History essay example. Essay on the history of the exam

Sample historical essay (taking into account the main four criteria).

Describe this historical period: 1462-1505

Historical essay

In the history of the Fatherland 1462-1505. - the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich (Ivan the Great), the Grand Duke of Moscow, the son of the Moscow Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

1 criterion: indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) related to a given period of history.

During the reign of Ivan Vasilievich, a significant part of the Russian lands around Moscow was united and it became the center of a single Russian state. The final liberation of the country from the rule of the Horde khans was achieved; the Code of Laws was adopted - a code of laws of the state, the current brick Moscow Kremlin was erected and a number of reforms were carried out that laid the foundations of the local land tenure system.

2nd criterion: name two historical personalities whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history.

2. Having continued the policy of his father, Ivan III subjugated the principalities by force or diplomatic agreements: Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Tver (1485), Vyatka land (1489), etc. In 1467 - 1469 he successfully conducted military operations against Kazan, achieving its vassalage. In 1471 he made a trip to Novgorod and, thanks to a simultaneous attack on the city in several directions, carried out by professional soldiers, he won the last feudal war in Russia, incorporating the Novgorod lands into the Russian state, and in 1478 the Novgorod feudal republic ceased to exist even formally.

In 1480, the Khan of the Horde Akhmat moved a huge army to Russia, wanting to re-subjugate the country, which had not paid tribute since 1476. Akhmat made a detour and attempted to force the river. Ugra. "Standing on the Ugra" was not peaceful. Arrows and cannonballs flew across the narrow river. On November 9 - 11, 1480, Akhmat's retreat and flight began. This victory of Ivan III meant the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia.

The victory over external enemies allowed Ivan III to liquidate most of the destinies. After the wars with the Lithuanian led. principality (1487 - 1494; 1500 - 1503), many western Russians went to Russia. cities and lands.

During the reign of Ivan III, relations with the church acquired great importance. The main events characterizing church affairs during his reign can be called, firstly, the emergence of two church-political trends that had different attitudes to the practice of church life that existed at that time, and, secondly, the emergence, development and defeat of called "the heresy of the Judaizers" Church leader Joseph Volotsky acted as an ardent denouncer of heresy; This denunciation takes its most complete form in The Illuminator. The followers of Volotsky received the name "Josephites". They defended the right of the church to wealth (in particular, to land). The discussion about church property ended with the final defeat of the heresy.

3 criteria: indicate at least two causal relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

3. As a result of the unification of a significant part of the Russian lands around Moscow, it turned into the center of a single Russian state. The new status of Moscow, the capital of the state, demanded a change in its appearance. Churches and cathedrals built under Ivan Kalita fell into disrepair and therefore a new Assumption Cathedral was erected and a new Archangel Cathedral was laid, the construction of a new Kremlin, the Faceted Chamber, the Cathedral of the Annunciation, etc. began. Under Ivan III, "the Grand Duke of All Russia", in Many foreigners appeared in Moscow: Italian and German builders, ambassadors of many states with whom diplomatic relations were established, Greek relatives of the niece of the Byzantine emperor Sophia Paleolog, whom Ivan III married, and others. Court life became more complicated and ceremonial.

The strengthening of the central government required the creation of new governing bodies - orders. The first legislative code of the Russian centralized state Sudebnik 1497.

4th criterion: using the knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

4. The main result of this period was the unification around Moscow of most of the Russian lands. Russia included: Novgorod land, for a long time the former rival of the Moscow principality, the Tver principality, as well as the Yaroslavl, Rostov, and partially Ryazan principalities. Only the Pskov and Ryazan principalities remained independent, however, they were not completely independent either. After successful wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Bryansk and a number of other cities became part of the Moscow state (which before the war accounted for about a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania); dying, Ivan III passed on to his successor several times big lands than he took. In addition, it was under the Grand Duke Ivan III Russian the state becomes completely independent: as a result of “standing on the Ugra”, the power of the Horde Khan over Russia, which lasted from 1243, completely ceases.

The reign of Ivan III was also marked by success in domestic politics. In the course of the reforms, a code of laws of the country was adopted - the "Sudebnik" of 1497. At the same time, the foundations of the command system of government were laid, and the local system also appeared. The centralization of the country and the elimination of fragmentation were continued; the government waged a fairly tough fight against the separatism of the specific princes. The era of the reign of Ivan III became a time of cultural upsurge. The erection of new buildings (in particular, the Moscow Assumption Cathedral), the flourishing of chronicle writing, the emergence of new ideas - all this testifies to significant success in the field of culture.

912 – 962

The time period from 912 to 972 refers to history Old Russian state. Among the most important processes of this period, the following are clearly traced: firstly, the formation of the tax system. And, secondly, the process of formation of the state territory, its expansion and defense of emerging borders.

Speaking about this period, one should name the rulers of this period. These are Prince Igor (912 - 945), who began to rule after the death of Prince Oleg, and Princess Olga (945 - 972), Igor's wife, who ruled after the death of her husband.

An important area of activity Kyiv princes in the period from 912 to 972 was the development of the tax system. During the reign of Igor, there was a so-called polyudye, when the Kyiv prince with his retinue traveled around the tribes included in his state and collected tribute from them in kind (furs, products, etc.). At the same time, the amount of payments was determined on the spot and could be more or less depending on various factors. This system contributed to the fact that it united the lands of the Eastern Slavs into a single state, provided Kyiv with the flow of funds to conduct its policy. But the system also had disadvantages (the need for the personal presence of the prince during the collection of polyudya, a variable amount of tribute), which were fully manifested in the story of the death of Prince Igor during the polyudya in 945. Then the tribe of the Drevlyans, outraged by Igor's attempt to take tribute again, dealt with the prince and his soldiers.

Having cruelly avenged the Drevlyans for the death of Igor, Princess Olga drew conclusions from what had happened, took into account Igor's mistakes and carried out a serious tax reform. The poll has been cancelled. Instead, a system of lessons and churchyards has been established. (Uroki is a predetermined amount of tribute, graveyards are places where tribute was delivered.) Thanks to this reform, Olga significantly improved the tax system of the Old Russian state. From now on, taxation was unified for all tribes subordinate to Kyiv. The activities of Princess Olga in this direction strengthened both the financial system of the state and the cohesion of the tribes. There were no more grounds for accusing the Kievan princes of having a biased attitude towards this or that tribe.

Speaking of the second important process period 912 - 972 years, then this is the process of expanding the territory of the state and its protection. Prince Igor is known for subordinating the tribe of streets to the power of Kyiv and defending the Eastern Slavs from the raids of the Pechenegs, a nomadic people who lived south of the territories inhabited by Eastern Slavs. In addition, Igor organized campaigns against Byzantium in 941 and 944. and concluded in 944 with this country a profitable military-trade agreement that contributed to security and development Ancient Russia. This treaty, in particular, fixed the right of Ancient Russia to expand its territories in the south - in the river. Danube and on the Taman Peninsula. Thus, Igor's activities contributed to the expansion of the territory of the Old Russian state and the security of its borders.

Princess Olga continued her husband's policy of preserving and expanding the territory of the state. Due to the actions of Igor during the polyudye in 945, the Drevlyane tribe fell out of the power of Kyiv. Olga, realizing the importance of preserving all her subjects under her rule, managed by cunning and cruelty to return the Drevlyane tribe under the rule of Kyiv and force him to pay tribute. She continued cooperation with Byzantium, confirming the lucrative agreement concluded by Igor. In addition, during her trip to Constantinople, Olga converted to Christianity, which had an impact on the growth of a positive attitude towards Christianity of her subjects and subsequently facilitated the baptism of Russia in 988.

Like Igor, Olga had to defend her people from the Pechenegs at a time when her son Svyatoslav Igorevich had already become a prince. When in 968 the Pechenegs approached Kyiv, it was she who led the defense of the city, which turned out to be successful. Speaking about the significance of Olga's activities in the matter of preserving and expanding the territory of the Old Russian state, one should evaluate her positively. Although Olga did not seriously expand the borders, she managed to maintain power over the restless tribes of the Eastern Slavs, protect them from the Pecheneg raids, and ensure peace and cooperation with Byzantium.

The period from 912 to 972 was important for national history and eventful. The reign of Igor and Olga became a period of "gathering" under the rule of Kyiv the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs. period of successful defense of the borders of the young state. Thus, the formation and development of the most important feature of the state - the unity of the territory.

In addition, during this period, another sign of statehood was developing - the system of tax collections. As a result of this process, a successful system of lessons and churchyards recognized by all Eastern Slavs has developed.

This period largely laid the foundations for the future prosperity of Ancient Russia and the beginning of the XI century.

In 2016, a new assignment for the exam in history will be introduced - writing a historical essay on specified period. The students were somewhat confused, because in previous years there was a different task - to write an essay on personality characteristics.

I offer my own version of developing skills according to the new version of task 25.

Essay on the history of the exam - examples and where to start

It seems to me that the best way to start writing an essay on history is to remember and write out all the personalities that are associated with the selected period. For example, it is proposed to write an essay about the period 1019-1054. This is the period Kievan Rus. We remember that Yaroslav the Wise ruled at that time. What other personalities are associated with this period? Of course, children and, above all, I remember Yaroslav's beloved daughter, who became queen, and after the death of her husband, the ruler of France. So, we define two personal ty - Yaroslav the Wise and his daughter Anna Yaroslavna.

Now we need to define the events of the period. First of all, the legislative policy is connected with the name of Prince Yaroslav - the adoption of the first code of laws "Russian Truth", but this is not connected with his daughter.

We think further - the defeat of the Pechenegs, campaigns in the Baltic states and Poland, the fight against local separatism. These events, of course, will need to be mentioned in the essay, characterizing the personality of Yaroslav, but they are also not connected with the personality of Anna. But there are still important areas in the activities of Yaroslav - strengthening the role of Kyiv, turning it into an administrative, religious and Cultural Center, as well as increased contacts with the West through dynastic marriages.

So, you can choose two phenomena that are directly related to both personalities - the opening of schools for girls in Kyiv and dynastic marriages. How are these phenomena related? We recall that in Western Europe during this period there were few literate people even among the nobility. Naturally, the education of the Kievan princesses could not but attract attention to them and the desire to intermarry with them, and this, in turn, increased the prestige of Kievan Rus. It is known that it was education and intelligence that attracted the widowed French king. distant beauty not her appearance.

Documents signed by Anna have been preserved, where she is still honored as a wise and fair ruler. The prestige of the state can be judged by the fact that many European kings considered it an honor to intermarry with Yaroslav, as for Anna, she only agreed to marriage the second time, deeply revered her husband, but did not love.

So, preliminary work for an essay on history was carried out: we indicated two personalities of the period - Yaroslav the Wise and Anna Yaroslavna, identified two phenomena of the period - the development of education among girls in Kievan Rus and dynastic marriages as one of the directions of Yaroslav the Wise's foreign policy, identified causal relationships between the processes: the education of Yaroslav's daughters attracted attention to them in illiterate Europe, and these marriages raised the prestige of Kievan Rus.

Now we turn to work on the parameters of K4. Here you can recall films dedicated to these personalities and compare with historical sources. One can cite the words of N. Karamzin, who, evaluating the activities of Yaroslav the Wise, said: “The brilliant and happy reign of Yaroslav left a monument worthy of a great monarch” (https//: arthiv.orthodoxy.org.ua)

Now you can start writing your essay. The form in the codifier is not specified. It seems to me that the most successful form would be an essay, but I admit that not all colleagues will agree with me. My opinion is based on the fact that the essay is the most free form, close to the conversational genre, which gives an idea of the individuality of the applicant.

Let's sum up some results and develop some algorithm for writing an essay on history for the USE 2016:

Determine the name of the ruler of the proposed period
Determine the main events of the period
We determine which famous people lived in this era and give them a description and assessment
Matching names and events
Establish causal relationships between them
Choosing historical terms and concepts related to the period
Choose a form
Following the chosen form, we write an essay.

I hope that my experience will interest colleagues and help graduates in the unified state exam.

In accordance with the requirements for an essay, let's start with the characteristics of the period (criterion K1).

"1645-1676 - this is the period of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. This king carried out many practical transformations in all areas public life countries that prepared the basis for the future reforms of Peter I. Let's name some of them. The legislative system of the country was improved, a new set of laws was adopted - the Cathedral Code (1649). This document set out legal registration serfdom. According to him, the search for runaway peasants became indefinite, the peasants became forever the property of the owner, the fixed summers were eliminated. In addition, the Code reflected the process of formation of absolutism. It included a chapter regulating the attitude towards the sovereign and proclaiming the most severe punishments for the slightest offenses against the sovereign and the state. Thus, the adoption of the Council Code significantly strengthened the power of the tsar, strengthened the role of the nobles, preserved and confirmed the significant role of the church in the state.

In accordance with the evaluation criteria, this part of the essay characterizes the first of the required two events (phenomena, processes) and summarizes the development of this event (phenomenon, process) (criterion 1).

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to tell about the historical person associated with the event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event.

“Alexey Mikhailovich himself took an active part in the preparation of the Cathedral Code. The king watched the work of the cathedral, made his own adjustments to the legislation. An educator, the “uncle” of the tsar, the head of the government, the boyar B.I., who was close to the tsar, played an important role in the work of the council and in the drafting of legislation. Morozov. Despite the fact that after the Salt Riot of 1648 he was removed from official participation in government, he tacitly continued to play a huge role at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, including supervising the preparation of the Cathedral Code.

In the essay, it is necessary to mention at least two events (phenomena, processes), so let's consider one more event.

“This historical period also went down in history under the name “split of Russian Orthodox Church". The beginning of the split dates back to 1654, when Patriarch Nikon began reforming the church. Nikon strove for the unification of church rituals, books, holidays, etc. But not all believers were ready to accept the new rules, and so-called Old Believers, or schismatics, arose. Its essence was expressed in disagreement with the new church orders and the desire to adhere to the old, pre-reform rites.

Despite the split, church reforms led to the unification of the Russian Orthodox Church, strengthening the power and role of the church in the country. However, we must not forget that another consequence of the reforms was the separation of believers, which has been preserved for many centuries.

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to write about a historical person associated with the second event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event, so you should definitely talk about church leaders who participated in the preparation and implementation of reforms.

“The central figures during the period of the church schism were Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum. Both were prominent spiritual figures in Russia, both were in the inner circle of Alexei Mikhailovich, both enjoyed great prestige among believers. However, Avvakum did not accept Nikon's desire to take Byzantine books and rituals as a model for the unification of books and rituals, but argued that Russia had its own, Slavic Christian roots, which should have been taken as a model in the reform. Avvakum, by personal example, demonstrated loyalty to his principles, defended adherence to antiquity, laid the foundation for a schismatic movement.

Nikon first established himself as an active reformer, a supporter of the new, the union of church and state. But in the future, his desire to put church power above secular power led to the fact that Alexei Mikhailovich stopped supporting him and even actively spoke out for Nikon's resignation from the patriarchal throne, which happened in 1667. After that, Nikon was sent to northern exile, where he spent the rest of my days."

In accordance with the requirements of criterion 3, causal relationships between events should be established.

“There are undoubtedly causal relationships between these events. Both events - both the adoption of the Council Code and the church reform - were dictated common causes: the aggravation of social contradictions in the country, the interest of the population in the creation of clear and precise laws, the need to strengthen the authority of secular and ecclesiastical authorities.

The consequence of these events was the strengthening of the central government, the strengthening of the influence of the church in the state, the strengthening of the authority of Russia as a whole.

In accordance with criterion 4, a historical assessment of the period should be made based on the facts and opinions of historians.

“Aleksey Mikhailovich ruled for a long period - 31 years. During his reign, many reforms were carried out in almost all spheres of public life. But his reign cannot be unequivocally assessed.

On the one hand, a significant step forward was made in the development of the economy. Elements of capitalist relations began to develop faster in the country, foreign specialists began to be attracted more often, the tax system changed, and a policy of protectionism was pursued. The Cathedral Code became for many decades the main legislation of the country. Significant progress has been made in foreign policy: signed peace treaties with many countries (for example, the Peace of Cardis in 1661 with Sweden, the Andrusovo truce with Poland in 1667), in 1654 Russia and Ukraine were reunited, the territories of Russia in the East were significantly expanded (explorations of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers and merchants).

But, on the other hand, it was under Alexei Mikhailovich that serfdom was finally formalized (1649), and the tax burden on the population of the country increased significantly. Many social protests took place (for example, salt riot 1648 Copper Riot of 1662 first peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin 1670–1671 and etc.).

The very figure of Alexei Mikhailovich is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians of both the past and the present.

The image of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in historiography is rather contradictory. In addition, an assessment of the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich often becomes an attempt to justify the nickname “the quietest” attributed to him. This characteristic quickly became almost the only indisputable assessment of the personal qualities of the ruler.

In the study by S.M. Solovyov "History from ancient times" almost three volumes are devoted to the reign of the tsar, but the author did not consider the personality of the ruler himself fateful for Russian history. If we talk about how Solovyov himself evaluates Alexei Mikhailovich, then the tsar, from his point of view, was distinguished by “kindness” and “gentleness”, like his father, Mikhail Fedorovich.

More detailed description gives the king V.O. Klyuchevsky: “I am ready to see in him the best person of Ancient Russia, at least I don’t know another ancient Russian person who would make a more pleasant impression - but not on the throne.” This "best" person, according to Klyuchevsky, was passive and unstable, little able to "defend or carry out anything", "easily lost self-control and gave too much room to his tongue and hands."

From the point of view of S.F. Platonov, Alexei Mikhailovich "was a wonderful and noble, but too soft and indecisive person."

The modern historian Igor Andreev uses this epithet on almost every page and several times in his research. “Undoubtedly, the heroic tragedy is not his genre. The Quietest, he is the Quietest, ”he claims on the first pages of a monograph dedicated to the king. This epithet was able to displace even the name of the king and take his place. A historical novel about Tsar V. Bahrevsky called "The Quietest", a novel by V.Ya. Svetlov "At the Court of the Quietest Emperor".

In general, the era of Alexei Mikhailovich is a period of strengthening absolutism, creating the prerequisites for the reforms of Peter the Great.

Sequencing

At the end of our overview features of working on a new task 25, we want to recommend a short template, using which it is easier to build a certain sequence of actions for yourself.

An essay on history is written according to a certain milestone in history. This may be the period of the reign of the monarch, the war, the cycle of activity of some social movement. For example, in the tests you can find the following date: October 1917 - October 1922. This is the period civil war, which means it will be the topic of the essay.

Requirements for an essay on history in the exam

Before you start writing an essay, you should carefully read requirements to him.

In the demo version of 2019 on the website of the USE developers www.fipi.ru we read what is necessary in the essay (quote):

Indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) related to this period of history;
name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using the knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the persons named by you in these events (phenomena, processes). Attention! When characterizing the role of each person named by you, it is necessary to indicate the specific actions of this person that significantly influenced the course and (or) result of these events;
Indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that characterize the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred in a given period;
Using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, assess the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia;
In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

History essay plan

Based on the above requirements, history essay plan could be like this:

a brief description of period (you should give a name to what is hidden under the date: war, period of government, revolution, etc.).
Disclosure of the first significant event (phenomenon, process) that occurred in a given period. Here the causes and consequences of this event should be mentioned, as well as the person associated with the event and his specific deeds.
Disclosure of the second significant event (phenomenon, process) that happened in this period. It should be mentioned here the causes and effects of this second event, as well as to indicate the person associated with the event and his specific deeds.
Assessment of the significance of this period for the history of the country.

Indicate causal relationships when disclosing the first and second events. In other words, explain and name the causes and results of reforms, wars, riots, revolutions and other facts.

Remember that there can be more than two indicated events and personalities in the essay. In the essay, the main thing is to exhaustively reveal the content and significance of the selected period of history.

Analysis of an essay on history

Now consider a specific essay example, written according to the plan we proposed and analyze it.

Period of Russian history: 1921 - 1928

The first paragraph of our plan reads: "A brief description of the period." We do:

In these years, the period of the sole rule of Joseph Stalin before the start of the Great Patriotic War fits in. These were the years of industrialization, collectivization, terror and preparation for war.

The second point of our plan: "Disclosure of the first significant event (phenomenon, process) that occurred in this period. Here we should mention the causes and consequences of this event, as well as indicate the person associated with the event and her specific deeds."

In 1929, the policy of industrialization began in the USSR. Industrialization is modernization industrial production, the creation of heavy industry in the country, new industries that meet the requirements of the time.

The reason for the industrialization was the technical backwardness of the USSR, as well as the need to gain economic independence from Western countries. The results of industrialization amazed the imagination: during the first three five-year periods of industrialization, a huge number of new enterprises, roads and industries appeared in the country, the country reached a new economic level.

Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (years of life - 1895-1978) took an important part in the events of industrialization. During this period, Mikoyan served as Commissar of Supply and Minister of Foreign Trade. He was engaged in trade, food industry, supply. AT Food Industry Mikoyan introduced several revolutionary things: 1) he laid the foundation for "refrigeration technology" (not "refrigerators in every house", this is later, but new way preparation and storage food products, 2) introduced the technology of canning production and 3) the technology of conveyor production of semi-finished products.

The third point of the plan: "Disclosure of the second significant event (phenomenon, process) that happened in this period. Here it is necessary to mention the causes and consequences of this second event, as well as indicate the person associated with the event and her specific deeds."

To maintain high rates of industrialization, the Soviet government resorted to different kind non-economic methods of coercion. This is the organization of the Stakhanov movement, on the one hand, and the use slave labor prisoners of the Gulag, on the other.

The reasons for the Stalinist mass repressions that unfolded just in the 1930s were Stalin's desire to rid the country of all people who in one way or another aroused distrust and were suspected of disapproving the course adopted by the country. The result of the repressions was the ruined lives of a huge number of innocent people, as well as the formation in society of an atmosphere of fear and lack of freedom, internal and external.
The year of the apogee of repression is called 1937. The head of the NKVD, which means that the leader of the policy of repression, was Nikolai Ivanov Yezhov.

He coordinated and carried out repressions against persons suspected of anti-Soviet activities. Yezhov began with a "cleansing" of the state security agencies themselves, then switched to other categories of citizens. Under Yezhov, the so-called order orders appeared with exact number people who needed to be repressed in one part of the country or another. In 1938 Yezhov was relieved of his post. In 1939, he was arrested and accused of preparing coup d'état and sentenced to death.

The fourth point of the plan: "Assessment of the significance of this period for the history of the country."

Historians assess this period as a time of strengthening the totalitarian system in the country and Stalin's personal power. The heavy industry created thanks to industrialization helped the USSR to lead the Great Patriotic war, however, the repressions bled the country, and also destroyed the command staff of the army, which caused a future failure in the war in its initial period. Collectivization laid the foundation for a future global crisis in Agriculture. The people living at that time received a serious psychological trauma, which had a serious impact on the formation of the national mentality.

An example of a real essay on the exam in history, which received the highest score on the exam (11 points)

These are the years of government Alexander III, who was nicknamed the peacemaker for the fact that under him the Russian Empire did not wage wars. Alexander III came to the throne as a result of the fact that his father, Alexander II the liberator, was killed by members of the revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya. Later, the main conspirators (Perovskaya, Rysakov) were executed.

Alexander III was a conservative. His policy was aimed at combating revolutionary organizations and sentiments. At the very beginning of his reign, in 1881, for this purpose, the "Regulations on measures for the protection public order and public peace. "It also introduces strict censorship and expands the network of secret police.

Under the emperor, there are such economic figures as Bunge, Vyshnegradsky and Witte. Witte's activity falls mainly on the reign of Nicholas II, but he took up his position under Alexander III. Bunge took a serious step - the abolition of the poll tax. He also reduced the redemption payments. These actions contributed to the calming of peasant discontent. Largely thanks to the above figures, the Russian economy continued to flourish.

In foreign policy, Alexander III chose a peaceful course. The diplomat Girs, who actively participated in international affairs, stood out in particular. He, through diplomacy, dissuaded the German government from attacking France, which delayed the outbreak of the First World War and made it possible Russian Empire to build up its military potential, which later Emperor Nicholas II did not use, which largely caused failures during the First World War and which, in turn, resulted in the February Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy. Also, two blocs are finally formed in foreign policy: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Entente (Russia, France, England).

Despite strict censorship, a tough fight against revolutionary movement, the time of his reign cannot be called unfavorable for the country. Under him, the population sighed calmly, because the men did not go to war. The economy continued to flourish. The peasantry did not rebel because the government tried to help them. In foreign policy, Russia took its place on the side of the Entente, the opponent of Germany's aggressive plans. The reign of Alexander III prepared a worthy ground for the transition to a new century.

Criteria for evaluating an essay on history in the USE

There are seven evaluation criteria in total. The maximum number of points that you can get for an essay is 11.

K1. Indication of events, phenomena

2 points: two events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated.

K2. Historical personalities and their role in the indicated events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of history

2 points: two historical personalities are correctly identified, the role of each of these personalities is correctly characterized with an indication of their specific actions that largely influenced the course and (or) result of the named events (phenomena, processes) of the considered period of Russian history.

K3. Cause-and-effect relationships (cause-and-effect relationships named when indicating the role of the individual and counted according to criterion K2 are not counted)

2 points: two cause-and-effect relationships are correctly indicated, characterizing the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred in a given period.

K4. Assessment of the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia

1 point: an assessment of the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia based on historical facts and/or opinions of historians.

K5. Use of historical terminology

1 point: Historical terminology is correctly used in the presentation.

K6. Presence of factual errors

2 points: missing in history factual errors

! 1 and 2 points according to this criterion can be set only if at least 4 points are given according to criteria K1-K4 !

K7. Form of presentation

1 point: the answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (consistent, coherent presentation of the material).

! 1 point for this criterionbe exhibited only if, according to the criteria K1-K4, a total of at least 4 points was awarded!

If the criteria are not fully met, then the numbers are reduced.

Video about personalities for an essay on the period 1894-1917.

How to write a good essay:

Knowledge of all the dates of the reign of the heads of the Russian state, remembering the names of the rulers and their sequence ()
Knowledge of the dates of all major reforms, wars and uprisings ().
Knowledge of all personalities important for the history of the country, their lifetime and contribution to the development of the state, its science and culture ().