Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries. The rite of the queen's life room and day off

In 2 volumes. Second edition with additions. M., type. Gracheva and Co., near the Prechistenskie gates, village Shilova, 1872. Format of publications: 25x16.5 cm

Volume I. Part 1-2: Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. XX, 372, 263 pp. with illustration, 8 sheets. ill.

Volume II: Household life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries. VII, 681, 166 pp. with illustration, 8 sheets. ill.

Copies in p / c binding with gold stamping on the spine.

Zabelin I.E. Home life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 2 volumes. 3rd edition with additions. Moscow, A.I. Mamontova, 1895-1901.With a portrait of the author, plans and illustrations on separate sheets.T. 1: Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1895. XXI, 759 p., 6 collapsible sheets. with illustrations. Vol. 2: Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1901. VIII, 788 pp., VIII tables with illustrations. In a composite individual binding of the era. Two-colour illustrated publisher's cover preserved in binding. 25.5x17 cm. Book dealers often add to this edition the 2nd part of the first volume from the fourth posthumous edition of the Synodal Printing House of 1915:XX, , 900 p., 1l. portrait, 2 sheets of illustrations The unsurpassed capital work of our famous historian!

The traditional splendor and isolation of the Russian grand ducal, and then the royal court invariably aroused curiosity among contemporaries, which was destined to remain unsatisfied - the entrance to the inner chambers of the palace, especially to its female half, was ordered for almost everyone, with the exception of a narrow circle of servants and relatives . To penetrate into this hidden world, to do it delicately, without being carried away by romantic legends or fantastic gossip, inevitable in such a situation, is not an easy task. Historians, who are attracted by the general patterns of development of the state, economy and society, rarely turn to such topics. However, there are happy exceptions - the work of the outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin. The internal routine, everyday life of the Moscow Palace, the relationship of its inhabitants are traced by Zabelin in all their picturesque details, with a detailed description of various rituals and ceremonies, which are accompanied by an explanation of their ritual meaning and deep significance. All the stories of I. E. Zabelin are based on genuine historical material, which he had the opportunity to get acquainted with while working in the archives of the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin. In the understanding of I. Zabelin, life is a living fabric of history, created from various trifles and everyday realities - something that allows you to imagine and feel historical life in detail. Therefore, any trifle is important for the researcher, from the totality of which the life of our ancestors was formed. The works of the historian are characterized by an expressive and original language, unusually colorful and rich, with an archaic, folk touch.

Fundamental work of I.E. Zabelin "Home Life of the Russian Tsars in the 16th and 17th Centuries" is dedicated to the restoration of the foundations and the smallest details of royal life, the development of ideas about royal power and Moscow as the center of the kings' stay, the history of the construction of the Kremlin and the royal choirs, their interior decoration (architectural innovations and methods of external decoration , technical details of the interior, wall paintings, furniture, luxury items, clothing, pets, and so on), rituals associated with the person of the king and court protocol (that is, who from the royal environment had the right to come to the palace, as it should be done, what economic services and positions were at the court, the duties of royal doctors, the appointment of various palace premises), the daily routine in the palace (the sovereign’s classes, which began with morning prayer, the solution of state issues and the role of the Boyar Duma in this, lunchtime and afternoon entertainment, a cycle of Orthodox holidays, the center of which was the Sovereign's Court). The second volume of the book is devoted to the life cycle of Russian tsars from the moment of their birth to death: the rituals associated with the birth of a child; children's clothing and toys, children's entertainment (active and board games, hunting, pigeon release, and so on), the process of educating and educating young heirs (in this regard, the publication of the first primers, the activities of the Upper Printing House, the nature of pedagogy of that time, books and paintings, used in education), palace amusements and amusements, the royal table. A special chapter is devoted to the childhood of Peter the Great. I.E. Zabelin explores the issues he considers in their development, noting changes in everyday details. As appendices to the book, the most interesting documents relating to court life were published, for example, “Notes on houseplants and midwives”, “Paintings of the armory treasury of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich” and much more. I.E. Zabelin put a lot of work and patience in order to restore a living picture of the past, but thanks to this, his fundamental work is still one of the best examples of everyday history.

Ivan Egorovich Zabelin(1820-1908) - this is a whole era in Russian historiography, both in terms of the scale of what he did and in terms of life expectancy in science. He was born five years before the uprising on Senate Square, and died three years after "Bloody Sunday", the son of a petty Tver official, who lost his father early and was sent to an almshouse, Zabelin, having only five classes of an orphan school behind him, became a famous historian and archaeologist, author of two hundred publications, including eight monographs. He happened to communicate with people of the Pushkin circle (M.P. Pogodin, P.V. Nashchokin, S.A. Sobolevsky), be friends with I.S. Turgenev and A.N. Ostrovsky, advise L.N. Tolstoy. For many years he headed the Historical Museum, where, after his death, the most valuable collection of ancient manuscripts, icons, maps, engravings, and books he had collected was transferred. “The domestic life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries” is one of the main works of Zabelin. For it, he was awarded prestigious scientific awards: the gold medal of the Academy of Nate, the large silver medal of the Archaeological Society, the Uvarov and Demidov Prizes. Zabelin explained his interest in the “everyday” side of history by the fact that a scientist first of all needs to know “the inner life of the people in all its details, then the events, both loud and inconspicuous, will be evaluated incomparably more accurately, closer to the truth.” The monograph was based on Zabelin's essays, which in the 1840s and 1850s were regularly published in Moskovskie Vedomosti and Otechestvennye Zapiski. Collected together, systematized and supplemented, they amounted to two volumes, the first of which - "The Home Life of Russian Tsars" - was published in 1862, and the second - "The Home Life of Russian Queens" - seven years later, in 1869. Over the next half century, the book went through three editions.

The latter came out already in 1918, when the theme of "royal life" was rapidly losing relevance. About the reason why the daily life of the Moscow court in the 16th and 17th centuries was chosen as the center of the study, the historian wrote: fully expressed by the end of the 17th century. This was the era of the last days for our domestic and social antiquity, when everything that was strong and rich in this antiquity expressed itself and ended in such images and forms that it was impossible to go further along that path. Studying the royal life on the threshold of a new era in a book under the general title "The Home Life of the Russian People", the author once again affirmed his favorite idea about the unity of power and society: "What is the state - such is the people, and what is the people - such is the state." Mamontovsky "Home life of the Russian people" is the last lifetime edition of Zabelin's work. Compared to the previous ones, it is supplemented with new information about the royal household items, floor plans of the Kremlin Palace and drawings made from the originals kept in the Historical Museum.

Zabelin, Ivan Egorovich (1820, Tver - 1908, Moscow) - Russian archaeologist and historian, specialist in the history of the city of Moscow. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of historical and political sciences (1884), honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1907), initiator of the creation and deputy chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Emperor Alexander III, Privy Councilor. After graduating from the Preobrazhensky College in Moscow, he could not continue his education due to lack of funds and in 1837 he entered the Armory Chamber as a clerk of the second category. Acquaintance with Stroev and Snegirev aroused in Zabelin an interest in the study of Russian antiquity. According to archival documents, he wrote his first article about the trips of Russian tsars on pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, published in an abridged version in the Moscow Gubernskie Vedomosti in No. 17 for 1842. The article, already altered and supplemented, appeared in 1847 in the Society of History and Antiquities," and at the same time Zabelin was elected to the Society's competing members. The course of history read by Granovsky at home broadened Zabelin's historical horizons - in 1848 he received a position as an assistant archivist in the Palace Office, and from 1856 he occupied the position of an archivist here. In 1853-1854. Zabelin works as a teacher of history at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute. In 1859, at the suggestion of Count S. G. Stroganov, Zabelin joined the Imperial Archaeological Commission as a junior member, and he was entrusted with the excavation of Scythian burial mounds in the Yekaterinoslav province and on the Taman Peninsula, near Kerch, where many interesting finds were made. The results of the excavations are described by Zabelin in the Antiquities of Herodotus Scythia (1866 and 1873) and in the reports of the Archaeological Commission. In 1876 Zabelin left the service in the commission. In 1871 the University of St. Vladimir awarded him the degree of Doctor of Russian History. In 1879 he was elected chairman of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities and then deputy chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Emperor Alexander III. In 1884, the Academy of Sciences elected Zabelin to the number of corresponding members, and in 1892 - an honorary member. At the solemn celebration of the 50th anniversary in 1892, Zabelin was greeted by the entire Russian scientific world. Zabelin's research concerns mainly the eras of Kievan Rus and the formation of the Russian state. In the field of the history of everyday life and archeology of ancient times, his works occupy one of the first places. Zabelin was interested in the fundamental questions of the peculiarities of the life of the Russian people. A distinctive feature of his work is faith in the original creative forces of the Russian people and love for the lower class, "strong and healthy morally, an orphan people, a breadwinner people." A deep acquaintance with antiquity and love for it were also reflected in Zabelin's language, expressive and original, with an archaic, folk touch. For all his idealism, Zabelin does not hide the negative aspects of ancient Russian history: belittling the role of the individual in the clan and the Domostroy family, and so on. Analyzing the ideological foundations of Russian culture, he also notes the importance of economic relations in the history of politics and culture. Zabelin's first capital works are "The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th-17th Centuries" (1862) and "The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th-17th Centuries" (1869, 2nd edition - Grachevskoe - in 1872); they were preceded by a number of articles on certain issues of the same kind, published in Moskovskie Vedomosti in 1846 and Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1851-1858. Along with a thorough study of the way of life of the king and queen, there were also studies on the significance of Moscow as a patrimonial city, on the role of the sovereign's palace, on the position of women in ancient Russia, on the influence of Byzantine culture, and on the tribal community. The theory of the patrimonial origin of the state developed by Zabelin is also important. The continuation of Chapter I of "The Home Life of the Russian Tsars" is the article "The Great Boyar in his patrimonial household" ("Bulletin of Europe", 1871, No. 1 and 2). Published in 1876 and 1879 two volumes of "History of Russian life since ancient times" represent the beginning of an extensive work on the history of Russian culture. Zabelin wanted to find out all the original foundations of Russian life and its borrowing from the Finns, Normans, Tatars and Germans. In the name of the originality of the Slavs, he leaves the Norman theory. Zabelin retreats here from his previous view of the race as an elemental force that oppressed and destroyed the individual. Weakening the meaning of the ancestor, he says that "the father-housekeeper, leaving the house and joining the ranks of other householders, became an ordinary brother"; "The fraternal clan represented such a community where fraternal equality was the first and natural law of life." In addition, Zabelin published:

"Historical description of the Moscow Donskoy Monastery" (1865)

"Kuntsovo and the ancient Setunsky camp" (M., 1873, with an essay on the history of the sense of nature in ancient Russian society)

"Preobrazhenskoye or Preobrazhensk" (M., 1883)

"Materials for the history, archeology and statistics of the city of Moscow" (1884, part I. ed. M. City Duma)

"History of the City of Moscow". (M., 1905).

The first reason for Zabelin's appeal to the events of the Time of Troubles was the controversy with Kostomarov, who, in his historical descriptions of Minin and Pozharsky, used data from late and unreliable sources. Zabelin, in his polemical essays, convincingly proved the incorrectness of this approach, and then turned to other controversial issues in the history of the Time of Troubles. In subsequent essays, he outlined his point of view on the essence of the events taking place at that time; showed the tendentiousness and unreliability of many of the data of the famous "Tale" of Avraamy Palitsin; spoke about the forgotten, but in his own way very interesting hero of the Time of Troubles - the elder Irinarch. Soon, this whole series of essays, which originally appeared in the Russian Archive magazine (1872, Nos. 2-6 and 12), was published as a separate book, which was popular and went through several editions until 1917.

Zabelin, Ivan Egorovich was born in Tver on September 17, 1820. His father, Yegor Stepanovich, was a scribe of the Treasury and had the rank of collegiate registrar. Soon after the birth of the son E.S. Zabelin, having received a position in the Moscow provincial government, moved with his family to Moscow. Life was developing in the best possible way, but suddenly a disaster happened: as soon as Ivan was seven years old, his father suddenly died. From that moment on, "insurmountable disasters" and need settled in the Zabelins' house for a long time. Mother was interrupted by odd jobs, little Ivan served in the church. In 1832, he managed to enter the Preobrazhensky Orphan School, after which Zabelin could not continue his education. In 1837–1859 Zabelin served in the Palace Department of the Moscow Kremlin - the archives of the Armory and the Moscow Palace Office. Acquaintance with ancient documents aroused in the novice scientist a serious interest in historical science. Having no funds to study at Moscow University, he intensively engaged in self-education and gradually gained fame in the scientific world of Moscow with his works on the history of the ancient Russian capital, palace life of the 16th–17th centuries, and the history of Russian art and craft. His books “The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th and 17th Centuries”, “Kuntsovo and the Ancient Setunsky Camp”, the children's book “Mother Moscow - Golden Poppies”, etc. received a truly national recognition. In 1859-1879. Zabelin was a member of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, in 1879–1888. He was chairman of the Society for the History and Antiquities of Russia. Since 1879, on behalf of the Moscow City Duma, the scientist began to compile a detailed historical description of Moscow, while from 1885 he was doing hard work as a deputy chairman of the Russian Historical Museum, with whom fate connected him until the end of his life. The museum was for I.E. Zabelin to everyone - his love and the meaning of existence. The enormous scientific authority of the scientist raised the prestige of the museum in society to an unprecedented height. Representatives of all classes and eminent collectors brought to the museum both individual items and entire collections. Having served the museum for more than a third of a century, I.E. Zabelin expressed the most cherished thought in his will: “I honor only my own daughter Maria Ivanovna Zabelina and the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Alexander III as my heirs, therefore, in the event of the death of my daughter, the entire inheritance, without any exception, will become the property of this Historical Museum ... No other to the heirs that may ever appear, I do not leave a powder.” According to his will, he also gave the museum his salary for all the years of service and the collections he collected throughout his life. I.E. Zabelin died in Moscow on December 31, 1908 at the age of 88 and was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery.

Ivan Zabelin

Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin is a whole era in Russian historiography, both in terms of the scale of what he did and in terms of life expectancy in science. He was born five years before the Senate Square uprising, and died three years after Bloody Sunday. The son of a petty Tver official, who lost his father early and was sent to an almshouse, Zabelin, having only five classes of an orphan school behind him, became a famous historian and archaeologist, the author of two hundred printed works, including eight monographs. He happened to communicate with people of the Pushkin circle (M.P. Pogodin, P.V. Nashchokin, S.L. Sobolevsky), be friends with I.S. Turgenev and A.N. Ostrovsky, advise L.N. Tolstoy. For many years he headed the Historical Museum, where, after his death, the most valuable collection of ancient manuscripts, icons, maps, engravings, and books he had collected was transferred.

“The domestic life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries” is one of the main works of Zabelin. For it, he was awarded prestigious scientific awards: the gold medal of the Academy of Sciences, the large silver medal of the Archaeological Society, the Uvarov and Demidov Prizes. Zabelin explained his interest in the “everyday” side of history by the fact that a scientist first of all needs to know “the inner life of the people in all its details, then the events, both loud and inconspicuous, will be evaluated incomparably more accurately, closer to the truth.”

The monograph was based on Zabelin's essays, which in the 1840s and 1850s were regularly published in Moskovskie Vedomosti and Otechestvennye Zapiski. Collected together, systematized and supplemented, they amounted to two volumes, the first of which - "The Home Life of Russian Tsars" - was published in 1862, and the second - "The Home Life of Russian Queens" - seven years later, in 1869. Over the next half century, the book went through three editions.

The latter came out already in 1918, when the theme of "royal life" was rapidly losing relevance.

About the reason why the daily life of the Moscow court in the 16th and 17th centuries was chosen as the center of the study, the historian wrote: fully expressed by the end of the 17th century. This was the era of the last days for our domestic and social antiquity, when everything that was strong and rich in this antiquity expressed itself and ended in such images and forms that it was impossible to go further along that path.
Studying the royal life on the threshold of a new era in a book under the general title "The Home Life of the Russian People", the author once again affirmed his favorite idea about the unity of power and society: "What is the state - such is the people, and what is the people - such is the state."

The Chronicle presents the last lifetime edition of Zabelin's work. Compared to the previous ones, it is supplemented with new information about the royal household items, floor plans of the Kremlin Palace and drawings made from the originals kept in the Historical Museum.

Zabelin Ivan Yegorovich (1820-1908)
Home life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries.[In 2 volumes.] 3rd edition with additions. Moscow, A.I. Mamontova, 1895-1901. T. 1: Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1895. XXI, 759 p., 6 folding sheets. with illustrations. Vol. 2: Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1901. VIII, 788 s, VIII tables with illustrations. In two identical semi-leather bindings of the beginning of the 20th century. On the spines there are rosettes embossed with gold and a label with the title. In the lower part of the spines there are gold-embossed owner's initials: "G.S." Colored endpapers - chromolithography with silver. 24.3x16.1 cm. On title sheets. stamps: “Library of S.D. Ignatiev".

General features of the position of the female personality in pre-Petrine society. The judgment of Kotoshikhin and the judgment of idyllic researchers. The root principle of ancient Russian society. Tribal life. Idyll of family and communal life. The meaning of the clan and the meaning of the community. The generic idea is the idea of ​​parental will - guardianship. The dignity of the individual was "fatherland". Localism and veche are expressions of the Old Russian community. essential character. - The generic idea is the educator of the Russian personality. Domostroy is a school of personal development. What was meant by individual independence? - The main character traits of the Russian personality. Domination of the will and childhood of the will. General characteristics of pre-Petrine society.

Kotoshikhin, in his famous essay “On Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich,” says that when Moscow ambassadors were at the wedding of the Polish king, they ruled the embassy and brought wedding gifts from the tsar and the tsarina especially to the king and especially to the queen. To govern an embassy meant to carry it out personally in the face of the potentate. Wanting to thank the Muscovite tsar in the same way, the Polish king sent his ambassadors to the tsar and ordered the embassy to rule and bring gifts from himself and from the queen, I also give to the tsarina, also to each separately, as our ambassadors in Poland did. This, of course, was required by ordinary courtesy, ordinary etiquette in the mutual relations of two sovereigns. But, having celebrated the embassy and presented gifts to the king, the Polish ambassadors, according to Moscow custom were not admitted to the queen. “But they were not allowed to go to the queen of the embassy to rule and see her,” says Kotoshikhin; but they excused themselves: they called the queen sick; and she was healthy at the time. And he listened to the ambassadors of the embassy, ​​that is, ordinary speeches, and the king himself accepted gifts for the queen. Exactly the same thing happened to the English ambassador, who came to the king with gifts on the same occasion in 1663.

Why are they doing this? asks Kotoshikhin, wishing to reveal to the foreigners, for whom he wrote his essay, the true reasons for this custom, and for this purpose making this memorable answer.

“In order,” he answers, that the Muscovite state female literacy unlearned, and it is not customary to have but with a different mind they are simple-minded and unintelligent and bashful for excuses: from infancy until their marriage with their fathers they live in secret chambers, and besides the closest relatives, strangers, none of them, and they cannot see people. And therefore it is possible to find out why they would be much more reasonable and courageous. Also, no matter how they get married, and therefore people see little of them. And if only the tsar at that time did so that he ordered the Polish ambassador to be with his queen at the embassy; but she would have listened to the embassy herself and would not have made any answer, and from that the king himself would have been ashamed.

The real case, why the tsarina did not go out to receive the embassy, ​​Kotoshikhin explains not quite correctly, for the ancient custom was strictly forbidden to rule the embassy to foreign ambassadors right in front of the tsarina. The ambassadors could not see the tsarina, not because the tsar was afraid of shame from her unintelligent and bashful excuses, but because the tsarina’s mansions were completely inaccessible not only to foreign ambassadors, but also to her people, even to the boyars and the entire court, with the exception of those closest to her people, usually her close relatives or the most trusted servants of the Court. But, while incorrectly explaining a particular case, Kotoshikhin depicts very correctly and quite in detail the position of the female personality in our old society in general, depicts reality, over the gradual creation of which entire centuries and a number of generations have been diligently working. In short words, but very vividly, he draws at the same time the characteristics of society itself, for the characterization of the female personality always serves as a completely faithful image of society itself. In vain we will reject the harsh, perhaps too harsh truth of this review, citing as evidence some names that have declared with their lives the mental and moral independence of the female personality; in vain we will soften the simple and perhaps too rude and harsh force of these incorruptible words, pointing to some idylls in which the family and social relations of the female personality were expressed, sometimes even very complacently, and which, to tell the truth, in the beauty that attributed to them exist only in the imagination of the good defenders of all that is good and moral in form. Not a single name, that is, a person who can always, under certain circumstances of life, push himself out of the general current, even with special glory; nor any benevolent idyll, which is exactly the same it happens, as everything always happens and happens in human life, in a word, no particular and therefore random phenomena are able to obscure from us in these words the real light of life's truth, the real light of real, and not imaginary life. Kotoshikhin's review is justified not by any exceptional single phenomena, but by the whole system of pre-Petrine Russian life, the general position and mindset of life at that time, the whole moral element of society. Some historical phenomena, some juridical definitions that gave woman an independent meaning, cannot shake the very foundation of the old views. Individuals such as Sofya Vitovtovna - Lithuanian, Sofya Fominishna - Greek, Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya - also a foreigner, who, as you know, enjoyed a certain amount of female freedom, at least sometimes personally received foreign ambassadors and did not hide in their mansions when circumstances required their participation in similar ceremonies; such personalities as foreigners cannot explain anything in relation to a general characteristic. Some degree of independence belonged to them partly because they were strangers that their personality, due to their foreignness and the high importance of their family, by itself already acquired in the eyes of Russian society a special, independent position, which in no case could equate them with their, and therefore freed some of their actions from the usual restrictions of women's life. But, brought up in customs that gave greater scope to the female personality, they, however, in the Moscow palace, had to live as it was customary from time immemorial, that is, they had to obey those concepts and orders of life that prevailed everywhere in the Russian land. And these concepts were highly respected shameful any circumstance where a woman's personality acquired some kind of social meaning. These concepts recognized her freedom, and even then to a certain extent, only in family relations and in the provisions of an exclusively family community. As soon as the hostel took on some form of publicity and from the domestic, family sphere passed into the sphere of public life, then it was discovered that the female personality had no place here, that without special clearance in a public hostel, she cannot get close to the personality of a man. The well-known development of ideas and ideas in this direction generally led to the fact that the female personality, by its appearance in society, violated, as it were, the chastity of a public community, not to mention the fact that her own chastity with such a feat, in the eyes of the age, perished completely. One man exclusively belonged to the interests of the public. He alone possessed the disposition to live in society, to live in society. The woman was left with the duty to live at home, to live as a family, to be an exclusively domestic person, and in the essential sense to be, together with the house and household members, only an instrument, a means for the life of a social person - a man.

In only one case, the independence of a woman was legitimate and indisputable, in the case when she became the head of the house; and this could only happen under the circumstance that, after the death of her husband, she remained mother a widow, that is, a widow - the mother of sons. And we see that materaya the widow in ancient Russian society plays in some respects a male role; we see that the type of this personality acquires strong independent features both in public life and in historical events, and a trace. and in folk poetry, in epics and songs. It also enjoys significant legal rights.

Sovereign's court or palace

Rite of sovereign life, room and day off

Inventories of courtyards in the 16th and 17th centuries

VOLUME I I. Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries

Women's personality in pre-Petrine society

The main features of the female personality in pre-Petrine times

Female personality in the position of queen

The rite of the queen's life room and day off

Palace amusements, amusements and spectacles

Tsaritsyn courtyard rank

Tsarina's outfits, attire and clothes

crucifix records

Life is a living fabric of history, which allows us to imagine and feel historical life in detail.
Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin (1820-1908) - an outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist, chairman of the Society for History and Antiquities, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His research concerns mainly the most ancient Kievan era and the Moscow period of Russian history. The works of the historian are characterized by an expressive and original language, unusually colorful and rich, with an archaic, folk touch. Exploring the ideological foundations of Russian culture, he emphasizes the important role of economic relations in history. The historian sought to find out the "roots and origins" of Russian life, revealed borrowings in culture from neighboring peoples. As a leading representative of the “everyday history” direction, Zabelin paid attention to any little things that made up the life of our ancestors.
The fundamental work of I. E. Zabelin “The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th and 17th Centuries” is dedicated to restoring the foundations and smallest details of royal life, developing ideas about royal power and Moscow as the center of the kings’ stay, the history of the construction of the Kremlin and royal choirs, and their interior decoration ( architectural innovations and methods of external decoration, technical details of the interior, wall paintings, furniture, luxury items, clothes, pets, etc.), rituals associated with the person of the king and court protocol (that is, who from the royal environment had the right to come to the palace, how it should be done, what economic services and positions were at court, the duties of royal doctors, the appointment of various palace premises), the daily routine in the palace (the sovereign’s classes, which began with morning prayers, the solution of state issues and the role of the boyar duma in this, lunchtime and afternoon entertainment, a cycle of Orthodox holidays, the center of which was the sovereign R).
The traditional splendor and isolation of the Russian grand ducal, and then the royal court invariably aroused curiosity among contemporaries, which was destined to remain unsatisfied - the entrance to the inner chambers of the palace, especially to its female half, was ordered for almost everyone, with the exception of a narrow circle of servants and relatives . To penetrate into this hidden world, to do it delicately, without being carried away by romantic legends or fantastic gossip, inevitable in such a situation, is not an easy task. Historians, who are attracted by the general patterns of development of the state, economy and society, rarely turn to such topics. However, there are happy exceptions - the work of the outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin (1820-1908).
The internal routine, everyday life of the Moscow Palace, the relationship of its inhabitants are traced by Zabelin in all their picturesque details, with a detailed description of various rituals and ceremonies, which are accompanied by an explanation of their ritual meaning and deep significance. All the stories of I. E. Zabelin are based on genuine historical material, which he had the opportunity to get acquainted with while working in the archives of the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin. "Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries" is the second part of Zabelin's more general study "Home life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries".