Subject: From the Chronicle “And Oleg remembered his horse. Prophetic Oleg or Grand Duke of Kievan Rus

Reading Lesson Summary - Grade 4

Summary of the lesson on reading, grade 4. Chronicle "And Oleg remembered his horse"

The purpose of the lesson: reinforce students' knowledge of genre features Chronicles, characterize the hero.
Tasks:
- to form the ability to accurately and expressively read the chronicle by roles, conveying the feelings of the main character of the work with the help of intonation;
- find signs of artistry in the text of the work;
- educate respect for national history.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Equipment: textbook " Literary reading» Grade 4, L.F. Klimanova and others, computer, presentation with a slide show, audio recording of the artistic performance of A.S. Pushkin's song about the prophetic Oleg.
Lesson structure:
1. Checking homework (6 min.)
2. Actualization of students' knowledge (1 min.)
3. Formation of the educational task of the lesson (4 min.)
4. Reading the annals (5 min.)
5. Conversation on content (3 min.)
6. Physical Minute. (2 minutes.)
7. Rereading (3 min.)
8. Analysis of the text of the annals (9 min.)
9. Reading the annals by roles (4 min.)
10. Reflection (2 min.)
11. Homework(1 min.)

During the classes:

I. Checking homework
Children who drew illustrations for the chronicle "And Oleg hung his shield on the gates of Constantinople" unite in their group, make an exhibition of drawings, choose the one who will comment on them; the guys who prepared the retellings unite in their group, listen to each other, choose the best storyteller and recommend him for public speaking.
II. Actualization of students' knowledge
- What new genre of works did we meet in the previous lesson?
- Try to construct your statement in such a way as to tell us as much information as possible about the new genre.
- Who the protagonist read chronicle? What did you find out about him?
III. Formation of the educational task of the lesson
- Guys, today at the lesson we will continue to work on the annals. But before formulating the learning task of the lesson, I suggest you listen to an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin's "Song of the Prophetic Oleg" and understand what else we do not know about the Grand Duke?
Listening to a short excerpt from A.S. Pushkin's poem "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg" (from the beginning of the poem to the words "But you will accept death from your horse")

- What event happened in Oleg's life?
- Look at the title of the chronicle that we will read today, match the title with the content of the excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin and determine the learning task of the lesson.
- What do you think, what will we need in order to understand how Oleg accepted death from his horse? (children offer options: read, analyze, draw conclusions).
IV. Reading the Chronicle
Reading aloud "Chain"
V. Content Conversation
- Did you like the chronicle? What exactly?
- What did you learn from the plot of the chronicle? What have you discovered?
- Consider the illustrations of the slide show, do they correlate with the content of the annals? What events are depicted?
- What was incomprehensible in the content? What words and expressions would you like to clarify? (disassemble the word "magician", "magicians", "prince", "reproach", "this").
VI. Fizminutka
VII. Rereading the annals with a preliminary task
- Guys, re-read the chronicle again on your own and try to find the answer to the question “Oleg’s weakness or strength of character manifested itself in the event that happened in Oleg’s life?”
VIII. Analysis of the text of the annals
- Guys, is it possible to unequivocally answer the question posed before re-reading the annals? (no, because you need to think about it).
- Let's try to figure it out. Read Oleg's dialogue with the magician. What do the lines “and these words sunk into Oleg’s soul” mean?
- How did Oleg react to the magician's prediction?
- Why do you think Oleg made such a decision: was he scared or showed fortitude?
- Re-read Oleg's dialogue with the groom. What did the groom tell him? How did Oleg react to the groom's message about the horse's death? (“Oleg laughed and reproached that magician ...”).
- Why did Oleg react like that, why did he laugh and say that the Magi lied to him? (he was disappointed in their predictions).
- Re-read the episode in which Oleg goes to say goodbye to the horse, to see his bones. How does this episode end? Why did Oleg die?
- What do you think, what qualities of Oleg's character are manifested in this episode: the strength and weakness of his character?
- When a person is very worried about something - is it strength or weakness? Does a person have the right to experience, to sympathize? Does the warrior, the leader of the army, have the right to do this? (The main thing is for the children to understand that worrying, sympathizing and caring for someone is a normal human condition, that’s why he is a person to feel. Prince Oleg is also a person, and nothing human is alien to him. He loves his horse, and , of course, is very worried about his death, so even if it can be called weakness, it cannot be condemned for it).
- Read the episode about how people grieved after Oleg's death.
- What words and expressions does the chronicler choose to show how hard the people suffered the news of the death of Prince Oleg?
- What do you feel when you read these lines?
- What do you think - is the chronicler going through great grief together with his people? How did you know about it? Prove it. (He selects special words, builds sentences in a special way to convey the intonation of crying and mourning. Children should especially pay attention to the rhythm “and mourned, and suffered .., and buried ...”, which creates the image of a woman lamenting at the funeral).
- If the chronicler conveys his feelings and his attitude to what is happening, can this be attributed to the elements of artistry? (yes, sure).
- Let's see if the chronicler conveys the feelings and emotions of his hero - Prince Oleg? Find lines in the text that confirm your assumptions (“And these words sunk into Oleg’s soul”, “Where is my horse, whom I ordered to feed and protect?” (experience and care for the horse, love for his friend), “Oleg laughed and reproached that sorcerer (disappointment): “The Magi tell a lie, but all that is a lie: the horse is dead, but I am alive” (some irritation from disappointment).
- Look again carefully at the text of the chronicle and try to guess what else is in this text that never happens in scientific texts? (Dialogues).
- Can we finally say that thanks to the annals we were able to imagine the image of Prince Oleg? (Yes, we can already tell what he was like).
- Now make a conclusion about what elements of artistry are present in this chronicle.
- And the last question we must answer is why did the Russian people love Oleg so much? (He was a great commander of that time, faithfully served his state, took care of his people, and at the same time he was a man who was not alien to human weaknesses - he believed in magicians, loved his horse, feasted with a squad after military campaigns, etc.).
IX. Reading chronicle by roles
- Now, guys, when we know what feelings the chronicler reflected in his chronicle, we will try to convey these feelings to the listeners. We will learn to read expressively by roles.
- Determine how many readers should be involved? (narrator, Prince Oleg, magician, groom).
- Remember polite turns of speech, name them (“I want to ask you”, “I'm sorry, please, I think I need to read more excitedly here”).
- At the end of the work, evaluate each other's reading. Give each other recommendations for working from home.
X. Reflection
- What did you learn about Prince Oleg in today's lesson?
- What interested you in Oleg's personality as historical figure?
- What else would you like to know about the prince and the era in which he lived?
- Evaluate your knowledge and skills on an assessment scale (“+”, “-”, “?”):
I can tell you about how Prince Oleg died ______.
I can name the main qualities of Oleg as a military leader and a person ______.
I can answer the question "Why did the Russian people love Prince Oleg?" ______.
I can read my role, correctly convey the feelings of the hero _____.

XI. Homework
Expressively read your role, answer questions after the text, complete tasks in " Workbook" (optional).

Target settings of the lesson (planned results):

Subject: know the content of the chronicle, answer questions about its content, unmistakably and expressively read the chronicle by roles, conveying the feelings of the protagonist of the work with the help of intonation; find elements of artistry in the text of the annals.

Metasubject:

Regulatory: formulate the learning task of the lesson, offer for collective discussion; draw up a work plan for studying the content of the chronicle, evaluate yourself and your achievements in the lesson, evaluate the reading of your comrades on an assessment scale.

Cognitive: analyze the text of the chronicle, draw conclusions and generalizations based on the analysis.

Communicative: enter into a dialogue with the teacher and peers, participate in discussions, listen carefully to the performance of the poem in audio recording, agree on the distribution of roles when reading by roles.

Personal: show interest in the history of their state, express a desire to expand the boundaries of knowledge about the era of princely Russia, express in their own judgments and stories various feelings in relation to the protagonist of the work and the events of that time.

Resources and equipment: textbook "Literary reading" (Grade 4) by L.F. Klimanova and others, computer, multi-media presentation with slide show, evaluation sheets, audio recording of the artistic performance of the poem by A.S. Pushkin's song about the prophetic Oleg.

During the classes

Checking homework.

Checking d / z can be organized as follows: the teacher invites the students to decide on what kind of task they would like to talk about in class. Children who drew illustrations for the chronicle unite in their group and make an exhibition of drawings (they come up with a title for it, select the best drawings, choose the one who will comment on them); the guys who prepared the retellings unite in their group, listen to each other, choose the best storyteller (possibly based on evaluation sheets) and recommend him for public speaking; students who were looking for information about Oleg's campaign against the Greeks in the encyclopedia unite in a separate group, listen to reports, choose the best or compile one of several and prepare a speaker. Then one representative from the groups is heard, a collective assessment is given and the group receives its bonuses, points or points (depending on which grading system is adopted in this particular class).

Actualization of students' knowledge

What new genre of works did we meet in previous lessons?

Try to build your statement so that as much information as possible to tell us about the new genre.

Who is the main character of the chronicle read? What did you find out about him?

Formulation of the educational task of the lesson

Guys, today at the lesson we will continue to work on chronicles. But before formulating the learning task of the lesson, I suggest you listen to an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin's "Song of the Prophetic Oleg" and understand what else we do not know about the Grand Duke?

Listening to a short excerpt from a poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg" (from the beginning of the poem to the words "But you will die from your horse"; link to the Internet resource: http://nachalka.info/audio?id=1004650&pn=16).

What event happened in Oleg's life? (students state as they understood. In case of inaccuracies, the teacher corrects, helps to formulate, clarifies the answers of the children)

Look at the title of the chronicle that we will read today, match the title with the content of the passage from the poem by A.S. Pushkin and determine the learning task of the lesson.

What do you think, what will we need in order to understand how Oleg accepted death from his horse? (children offer options for a plan for studying a work, for example, read, analyze, draw conclusions).

Reading the chronicle by students

You can organize "quiet reading" or reading aloud "chain".

Conversation on the content of the chronicle and on emotional perception

Did you like chronicle? What exactly?

What did you learn from the plot of the chronicle? What have you discovered?

Consider the slideshow illustrations, do they relate to the content of the chronicle? What events are depicted on them. (The teacher prepares a slide show in advance. It is best to take illustrations by artists A. Kozlov, V. Vasnetsov or M. Nesterov, posted on the Internet).

What was incomprehensible about the content? What words and expressions would you like to clarify? (disassemble the word "magician", "wizards" and others).

Rereading the annals with a preliminary task

Guys, re-read the chronicle on your own again and try to find the answer to the question “Oleg’s weakness or strength of character manifested itself in the event that happened in Oleg’s life?”

Analysis of the text of the annals

Guys, is it possible to unequivocally answer the question posed before re-reading the annals? (no, because you need to think about it).

Let's try to figure it out. Read Oleg's dialogue with the magician. What do the lines “and these words sunk into Oleg’s soul” mean?

How did Oleg react to the magician's prediction?

Why do you think Oleg made such a decision: was he scared or showed fortitude?

Reread Oleg's dialogue with the groom. What did the groom tell him? How did Oleg react to the groom's message about the horse's death? (“Oleg laughed and reproached that magician ...”).

Why did Oleg react like that, why did he laugh and say that the Magi lied to him? (he was disappointed in their predictions).

Re-read the episode in which Oleg goes to say goodbye to the horse, to see his bones. How does this episode end? Why did Oleg die?

What do you think, what qualities of Oleg's character are manifested in this episode: the strength and weakness of his character?

When a person is very worried about something - is it strength or weakness? Does a person have the right to experience, to sympathize? Does the warrior, the leader of the army, have the right to do this? (all these questions are difficult for students, they require a humanistic interpretation, so the teacher generalizes the opinions of the children and, as if by chance, unobtrusively expresses his opinion on this issue. The main thing is for the children to understand that worrying, sympathizing and caring for someone is "normal human condition, that's why he is a man to feel. Prince Oleg is also a man, and nothing human is alien to him. He loves his horse, and, of course, is very worried about his death, so even if this can be called weakness, for this cannot be judged).

Read the episode about how people grieved after Oleg's death.

How many years did Oleg live? Is it a lot or a little? How old are your parents? (This question will help schoolchildren to navigate the age of a person). How long does an average person live? How much more good could be done for the Russian state?!

What words and expressions does the chronicler choose to show how hard the people suffered the news of the death of Prince Oleg?

What do you feel when you read these lines?

What do you think - does the chronicler go through great grief together with his people? How did you know about it? Prove it. (he selects special words, builds sentences in a special way to convey the intonation of crying and mourning. Children should especially pay attention to the rhythm “and mourned, and suffered .., and buried ...”, which creates the image of a woman lamenting at the funeral).

If the chronicler conveys his feelings and his attitude to what is happening, can this be attributed to the elements of artistry? (yes, sure).

Let's see if the chronicler conveys the feelings and emotions of his hero, Prince Oleg? Find lines in the text that confirm your assumptions (“And these words sunk into Oleg’s soul” (impressed by what was said), “Where is my horse, whom I ordered to feed and protect?” (experience and care for the horse, love for your friend), “Oleg laughed and reproached that sorcerer (disappointment): “The Magi tell a lie, but all that is a lie: the horse is dead, but I am alive” (some irritation from disappointment).

Look again carefully at the text of the chronicle and try to guess what else is in this text that never happens in scientific texts? (Dialogues).

Can we finally say that, thanks to the annals, we were able to imagine the image of Prince Oleg? (Yes, we can already tell what he was like).

Now make a conclusion about what elements of artistry are present in this chronicle.

And the last question we must answer is why did the Russian people love Oleg so much? (He was a great commander of that time, faithfully served his state, took care of his people, and at the same time he was a man who was not alien to human weaknesses - he believed in magicians, loved his horse, feasted with a squad after military campaigns, etc.).

Reading chronicle by roles

Now guys, when we know what feelings the chronicler reflected in his chronicle, we will try to convey these feelings to the listeners. We will learn to read expressively by roles.

Determine how many readers should be involved? (narrator, Prince Oleg, magician, groom).

Divide into groups of 4 and read in groups. If necessary, try to make polite recommendations to each other.

Remember polite turns of speech, name them (“I want to ask you”, “Excuse me, please, I think I need to read more excitedly here”, etc.).

At the end of the work, evaluate the work of reading each other on an evaluation scale: 3 points - very good, everything was successful when reading; 2 points - it was not always possible to correctly convey the feelings of the hero (narrator); 1 point - more often it was not possible to correctly convey the feelings of the hero (narrator); 0 points - failed to correctly convey the feelings of the hero (narrator). Give each other recommendations for working from home.

Lesson summary, reflection

What new did you learn about Prince Oleg in today's lesson?

What got you interested in Oleg's personality as a historical figure?

What else would you like to know about the prince and the era in which he lived?

I can tell you about how Prince Oleg died _______.

I can name the main qualities of Oleg as a military leader and a person _____.

I can answer the question “Why did the Russian people love Prince Oleg?” _____.

Homework:

Lesson #5

The lesson will be devoted to comparing the chronicle “And Oleg remembered his horse” with the poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg", revealing the common and the different. Also, at the end of the lesson, it is necessary to include a task for the development of speech (SDS), by completing which students will try their abilities in artistic description Oleg's appearance based on his ideas and imagination.

Prophetic Oleg - the founder of Kievan Rus. In pagan times, he was revered as one of the most powerful magicians. His power was practically unlimited. He knew the past and the future, knew how to control the forces of nature. Oleg had no doubt: the gods favor him.

From the Tale of Bygone Years, 912

“And Oleg lived, the prince in Kyiv, having peace with all countries.
And autumn came, and Oleg remembered his horse, which he had previously put to feed, deciding never to sit on it. For he asked the sorcerers and sorcerers: “What will I die of?”
And one magician said to him: “Prince! From your beloved horse, on which you ride, you will die from it! These words sunk into Oleg's soul, and he said: "I will never sit on him and I will not see him again."
And he ordered to feed him and not to bring him to him, and lived for several years without seeing him, until he went to the Greeks.
And when he returned to Kyiv and four years had passed, in the fifth year he remembered his horse, from which the Magi predicted his death.
And he called the elder of the grooms and said: "Where is my horse, which I ordered to feed and protect?"
He answered: "He died." Oleg laughed and reproached that sorcerer, saying: “The sorcerers speak falsely, but all that is a lie: the horse died, but I am alive.”
And he ordered to saddle his horse: "Let me see his bones."
And he came to the place where his bare bones and naked skull lay, dismounted from the horse, laughed and said: “Will I accept death from this skull?” And he stepped with his foot on the skull, and a snake crawled out of the skull, and bit him in the leg.
And because of this, he fell ill and died. All the people wept for him with great lamentation, and they carried him and buried him on a mountain called cheek; there is his grave to this day, it is reputed to be Oleg's grave.
And all the years of his reign were thirty and three.

Walking along Podil, walk along the old street Olegovskaya named after Prince of Kiev Prophetic Oleg. Old houses are still preserved here, the facades of which are decorated with wooden carvings.

This street leads to the top of the Kiev mountain cheek. This is one of the mountains from which Kyiv began. The mountain is named after Cheek, one of the brothers who founded the city of Kyiv. You can read more about the founding of Kyiv in the article.

People also call her Olegovka or Olegova mountain. On this mountain, according to legend, he was buried Prince of Kyiv Prophetic Oleg.

Once upon a time, A.S. Pushkin liked to wander along Mount Shchekavitsa, trying to find the grave of Prince Oleg.

Read:

famous poem A.S. Pushkin "Song of the Prophetic Oleg"

How now the prophetic Oleg is going to take revenge on the unreasonable Khazars,
Their villages and fields for a violent raid
He doomed swords and fires;
With his retinue, in Constantinople armor,
The prince rides across the field on a faithful horse. From the dark forest towards him An inspired wizard walks,
Submissive to Perun, the old man alone,
The promises of the future messenger,
In prayers and divination spent the whole century.

And Oleg drove up to the wise old man. “Tell me, magician, favorite of the gods,
What will happen in my life?
And soon, to the delight of neighbors-enemies,
Will I cover myself with grave earth?
Tell me the whole truth, don't be afraid of me:
You will take a horse as a reward for anyone.” “Magi are not afraid of mighty lords,
And they do not need a princely gift;
Truthful and free is their prophetic language
And friendly with the will of heaven.
The coming years lurk in the mist;
But I see your lot on a bright forehead. Now remember my word:
Glory to the Warrior is a joy;
Your name is glorified by victory;
Your shield is on the gates of Tsaregrad;
And the waves and the land are submissive to you;
The enemy is jealous of such a wondrous fate. And the deceptive wave of the blue sea
In the hours of fatal bad weather,
And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger
Years spare the winner ...
Under formidable armor you know no wounds;
An invisible guardian is given to the mighty. Your horse is not afraid of dangerous labors;
He, sensing the master's will,
That meek stands under the arrows of enemies,
It rushes across the battlefield.
And the cold and cutting him nothing ...
But you will accept death from your horse.
Oleg chuckled - but the forehead
And the eyes were clouded with thought.
In silence, hand leaning on the saddle,
He dismounts from his horse, sullen;
And a true friend with a farewell hand
And strokes and pats on the neck steep.

"Farewell, my comrade, my faithful servant,
The time has come for us to part;
Now rest! no more footsteps

In your gilded stirrup.
Farewell, be comforted - but remember me.
You, fellow youths, take a horse, Cover it with a blanket, a shaggy carpet;
Take me to my meadow by the bridle;
Bathe; feed with selected grain;
Drink spring water."
And the youths immediately departed with the horse,
And they brought another horse to the prince. The prophetic Oleg feasts with the retinue
At the ringing of a cheerful glass.
And their curls are white as morning snow
Above the glorious head of the mound ...
They remember days gone by
And the battles where they fought together ... “Where is my comrade? - said Oleg, -
Tell me, where is my zealous horse?
Are you healthy? Is his run still easy?
Is he still the same stormy, playful?
And listens to the answer: on a steep hill
For a long time he had rested in an unbreakable sleep. Mighty Oleg drooped his head
And he thinks: “What is fortune-telling?
Magician, you deceitful, mad old man!
I would despise your prediction!
My horse would carry me to this day."
And he wants to see the bones of the horse. Here comes the mighty Oleg from the yard,
Igor and old guests are with him,
And they see - on a hill, near the banks of the Dnieper,
Noble bones lie;
The rains wash them, their dust falls asleep,
And the wind excites the feather grass above them.

The prince quietly stepped on the horse's skull
And he said: “Sleep, lonely friend!
Your old master has outlived you:
At the funeral feast, already close,
It's not you who will stain the feather grass under the ax
And drink my ashes with hot blood!

So that's where my death lurked!
The bone threatened me with death!”
From the dead head a grave serpent,
Hissing, meanwhile crawled out;
Like a black ribbon wrapped around the legs,
And suddenly the stung prince cried out.
Ladles are circular, foaming, hissing

At the feast of the deplorable Oleg;
Prince Igor and Olga are sitting on a hill;
The squad is feasting at the shore;
Fighters commemorate past days
And the battles where they fought together.

Vladimir Vysotsky in his work presents his vision of past events

Goals: to acquaint with excerpts from the annals, to help understand the need for knowledge of history; develop interest in history, historical works; develop attention and observation, the ability to find obsolete words in the text.

Planned results: subject: usage different types reading (studying (semantic), selective, search), the ability to consciously perceive and evaluate the content and specifics of various texts, participate in their discussion, give and justify a moral assessment of the actions of characters; metasubject: R - formulation of the learning task of the lesson, based on the analysis of the textbook material in joint activities, understanding it, planning, together with the teacher, activities to study the topic of the lesson, evaluating one's work in the lesson, P - analysis of the scientific and educational text, highlighting the main idea in it, K - answers to the questions of the textbook on the basis of the scientific and educational article of the textbook, discussion in pairs on the questions of the textbook, proof of one's point of view; personal: the formation of a sense of pride in their homeland, its history, people.

Equipment: a multimedia projector (if possible), an exhibition of books and encyclopedias on the topic of the lesson, a magnetic alphabet, a story by L.N. Tolstoy "The Death of Oleg" on the card; each student: cards with poems.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

II. Speech warm-up

Read the proverbs and explain their meaning.

Books don't tell, they tell the truth.

One book teaches thousands of people.

Wasted work - to fish without a hook and learn without a book.

Let's read them with different intonations: surprise, irritation (also: fun, expressive).

III. Checking homework

Tell us what you learned about the creation of paper and how a book is born.

What chronicles, epics did you read?

(Listen to a few passages. The teacher may also give a short presentation.)

IV. Physical education minute

V. Work on the topic of the lesson

preliminary work

(One of the students reads the text on the card.)

Oleg's death

There was a Russian prince Oleg. He called the Magi to him and asked them: what kind of life will he have and what kind of death? The Wolves said:

Your life will be happy, and your death will be from your beloved horse. Oleg thought: “If I die from my beloved horse, then I will send it away and I will never ride it.” And Oleg ordered to take the horse to a distant village.

Once Oleg came to that village. Much time has already passed. Oleg asked:

Where is my horse that I sent here? Is she alive? And they say to him:

Your horse is already dead.

And Oleg felt sorry for the horse. And he says:

I really killed my horse. Show it to me. And they say to him:

He died a long time ago, his wolves ate him, only bones remained.

Oleg ordered to lead himself to the place where they threw the horse. And there were only bones lying around and a horse's head.

Oleg thought: “How can death come to me from this now?” And he kicked the horse's head. And there was a snake in my head. She crawled out, hissed and stung Oleg in the leg. Oleg died from this.

L.N. Tolstoy

Working on an excerpt from the annals. vocabulary work

Today we will continue to read excerpts from the book "Stories from the Primary Russian Chronicle". Let's read the passage "And Oleg remembered his horse" on p. 10-11 textbook. (After the initial reading, work is carried out to explain incomprehensible words.)

What century in question in the read passages from the annals? Read the entry for the year. (“In the summer of 6415 (907) ...” - X century, “In the summer of 6420 (912) ...” - X century)

MAGI- among the ancient Slavs: sorcerers, sorcerers.

WIZARD - sorcerer, sorcerer.

SLEEVE- to be known as someone.

How do you understand the phrase “Should I accept death from this skull?”?

Now you will read this passage in faces. Try to convey the atmosphere of that time with your voice, intonations. Who operates in it? (Author, prince, magician, groom.)

(Work on questions and tasks 1, 2, 4 on p. 11 of the textbook.)

VII. Summing up the lesson

Recall the contents of both passages. Why did people mourn for Prince Oleg?

Homework

Find the work of A.S. Pushkin "Song of the Prophetic Oleg" and read with their parents. Prepare an expressive reading of the passage you like.

Teacher material

Once upon a time, people carved words on stone slabs or carved on wooden planks. The Egyptians wrote on papyrus, a material made from the stems of a water plant also called papyrus. Later they began to write on parchment - specially processed skin of goats and sheep.

Paper was invented by the Chinese Tai Lun around 105-110 AD. n. e. It was originally made from the bark mulberry tree, later guessed to add starch for strength. To obtain paper, the soaked bark was boiled for a long time, then washed and beaten with wooden mallets. The bark broke up into thin fibers, which were dipped in water and glue was added. The resulting mass was mixed and poured onto a mesh stretched over a frame. Waiting for the water to drain. The layer of dried mass was removed from the grid and placed under a press, and then the finished sheets of paper were dried on flat stone slabs. In Europe, paper became known only in the 13th century.

Books

Old handwritten books were long scrolls of parchment that had to be unrolled to be read.

AT Ancient Greece scrolls were wound on special sticks. In Japan, they wrote with brushes on silk, which was also rolled into a tube. In the Middle Ages in Europe, books began to be bound.

They were copied by hand on parchment. Two large sheets of parchment were placed on top of each other and folded in half. It turned out a notebook of 4 sheets. The scribes wrote in separate notebooks, decorating the text with colored miniatures and patterns. Then the binder sewed the notebooks together. The covers were made of wood, covered with leather.

Most of the copying was done by monks in monasteries. The richest libraries were also located there. First printed book appeared in Korea at the beginning of the 8th century. The East has overtaken Europe in this too. In China since the 11th century. they knew how to print books, but in a very inconvenient way: texts and drawings were cut out on wooden or stone tablets - clichés, then the cliches were smeared with paint and pressed to paper. It was possible to print as many copies as you like, but for each page it took a long time to cut out the cliche.

A real revolution in the book business was made by Johannes Gutenberg. He invented a mechanical printing press with interchangeable type. Metal cubes with raised letters - letters - could be typed in the right order in a special frame, like on a page. Gutenberg also invented the first printing ink.

The first book is the Bible Latin- was printed by Gutenberg in 1455 in the German city of Mainz in the amount of 800 copies. It consisted of 1284 pages.

The first Russian book was published in 1564 in Moscow by Ivan Fedorov. With the advent of printing presses, books became cheaper. In the first 50 years alone, about 15 thousand books were published in Europe. Soon began

newspapers come out.

The book begins with the author's manuscript. Previously, the text was written by hand or typed on a typewriter. Now more and more often the writer is typing text on the computer. Then the editor reads the text and gives it to the artist to draw illustrations for the text. In the printing house, the book is printed and bound. Then she goes to bookstores.

Chronicles. And Oleg remembered his horse.

Introduction

Do you know that the oldest of the chronicles that have come down to us was written in 1377 on parchment, it is called Lavrentievskaya, after the name of the monk-scribe Lavrenty. This chronicle includes the largest monument of chronicle writing "The Tale of Bygone Years", that is, "The Tale of Bygone Years", which was compiled at the beginning of the 12th century by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. "The Tale of Bygone Years" is a whole literary work about the history of Ancient Russia.

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- "The Tale of Bygone Years" Nestor created, based on the stories of the ancient elders, documents of the prince's archive, foreign chronicles and folk tales. Nestor himself was an eyewitness to many of the events he described. In his work, the chronicler tells about princely campaigns and weddings, victories and defeats; about magicians and buffoons. He turns to legends, to the people's memory, argues with what he believes to be false traditions.

In the very title of his introduction to the chronicle, Nestor posed three historical questions and answered them succinctly:

Where did the Russian land come from?

Who in Kyiv began before the prince?

Where did the Russian land begin to eat ( established)?

Compiling the "Tale of Bygone Years", the chronicler set as his goal not only to tell about the past of Russia, but also to show the place Eastern Slavs among European and Asian peoples.

vocabulary work

Magi - sorcerers, sorcerers.

Wizards - wizards.

Prince- prince.

rebuked- reproached.

From this- from this.

reputed to be- here: called.

Reading with commentary

Is it possible to unequivocally answer the question posed before rereading the chronicle? (no, because you need to think about it).
- Let's try to figure it out. Read Oleg's dialogue with the magician. What do the lines “and these words sunk into Oleg’s soul” mean?
- How did Oleg react to the magician's prediction?
- Why do you think Oleg made such a decision: was he scared or showed fortitude?
- Re-read Oleg's dialogue with the groom. What did the groom tell him? How did Oleg react to the groom's message about the horse's death? ( “Oleg laughed and reproached that magician…”).
- Why did Oleg react like that, why did he laugh and say that the Magi lied to him? ( he was disappointed in their predictions).
- Re-read the episode in which Oleg goes to say goodbye to the horse, to see his bones. How does this episode end? Why did Oleg die? ( And he ordered to saddle his horse:

- Let me see his bones.

And he came to the place where his bones lay bare and his skull bare, got off his horse and, laughing, said:

- From this skull should I accept death?

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And stepped foot on the skull. And a snake crawled out of his skull and bit him on the leg. And then he fell ill and died. And all the people mourned him with a great cry, and they carried him, and buried him on a mountain called Shchekovitsa. There is his grave to this day, it is known as Oleg's grave. And all the years of his reign were thirty and three.)

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What do you think, what qualities of Oleg's character are manifested in this episode: the strength and weakness of his character?
- When a person is very worried about something - is it strength or weakness? Does a person have the right to experience, to sympathize? Does the warrior, the leader of the army, have the right to do this? ( to experience, sympathize and take care of someone is a normal human condition, that's why he is a person to feel. Prince Oleg is also a man, and nothing human is alien to him. He loves his horse, and, of course, is very worried about his death, so even if this can be called weakness, it cannot be condemned).
- Read the episode about how people grieved after Oleg's death.
- What words and expressions does the chronicler choose to show how hard the people suffered the news of the death of Prince Oleg? (And all the people mourned him with a great cry)
- What do you feel when you read these lines?
- What do you think - is the chronicler experiencing great grief together with his people? How did you know about it? Prove it. ( He selects special words, builds sentences in a special way to convey the intonation of crying and mourning. It is especially necessary to pay attention to the rhythm “they mourned, and suffered .., and buried ...”, which creates the image of a woman lamenting at the funeral).
- If the chronicler conveys his feelings and his attitude to what is happening, can this be attributed to the elements of artistry? ( yes, sure).
- Let's see if the chronicler conveys the feelings and emotions of his hero - Prince Oleg? Find lines in the text that support your assumptions. (“And these words sunk into Oleg’s soul”, “Where is my horse, whom I ordered to feed and protect?” (experience and care for the horse, love for his friend), “Oleg laughed and reproached that magician (disappointment):“ Not true the wise men say, but all that is a lie: the horse is dead, but I am alive ”(some irritation from disappointment).
- Look again carefully at the text of the chronicle and try to guess what else is in this text that never happens in scientific texts? (Dialogues).
- Can we finally say that thanks to the annals we were able to imagine the image of Prince Oleg? (Yes, we can already tell what he was like).
- And the last question that we must answer - why did the Russian people love Oleg so much? ( He was a great commander of that time, faithfully served his state, took care of his people, and at the same time he was a man who was not alien to human weaknesses - he believed in magicians, loved his horse, feasted with a squad after military campaigns, etc.).

Results

We continued our acquaintance with the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years". They noted the importance of chronicles for people. They learned to understand historical works on the example of a fragment of the chronicle called "And Oleg remembered his horse."

SOURCE

http://ped-kopilka.ru/blogs/abisheva-manura/konspekt-uroka-po-chteniyu-4-klas.html

http://download12.proshkolu.ru/download/5698558/e3d80ac7935c9c72/41642492/6c22d3ea85d68ded

http://www.nado5.ru/e-book/i-vspomnil-oleg-konya-svoego