The igloo is the traditional dwelling of the Eskimos. Where does the Eskimo live? The territory of settlement and dwelling of the Eskimos

Man cannot live without cozy home protecting him from all troubles outside world. And wherever he is, the first thing a person builds a house. How to be at home depends on those natural materials that a person can find around him. In the mountains, houses are made of stone and clay, on the plains of wood, there are houses of brick, of branches, and what to make shelter from cruel winds among the realm of cold, snow and ice?

Yes, people also live in such harsh conditions. There is one northern people - the Eskimos, who came up with a wonderful house that can be built from material that is available in vast quantities in the vast expanses of snow.

An igloo is a round house that is built from large pieces of dense snow turned into pieces. In it, northern housewives managed to achieve the maximum possible comfort and coziness. unfolded fur skins, lit a fire. It became warm and light. Walls from fire cannot melt, as severe frost outside does not give them such an opportunity.

Large snow slabs were prepared for the construction of the walls. Then a circle was marked on the snow and the first layer was laid out on it. The next rows were laid with a slight slope inside the house, forming an oval dome. Gaps were left between the snow slabs. They were not joined closely. The cracks were then rubbed with snow and fastened with a special lamp with seal oil. The heat from the burning lamp melted inner surface walls, the cold froze the water, forming an ice crust.

The door to such a dwelling was made (cut through) very low, or a tunnel was dug out in the snow. The inlet was in the floor and had to crawl to get home.

The houses were made quite small - a standing person could barely fit at the maximum point of the dome. So it was easier to heat houses and save valuable heat. A hole was cut in the dome to let in the air necessary for breathing. The family usually slept in front of him on beds made of snow blocks covered with skins.

Thus, the Eskimos built entire villages from the snow. Interestingly, even in a short, cool summer, the dense snow that makes up the walls does not have time to melt.

Now, of course, the igloo is becoming more of a romance than a necessity. Many modern people are happy to travel north to try to spend the night in a self-built snow house.

Yarangi

From time immemorial, people have built houses in order to have protection from bad weather, wild animals and evil people. Wherever a man's foot has gone! And everywhere he had to build houses. Trees were used in the forest, stones in the mountains.
Have you ever seen fur houses?
Northern residents live in such houses and they are called yarangi.

The peoples of the North devote all their time to hunting and deer breeding, which is why it is so important for them to have houses that allow them to quickly change their place of residence. When the food needed by the herd runs out or the beast leaves, the person gathers and moves to a new place.
Would you try to transport a stone or wooden house!
This is how the yarangas arose - small houses from fur. They are specially designed so that they can be assembled, transported and re-installed very easily and quickly.

Wooden poles are placed around the circle,

creating the shape of a conical dome. When this laborious work is finished, the poles are covered with deer skins. The most average yaranga usually takes about fifty deer skins. But they still need to be processed (selected) first, and then sewn.
It is not simple. Imagine how much work a woman must invest in creating a family nest, because almost all the work of making outerwear for him lies on her shoulders.

She both soaks the skin and scrapes the flesh. Then the skin goes through a series of tanning procedures. Interestingly, deer skins are tanned with deer feces.
Here is the work! What modern urban woman would agree to that!
Apply as even a layer of feces as possible, fold the skin and wait until it is soaked and dry.
But on the other hand, where can you find other tannins in the conditions of the Far North? And maybe it's the best of all.
Then the women scrape everything off the skins and soften the furs, smoothing them vigorously with their feet.

Cooked skins were sewn together with interesting threads. The main breadwinners in the life of people in the North were deer. Their meat was eaten, clothes were sewn from their skins, and even threads for sewing skins were made from deer tendons.

At the top, bare-skinned poles form a chimney for the hearth directly below.
Inside the outer dome there is another square tent, called the canopy. Here is a living place, it retains heat even in the most severe frost. The canopy was heated with a special fat lamp.

An interesting structure of the northern house turned out to be very economical - there was no need for a lot of fuel and special super-ovens, it was just that the ancestors of the northerners built residential thermoses or large sleeping bags.
This dwelling turned out to be so rational that even now reindeer herders use yarangas, despite the abundance of all kinds of modern dwellings. So far, there are no substitutes for what the older generations of northerners came up with.

Charity wall newspaper for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting." Issue #88, February 2016.

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"Dwellings of the peoples of the world"

(66 “residential properties” selected by us, from “abylaisha” to “yaranga”)

Charity wall newspapers educational project"Briefly and clearly about the most interesting" (site site) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They ship for free to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions of the city. The publications of the project do not contain any advertising (only logos of the founders), politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, well illustrated. They are conceived as an information "slowdown" of students, awakening cognitive activity and desire to read. Authors and publishers, without claiming to be academically complete in the presentation of the material, publish interesting facts, illustrations, interviews with well-known figures science and culture and hope thereby to increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process.

Dear friends! Our regular readers have noticed that this is not the first time we are presenting an issue related to real estate in one way or another. Recently, we discussed the very first residential buildings of the Stone Age, and also took a closer look at the "real estate" of the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons (issue). We talked about the dwellings of peoples who have long lived on the lands from Lake Onega to the shores of the Gulf of Finland (and these are Veps, Vods, Izhors, Ingrian Finns, Tikhvin Karelians and Russians), we talked in the series “Indigenous peoples Leningrad region» (, and releases). We reviewed the most incredible and peculiar modern buildings in this issue. More than once we also wrote about holidays related to the topic: Realtor's Day in Russia (February 8); Builder's Day in Russia (second Sunday in August); World Architecture Day and World Dwelling Day (first Monday in October). This wall newspaper is a short "wall encyclopedia" of traditional dwellings of peoples from all over the world. The 66 "residential properties" we have chosen are arranged alphabetically: from "abylaisha" to "yaranga".

Abylaisha

Abylaisha is a camping yurt among the Kazakhs. Its frame consists of many poles, which are attached from above to a wooden ring - a chimney. The whole structure is covered with felt. In the past, such dwellings were used in the military campaigns of the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name.

ail

Ail ("wooden yurt") - traditional dwelling Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

Arish

Arish is the summer home of the Arab population of the Persian Gulf coast, woven from palm leaf stalks. A kind of fabric pipe is installed on the roof, which provides ventilation in the house in extremely hot climates.

Balagan

Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. With west side a barn for cattle was attached to the booth.

Barasti

Barasti is a common name in the Arabian Peninsula for huts woven from date palm leaves. At night, the leaves absorb excess dampness, and during the day they gradually dry out, moistening the hot air.

Barabora

Barabora is a capacious semi-dugout of the Aleuts, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands. The frame was made of whale bones and snags thrown ashore. The roof was insulated with grass, turf and skins. A hole was left in the roof for entry and lighting, from where they descended inside along a log with steps carved into it. Barabors were built on the hills near the coast, so that it was convenient to observe sea animals and the approach of enemies.

Bordei

Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

Bahareke

Bajareque is the hut of the Indians of Guatemala. The walls are made of poles and branches covered with clay. The roof is made of dry grass or straw, the floor is made of rammed soil. Bahareke are resistant to strong earthquakes that occur in Central America.

Burama

Burama is the temporary dwelling of the Bashkirs. The walls were made of logs and branches and had no windows. The gable roof was covered with bark. The earthen floor was covered with grass, branches and leaves. Inside, bunks were built from boards and a hearth with a wide chimney.

Valcaran

Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

Vardo

Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, there is a box for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo got off with skillful carvings and painted bright colors. The heyday of the vardo fell on late XIX- the beginning of the XX century.

Vezha

Vezha - an old winter dwelling of the Sami, the indigenous Finno-Ugric people Northern Europe. The vezha was made of logs in the form of a pyramid with a smoke hole at the top. The skeleton of the vezha was covered with deer skins, and bark, brushwood and turf were laid on top and pressed down with birch poles for strength. A stone hearth was arranged in the center of the dwelling. The floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they put "nili" - a shed on poles. By the beginning of the 20th century, many Saami living in Russia had already built huts for themselves and called them the Russian word "house".

wigwam

Tepee is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made from curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Wigwams are often erroneously called the cone-shaped dwellings of the Indians of the Great Plains - "teepee" (remember, for example, the "folk art" of Sharik from the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino").

Wikipedia

Wikiap is the dwelling of the Apaches and some other Indian tribes of the Southwestern United States and California. A small, crude hut covered with twigs, shrubs, thatch, or mats, often with additional pieces of cloth and blankets thrown over the top. A kind of wigwam.

sod house

The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

diaolou

Diaolou is a fortified high-rise building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

Dugout

The dugout is one of the oldest and widespread types of insulated housing. In a number of countries, peasants lived mainly in dugouts until the late Middle Ages. A hole dug in the ground was covered with poles or logs, which were covered with earth. There was a hearth inside, and bunk beds along the walls.

igloo

An igloo is a domed Eskimo hut made of blocks of dense snow. The floor and sometimes the walls were covered with skins. To enter, a tunnel was dug in the snow. If the snow was shallow, the entrance was arranged in the wall, to which an additional corridor of snow blocks was completed. Light enters the room directly through the snowy walls, although they also made windows covered with seal guts or ice floes. Often several igloos were connected by long snowy corridors.

Izba

Izba is a log house in the forest zone of Russia. Until the 10th century, the hut looked like a semi-dugout, completed with several rows of logs. There was no door, the entrance was covered with logs and canopy. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. The hut was heated in black. People slept on bedding on an earthen floor in the same room as the cattle. Over the centuries, the hut acquired a stove, a hole on the roof for smoke to escape, and then a chimney. Holes appeared in the walls - windows that were covered with mica plates or a bull's bladder. Over time, they began to block the hut into two parts: the upper room and the canopy. This is how the “five-wall” hut appeared.

North Russian hut

The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a single whole.

Ikukwane

Ikukwane - a large domed thatched house of the Zulus ( South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

Boar

Cabanya is a small hut of the indigenous population of Ecuador (a state in the north-west of South America). Its frame is woven from a vine, partially covered with clay and covered with straw. This name was also given to gazebos for recreation and technical needs, installed in resorts near beaches and pools.

Kava

Kava is a gable hut of the Orochi, an indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Far East). The roof and side walls were covered with spruce bark, the smoke hole was covered with a special tire in bad weather. The entrance to the dwelling always turned to the river. The place for the hearth was covered with pebbles and fenced with wooden blocks, which were coated with clay from the inside. Wooden bunks were built along the walls.

Kazhim

Kazhim is a large community house of the Eskimos, designed for several dozen people and many years of service. At the place chosen for the house, they dug a rectangular hole, at the corners of which high thick logs were installed (the Eskimos do not have local wood, so the trees thrown ashore by the surf were used). Further, walls and a roof were erected in the form of a pyramid - from logs or whale bones. A frame covered with a transparent bubble was inserted into the hole left in the middle. The entire building was covered with earth. The roof was supported by pillars, as well as bench-beds installed along the walls in several tiers. The floor was covered with boards and mats. A narrow underground corridor was dug to enter.

Cajun

Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

Karamo

Karamo is a dugout of the Selkups, hunters and fishermen of the north Western Siberia. A hole was dug at the steep bank of the river, four pillars were placed at the corners and log walls were made. The roof, also made of logs, was covered with earth. From the side of the water they dug the entrance and disguised it coastal vegetation. To prevent the dugout from flooding, the floor was made gradually rising from the entrance. It was possible to get into the dwelling only by boat, and the boat was also dragged inside. Because of such peculiar houses, the Selkups were called "earth people".

Klochan

Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading ascetic image life, so inside you do not have to expect much comfort.

Kolyba

Kolyba is a summer residence of shepherds and lumberjacks, common in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians. This is a log cabin without windows with a gable roof, covered with shingles (flat chips). Along the walls there are wooden benches and shelves for things, the floor is earthen. In the middle is a hearth, the smoke comes out through a hole in the roof.

Konak

Konak - two or three floors stone house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. The building, in plan resembling the letter "G", is covered with a massive tiled roof, creating a deep shadow. Each bedroom has a covered projecting balcony and a steam room. A large number of various premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, so there is no need for buildings in the yard.

Kuvaksa

Kuvaksa is a portable dwelling of the Saami during the spring-summer migrations. It has a cone-shaped frame of several poles connected by the tops, on which a cover made of deer skins, birch bark or canvas was pulled. A hearth was set up in the center. The kuwaxa is a type of plague, and also resembles the tipi of the North American Indians, but is somewhat stockier.

Kula

Kula is a fortified stone tower of two or three floors with strong walls and small loophole windows. Kulas can be found in the mountainous regions of Albania. The tradition of building such houses-fortresses is very ancient and also exists in the Caucasus, Sardinia, Corsica and Ireland.

Kuren

Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Lepa-lepa

Lepa-lepa - the boat-house of the Bajao people South-East Asia. Bajao, "Sea Gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the "Coral Triangle" Pacific Ocean- between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

Mázanka

Mázanka is a practical rural house of the steppe and forest-steppe Ukraine. The hut got its name according to the ancient construction technology: a frame made of branches, insulated with a reed layer, was abundantly coated with clay mixed with straw. The walls were regularly whitewashed inside and out, which gave the house an elegant look. The four-pitched thatched roof had large overhangs so that the walls would not get wet in the rain.

Minka

Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls, sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.

Odag

Odag is the wedding hut of the Shors, a people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. Nine thin young birches with foliage were tied from above and covered with birch bark. The groom kindled a fire inside the hut with a flint and flint. The young remained in the odage for three days, after which they moved to a permanent home.

Pallazo

Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

Palheiro

Palheiro is a traditional farmer's house in the village of Santana in the east of Madeira. This is a small stone building with a sloping thatched roof to the ground. The houses are painted white, red and blue. Palera began to build the first colonizers of the island.

Cave

The cave is probably the most ancient natural refuge of man. In soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff), people have long cut down artificial caves, where they equipped comfortable dwellings, sometimes entire cave cities. So, in the cave city of Eski-Kermen in the Crimea (pictured), rooms carved into the rock have hearths, chimneys, “beds”, niches for dishes and other things, water tanks, windows and doorways with traces of loops.

Kitchen

The kitchen is the summer dwelling of Kamchadals, the people of the Kamchatka Territory, the Magadan Region and Chukotka. To protect themselves from water level drops, dwellings (like a plague) were built on high piles. Logs thrown ashore by the sea were used. The hearth was placed on a pile of pebbles. The smoke escaped through a hole in the middle of the sharp roof. Under the roof, multi-tiered poles were made for drying fish. Povarni can still be seen on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

pueblo

Pueblo - the ancient settlements of the Pueblo Indians, a group of Indian peoples of the Southwest of the modern USA. A closed structure built of sandstone or raw brick, in the form of a fortress. The living quarters had ledges of several floors - so that the roof of the lower floor was a courtyard for the upper one. They climbed to the upper floors by ladders through holes in the roofs. In some pueblos, for example, in Taos Pueblo (a settlement of a thousand years ago), the Indians still live.

pueblito

Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, supposedly, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. Interior spaces also covered with earthenware. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. The pueblitos were located in high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

Riga

Riga (“residential riga”) is a log house of Estonian peasants with a high thatched or thatched roof. Hay was lived and dried in the central room, heated in black. In the adjacent room (it was called "threshing floor") they threshed and winnowed grain, stored tools and hay, and kept livestock in winter. There were still unheated rooms ("chambers"), which were used as pantries, and in warm weather as living quarters.

Rondavel

Rondavel - the round house of the Bántu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

Saklya

Sáklya is the home of the inhabitants of the mountainous areas of the Caucasus and Crimea. Usually it is a house made of stone, clay or raw brick with a flat roof and narrow windows that look like loopholes. If the sakli were located one below the other on the mountainside, the roof of the lower house could easily serve as a courtyard for the upper one. The beams of the frame were made protruding to equip cozy canopies. However, any small hut with a thatched roof can be called a sakley here.

Seneca

Senek is a “log yurt” of the Shors, the people of the southeastern part of Western Siberia. The gable roof was covered with birch bark, which was fastened on top with half-logs. The hearth was in the form of a clay pit opposite the front door. A wooden hook with a bowler hat was hung over the hearth on a transverse pole. Smoke escaped through a hole in the roof.

Tipi

Tipi is a portable dwelling of the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains of America. Tipi has the shape of a cone up to eight meters high. The frame is assembled from poles (pine - in the northern and central plains and from juniper - in the south). The tire is sewn from bison skin or canvas. Leave a smoke hole at the top. Two smoke valves regulate the smoke draft of the hearth with the help of special poles. In case of strong wind, the tipi is tied to a special peg with a belt. Teepee should not be confused with wigwam.

Tokul

Tokul - a round thatched hut of the inhabitants of Sudan ( East Africa). The load-bearing parts of the walls and the conical roof are made from long trunks of mimosa. Then hoops of flexible branches are put on them and covered with straw.

Tulow

Tulou is a fortress house in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong (China). A foundation was laid out of stones in a circle or square (which made it difficult for the enemies to dig during the siege) and the lower part of the wall was built about two meters thick. Above, the wall was completed from a mixture of clay, sand and lime, which hardened in the sun. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside the fortress there were living quarters, a well, large containers for food. In one tulou, 500 people representing one clan could live.

Trullo

Trullo is an original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.

Tueji

Tueji is the summer home of the Udege, Orochi and Nanais, the indigenous peoples of the Far East. A gable roof covered with birch bark or cedar bark was installed over the dug pit. The sides were covered with earth. Inside, the tueji is divided into three parts: female, male and central, in which the hearth was located. Above the hearth, a platform of thin poles was installed for drying and smoking fish and meat, and a cauldron was hung for cooking.

Urasá

Urasá - the summer dwelling of the Yakuts, a cone-shaped hut made of poles, covered with birch bark. Long, poles, placed in a circle, were fastened from above with a wooden hoop. From the inside, the frame was stained reddish-brown with a decoction of alder bark. The door was made in the form of a birch bark curtain, decorated with folk patterns. For strength, the birch bark was boiled in water, then scraped with a knife upper layer and sewn with a thin hair cord into strips. Inside, bunks were built along the walls. There was a hearth in the middle on the earthen floor.

Fale

Fale is a hut of the inhabitants of the island nation of Samóa (South Pacific Ocean). A gable roof made of coconut palm leaves is mounted on wooden poles arranged in a circle or oval. A distinctive feature of the fale is the absence of walls. The openings between the pillars, if necessary, are hung with mats. wooden elements the structures are connected with ropes woven from threads of coconut husks.

Fanza

Fanza is a type of rural dwelling in Northeast China and Far East Russia among indigenous peoples. Rectangular building on a frame of pillars supporting a gable thatched roof. The walls were made of straw mixed with clay. Fanza had an ingenious space heating system. A chimney ran from the earthen hearth along the entire wall at floor level. The smoke, before going out into a long chimney built outside the fanza, heated the wide bunks. Hot coals from the hearth were poured onto a special elevation and used to heat water and dry clothes.

felij

Felij - the tent of the Bedouins, Arab nomads. The frame of long poles intertwined with each other is covered with a cloth woven from camel, goat or sheep wool. This fabric is so dense that it does not let rain through. During the day, the awning is raised so that the dwelling is ventilated, and at night or in strong winds, they are lowered. The felij is divided into male and female halves by a patterned fabric curtain. Each half has its own hearth. The floor is covered with mats.

Hanok

Hanok is a traditional Korean house with clay walls and a thatched or tiled roof. Its peculiarity is the heating system: pipes are laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth is carried throughout the house. The ideal place for hanok is this: behind the house there is a hill, and in front of the house a stream flows.

Hut

Khata is the traditional home of Ukrainians, Belarusians, southern Russians and part of the Poles. The roof, unlike the Russian hut, was made four-pitched: thatched or reed. The walls were built from half-logs coated with a mixture of clay, horse manure and straw, and whitened - both outside and inside. Shutters were made on the windows. Around the house there was a mound (a wide shop filled with clay), protecting the lower part of the wall from getting wet. The hut was divided into two parts: residential and household, separated by a passage.

Hogan

Hogan is an ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first railroad passed through the territory of the Navajo, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

chum

Chum is the common name for a conical hut made of poles covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins. This form of dwelling is common throughout Siberia - from the Ural Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, among the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongolian peoples.

Shabono

Shabono is a collective dwelling of the Yanomámo Indians, lost in the Amazon rainforest on the border of Venezuela and Brazil. A large family (from 50 to 400 people) chooses a suitable clearing in the depths of the jungle and encloses it with pillars, to which a long roof of leaves is attached. Inside such a kind of hedge, there is an open space for chores and rituals.

hut

Shelash is the common name for the simplest shelter from the weather from any available materials: sticks, branches, grass, etc. It was probably the first man-made shelter of an ancient person. In any case, some animals, in particular, great apes, create something similar.

Chalet

Chale ("shepherd's hut") - a small rural house in the "Swiss style" in the Alps. One of the signs of a chalet is strongly protruding cornice overhangs. The walls are wooden, their lower part can be plastered or lined with stone.

marquee

A tent is a general name for a temporary light building made of fabric, leather or skins stretched on stakes and ropes. Since ancient times, tents have been used by eastern nomadic peoples. The tent (under various names) is often mentioned in the Bible.

Yurt

Yurt is the common name for a portable frame dwelling with felt covering among Turkic and Mongolian nomads. A classic yurt is easily assembled and disassembled by one family within a few hours. It is transported on a camel or horse, its felt cover protects well from temperature changes, does not let rain or wind through. Dwellings of this type are so ancient that they are recognized even in rock paintings. Yurts in a number of areas are successfully used today.

Yaodong

Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

Yaranga

Yaranga is a portable dwelling of some peoples of the north-east of Siberia: Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Yukaghirs. First, tripods of poles are set in a circle and fixed with stones. The inclined poles of the side wall are tied to the tripods. The frame of the dome is attached from above. The whole structure is covered with deer or walrus skins. Two or three poles are placed in the middle in order to support the ceiling. Yaranga is divided by canopies into several rooms. Sometimes a small “house” covered with skins is placed inside the yaranga.

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The traditional dwellings of the Greenlandic Eskimos, like other peoples of the North, are of two types - summer and winter. Summer is a cone-shaped wooden frame covered with skins; winter can be made of stones or snow - in the polar region; in other places it is built only from stones or turf, sometimes driftwood, there are remains of dwellings built from parts of the whale's skeleton.

In other words, everything that was available was used. Until very recently, dwellings were built from "local" material, and only on this did its shape, size, etc. mainly depend. In addition, the very location of the dwelling was dictated by the conditions of hunting, fishing, climatic features of the area, etc.

In the polar and arctic regions, the camps of the Eskimos were located in the depths of bays and fjords (where you can hunt from the ice) or at the mouths of rivers. In the subarctic region, winter dwellings were grouped near skerries or straits. Both in the north and in the south, the camps were small - even in the 1920s, more than half of them numbered up to 50 inhabitants, and a quarter - only 25 or less people.

How the Eskimo dwelling is arranged

In general, the traditional Eskimo family, its size and structure were originally determined by the economy of the hunting society and the cycle of the seasons. It was a so-called large family, consisting of old spouses (or one of them), married sons with wives and children, and sometimes other, more distant relatives. Often several "big families" lived in the same winter house, dispersing for the summer in separate summer huts.

The most typical dwelling for a "large family" was a semi-dugout, rectangular in plan (its rear part was often buried into the mountainside).

The sod roof rested on ceiling beam resting on a series of pillars. Common sleeping bunks, located along the walls, were divided by partitions made of skins into compartments for "small families" (they were not spacious - a compartment 1.25 m wide was sufficient for one man, his two wives and 6 children). A fat lamp burned on low stands in front of each such compartment.

Lamps were made of stone in the shape of a crescent. Pieces of fat were located along the strongly arched back side, and moss was poured along the front. Laid correctly, it burns with an even, strong flame, almost without giving soot. Above the lamp hung a kettle of melting ice; even higher, under the very ceiling, a wooden frame with stretched straps was hung, clothes were dried on it.

In winter, the Eskimos living in the polar regions of Greenland build snow huts, which we used to call " needle". In fact, this is not quite, or rather, not at all correct - the Eskimo word " iglo“ (plural „ iglulik“) does not mean a snow hut itself, but means any dwelling in general, including stone, wood and other building materials.

Eskimo snow huts are made from blocks cut in dense snow. They are laid in a spiral with a gradual narrowing of the turns upwards, which is why the building takes the form of a dome. Then the seams are sealed with snow, an entrance is arranged (by digging - this way heat is better saved). After a fire is built inside, and the walls thaw slightly and “grab” with frost, the hut becomes so strong that a person can even climb on top of it.

A more accurate image of the snowy house of the Eskimos is a narrow long hole (sometimes dug under the snow), a “hallway” and, finally, a living room.

The transition of Eskimo hunters from turf-earth winter and temporary summer huts, located on the ground extremely scattered, to more modern, more concentrated dwellings was closely connected with the process of transition from hunting to fishing.

And at present, the appearance of the settlements differs depending on the occupations of the inhabitants. In the north and east of Greenland, where seal hunting has been preserved, people live in small camps. On the contrary, in the fishing areas of the west coast, where the industry is most developed and the economy makes strict demands on the concentration of the population, there are the largest settlements of the island.

Eskimo camps consist of several dwellings, which house three or four related families. Eskimo dwellings are divided into two types: winter and summer. One of the oldest types of winter dwellings, widespread in the past throughout the territory of the Eskimo settlement, was a stone building with a floor sunk into the ground. To such a house, located on a slope, a long passage of stones led from below, partly buried in the ground; the last part of the passage is above the floor and covered with a wide stone slab, at the same height as the bunks in the hut. The house had the same plan as a modern dwelling (see below): sleeping bunks in the back and bunks for lamps on the sides. The walls above the ground are built of stones and whale ribs or of whale ribs alone, the arcs of which are placed along the walls so that their ends intersect. Where there is absolutely no flowing forest, there the skeleton of the roof was made of whale ribs, on props. This frame was covered with sealskins, tying them tightly; put on the skins thick layer small heather bushes, and on top they strengthened another layer of skins.

In the central regions of the American Arctic, these stone dwellings were replaced by snow huts - igloos, which are being built to this day.

In Labrador, in the northern regions of Alaska and Greenland, igloos were also known, but served only as temporary dwellings when moving on hunting expeditions. Igloos are built from snow blocks. They are laid in a spiral, from right to left. To start the spiral, two plates are cut diagonally in the first row to the middle of the third and the second row begins; each next row is tilted a little more than the bottom one, "to get a spherical shape. When a small hole remains at the top, the builder raises the block previously given to him sideways from the inside, cuts it wedge-shaped and closes the vault with it. Having immured himself in the hut, he closes up the cracks with snow; they dig a tunnel leading to the hut and ending with a hatch in its floor; if the underlying layer of snow is shallow, then they lay out a corridor of snow slabs and cut an inlet in the wall of an igloo.

The outer entrance to the snow tunnel is about 1.5 m high, so that you can walk bent over or with your head bowed, but the entrance from the tunnel to the hut itself is usually so low that you have to crawl into it on all fours, and you can only stand up to your full height being inside. The hut is usually 3-4 m in diameter and 2 m high, so that standing in the middle, you can reach the ceiling with your hand. Large huts are built less often. A large snow house can be up to 9 m in diameter at the floor, with a height of about 3-3.5 m from the floor to the center of the arch; such large houses are used for meetings and festivities.

For the final decoration of the hut, a lamp-bowl with seal oil is lit inside. From the heating of the air, the snow begins to melt, but does not drip, since the water formed from melting is absorbed by the thickness of the snow. When the inner layer of the vault and walls is sufficiently moistened, cold air is let into the hut and allowed to freeze; as a result, the walls of the dwelling are covered from the inside with a vitreous ice film (polar explorers who borrowed snow construction equipment the Eskimos call it glazing the hut) - this reduces thermal conductivity, increases the strength of the walls and makes life in the hut more convenient. If there was no ice crust, then it would only be worth touching the wall, as the snow would crumble and stick to clothes. Until the hut has survived in the cold, its strength is low. But due to warming up, a general precipitation of snow occurs, the seams are soldered and the hut becomes strong, turning into a monolithic snow dome. Several people can climb it, and it happened that polar bears climbed without harming it.

During the day in the snow hut it is quite light, even in cloudy weather (you can read and write); on sunny days, the lighting is so bright* that it can cause a disease called snow blindness. But during the polar twilight, the Eskimos sometimes insert windows from thin lake ice into snow huts; small holes are cut for windows above the entrance. For lighting and heating the hut, lamps - bowls, or greasers are used; their light, reflected from the countless ice crystals of the dome, becomes soft and diffused. If the hut does not even have ice windows, it can be seen at night for half a kilometer, thanks to the pink glow of the dome.

If the arch begins to melt from the heat of the lamp, then they climb onto the dome from the outside and scrape off a 5-10 cm layer of snow from above with a knife to cool the hut and stop the melting. If, on the contrary, the hut cannot be heated, and frost forms on the inside of the vault, falling down in snow flakes, then the roof is thin, then snow is thrown on the dome with shovels.

Most of the hut inside, opposite the entrance, is occupied by a snow bed. For her, they try to use either the surface of the snowdrift on which the hut stands, or the natural ledge of the soil; if this is not the case, then they fold it from snow blocks. The bed is covered with a double layer of skins; the bottom layer is facing down with the hair, the top layer is facing up with the hair. Sometimes under the skins they put old skin from a kayak. This three-layer insulating pad keeps body heat out and prevents the bed from melting while protecting the sleeper from the cold. Sometimes small recesses for things are cut out in the thickness of the bed on the side. These niches are plugged with small snow blocks. On the couch they sleep, eat, work and rest.

To the right and left of the entrance to the large sleeping couch adjoin small snow bunk beds; there are lamps on them closer to the couch, and meat lies near the door and garbage accumulates. In the middle there is a passage of a meter and a half wide.

The hut is usually occupied by two families, one lives on the right, the other on the left. Each housewife has her own bowl lamp, next to which she sits on a couch, cooks food, sews, etc. They cook food on the lamp, melt snow for drinking, dry clothes, etc. Usually, two more small lamps are placed for warmth: one in a passage near the entrance to the hut to warm the cold air coming through the door, the other - in the far part of the sleeping couch. The lamp-bowl, or greaser, is cut out of soapstone, and its shape is different for individual groups of Eskimos.

The Eskimos are sleeping with their heads to the door; when they lie down, they put their clothes, except for their shoes, on the edge of the couch, under the skins. In a two-family hut, each family occupies half of the couch. Women lie down along its edges, small children are laid next to it, then men lie, and in the middle - large children or guests. Each family is covered with one blanket made from several deerskins. Sometimes fur sleeping bags are used. At night, the entrance to the hut is blocked by a large snow block, which stands in the passage during the day. Until the owners themselves push it away, it is considered indecent to go to them.

The reindeer Eskimos did not use bowl lamps, they lit their snow huts with a smoky tallow candle, the wick of which was twisted from moss and dipped in melted reindeer fat. They cooked the food on fires from bushes. For cooking, they arranged a kitchen in front of the residential hut with completely sheer walls so that they would not melt from the flame of the fire; it happened that the Eskimos could not get fuel for several days, then they ate only frozen meat. In order to always have water for drinking, the reindeer Eskimos built snowy huts on the shore of the lake, in the ice of which they always maintained an open hole, protected by a snow cap. They had nothing to dry their shoes on, so they dried them at night in their bosoms.

Fire used to be mined by carving, hitting a piece of sulfur pyrites with a piece of iron; cotton fluff, fluffy willow bagels, and dry moss sprinkled with lard were used as tinder. Making fire by rotating a wooden beam was known, but rarely used.

If several families join together, then they build a common snow dwelling in various ways: or individual huts are connected by snow tunnels, so that their inhabitants can communicate with each other without going out into the air; or make two rooms with one entrance; or they build several intersecting domes, then cutting out common segments, and in this way, instead of small isolated huts, a complex building of three to five rooms is obtained, in which several families live, in total 20-25 or more people.

The snow huts on the east coast of Baffin Island have been especially improved. Above the entrance there is a window cut in them, mostly of a semicircular shape, covered with a membrane of carefully stitched seal intestines; sometimes a peephole is left in the middle of the membrane so that you can look out, a plate of freshwater ice is inserted into it (it is obtained by freezing water in a sealskin). As soon as the hut is built, it is insulated with sealskins; often this old tire from the summer tent; it is held by short ropes or straps passed through the snow vault and fixed on the outside with bone sticks.

In a snow hut with an inner tire, the temperature can be raised to 20 ° C with the help of a fat pad, while without it - only up to 2-3 ° above zero. The passage to the hut consists of two, rarely three small vaults. On the left, a closet is attached for storing clothes and dog harness and a pantry, where they keep stocks of meat and fat. Such pantries are sometimes built on the right and in the far part of the hut.

Snow huts were undoubtedly known in the Thule era, as can be judged by the large number of snow knives found that were used in the construction of the igloo, but apparently served only as a temporary shelter during movements. The development of snow huts is associated with the mobile life of seal hunters, who are often forced to break camps into sea ​​ice away from the coast; snow huts were also necessary for the reindeer Eskimos; they have reached a high degree of perfection. Usually Europeans and Americans who go on long winter trips take Eskimos with them to build snow huts along the way.

In Alaska, the Eskimos lived in quadrangular semi-dugouts with a wooden base. To build such a dwelling, they dug a quadrangular pit more than a meter deep, at the corners of which pillars up to 4 m high were placed. Then the walls were built from boards. The roof was made by a fire, from thick logs. A window was left in the middle of the roof - a square hole. The floor was covered with boards. In the middle of it was left a place for a hearth. A window served as a smoke hole. In northern Alaska, the kitchen was located on the side of a long underground corridor that led to the dwelling. Among the Kodiaks, the entrance to the dwelling was on the ground and was a square hole a meter in size. Outside, the dwelling was lined with sod and covered with earth.

The interior of the Alaska Eskimo dwelling was simple. The main furniture was bunks 1.5 m wide raised above the floor. The Eskimos usually slept across the bunks, with their feet against the wall. Several families lived in one dwelling. Each family had its own place on the bunk, separated from the other by a mat woven from grass.

Household items, supplies of fat in bubbles and other supplies were stored under the bunks of each family. Since ancient times there have been special storerooms. In the North, in permafrost conditions, meat stocks were usually stored in special pits; often these pits were dug on the side of the corridor leading to the dwelling. Sometimes the pantry was located at the entrance to the corridor. Pantries were also built in the form of scaffolds on wooden piles driven into the ground to protect supplies from both wolves and their dogs. A kayak, sled, skis, etc. were also placed on the platform.

In Greenland, apparently under the influence of the Norwegians and Icelanders, they erected quadrangular buildings with more perfect laying of stone walls rising to a height of 2 m. They began to deepen them into the ground less. On the winter period 2-11 families united in a large house. Depending on this, the dimensions of the modern dwellings of the Greenland Eskimos ranged from 4 X 8 to 6 X 18 m. Often in Greenland the entire village consisted of one house 1 . Not far from the house, each family had its own stone barn, in which they kept stocks of meat and fish. Between the houses of the village there were pyramids and pillars made of stone; they replaced wooden poles and served to support leather canoes upside down at a certain height above the ground.

In the summer, the Eskimos lived and partly still live in tents; the poles for them, with the poverty of the forest, are often made up of several parts, and in those areas where there is no tree, the Eskimos for poles and for the shaft of harpoons are steamed in hot water deer antlers and put knee on knee until they get desired length; or make frames of tents from walrus and whale bones, tying them with straps. When pitching a tent, they put up two pairs of converging poles: one at the entrance, the second at the front edge of the bed; a horizontal longitudinal pole is tied to them, serving as a ridge; the rest of the poles are leaned obliquely in a semicircle against the second pair, and this frame is covered with a firmly fitted tire made of seal or deer skins. The floors of the tires at the entrance go one on top of the other so as not to blow. The bottom of the tire is attached with heavy stones.

In the Bering Strait region, the Eskimos live in summer not in tents, but in light wooden houses.

A dwelling is a building or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. At local population different regions of the world have developed their own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, tents. In the highlands they built pallasso, chalets, and on the plains - huts, huts and huts. O national types dwellings of the peoples of the world and will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first it was caves, grottoes, earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and in the 9th century BC, stone houses appeared.

People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings northern peoples are booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged mainly in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi live in the plague, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with burlap. So that neither snow nor wind gets under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked up to the base of its walls from the outside.

In the center of it, a hearth is always burning, which is used for heating the room and cooking. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are sewn from sheepskins.

Chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.

  • Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth, it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of a smaller diameter. After the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows, severe frosts covered with ice, and in summer with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were installed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

  • Needle.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The building was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below the floor level. This was done so that oxygen could enter the dwelling and carbon dioxide would escape, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to keep warm.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

  • Valcaran.

This is the home of the peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

  • Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It is portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The whole structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. Yaranga with the help of canopies was divided into several rooms. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

  • Yurt.

This is typical view buildings of the nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Altai.

This is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt retains its constant microclimate inside the room, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building is a hearth, the stones for which are always carried with them. The floor is laid with skins or boards.

Housing can be assembled or dismantled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call a camping yurt an abylaisha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name came from.

  • Vardo.

This is a gypsy wagon, in fact, it is a one-room house, which is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The wagon is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo received mass distribution at the end of the 19th century.

  • Felij.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of intertwined long poles, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel wool, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country, on the territory of which more than 290 peoples live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

  • Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a pit dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was tes, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was coated with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that the smoke could only escape through the door, and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it fully provided security; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional care; it was easy to build. It was thanks to all these advantages that the dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

  • Hut.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs, with the help of an axe. The roof was double pitched. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs, over time it became dense and covered all the large gaps. The walls outside were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century did they begin to build chimneys.

  • Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which means "smoke". Kuren was the traditional dwelling of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle covered with clay, the roof was made of reeds, a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the home of the Telengits (the people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. In villages there was always an earthen floor, and in the center - a hearth.

  • Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochs, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and the roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced with wooden beams, which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were erected against the walls.

  • Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area, folded soft rocks(limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Hearths were equipped in the rooms, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut through.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian hut, hut. Many of them still exist.

  • Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine, unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.

  • Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin that had no windows. The roof was gable, and covered with flat chips. Wooden loungers and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

  • Hut.

This is a traditional type of dwelling among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built of semi-logs, coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitened both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a mound (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by passages: residential and household.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. It is a one-room stone building with dirt floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for smoke to escape. Sakli in the mountainous area formed entire terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure served a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palyaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

  • Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry laying, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of building was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the building could easily be destroyed.

Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was conical.

  • Pallazo.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. They were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit was always on the east side, the building had no windows.

  • Bordei.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.

  • Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

  • Vezha.

This is the traditional dwelling of the Saami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, in which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, the floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.

  • Konak.

A two-story stone house built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so in outbuildings there was no need for such houses.

  • Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

  • Chalet.

This is a country house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding cornice overhangs, wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as tipi, wikiap.

  • Indian wigwam.

This is the dwelling of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Today, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rites and initiations. It has a domed shape, consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole - for the exit of smoke. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges - places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside.

  • Tipi.

Home of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pines, it was covered with bison skins from above and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

  • Wikipedia.

The dwelling of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, bushes. Considered a type of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are the Rondavel and the Ikukwane.

  • Rondavel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are held together with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with thatch.

  • Ikukwane.

This is a huge domed thatched house, which is traditional for the Zulus. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

  • Diaolo.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, as gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.

  • Tulou.

This is also a house-fortress, which was built in the form of a circle or a square. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

  • Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from improvised materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. The functions of the internal partitions were performed by screens. The roofs were very high so that the snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

  • Hanok.

This is a traditional Korean home. Clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes were laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth went throughout the house.

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