adverbial expressions

Adverbs were formed in the language later than other independent parts of speech, so they usually come from nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns.

To find out whether the adverb will be written together, it is necessary to determine from which part of speech the given adverb is formed.

Looks (into) the distance; walked (alone) alone; worried (in) empty; (c) the end is exhausted.

If the adverb is not formed from a noun, then it is written together.

If an adverb is formed from a noun, then it is written together in the following cases:

back to back(from adjective).

in two(from the numeral).

From outside(from adverb).

Remember some exceptions:

one, two, three;

in the open, in general;

on the world, on the back.

1) if the adverb is formed from an obsolete word:

to smithereens (no noun " rattles»);

too much (no noun) "mind");

after (no noun) "catching up");

2) if it is an adverb of place and time:

3) if the adverb is formed from a combination of a noun with a preposition and a case question cannot be posed to the former noun:

smoke inhalingly (you can’t ask: smoke into what?);

cloak overhand (you can’t ask: cloak in what?)

Looks into the distance - the adverb of the place, is written together.

Walked alone - from obsolete noun loner(in meaning " alone, unaccompanied”), is written together.

Worried in vain - the adverb is formed from the adjective empty, is written fluently.

Completely exhausted - this is an adverb, because you can’t ask a case question (you can’t say: tired of what?) is written fluently.

In modern Russian there are many adverbs and adverbial expressions that are written together or separately according to tradition. Their spelling should be memorized.

SEPARATELY

recklessly

stupidly

unrestrained

without knowledge

bluntly

carelessly

without permission

uselessly

without restraint

incessantly

whitewashed

tightly

out of spite

firmly

dry

right through

at attention

utterly

by heart

inside out

on the face

race

recklessly

on the run

to the side

Aweigh

in sight

on house

rearing up

to envy

at the end of

on all fours

on the fly

back down

galloping

on the run

condescendingly

rashly

from a young age

awake

in appearance

from the raid

running

on the move

hard boiled

back to back

blindly

wasted

scattered

twice

triple

four times

short of

skin-tight

in girth

all in all

by oneself

to avoid

openly

point blank

do in secret (secretly)

stand to the death

go to death

abroad

Abroad

under the arm

take under the arm

from under the arm

Spelling of prepositions

Many prepositions in Russian are derivatives. The spelling of some of them should be memorized.

Lemonade (in) place of tea; got out (from) under the fence; won, (not) despite the fatigue.

1. Prepositions due to, from under, over, over are written with a hyphen.

Looked around the corner.

Got it from under the pillow.

2. Derivative prepositions, which include a non-derivative preposition and a noun, are usually written in two words:

in the course of, in continuation, in the form of, in connection with, to the extent, throughout, for the reason, for the purposes of, on the part of etc.

Absent due to illness.

3. The following prepositions are written together:

in view of (in the meaning of "for the reason"), like (in the meaning of "like"), instead of, as a result of, like, about (in the meaning of "about"), despite (regardless of) on.

absent due to illness;

something like an arch;

felt boots instead of boots;

made a mistake due to inattention;

something like a winter coat;

talk about work

made it on time despite the traffic jams.

4. In prepositions during, in continuation, in contrast, due to the end, E is written. Combinations with the first two prepositions always have the meaning of time and answer the question how long?

Waited for (continued) weeks.

The combination with the preposition due has a causal meaning.

Due to insufficient funding, the facility was closed.

Lemonade instead of tea.

Get out from under the fence.

He won despite being tired.

Spelling unions

Many unions in Russian are derivatives, i.e. they are derived from other parts of speech, including combinations:

pronoun + particle (what + would = to), preposition + pronoun (from + what = why).

At the same time, conjunctions are written, as a rule, together, and pronouns with particles and prepositions are written separately. There is a problem with spelling.

The (same) word, but it would not be so to say. I don't know what he could do for her. And then you (same) pass into the house. In order to sleep, he took sleeping pills.

Find out what part of speech they are that (same) that (would) in the analyzed proposal. The following table will help you do this.

If you have a union

it can be replaced by another union close in meaning.

If you have a pronoun + particle in front of you, then the particle can be rearranged to another place or not used.

ALSO can be replaced by ALSO, AND.

He ALSO went there. (You can replace: he also went there; and he went there.)

SAME can be replaced by THAT; SAME; SAME AS I.

He did the SAME thing that I did. (You can replace: he did what I did.)

The SAME proof is also used in another paper. (It can be replaced: that proof is also used in another work.)

ALSO can be replaced by ALSO, I.

I was surprised, he ALSO. (You can replace: I was surprised, he was too; I was surprised, and he was surprised.)

SAME can be replaced with SO; SIMILAR; AS WELL AS.

I was just as surprised as you. (You can replace: I was surprised just like you; I was surprised just like you.)

TO can be replaced by TO.

For anything to work, you have to work hard.(You can replace: You have to work hard to get something.)

WHAT would be replaced by WHAT.

What else to do today?(You can replace: what else to do today?

If you have a pronoun in front of you - an adverb, then it can be replaced by adverbs that are close in meaning.

If you have a preposition + pronoun in front of you, then the corresponding adjectives and nouns can be used instead of the pronoun.

WHY can be replaced with WHY.

WHY are you sad? (You can replace: why are you sad?)

WHAT does the decision depend on? (You can replace: on what circumstances does the decision depend?)

WHY can be replaced with WHY.

WHY is it so hot? (You can replace: why is it so hot?)

WHY did they go down to the sea? (You can replace: they went down the stairs to the sea.)

BECAUSE can be replaced by BECAUSE.

I was late BECAUSE I was busy (You can replace: I was late because I was busy.)

BECAUSE can be replaced with BECAUSE.

He came back BECAUSE he forgot the key. (You can replace: he returned because he forgot the key.)

BECAUSE.

ON THAT shore people fled. (You can replace: people ran along the far shore.)

FROM THAT.

A man walked away from THAT tree. (You can replace: a man walked away from a tall tree.)

SO can be replaced with BECAUSE.

I forgot my key, SO I couldn't open the lock. (You can replace: I forgot the key, so I could not open the lock.)

THAT'S WHY.

A trolley bus will pass through THIS bridge. (Can be replaced: a trolleybus will pass over the new bridge.)

WHY can be replaced with WHY.

WHY did you stay? (You can replace: why did you stay?)

WHY.

Why was he hiding in the forest? (You can replace: he was hiding behind a tree in the forest.)

THEN can be replaced with AFTER.

I left, THEN came back. (You can replace: I left, then returned.)

THEN.

BEHIND THAT turn the forest began. (You can replace: the forest began around the next turn).

If you have a union, then it

can be replaced by unions that are close in meaning.

If you have a preposition + pronoun in front of you, then instead of a pronoun, the corresponding adjectives can be used with a preposition.

ZATO can be replaced by BUT.

The story is short but interesting. (You can replace: the story is short, but interesting.)

FOR THAT.

He hid behind THAT tree. (You can replace: he hid behind a large tree.)

BECAUSE, AND can be replaced by THIS.

He is a musician, BECAUSE he is talented th. (You can replace: he is a musician, and talented at the same time.)

They persuaded me, AND very diligently. (You can replace: I was persuaded, while very diligently.)

The house has a swimming pool.(You can replace: an expensive house has a pool.)

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of the introductory word so and its homonymous form.

The SAME word, but it would not be so to say - can be replaced by the SAME word. This is a pronoun with a particle, it is written separately.

I do not know WHAT he could do for her - can be replaced by WHAT. This is a pronoun with a particle, it is written separately.

And you ALSO go into the house - you can replace it with ALSO. This is a union, it is written together.

TO fall asleep, he took sleeping pills - can be replaced with IN ORDER TO. This is a union, it is written together.

Spelling of compound nouns

Compound nouns are nouns that include several stems: airplane, freeze frame, sofa bed, airport terminal, etc.

Hyphenated and continuous spellings are used to form compound words.

The choice of spelling for words, the first part of which is a stem borrowed from another language

(Vice) Speaker; (rock)poetry; (board) engineer.

You should remember the spelling of the highlighted borrowed part.

HYPHENED

vice (deputy prime minister)

leib (life medic)

chief (chief quartermaster)

press (press conference)

rock (rock music)

non-commissioned officer (non-commissioned officer)

headquarters (headquarters)

staff (headquarters captain)

ex (ex-president)

air (airmail)

auto (highway)

aero (air terminal)

agro (agricultural technology)

bio (biomass)

board (flight mechanic)

hydro (hydro station)

geo (geopathogenic)

zoo (zoo)

cinema (filming)

counter* (counterstrike)

moto (motocross)

photo (photo artist)

* other than word rear admiral , which is written with a hyphen.

Vice Speaker; rock poetry; flight engineer.

Choice of spelling in other cases

(Freeze; (round) gate; (technical) inspection; (State) Duma.

Typical cases of CONTINUOUS spelling of compound nouns

Typical cases of HYPHENIC spelling of compound nouns

A noun is written together if it is formed with connecting vowels (-O- / -E-):

pedometer;

chimney;

rockfall.

Note!

The names of the cardinal points are written with a hyphen, despite the connecting vowels:

northwest;

southeast;

southwest.

A noun is written with a hyphen if it is formed without the help of connecting vowels:

sofa bed;

raincoat tent;

social democracy;

emergency brake.

Note!

The names of cities are written together, despite the absence of connecting vowels:

Belgorod;

Leningrad.

The following words are also written together without connecting vowels:

time reckoning;

pastime;

madness.

Words are written together with the second part of the meter:

ammeter;

voltmeter.

A noun is written together if it is compound abbreviated:

those help;

state Committee;

children nursery.

A noun is written with a hyphen if it denotes a unit of measurement:

kilowatt-hour;

volt-ampere;

ton-kilometre.

A noun is written together if it has a verb stem ending in AND:

rip off head;

burn color;

hold muzzle.

Exception: tumbleweed

A noun is written with a hyphen if it means a plant:

Ivan da Marya;

coltsfoot.

Nouns with an estimated value are written through a hyphen:

cheers-patriots;

good boy.

In many cases, the spelling of compound nouns needs to be memorized.

Freeze frame - the noun is formed without the help of a connecting vowel. Written with a hyphen.

Circulation - the noun is formed with the help of the connecting vowel -О-. It is written fluently.

Inspection is a compound word. It is written fluently.

State Duma is a compound word. It is written fluently.

Spelling of nouns with the abbreviated stem POL-

Half ... an apple; half ... the road; half ... Moscow; half ... forest.

Find out what letter the noun begins with after the stem POL-.

Spelling compound adjectives

Spelling of adjectives formed from compound nouns

(Southeastern; (Vice) Prime Minister.

Compound adjectives derived from compound nouns retain the fused or hyphenated spellings that those nouns had, see: Spelling of compound nouns.

If adjectives are formed from hyphenated nouns, they are also written with a hyphen:

northeastern(derived from northeast);

non-commissioned officer (derived from non-commissioned officer).

If adjectives are formed from nouns with continuous spelling, they are also written together:

oilfield (derived from oilfield);

Belgorod (derived from Belgorod).

Southeast - derived from the word southeast, written with a hyphen.

Vice Prime Minister - formed from the word vice premier, written with a hyphen.

Spelling of adjectives whose first part ends in O (E)

(Dizzy) spinning; (social) political.

Written with a hyphen

It is written together

An adjective is written with a hyphen if it denotes a shade of color, taste:

dark blue;

red-brown;

bitter salty.

An adjective is written together if it is formed from a subordinate phrase (with a main and a dependent word):

dark-browed (dark eyebrows);

iron foundry (cast iron);

house-building (build houses).

Exceptions:

Geographical names are written through a hyphen, even if they are formed from a subordinating phrase.

the East European Plain(but Eastern European peoples);

South China Sea

(but South Chinese customs).

An adjective is written with a hyphen if it is formed from a coordinative combination (with the unions “and”, “not only .., but also”):

Russian-German (Russian and German);

convex-concave (convex and concave);

An adjective is written with a hyphen if its first stem ends in -iko:

historical and archival;

chemical-technological.

An adjective can be written together if its first part is formed from an adverb, and the compound word began to denote a single, integral concept (for example, it became a term or a set expression in a bookish language):

evergreen;

instant coffee;

highly educated person.

Note!

There is a problem of distinguishing between cases of type: promising (project) and deadly (risk). In the first case, we have a complex adjective, the first part of which is formed from an adverb and which denotes a whole concept (written together). In the second case - a phrase that has not merged into a compound word (written separately). Unfortunately, there is no general spelling rule that works effectively in each specific case to solve this problem. However, it can be noted that adverbs that do not merge with an adjective usually answer the questions how? how? in what degree? More often than others, the following words act in this role:

absolutely, vitally, truly, primordially, especially, genuinely, directly, sharply, deadly, strictly.

Vital.

Originally Russian.

Just the opposite.

When in doubt about spelling, you should refer to the spelling dictionary.

You should remember the spelling of the following words and phrases:

world-historical, world famous;

people's democratic, people's liberation, people's poetry.

Dizzy - formed from the subordinating phrase to turn one's head, it is written together.

Socio-political - formed from a coordinating combination of public and political, written with a hyphen.

The rules for spelling prepositions are very important for literate writing. Prepositions are written in different ways: through a hyphen, together, separately. This article will talk about how prepositions are written with words and by themselves.

Prepositions are written through a hyphen: from under, because of, and similar ones. Examples: pull out from under the counter; jump out of the corner.

Derived prepositions

Prepositions are divided into derivative and non-derivative. Non-derivative prepositions are simple prepositions: in, without, for, from, before, over, from, under, with, through, with, by and others. Derived prepositions are more complex in form, they are formed from other parts of speech.

How are derivative prepositions written? Both together and separately. They should be distinguished from the independent parts of speech from which they originated: adverbs, nouns, gerunds.

Suggestion examples:

which are formed from adverbs: in front of the detachment (to go ahead), opposite the window (I stand opposite), indoors (I am inside), near the house (I sit near), along the river (I walk along), near the garden (I plant near), according to the instructions ( live according), around the garden (look around).
which are formed from nouns: about work (put on the account), due to an accident (due to this case), during the time (during the river), to say in conclusion (to be imprisoned), during the night (in the continuation of the novel), by force of circumstances (believe in force).
which are formed from gerunds: thanks to the rain (thanks to the owner), despite the illness (not looking down).

Derivative prepositions require after themselves words in a certain case. As you can see, derivative prepositions can be written together and separately. Often (but not always) the spelling of a derived preposition is the same as the spelling of the word from which it is derived. However, it is best to memorize the spelling of derivative prepositions.

In such prepositions as in spite of, in spite of "not" is written together. It is necessary to distinguish: in the expression "despite a fair age" despite is a preposition, and in the expression "not looking down" in spite of - a participial turnover. Distinguish similar expressions by meaning, be sure to look at the context. Prepositions are written together, and participles are written separately.

Writing prepositions together and separately

Prepositions are spelled out

instead of,
due to
in view of
like,
towards,
about,
inside,
in excess of,
like,
after,
over.

They should be distinguished from nouns with prepositions that sound the same. The preposition, as a rule, can be easily replaced without changing the meaning by a synonymous non-derivative preposition, for example: towards - to; about - oh, about; as a result - because of; in view of - because of; after; like - like, etc.

Suggestions are written separately.

In the form of, in continuation, in completion, in comparison with, at the end of, during, in conclusion, in contrast to, in connection with, upon arrival.
Like, in continuation, in conclusion, as a result of, during, in contrast to, in completion. At the end of these prepositions is written -e.
Throughout, at the end, in comparison, upon arrival. At the end of these prepositions is written -i.
Upon completion and upon arrival. These prepositions always mean "after something".
In continuation, during, in conclusion. These prepositions always mean time.

How are prepositions written with words? In Russian, prepositions with other words are written separately. This is also the answer to the question of how pronouns with prepositions are written. For example: in front of me, with me, to you, with her, from him, for myself.

Now you know how prepositions are written. To summarize: prepositions in Russian are written together, separately and with a hyphen. You should remember how different prepositions are written in order to use them correctly in writing, and also to distinguish in which cases you have a derivative preposition, and in which - the word from which it is derived.

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on . This lesson will focus on the spelling of prepositions.

Lesson 16. Hyphenated spelling of paired prepositions from behind, from under, above, behind; all together prepositions due to, in view of, like, like, about; in several parts of compound prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion, in the absence of, in contrast to, in anticipation of, in order to avoid, in spite of, in spite of

I. Non-derivative paired prepositions from behind, from under, above, behind written with a hyphen, for example: (appear) from behind the mountains, (crawl out) from under the ground, (fly) over the shore, (live) across the river.

Exercise. Find in the sentence a noun dependent on the verb, to which the preposition from under belongs, and determine its case. Soon, from under the most beloved Christmas tree machine, grown especially for my mother, a black shiny nose of a hedgehog appeared.

II. Derivative prepositions are written together 1) due to 2) in view of, like, like, about.
To correctly write derivative prepositions, you need to be able to distinguish them from homonymous independent parts of speech (see the previous lesson).

1. Preposition due to has a causal meaning (it can be replaced by the preposition due to ) and is written at the end with a vowel E. This preposition must be distinguished from the adverb subsequently and a noun with a preposition because of.

Adverb subsequently written with a vowel And at the end, this adverb in a sentence can be replaced by an adverb then, compare:

1) (preposition) Due to(due to) unforeseen circumstances, the train was late.(late due to what?, because of what? due to circumstances)
2) (adverb) Subsequently(then, then) lovers lived happily ever after.(lived when? subsequently, then, then)

Noun in instrumental case with simple preposition because of has the lexical meaning "in investigation":

Mistake made(where?, in what?) because of on business.

2. Derived prepositions in view of, like, like, about in a sentence must be distinguished from homonymous nouns with non-derivative prepositions. To do this, it is necessary to identify phrases where the dependent word is a noun with a derivative preposition, and remember to replace parts of speech with synonymous or similar ones. Nouns with non-derivative prepositions appear in the sentence in their direct lexical meaning. Compare pair sentences:

1) - Preposition ( did not arrive in view of what? due to bad weather; due to bad weather). What do you mean?- Expression keep in mind means have in mind.
2) Rivers like the Volga have strong currents.- Preposition ( rivers what?, like what? like the Volga, like the Volga). The sculpture is similar(for what?) like an animal.
3) My brother is like me.- Preposition ( brother like who? like me, like me) (There is also a complex particle like, expressing doubt.) This adjective agrees with the noun in gender.- Noun with preposition ( consistent in what? in kind)
4) The conversations were about the economic situation.- Preposition ( walked about what? about the situation about the situation). Put money into a bank account.- Noun ( put where?, for what? to the account)

Exercise. Which of the sentences with synonymous prepositions corresponds to colloquial speech?

The plane did not land due to bad weather.
The plane did not take off due to bad weather.
The plane did not take off due to bad weather.

III. Compound prepositions are written in several parts in the course of, in continuation, in conclusion, in the absence of, in contrast to, in anticipation of, in order to avoid, in spite of, in spite of.

1. At synonymous prepositions during, during the vowel E is written at the end. These prepositions always have the meaning of time and in the phrase, together with the noun, answer the question how long?, for example:

During (in the course of) a week, Borya was preparing for the exams. (prepared for what?, for how long? during, during the week)

These prepositions must be distinguished from nouns in the prepositional case with a non-derivative preposition in the course, in the continuation, which are used in the sentence in their direct lexical meaning, for example:

1) There have been some changes in the course of the river recently.(occurred where?, in what? during what? rivers)
2) Further events developed(in what?) in continuation(what?) novel.

2. Preposition Finally has the meaning "at the end of something" and is written with the vowel E. A noun with a preposition in custody has the lexical meaning "in prison" or "in the final part of the text", prepositional case and ending -and, compare:

1) In closing (at the end) In his speech, the author touched upon a problem that was of concern to all.- Preposition ( touched at the end of what? at the end of the speech)
2) The perpetrator was kept(where?, in what?) in custody (in prison) in custody.
3) The main idea of the text is expressed(where?, in what?) in custody.

3. Preposition in the absence of written at the end with a vowel E. This preposition can be replaced by a preposition without, for example:

In the absence (without) the mother, order was maintained at home. (preserved in the absence of whom?, without whom? without mother)

A homonymous noun with a preposition in absence has the meaning "to be absent" ( Ivan Ivanovich in the absence), refers to obsolete and is not used in modern speech.

4. Preposition Unlike

Unlike his sister, his brother was very restless. (was restless unlike who? unlike sister)

A homonymous noun with a preposition in the direct lexical meaning is used today only in the grammatical form with honors (graduating with honors).

5. Preposition ahead of written with the vowel I, for example:

On the eve of the upcoming holiday, a rehearsal of the orchestra was announced. (was announced ahead of what? on the eve of the holiday)

Exercise. Explain, based on the meaning of the preposition, the spelling of the two letters D.

6. Preposition to avoid written with the vowel E, for example:

Stay at home today to avoid trouble. (stay to avoid what? to avoid trouble)

A homonymous noun with a preposition is obsolete and is not used independently.

7. Prepositions in spite of, in spite of formed from adverbs. When writing these proposals, keep the following in mind:

1) prepositional-case combinations of nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of oppositions matter, they can be replaced by combinations with a union although, and gerunds looking and in spite of are used in their lexical meaning "to look with the eyes";
2) particle not in prepositions it has turned into a prefix and is written together, while with gerunds it is always written separately;
3) prepositional-case combinations of nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of in a sentence they are always distinguished by commas (separated) in the same way as adverbial phrases. Compare:

In spite of (despite) the rain, we'll go outside.- Preposition ( let's go to in spite of what? despite the rain although it's raining)
He walked down the street despite on passersby.- A gerund with a particle not ( walked how?, how? in spite of not looking on passers-by)

Exercise. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together?

To develop memory, chess players sometimes play (c) blind that is ( despite on the desk.
(During not been for several days (no connections with the city.
The whale kept swimming straight (for) a meeting ship, (despite to shouting and firing.
(For For centuries, people have tried to invent a flying machine and rise (c) height.