Nazi medicine: inhuman experiments on humans. Terrible torture and executions from the Japanese fascists during the Second World War! They were even worse than the Germans

serial killers and other maniacs in most cases are inventions of the imagination of screenwriters and directors. But the Third Reich did not like to strain his imagination. Therefore, the Nazis really warmed up on living people.

The terrible experiments of scientists on humanity, ending in death, are far from fiction. These are real events that took place during the Second World War. Why not remember them? Especially since today is Friday the 13th.

Pressure

The German physician Sigmund Rascher was too concerned about the problems that the pilots of the Third Reich could have at an altitude of 20 kilometers. Therefore, he, being the chief doctor in the Dachau concentration camp, created special pressure chambers in which he placed prisoners and experimented with pressure.

After that, the scientist opened the skulls of the victims and examined their brains. 200 people took part in this experiment. 80 died on the surgical table, the rest were shot.

White phosphorus

From November 1941 to January 1944, drugs capable of treating white phosphorus burns were tested on the human body in Buchenwald. It is not known whether the Nazis succeeded in inventing a panacea. But, believe me, these experiments have taken a lot of prisoners' lives.

The food in Buchenwald was not the best. This was especially felt from December 1943 to October 1944. The Nazis mixed various poisons into the products of prisoners, after which they investigated their effect on human body. Often such experiments ended with an instant autopsy of the victim after eating. And in September 1944, the Germans got tired of messing with experimental subjects. Therefore, all participants in the experiment were shot.

Sterilization

Carl Clauberg is a German doctor who became famous for his sterilization during World War II. From March 1941 to January 1945, the scientist tried to find a way by which millions of people could be rendered infertile in the shortest possible time.

Klauberg succeeded: the doctor injected the prisoners of Auschwitz, Revensbrück and other concentration camps with iodine and silver nitrate. Although such injections had a lot side effects(bleeding, pain and cancer), they successfully sterilized a man.

But Clauberg's favorite was radiation exposure: a person was invited to a special cell with a chair, sitting on which he filled out questionnaires. And then the victim just left, not suspecting that she would never be able to have children again. Often such exposures ended in severe radiation burns.

Sea water

The Nazis during the Second World War once again confirmed: sea water is undrinkable. On the territory of the Dachau concentration camp (Germany), the Austrian doctor Hans Eppinger and Professor Wilhelm Beiglbeck decided in July 1944 to check how long 90 gypsies could live without water. The victims of the experiment were so dehydrated that they even licked the freshly washed floor.

Sulfanilamide

Sulfanilamide is a synthetic antimicrobial agent. From July 1942 to September 1943, the Nazis, led by the German professor Gebhard, tried to determine the effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of streptococcus, tetanus and anaerobic gangrene. Who do you think they infected to conduct such experiments?

Mustard gas

Doctors cannot find a way to cure a person from a mustard gas burn unless at least one victim of such a chemical weapon gets on their table. And why look for someone if you can poison and exercise on prisoners from the German Sachsenhausen concentration camp? This is what the minds of the Reich did throughout World War II.

Malaria

SS Hauptsturmführer and MD Kurt Plötner still could not find a cure for malaria. The scientist was not even helped by a thousand prisoners from Dachau, who were forced to take part in his experiments. Victims were infected through the bites of infected mosquitoes and treated with various drugs. More than half of the subjects did not survive.

It's no secret that radiation is harmful. Everyone knows this. Everyone heard about the terrible victims and the danger of radioactive exposure. What is radiation? How does it arise? Are there different types of radiation? And how to protect yourself from it?

The word "radiation" comes from the Latin radius and stands for beam. In principle, radiation is all types of radiation existing in nature - radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet, and so on. But radiations are different, some of them are useful, some are harmful. In ordinary life we ​​are accustomed to call the word radiation harmful radiation arising from the radioactivity of certain types of matter. Let us analyze how the phenomenon of radioactivity is explained in physics lessons.

Radioactivity in physics

We know that the atoms of matter consist of a nucleus and electrons revolving around it. So the core is, in principle, a very stable formation that is difficult to destroy. However, the nuclei of atoms of some substances are unstable and can radiate various energies and particles into space.

This radiation is called radioactive, and it includes several components, which are named according to the first three letters of the Greek alphabet: α-, β- and γ-radiation. (alpha, beta and gamma radiation). These radiations are different, and their effect on a person and the measures of protection against him are also different. Let's take everything in order.

alpha radiation

Alpha radiation is a stream of heavy positively charged particles. Arises as a result of the decay of atoms of heavy elements such as uranium, radium and thorium. In the air, alpha radiation travels no more than five centimeters and, as a rule, is completely blocked by a sheet of paper or the outer dead layer of the skin. However, if a substance that emits alpha particles enters the body with food or air, it irradiates internal organs and becomes dangerous.

beta radiation

Beta radiation is electrons that are much smaller than alpha particles and can penetrate several centimeters deep into the body. You can protect yourself from it thin sheet metal, window glass and even ordinary clothes. Getting to unprotected areas of the body, beta radiation has an effect, as a rule, on the upper layers of the skin. During the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, firefighters suffered skin burns as a result of very strong exposure to beta particles. If a substance that emits beta particles enters the body, it will irradiate the internal tissues.

Gamma radiation

Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials, such as iron and lead, are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

As you can see, according to its characteristics, alpha radiation is practically not dangerous if you do not inhale its particles or eat it with food. Beta radiation can cause skin burns as a result of exposure. Most dangerous properties at gamma radiation. It penetrates deep into the body, and it is very difficult to get it out of there, and the impact is very destructive.

In any case, without special devices, it is impossible to know what kind of radiation is present in this particular case, especially since you can always accidentally inhale particles of radiation with air. That's why general rule one thing is to avoid such places, and if you already got there, then wrap yourself up as much as possible big amount clothes and things, breathe through the fabric, do not eat or drink, and try to leave the site of infection as soon as possible. And then, at the first opportunity, get rid of all these things and wash yourself well.

We can all agree that the Nazis did terrible things during World War II. The Holocaust was perhaps their most famous crime. But in the concentration camps, terrible and inhuman things happened that most people did not know about. The camp inmates were used as test subjects in many experiments that were very painful and usually resulted in death.

blood clotting experiments

Dr. Sigmund Rascher performed blood clotting experiments on prisoners in the Dachau concentration camp. He created a drug, Polygal, which included beets and apple pectin. He believed that these pills could help stop bleeding from battle wounds or during surgical operations.

Each subject was given a tablet of the drug and shot in the neck or chest to test its effectiveness. The limbs were then amputated without anesthesia. Dr. Rascher created a company to produce these pills, which also employed prisoners.

Experiments with sulfa drugs

In the Ravensbrück concentration camp, the effectiveness of sulfonamides (or sulfanilamide preparations) was tested on prisoners. Subjects were made incisions on outside calf The doctors then rubbed the mixture of bacteria into the open wounds and stitched them up. To simulate combat situations, glass fragments were also brought into the wounds.

However, this method turned out to be too mild compared to the conditions at the fronts. To simulate gunshot wounds, blood vessels were tied off on both sides to cut off blood circulation. Then the prisoners were given sulfa drugs. Despite the advances made in the scientific and pharmaceutical fields through these experiments, the prisoners experienced terrible pain that led to severe injury or even death.

Freezing and Hypothermia Experiments

The German armies were ill-prepared for the cold they faced on Eastern Front and from which thousands of soldiers died. As a result, Dr. Sigmund Rascher conducted experiments in Birkenau, Auschwitz and Dachau to find out two things: the time required for the body temperature to drop and death, and methods for reviving frozen people.

Naked prisoners were either placed in a barrel of ice water, or driven out into the street in sub-zero temperatures. Most of the victims died. Those who only fainted were subjected to painful resuscitation procedures. Subjects were placed under lamps to revive them. sunlight, which burned their skin, forced them to copulate with women, injected boiling water inside or placed in baths with warm water(which turned out to be the most effective method).

Experiments with firebombs

For three months in 1943 and 1944, Buchenwald prisoners were tested for the effectiveness of pharmaceutical preparations against phosphorus burns caused by incendiary bombs. The test subjects were specially burned with a phosphorus composition from these bombs, which was a very painful procedure. Prisoners were seriously injured during these experiments.

sea ​​water experiments

Experiments were conducted on Dachau prisoners to find ways to turn sea water into drinking water. The subjects were divided into four groups, whose members went without water, drank sea water, drank sea water treated according to the Burke method, and drank sea water without salt.

Subjects were given food and drink assigned to their group. Prisoners who received some form of seawater eventually suffered from severe diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations, went insane, and eventually died.

In addition, the subjects were subjected to needle biopsy of the liver or lumbar punctures to collect data. These procedures were painful and in most cases ended in death.

Experiments with poisons

In Buchenwald, experiments were carried out on the effects of poisons on people. In 1943, poisons were secretly administered to prisoners.

Some died themselves from poisoned food. Others were killed for the sake of an autopsy. A year later, poisoned bullets were fired at the prisoners to speed up data collection. These test subjects experienced terrible torment.

Experiments with sterilization

As part of the extermination of all non-Aryans, Nazi doctors conducted mass sterilization experiments on prisoners from various concentration camps in search of the least laborious and cheapest method of sterilization.

In one series of experiments, a chemical irritant was injected into the reproductive organs of women to block the fallopian tubes. Some women have died after this procedure. Other women were killed for autopsies.

In a number of other experiments, prisoners were subjected to intense X-ray radiation, which led to severe burns on the abdomen, groin and buttocks. They were also left with incurable ulcers. Some test subjects died.

Bone, muscle and nerve regeneration and bone grafting experiments

For about a year, experiments were carried out on the prisoners of Ravensbrück to regenerate bones, muscles and nerves. Nerve surgeries included the removal of segments of nerves from the lower limbs.

Bone experiments included breaking and repositioning bones in several places on the lower extremities. Fractures were not allowed to heal properly as doctors needed to study the healing process and also test different healing methods.

Doctors also removed numerous fragments of the tibia from the test subjects to study bone regeneration. Bone grafts included transplanting fragments of the left tibia to the right and vice versa. These experiments caused unbearable pain and severe injuries to the prisoners.

Experiments with typhus

From the end of 1941 until the beginning of 1945, doctors conducted experiments on the prisoners of Buchenwald and Natzweiler in the interests of the German armed forces. They were testing vaccines for typhus and other diseases.

Approximately 75% of test subjects were injected with trial typhoid or other vaccines. chemical substances. They were injected with a virus. As a result, more than 90% of them died.

The remaining 25% of the test subjects were injected with the virus without any prior protection. Most of them did not survive. Physicians also conducted experiments related to yellow fever, smallpox, typhoid, and other diseases. Hundreds of prisoners died, and more prisoners suffered unbearable pain as a result.

Twin experiments and genetic experiments

The purpose of the Holocaust was the elimination of all people of non-Aryan origin. Jews, blacks, Hispanics, homosexuals and other people who did not meet certain requirements were to be exterminated so that only the "superior" Aryan race remained. Genetic experiments were carried out to provide the Nazi Party with scientific proof of the superiority of the Aryans.

Dr. Josef Mengele (also known as the "Angel of Death") had a strong interest in the twins. He separated them from the rest of the prisoners when they entered Auschwitz. The twins had to donate blood every day. The real purpose of this procedure is unknown.

The experiments with twins were extensive. They were to be carefully examined and every centimeter of their body measured. After that, comparisons were made to determine hereditary traits. Sometimes doctors performed mass blood transfusions from one twin to the other.

Since people of Aryan origin mostly had Blue eyes, to create them, experiments were carried out with chemical drops or injections into the iris of the eye. These procedures were very painful and led to infections and even blindness.

Injections and lumbar punctures were done without anesthesia. One twin deliberately contracted the disease, and the other did not. If one twin died, the other twin was killed and studied for comparison.

Amputations and removals of organs were also performed without anesthesia. Most of the twins who ended up in the concentration camp died in one way or another, and their autopsies were the last experiments.

Experiments with high altitudes

From March to August 1942, the prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp were used as test subjects in experiments to test human endurance at high altitudes. The results of these experiments were to help the German air force.

The test subjects were placed in a low pressure chamber, which created atmospheric conditions at altitudes up to 21,000 meters. Most of the test subjects died, and the survivors suffered from various injuries from being at high altitudes.

Experiments with malaria

Within three s extra years more than 1,000 Dachau prisoners were used in a series of experiments related to the search for a cure for malaria. Healthy prisoners were infected by mosquitoes or extracts from these mosquitoes.

Prisoners who contracted malaria were then treated with various drugs to test their effectiveness. Many prisoners died. The surviving prisoners suffered greatly and were mostly disabled for the rest of their lives.

Especially for readers of my blog site - according to an article from listverse.com- translated by Sergey Maltsev

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Are you looking for this? Perhaps this is what you could not find for so long?

Torture is often referred to as various minor troubles that happen to everyone in everyday life. This definition is awarded to the upbringing of naughty children, long standing in line, a large wash, subsequent ironing, and even the process of preparing food. All this, of course, can be very painful and unpleasant (although the degree of exhaustion largely depends on the character and inclinations of the person), but still bears little resemblance to the most terrible torture in the history of mankind. The practice of interrogations "with partiality" and other violent acts against prisoners took place in almost all countries of the world. The time frame is also not defined, but since modern man psychologically closer are relatively recent events, then his attention is drawn to the methods and special equipment invented in the twentieth century, in particular in German concentration camps of the time. But there were both ancient Eastern and medieval tortures. The Nazis were also taught by their colleagues from the Japanese counterintelligence, the NKVD and other similar punitive bodies. So why was everything over people?

Meaning of the term

To begin with, when starting to study any issue or phenomenon, any researcher tries to define it. “To name it correctly is already half to understand” - says

So, torture is the deliberate infliction of suffering. At the same time, the nature of the torment does not matter, it can be not only physical (in the form of pain, thirst, hunger or sleep deprivation), but also moral and psychological. By the way, the most terrible tortures in the history of mankind, as a rule, combine both "channels of influence".

But it is not only the fact of suffering that matters. Senseless torment is called torture. Torture differs from it in purposefulness. In other words, a person is whipped or hung on a rack not just like that, but in order to get some kind of result. Using violence, the victim is encouraged to confess guilt, disclose hidden information, and sometimes simply punished for some misconduct or crime. The twentieth century added another item to the list of possible targets of torture: torture in concentration camps was sometimes carried out in order to study the reaction of the body to unbearable conditions in order to determine the limit of human capabilities. These experiments were recognized by the Nuremberg Tribunal as inhumane and pseudoscientific, which did not prevent them from studying their results after the defeat Nazi Germany physiologists of the victorious countries.

Death or Judgment

The purposeful nature of the actions suggests that after receiving the result, even the most terrible tortures stopped. There was no point in continuing. The position of executioner-executor, as a rule, was occupied by a professional who knew about pain techniques and peculiarities of psychology, if not all, then a lot, and there was no point in wasting his efforts on senseless bullying. After the victim confessed to the crime, depending on the degree of civilization of society, she could expect immediate death or treatment, followed by trial. A legal execution after partial interrogations during the investigation was characteristic of the punitive justice of Germany in the initial Hitler era and of Stalin's "open trials" (the Shakhty case, the trial of the industrial party, the massacre of Trotskyists, etc.). After giving the defendants a tolerable appearance, they were dressed in decent costumes and shown to the public. Broken morally, people most often dutifully repeated everything that investigators forced them to confess. Torture and executions were put on stream. The veracity of the testimony did not matter. Both in Germany and in the USSR of the 1930s, the confession of the accused was considered the “queen of evidence” (A. Ya. Vyshinsky, USSR prosecutor). Severe torture was used to obtain it.

Deadly torture of the Inquisition

In few areas of its activity (except in the manufacture of murder weapons) humanity has succeeded so much. At the same time, it should be noted that in recent centuries there has even been some regression compared to ancient times. European executions and torture of women in the Middle Ages were carried out, as a rule, on charges of witchcraft, and the external attractiveness of the unfortunate victim most often became the reason. However, the Inquisition sometimes condemned those who actually committed terrible crimes, but the specificity of that time was the unambiguous doom of the condemned. No matter how long the torment lasted, it ended only in the death of the condemned. As an execution weapon, they could use the Iron Maiden, the Copper Bull, a fire, or the sharp-edged pendulum described by Edgar Pom, methodically lowered inch by inch onto the chest of the victim. The terrible tortures of the Inquisition differed in duration and were accompanied by unthinkable moral torments. The preliminary investigation may have been carried out with the use of other ingenious mechanical devices to slowly split the bones of the fingers and limbs and rupture the muscular ligaments. The most famous tools are:

A metal expanding pear used for particularly sophisticated torture of women in the Middle Ages;

- "Spanish boot";

A Spanish armchair with clamps and a brazier for the legs and buttocks;

An iron bra (pectoral), worn on the chest in a red-hot form;

- "crocodiles" and special tongs for crushing the male genitalia.

The executioners of the Inquisition also had other torture equipment, which it is better not to know about for people with a sensitive psyche.

East, Ancient and Modern

No matter how ingenious the European inventors of self-damaging technology may be, the most terrible tortures in the history of mankind were still invented in the East. The Inquisition used metal tools, which sometimes had a very intricate design, while in Asia they preferred everything natural, natural (today these tools would probably be called environmentally friendly). Insects, plants, animals - everything went into action. Eastern torture and executions had the same goals as European ones, but were technically longer and more sophisticated. Ancient Persian executioners, for example, practiced skaphism (from Greek word"skafium" - trough). The victim was immobilized with chains, tied to a trough, forced to eat honey and drink milk, then smeared the whole body with a sweet composition, and lowered into the swamp. blood-sucking insects eaten a person alive. The same was done approximately in the case of execution on an anthill, and if the unfortunate man was to be burned in the scorching sun, his eyelids were cut off for greater torment. There were other types of torture that used elements of the biosystem. For example, bamboo is known to grow rapidly, up to a meter a day. It is enough just to hang the victim at a short distance above the young shoots, and cut the ends of the stems at an acute angle. The victim has time to change his mind, confess to everything and betray his accomplices. If he persists, he will slowly and painfully be pierced by plants. This choice was not always available, however.

Torture as a method of inquiry

Both in and in the later period different kinds torture was used not only by inquisitors and other officially recognized savage structures, but also by ordinary bodies state power, today called law enforcement. He was part of a set of methods of investigation and inquiry. Since the second half of the 16th century, different types of bodily influence have been practiced in Russia, such as: whip, suspension, rack, cauterization with ticks and open fire, immersion in water, and so on. Enlightened Europe, too, was by no means distinguished by humanism, but practice showed that in some cases torture, bullying, and even the fear of death did not guarantee the clarification of the truth. Moreover, in some cases, the victim was ready to confess to the most shameful crime, preferring a terrible end to endless horror and pain. There is a well-known case of a miller, which is remembered by an inscription on the pediment of the French Palace of Justice. He took on someone else's guilt under torture, was executed, and the real criminal was soon caught.

Abolition of torture in different countries

In the end XVII century began a gradual departure from the practice of torture and the transition from it to other, more humane methods of interrogation. One of the results of the Enlightenment was the realization that not the cruelty of punishment, but its inevitability affects the reduction of criminal activity. In Prussia, torture has been abolished since 1754, this country was the first to put its legal proceedings at the service of humanism. Then the process went forward, different states followed suit in the following sequence:

STATE	The Year of the Fatal Ban on Torture	Year of official prohibition of torture
Denmark	1776	1787
Austria	1780	1789
France
Netherlands	1789	1789
Sicilian kingdoms	1789	1789
Austrian Netherlands	1794	1794
Republic of Venice	1800	1800
Bavaria	1806	1806
papal states	1815	1815
Norway	1819	1819
Hanover	1822	1822
Portugal	1826	1826
Greece	1827	1827
Switzerland (*)	1831-1854	1854

Note:

*) the laws of the various cantons of Switzerland have changed in different time the specified period.

Two countries deserve special mention - Britain and Russia.

Catherine the Great abolished torture in 1774 by issuing a secret decree. By this, on the one hand, she continued to keep criminals in fear, but, on the other, she showed a desire to follow the ideas of the Enlightenment. This decision was legally formalized by Alexander I in 1801.

As for England, torture was banned there in 1772, but not all, but only some.

Illegal torture

The legislative ban did not at all mean their complete exclusion from the practice of pre-trial investigation. In all countries there were representatives of the police class, ready to break the law in the name of its triumph. Another thing is that their actions were carried out illegally, and if exposed, they were threatened with legal prosecution. Of course, the methods have changed significantly. It was necessary to "work with people" more carefully, without leaving visible traces. In the 19th and 20th centuries, heavy objects with a soft surface were used, such as sandbags, thick volumes (the irony of the situation was manifested in the fact that most often these were codes of laws), rubber hoses etc. The methods of moral pressure were not left without attention. Some interrogators sometimes threatened severe punishments, lengthy sentences, and even reprisals against loved ones. It was also torture. The horror experienced by the defendants prompted them to make confessions, slander themselves and receive undeserved punishments, until the majority of police officers performed their duty honestly, studying the evidence and collecting evidence for a justified charge. Everything changed after totalitarian and dictatorial regimes came to power in some countries. It happened in the 20th century.

After the October Revolution of 1917 on the territory of the former Russian Empire erupted Civil War, in which both belligerents most often did not consider themselves bound legislative norms, which were obligatory under the king. Torture of prisoners of war in order to obtain information about the enemy was practiced by both the White Guard counterintelligence and the Cheka. During the years of the Red Terror, most executions took place, but bullying of representatives of the “class of exploiters”, which included the clergy, nobles, and simply decently dressed “gentlemen”, took on a mass character. In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the NKVD used forbidden interrogation methods, depriving detainees of sleep, food, water, beating and mutilating them. This was done with the permission of the leadership, and sometimes on his direct instructions. The goal was rarely to find out the truth - the repressions were carried out for intimidation, and the task of the investigator was to obtain a signature on the protocol containing a confession in counter-revolutionary activities, as well as a slander of other citizens. As a rule, Stalin's "shoulder masters" did not use special torture devices, being content with available items, such as a paperweight (they were beaten on the head), or even an ordinary door, which pinched fingers and other protruding parts of the body.

In Nazi Germany

Torture in the concentration camps established after Adolf Hitler's rise to power differed in style from those previously practiced in that they were a strange mixture of Eastern sophistication with European practicality. Initially, these "correctional institutions" were created for guilty Germans and representatives of national minorities declared hostile (Gypsies and Jews). Then came the turn of experiments that had the character of some scientific character, but in cruelty surpassed the most terrible torture in the history of mankind.
In attempts to create antidotes and vaccines, Nazi SS doctors administered lethal injections to prisoners, performed operations without anesthesia, including abdominal ones, froze prisoners, put them in heat, and did not let them sleep, eat and drink. Thus, they wanted to develop technologies for the "production" of ideal soldiers who are not afraid of frost, heat and mutilation, resistant to the effects of poisonous substances and pathogenic bacilli. The history of torture during the Second World War forever imprinted the names of doctors Pletner and Mengele, who, along with other representatives of criminal fascist medicine, became the personification of inhumanity. They also conducted experiments on lengthening limbs by mechanical stretching, strangling people in rarefied air, and other experiments that caused excruciating agony, sometimes lasting for long hours.

The torture of women by the Nazis concerned mainly the development of ways to deprive them of their reproductive function. Studied different methods- from simple (removal of the uterus) to sophisticated, which, if the Reich won, had the prospect of mass use (irradiation and exposure to chemicals).

It all ended before the Victory, in 1944, when the concentration camps began to liberate Soviet and allied troops. Even appearance prisoners spoke more eloquently than any evidence that in itself their detention in inhuman conditions was torture.

The current state of affairs

Nazi torture became the standard of cruelty. After the defeat of Germany in 1945, humanity sighed with joy in the hope that this would never happen again. Unfortunately, although not on such a scale, but the torture of the flesh, mockery of human dignity and moral humiliation remain one of the terrible signs modern world. Developed countries, declaring their commitment to rights and freedoms, are looking for legal loopholes to create special territories where compliance with their own laws is not necessary. Prisoners of secret prisons have been subjected to the influence of punitive organs for many years without any specific charges being brought against them. The methods used by the military personnel of many countries in the course of local and major armed conflicts in relation to prisoners and simply suspected of sympathizing with the enemy sometimes surpass cruelty and mockery of people in Nazi concentration camps. In the international investigation of such precedents, too often, instead of objectivity, one can observe the duality of standards, when the war crimes of one of the parties are completely or partially hushed up.

Will the era of a new Enlightenment come, when torture will finally be finally and irrevocably recognized as a disgrace to humanity and will be banned? So far there is little hope...

Ethics scientific research was updated after the end of World War II. In 1947, the Nuremberg Code was developed and adopted, protecting the well-being of research participants to this day. However, before scientists did not disdain to experiment on prisoners, slaves and even members of their own families, violating all human rights. This list contains the most shocking and unethical cases.

10 Stanford Prison Experiment

In 1971, a team of scientists at Stanford University, led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo, conducted a study of human reactions to the restriction of freedom in prison. As part of the experiment, volunteers had to play the roles of guards and prisoners in basement the building of the Faculty of Psychology, equipped as a prison. Volunteers quickly got used to their duties, however, contrary to the predictions of scientists, terrible and dangerous incidents began to occur during the experiment. A third of the "guards" showed pronounced sadistic tendencies, while many "prisoners" were psychologically traumatized. Two of them had to be excluded from the experiment ahead of time. Zimbardo, concerned about the antisocial behavior of the subjects, was forced to stop the study ahead of schedule.

9 Monstrous Experiment

In 1939, a graduate student at the University of Iowa, Mary Tudor, under the guidance of psychologist Wendell Johnson, set up an equally shocking experiment on the orphans of the Davenport Orphanage. The experiment was devoted to the study of the influence of value judgments on the fluency of children's speech. The subjects were divided into two groups. During the training of one of them, Tudor gave positive marks and praised in every possible way. She subjected the speech of the children from the second group to severe criticism and ridicule. The experiment ended in failure, which is why it later got its name. Many healthy children never recovered from their trauma and suffered from speech problems throughout their lives. A public apology for the Monstrous Experiment was not issued until 2001 by the University of Iowa.

8. Project 4.1

The medical study, known as Project 4.1, was conducted by US scientists on Marshall Islanders who became victims of radioactive contamination after the explosion of the US Castle Bravo thermonuclear device in the spring of 1954. In the first 5 years after the disaster on the Rongelap Atoll, the number of miscarriages and stillbirths doubled, and surviving children developed developmental disorders. In the following decade, many of them developed thyroid cancer. By 1974, a third had neoplasms. As experts later concluded, the purpose medical program helping local residents of the Marshall Islands turned out to be their use as guinea pigs in a "radioactive experiment".

7. Project MK-ULTRA

The CIA's secret MK-ULTRA mind-manipulation research program was launched in the 1950s. The essence of the project was to study the influence of various psychotropic substances on human consciousness. The participants in the experiment were doctors, military, prisoners and other representatives of the US population. The subjects, as a rule, did not know that they were being injected with drugs. One of the secret operations of the CIA was called "Midnight Climax". Men were selected from several brothels in San Francisco, injected with LSD into their bloodstream, and then filmed for study. The project lasted at least until the 1960s. In 1973, the CIA leadership destroyed most of the documents of the MK-ULTRA program, causing significant difficulties in the subsequent investigation of the case by the US Congress.

6. Project "Aversion"

From the 70s to the 80s of the 20th century, an experiment was conducted in the South African army aimed at changing the sex of soldiers with non-traditional sexual orientation. During the top-secret operation "Aversia" about 900 people were injured. Alleged homosexuals were calculated by army doctors with the assistance of priests. In the military psychiatric ward, test subjects were subjected to hormonal therapy and electric shock. If the soldiers could not be "cured" in this way, they were waiting for forced chemical castration or sex reassignment surgery. "Aversion" was directed by psychiatrist Aubrey Levin. In the 90s, he immigrated to Canada, not wanting to stand trial for the atrocities he committed.

5 Human Experimentation In North Korea

North Korea has been repeatedly accused of researching prisoners that violate human rights, however, the government of the country denies all accusations, saying that they are treated humanely in the state. However, one of the former prisoners told a shocking truth. A terrible, if not terrifying experience appeared before the eyes of the prisoner: 50 women, under the threat of reprisals against their families, were forced to eat poisoned cabbage leaves and died, suffering from bloody vomiting and rectal bleeding, accompanied by the screams of other victims of the experiment. There are eyewitness accounts of special laboratories equipped for experiments. Entire families became their targets. After a standard medical examination, the wards were sealed and filled with asphyxiating gas, and the "explorers" watched through the glass from above as parents tried to save their children by giving them artificial respiration for as long as they had strength left.

4. Toxicological laboratory of the special services of the USSR

The top-secret scientific unit, also known as the "Chamber", under the leadership of Colonel Mairanovsky, was engaged in experiments in the field of toxic substances and poisons, such as ricin, digitoxin and mustard gas. Experiments were carried out, as a rule, on prisoners sentenced to capital punishment. Poisons were given to the subjects under the guise of drugs along with food. The main goal of scientists was to find an odorless and tasteless toxin that would not leave traces after the death of the victim. In the end, scientists managed to find the poison they were looking for. According to eyewitness accounts, after ingestion of C-2, the subject would become weak, quiet, as if cowering, and dying within 15 minutes.

3. Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Sadly famous experiment began in 1932 in the Alabama city of Tuskegee. For 40 years, scientists literally denied patients treatment for syphilis in order to study all stages of the disease. The victims of the experience were 600 poor African-American sharecroppers. Patients were not informed about their illness. Instead of a diagnosis, doctors told people they had "bad blood" and offered free food and treatment in exchange for participating in the program. During the experiment, 28 men died from syphilis, 100 from subsequent complications, 40 infected their wives, and 19 children received a congenital disease.

2. "Squad 731"

Employees of a special detachment of the Japanese armed forces under the leadership of Shiro Ishii were engaged in experiments in the field of chemical and biological weapons. In addition, they are responsible for the most horrific experiments on people that history knows. The detachment's military doctors dissected living subjects, amputated the limbs of captives and sewed them to other parts of the body, deliberately infected men and women with venereal diseases through rape in order to study the consequences later. The list of atrocities committed by Unit 731 is long, but many of its members have never been punished for their deeds.

1. Nazi experiments on people

Medical experiments carried out by the Nazis during World War II claimed a huge number of lives. In concentration camps, scientists performed the most sophisticated and inhuman experiments. In Auschwitz, Dr. Josef Mengele examined more than 1,500 pairs of twins. A variety of chemicals were injected into the eyes of the test subjects to see if their color would change, and in an attempt to create Siamese twins, the test subjects were stitched together. Meanwhile, the Luftwaffe tried to find a way to treat hypothermia by forcing prisoners to lie in ice water for several hours, and at the Ravensbrück camp, researchers deliberately inflicted wounds on prisoners and infected them with infections in order to test sulfonamides and other drugs.