Biography Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev briefly. Childhood and youthful years of the future poet

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) - Russian poet. Also known as a publicist and diplomat. Author of two collections of poems, holder of a number of the highest state titles and awards. Currently, Tyutchev's works are mandatory studied in several classes. secondary school. The main thing in his work is nature, love, Motherland, philosophical reflections.

Short biography: young years and training

Fedor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 (December 5, old style) in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug estate. The future poet received his primary education at home, studying Latin and ancient Roman poetry. Childhood largely predetermined the life and work of Tyutchev.

As a child, Tyutchev was very fond of nature, according to his memoirs, "lived the same life with her." As was customary at that time, the boy had a private teacher, Semyon Yegorovich Raich, a translator, poet and just a person with a broad education. According to the memoirs of Semyon Yegorovich, it was impossible not to love the boy, the teacher became very attached to him. Young Tyutchev was calm, affectionate, talented. It was the teacher who engendered in his student a love for poetry, taught him to understand serious literature, encouraged creative impulses and the desire to write poetry on his own.

Fedor's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a gentle, calm, reasonable person, a real role model. His contemporaries called him a wonderful family man, a good, loving father and husband.

The poet's mother was Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, second cousin of Count F. P. Tolstoy, a famous sculptor. From her, young Fedor inherited dreaminess, a rich imagination. Subsequently, it was with the help of his mother that he would meet other great writers: L. N. and A. K. Tolstoy.

At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University in the Department of Literature, which he graduated two years later with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. From that moment began his service abroad, in the Russian embassy in Munich. During his service, the poet made a personal acquaintance with the German poet, publicist and critic Heinrich Heine, philosopher Friedrich Schelling.

In 1826 Tyutchev met Eleanor Peterson, his future wife. One of the interesting facts about Tyutchev: at the time of meeting the poet, the young woman had been a widow for a year, and she had four young sons. Therefore, Fedor and Eleanor had to hide their relationship for several years. Subsequently, they became the parents of three daughters.

Interesting, that Tyutchev did not dedicate poems to his first wife; only one poem is known to be dedicated to her memory.

Despite the love for his wife, according to biographers, the poet had other connections. For example, in 1833, in the winter, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel (Dernberg in his first marriage), became interested in a young widow, wrote poetry for her. To avoid scandal, the loving young diplomat had to be sent to Turin.

The poet's first wife, Eleanor, died in 1838. The steamer, on which the family sailed to Turin, was in distress, and this seriously crippled the health of the young woman. It was a great loss for the poet, he sincerely mourned. According to contemporaries, after spending the night at the tomb of his wife, the poet turned gray in just a few hours.

However, having endured the prescribed period of mourning, a year later he renewed his relationship with Ernestine Dernberg and subsequently married her. In this marriage, the poet also had children, a daughter and two sons.

In 1835 Fyodor Ivanovich received the rank of chamberlain. In 1839 he stopped his diplomatic activities, but remained abroad, where he did a lot of work, creating a positive image of Russia in the West - this was the main thing of this period of his life. All his undertakings in this area were supported by Emperor Nicholas I. In fact, he was officially allowed to speak independently in the press about political issues arising between Russia and Europe.

The beginning of the literary path

In 1810-1820. The first poems of Fyodor Ivanovich were written. As expected, they were still youthful, bore the stamp of archaism, very reminiscent of the poetry of a bygone century. In 20-40 years. the poet turned to various forms both Russian lyrics and European romanticism. His poetry during this period becomes more original, original.

In 1836, a notebook with poems by Fyodor Ivanovich, then still unknown to anyone, came to Pushkin.

The poems were signed with only two letters: F. T. Alexander Sergeevich liked them so much that they were published in Sovremennik. But the name of Tyutchev became known only in the 50s, after another publication in Sovremennik, which was then led by Nekrasov.

In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, and in 1848 he was offered the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, a circle of Belinsky appeared, in which the poet takes an active part. Along with him there are such well-known writers like Turgenev, Goncharov, Nekrasov.

AT total he spent twenty-two years outside Russia. But all these years Russia appeared in his poems. It was “Fatherland and Poetry” that the young diplomat loved most of all, as he admitted in one of his letters. At this time, however, Tyutchev almost did not publish, and as a poet he was completely unknown in Russia.

Relations with E. A. Denisyeva

While working as a senior censor, visiting his eldest daughters, Ekaterina and Daria, at the institute, Fyodor Ivanovich met Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. Despite a significant difference in age (the girl was the same age as his daughters!), They began a relationship that ended only with the death of Elena, and three children appeared. Elena had to sacrifice many for the sake of this connection: a career as a maid of honor, relationships with friends and a father. But, probably, she was happy with the poet. And he dedicated poems to her - even after fifteen years.

In 1864, Denisyeva died, and the poet did not even try to hide the pain of her loss in front of acquaintances and friends. He suffered from pangs of conscience: because he put his beloved in an ambiguous position, he did not fulfill his promise to publish a collection of poems dedicated to her. Another grief was the death of two children, Tyutchev and Denisyeva.

During this period, Tyutchev quickly advances in the service:

in 1857 he was appointed a real state councilor;
in 1858 - chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee;
in 1865 - Privy Councillor.

Besides, the poet was awarded several orders.

Collections of poems

In 1854, under the editorship of I. S. Turgenev, the first collection of the poet's poems was published. The main themes of his work:

nature;
love;
Motherland;
meaning of life.

In many verses, tender, reverent love for the Motherland, feelings for her fate are visible. Tyutchev's political position is also reflected in his work: the poet was a supporter of the ideas of pan-Slavism (in other words, that all Slavic peoples united under Russian rule), an opponent of the revolutionary way of solving problems.

In 1868, the second collection of the poet's lyrics was published, which, unfortunately, was no longer so popular.

All the lyrics of the poet - both landscape, and love, and philosophical - are necessarily imbued with reflections about what is the purpose of man, about the questions of being. It cannot be said that some of his poems are devoted only to nature and love: all the topics are intertwined with each other. Every poem of a poet- this, at least briefly, but necessarily a reflection on something, for which he was often called a poet-thinker. I. S. Turgenev noted how skillfully Tyutchev depicts various emotional experiences of a person.

Poems recent years rather resemble a lyrical diary of life: here are confessions, reflections, and confessions.

In December 1872, Tyutchev fell ill: his eyesight deteriorated sharply, the left half of his body was paralyzed. On July 15, 1873, the poet died. He died in Tsarskoye Selo, and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg. Over the course of his life, the poet wrote about 400 poems.

An interesting fact: in 1981, asteroid 9927 was discovered at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, which was named after the poet - Tyutchev.

Fedor Ivanovich was the second, or younger, son of Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev, and was born in 1803 on November 23, in the Tyutchev family estate, the village of Ovstug, Oryol province, Bryansk district. The Tyutchevs belonged to the old Russian nobility. Although the genealogy does not show where their first ancestor "left" from, but family tradition takes him from Italy, where, they say, to this day, it is in Florence, that the surname Dudgi is found between merchant houses. The Nikon chronicle mentions the "cunning husband" Zakhar Tutchev, whom Dmitry Donskoy, before the start of the Kulikovo battle, sent to Mamai with a lot of gold and two translators for the meeting necessary information, - which the "cunning husband" performed very well. Among the governors of John III, who pacified Pskov, is also called "voivode Boris Tyutchev the Blind." Since then, none of the Tyutchevs has occupied a prominent place in Russian history in any field of activity. On the contrary, in the middle of the 18th century, according to the notes of Dobrynin, the Bryansk landowners Tyutchevs were famous only for revelry and arbitrariness, which reached frenzy. However, Fyodor Ivanovich's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, not only did not inherit these family properties, but, on the contrary, was distinguished by unusual complacency, gentleness, rare purity of morals and enjoyed universal respect. Having completed his education in St. Petersburg, in the Greek Corps, founded by Catherine to commemorate the birth of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich and under the influence of the thought of the "Greek project", Ivan Nikolayevich rose to the rank of lieutenant in the guard and at the age of 22 married Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, who was brought up , like a daughter, native to her aunt, Countess Osterman. Then the Tyutchevs settled in the Oryol village, moved to Moscow for the winter, where they had own houses and suburban, - in a word, they lived in that well-known way of life, which then lived so freely and peacefully for almost all Russian prosperous, leisurely nobility, who did not belong to the bureaucratic aristocracy and were not concerned about public service. Standing out from nothing general type of the Moscow boyar houses of that time, the house of the Tyutchevs - open, hospitable, willingly visited by numerous relatives and the Moscow world - was completely alien to literary interests, and especially Russian literature. The hospitable and generous host was, of course, a reasonable man, with a calm, sensible outlook on things, but he did not possess either a bright mind or talents. Nevertheless, there was no narrowness in his nature, and he was always ready to recognize and respect the rights of an alien, more gifted nature.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev and appearance(he was very thin and small in stature), and in his inner spiritual order he was the complete opposite of his father; they only had one thing in common. On the other hand, he was extremely like his mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, a woman of remarkable intelligence, lean, nervous build, with a penchant for hypochondria, with a fantasy developed to the point of morbidity. Partly according to the custom then accepted in secular circles, partly, perhaps, thanks to the upbringing of Ekaterina Lvovna in the house of Countess Osterman, in this completely Russian, the Tyutchev family prevailed and almost exclusively dominated French, so that not only all conversations, but also all the correspondence of parents with children and children among themselves, both at that time and later, throughout their lives, was conducted only in French. This dominance of French speech did not exclude, however, Ekaterina Lvovna's adherence to Russian customs and surprisingly coexisted next to the Church Slavonic reading of psalters, books of hours, prayer books in her bedroom, and in general with all the features of Russian Orthodox and noble life. The phenomenon, however, is very common at that time, at the end of the XVIII and in the very early XIX century when Russian literary language was still a rather new thing, still only the property of "lovers of literature", and indeed it was not yet sufficiently adapted and developed to express all the needs of the hostel and knowledge adopted from Europe.

Fyodor Ivanovich was born into this family. From the very first years, he turned out to be some kind of a mansion in her, with signs of the highest talents, and therefore immediately became the favorite and darling of grandmother Osterman, his mother and everyone around him. This self-indulgence, no doubt, was later reflected in the formation of his character: from childhood he became an enemy of any coercion, any effort of will and hard work. Fortunately, the child was extremely kind-hearted, of a meek, affectionate disposition, alien to any coarse inclinations; all the properties and manifestations of his childish nature were brightened up by some especially subtle, elegant spirituality. Thanks to his amazing abilities, he studied unusually successfully. But even then it was impossible not to notice that teaching was not a labor for him, but, as it were, a satisfaction of the natural need for knowledge. In this respect, Tyutchev's darling was his very talent. Let us say, by the way, that nothing spoils and destroys people in Russia so much as precisely this talent, which abolishes the need for effort and does not allow the habit of persistent, consistent work to take root. Of course, this talent needs a higher, corresponding education of the will, but external conditions our home life and the social environment is not always conducive to such education; they were especially unfavorable given the material security that was the lot of the educated class in Russia during the time of serfdom. However, in the present case, we are dealing not just with a talented person, but also with an exceptional nature - the nature of a poet.

He was almost nine years old when the thunderstorm of 1812 came. Tyutchev's parents spent all this anxious time in a safe haven, namely in the city of Yaroslavl; but the peals of thunder were so strong, the elation of spirit was so ubiquitous, that even far from the theater of war, not only adults, but also children, in their measure, of course, lived a common excited life. We never happened to hear from Tyutchev any recollections of this year, but she could not but have a strong direct effect on the receptive soul of a nine-year-old boy. On the contrary, it probably contributed, at least to no small extent, to its premature development - which, however, can be noticed in almost the entire children's generation of that era. Were it not these childhood impressions, both in Tyutchev and in all his poets of the same age, that ignited that stubborn, fiery love for Russia that breathes in their poetry and which later no worldly circumstances were able to extinguish?

To the credit of Tyutchev's parents, it must be said that they spared nothing for the education of their son, and in his tenth year, immediately "after the French", they invited Semyon Yegorovich Raich to be his tutor. The choice was the best. A learned man and at the same time quite literary, an excellent connoisseur of classical ancient and foreign literature, Raich became known in our literature for his translations in verse of the Virgils "George", Tassov's "Jerusalem Liberated" and Ariost's poem "Furious Orland". He stayed in the Tyutchevs' house for seven years; there he simultaneously worked on translations of Latin and Italian poets and on the education of the future Russian poet. In addition, he himself wrote good poetry. In the twenties, already after Raich had moved from the Tyutchev family to Nikolai Nikolayevich Muravyov, the founder of the famous School of Columnists, to educate his younger son, the later famous writer Andrei Nikolayevich Muravyov, "became the center of a special literary circle, where Odoevsky, Pogodin, Oznobishin, Putyata and other remarkable young people gathered, with whose assistance Raich published several almanacs. Later, he twice accepted to publish the magazine "Galatea". He was a highly original, disinterested, pure man, forever dwelling in a world of idyllic dreams, himself the personification of a bucolic, combining the solidity of a scientist with some kind of virginal poetic ardor and infantile mildness. He came from a spiritual rank; the famous Kyiv Metropolitan Filaret was his own brother.

Needless to say, Raich had a great influence on the mental and moral constitution of his pet and established a literary trend in him. Under his leadership, Tyutchev perfectly mastered the classics and retained this knowledge for the rest of his life: even in his dying illness, stricken with paralysis, he happened to recall entire lines from Roman historians. The student soon became the pride of the teacher and for 14 years already translated the message of Horace to the Maecenas in very decent verse. Raich, as a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, founded in Moscow in 1811, did not hesitate to present this translation to the Society, where, at one of the ordinary meetings, it was approved and read aloud by the most glorious Moscow critical authority at that time - Merzlyakov. Following this, in an emergency meeting on March 30, 1818, the Society honored the 14-year-old translator with the title of "collaborator", and the same translation was published in the XIV part of its "Works". This was a great celebration for the Tyutchev family and for the youngest poet himself. It is unlikely, however, that the first literary success was not the last, which aroused in him a feeling of some authorial vanity.

In the same 1818, Tyutchev entered Moscow University, that is, he began to go to university lectures, and at first, accompanied by Raich, who, however, soon, at the beginning of 1819, parted with his pupil.

With the entry of Tyutchev into the university, his parents' house saw new, hitherto unknown visitors in it. The famous Merzlyakov, the teacher of Greek literature at Obolensky University, and many other scientists and writers were warmly received and treated to the old people: their interlocutor was a 15-year-old student who looked like a completely “developed” young man and with whom everyone willingly entered into serious conversations and debate. This continued until 1821.

This year, when Tyutchev was not yet 18 years old, he passed his last exam with excellent marks and received his Ph.D. For all the reasons of relatives and friends, a brilliant career opened up before him. But the ambitious views of his father and mother did little to disturb the soul of the careless candidate. Having left the decision of his future fate to the elders, he himself gave himself entirely to his present. An ardent admirer of female beauty, he willingly attended secular society and enjoyed success there. But nothing like riot and revelry remained in the memory of him among people who knew him in this first period of his youth. Yes, riot and revelry were not characteristic of his nature: only those pleasures were valuable for him, where there was a place for sincere feeling or passionate poetic passion. Also, during this time, there were no traces of his poetic activity: the family knew that he sometimes amused himself by writing witty rhymes for various small occasions, and nothing more.

In 1822, Tyutchev was sent to St. Petersburg to serve in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. But in June of the same year, his relative, the famous hero of the Battle of Kulm, who lost his arm on the battlefield, Count A. I. Osterman-Tolstoy, put him in a carriage with him and took him abroad, where he attached him as a supernumerary official to the Russian mission in Munich . "Fate was pleased to arm itself with Tolstoy's last hand (recalls Fedor Ivanovich in one of his letters to his brother 45 years later) in order to resettle me in a foreign land."

This was the most decisive step in Tyutchev's life, which determined his entire future fate.

Biography of Tyutchev

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803 - 1873) - a famous Russian poet, diplomat and publicist. Author of over 400 poems.

early years

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the estate of Ovstug, Oryol province.

In the biography of Tyutchev elementary education received at home. He studied poetry ancient rome and Latin. Then he studied at the University of Moscow in the department of literature.

After graduating from the university in 1821, he began working at the College of Foreign Affairs.

As a diplomat he goes to Munich. Subsequently, the poet spends 22 years abroad. Tyutchev's great and most important love in life, Eleanor Peterson, was also met there. In marriage, they had three daughters.

The beginning of the literary path

The first period in the work of Tyutchev falls on 1810-1820. Then youthful poems were written, very archaic and similar to the poetry of the last century.

The second period of the writer's work (20s - 40s) is characterized by the use of forms of European romanticism and Russian lyrics. His poetry during this period becomes more original.

Return to Russia

And in 1844 Tyutchev returned to Russia. Since 1848 he has been a senior censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, he takes an active part in the Belinsky circle, which also included Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Goncharov and others.

The third period of his work was the 50s - early 70s. Tyutchev's poems during this period are not published, and he writes his works mainly on political topics.

The biography of Fyodor Tyutchev at the end of the 1860s was unsuccessful, both in personal life as well as creative. Tyutchev's collection of lyrics published in 1868, in short, did not receive much popularity.

Death and legacy

Troubles broke him, his health deteriorated, and on July 15, 1873, Fedor Ivanovich died in Tsarskoye Selo. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Tyutchev's poetry has a little over 400 poems. The theme of nature is one of the most common lyrics of the poet. So landscapes, dynamism, the diversity of seemingly living nature are shown in such works by Tyutchev: “Autumn”, “Spring Waters”, “Enchant Winter”, as well as many others. The image of not only nature, but also the mobility, the power of streams, along with the beauty of water against the sky, is shown in Tyutchev's poem "Fountain".

Tyutchev's love lyrics are another of the poet's most important themes. Violence of feelings, tenderness, tension are manifested in Tyutchev's poems. Love, as a tragedy, as painful experiences, is presented by the poet in poems from a cycle called "Denisiev" (composed of poems dedicated to E. Denisiev, the poet's beloved).

Tyutchev's poems written for children are included in school curriculum and studied by students of different grades.

Interesting Facts

Tyutchev was a very amorous person. In his life there was a connection with Countess Amalia, then marriage to E. Peterson. After her death, Tyutchev's second wife was Ernestine Dernberg. But he cheated on her for 14 years with another lover - Elena Denisyeva.

The poet dedicated poems to all his beloved women.

In total, the poet had 9 children from different marriages.

Remaining all his life in the civil service, Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev never became a professional writer.

Tyutchev dedicated two poems to Alexander Pushkin: "To Pushkin's Ode to Liberty" and "January 29, 1837".

On November 23, 1803, a boy was born in the Orel province of the Bryansk district in the Ovstug estate. They named him Fedor. Fyodor's parents, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna, came from ancient noble families.

Ekaterina Lvovna was closely related to the family of Leo Tolstoy. Ekaterina Lvovna was a very beautiful, subtle, poetic woman. It is believed that she transferred all these features to her younger son Fedor. In total, 6 children were born in the Tyutchev family. The last 3 children died in infancy.

Fedor Tyutchev received his primary education at home. His first mentor was Raich Semyon Yegorovich, a young, highly educated man. He wrote poetry and did translations. Studying with Fedor, the mentor inclined him to versification. While doing homework, he often arranged competitions - who would compose a quatrain faster. Already at the age of 13, Fedor was an excellent translator and became seriously interested in writing poetry. Thanks to
mentor, as well as his talent and perseverance, Fedor Tyutchev spoke and wrote fluently in several foreign languages. But what is interesting is that Tyutchev wrote all his poems only in Russian.

Tyutchev graduated from the Faculty of Literature of Moscow University with honors in 1821.

Knowledge of many foreign languages and excellent studies at the university help him enter the Collegium of Foreign Affairs as a diplomat. For almost a quarter of a century, Tyutchev will have to live abroad. He rarely came to Russia and suffered greatly from this. While working as a diplomat in Munich, Tyutchev would meet his greatest love, Eleanor Peterson. They will have three daughters. Eleanor's happiness was short-lived. She is dying. Tragedy ends his relationship with Elena Denisyeva. About this period of his life, he writes: "The executing god took everything from me ...".

Creativity Tyutchev

The creative heritage of Fyodor Tyutchev has a little over 400 poems. A notebook with Tyutchev's poems accidentally ends up with A. Pushkin. Pushkin is delighted, he publishes poetry in the Sovremennik magazine. Tyutchev becomes famous as a poet. All Tyutchev's work can be divided into 3 stages:

Moral and philosophical lyrics. In the poems of this period, Tyutchev skillfully combines the soul, mind, the infinity of human existence.
Love lyrics. Tyutchev was a very amorous person, he dedicated poetry to all his lovers. Tyutchev's love lyrics reflect his mood. His sublime, sad, tragic poems belong to this period. The lyrics are very melodic and touch the soul.
Poems about native nature. Tyutchev wrote poems about nature from his youth. He believed that there was nothing more beautiful than Russian nature. Most of all abroad, he suffered from the inability to immerse himself in Russian nature. With rapture and happiness he wrote about fields, copses, seasons. His poems about nature were included in the school curriculum for children.

At the end of his life, Tyutchev began to write poetry in political topics, but they did not resonate with readers and for the most part remained unclaimed poems from the general public.

Tyutchev and modernity

Poems from any stage of the poet's work find a lively response from readers. His famous lines: “Russia cannot be understood with the mind ...”, “We are not given to predict ...”, “The executing god took everything from me ...” is known to almost every literate person. His poetic creativity in popularity can be compared with the work of Pushkin. Subtle, lyrical, penetrating into the soul, Tyutchev's style transcends time and boundaries. His poems have been translated into many languages of the world.

In the summer of 1873, Fyodor Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Every year, on the birthday of the poet and on the anniversary of his death, admirers of his talent come to pay tribute to his work.

A very short biography of Tyutchev for children grade 4

Tyutchev had his favorite teacher-mentor Yegor Ranch, who helped him in everything and raised more parents. Already at the age of twelve, with the help of his teacher, Fedor Ivanovich wrote his first poems. At the age of fifteen, not needing his teacher, he began to study at the institute at the verbal faculty. After he graduated from the institute, he went to work abroad for almost 20 years. Where he worked as a diplomat in Italy and Germany.

All this time I didn't work literary activity. Upon returning to his homeland, he began working in the Foreign Affairs Committee. Pushkin saw his first poems in 1836 and helped to publish them in many magazines. After which he came out. The first assembly of Fedor appeared in 1854. Tyutchev has many famous poems such as: “Russia cannot be understood with the mind”, “winter does not last long”, “evening”, “loose sand knee-deep”.

Tyutchev did not become a writer and worked in a different field, his poems are still taught by children at school.

Fedor Tyutchev died in July 1879 in the village of Tsarskoye. Never started a career in literature.

4th grade. Grade 6. Grade 3, Grade 10. for kids

Biography by dates and Interesting Facts. The most important thing.

Name: Fedor Tyutchev

Age: 69 years old

Activity: poet, publicist, politician, diplomat, translator

Family status: was married

Fedor Tyutchev: biography

A prominent representative of the golden age of Russian poetry, Fyodor Tyutchev skillfully concluded his thoughts, desires and feelings in the rhythm of iambic tetrameter, allowing readers to feel the complexity and inconsistency of the reality around them. To this day, the whole world reads the poems of the poet.

Childhood and youth

The future poet was born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province. Fedor - middle child in family. In addition to him, Ivan Nikolaevich and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna had two more children: the eldest son, Nikolai (1801–1870) and the youngest daughter, Daria (1806–1879).

The writer grew up in a calm, benevolent atmosphere. From his mother, he inherited a fine mental organization, lyricism and a developed imagination. In fact, high level spirituality was possessed by the entire old noble patriarchal family of the Tyutchevs.

At the age of 4, Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov (1770–1826), a peasant who redeemed himself from serfdom and voluntarily entered the service of a noble couple, was assigned to Fedor.

A competent, pious man not only earned the respect of the gentlemen, but also became a friend and comrade for the future publicist. Khlopov witnessed the awakening of Tyutchev's literary genius. It happened in 1809, when Fyodor was barely six years old: while walking in a grove near the village cemetery, he stumbled upon a dead turtledove. The impressionable boy gave the bird a funeral and composed an epitaph in verse in her honor.

In the winter of 1810, the head of the family realized his wife's cherished dream by buying a spacious mansion in Moscow. The Tyutchevs went there during the winter cold. Seven-year-old Fyodor really liked his cozy bright room, where no one bothered him from morning till night to read poetry by Dmitriev and Derzhavin.

In 1812, the peaceful order of the Moscow nobility was violated by Patriotic War. Like many members of the intelligentsia, the Tyutchevs immediately left the capital and went to Yaroslavl. The family remained there until the end of hostilities.

Upon returning to Moscow, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna decided to hire a teacher who could not only teach their children the basics of grammar, arithmetic and geography, but also instill in restless children a love of foreign languages. Under the strict guidance of the poet and translator Semyon Egorovich Raich, Fedor studied the exact sciences and got acquainted with the masterpieces of world literature, showing a genuine interest in ancient poetry.

In 1817, the future publicist, as a volunteer, attended lectures by the eminent literary critic Alexei Fedorovich Merzlyakov. The professor noticed his outstanding talent and on February 22, 1818, at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, he read Tyutchev's ode "For the New Year 1816". On March 30 of the same year, the fourteen-year-old poet was awarded the title of a member of the Society, and a year later his poem "Horace's Message to the Maecenas" appeared in print.

In the autumn of 1819, a promising young man was enrolled at Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature. There he became friends with the young Vladimir Odoevsky, Stepan Shevyrev and Mikhail Pogodin. Tyutchev University graduated three years ahead of schedule and graduated from educational institution with a PhD.

On February 5, 1822, his father brought Fedor to St. Petersburg, and already on February 24, the eighteen-year-old Tyutchev was enrolled in the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs with the rank of provincial secretary. In the northern capital, he lived in the house of his relative, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, who subsequently secured for him the position of a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.

Literature

In the capital of Bavaria, Tyutchev not only studied romantic poetry and German philosophy, but also translated works into Russian and. Fedor Ivanovich published his own poems in the Russian magazine Galatea and the almanac Northern Lyre.

In the first decade of his life in Munich (from 1820 to 1830), Tyutchev wrote his most famous poems: “ spring thunderstorm"(1828), "Silentium!" (1830), “How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...” (1830), “Fountain” (1836), “Winter is not angry for nothing ...” (1836), “Not what you think, nature ... "(1836)," What are you howling about, night wind? .. "(1836).

Fame came to the poet in 1836, when 16 of his works were published in the Sovremennik magazine under the heading "Poems sent from Germany". In 1841, Tyutchev met Vaclav Ganka, a figure in the Czech national revival who had a great influence on the poet. After this acquaintance, the ideas of Slavophilism were vividly reflected in the journalism and political lyrics of Fyodor Ivanovich.

Since 1848, Fedor Ivanovich was in the position of senior censor. The absence of poetic publications did not prevent him from becoming a prominent figure in the St. Petersburg literary society. So, Nekrasov spoke enthusiastically about the work of Fyodor Ivanovich and put him on a par with the best contemporary poets, and Fet used Tyutchev's works as evidence of the existence of "philosophical poetry".

In 1854, the writer published his first collection, which included both old poems of the 1820–1830s and new creations of the writer. The poetry of the 1850s was dedicated to Tyutchev's young lover, Elena Denisyeva.

In 1864, Fyodor Ivanovich's muse died. The publicist very painfully experienced this loss. Salvation he found in creativity. Poems of the "Denisiev cycle" ("All day she lay in oblivion ...", "There is also in my suffering stagnation ...", "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1865", "Oh, this South, oh, this Nice! ..”, “There is in the autumn of the original ...”) - the top of the poet's love lyrics.

After the Crimean War, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov became the new Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Representative political elite respected Tyutchev for his perspicacious mind. Friendship with the chancellor allowed Fyodor Ivanovich to influence foreign policy Russia.

The Slavophil views of Fyodor Ivanovich continued to strengthen. True, after the defeat in the Crimean War, in the quatrain "Russia cannot be understood with the mind ..." (1866), Tyutchev began to call on the people not for political, but for spiritual unification.

Personal life

people, not knowledgeable biography Tyutchev, having briefly familiarized himself with his life and work, they will consider that the Russian poet was a windy kind, and they will be absolutely right in their conclusion. AT literary salons of that time, legends were made about the amorous adventures of a publicist.

Amalia Lerchenfeld, Fyodor Tyutchev's first love

The first love of the writer was the illegitimate daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III - Amalia Lerchenfeld. The beauty of the girl was admired by both, and, and Count Benckendorff. She was 14 years old when she met Tyutchev and became very interested in him. Mutual sympathy was not enough.

The young man, living on the money of his parents, could not satisfy all the requests of a demanding young lady. Amalia preferred material prosperity to love and in 1825 she married Baron Krüdner. The news of Lerchenfeld's wedding shocked Fedor so much that the envoy Vorontsov-Dashkov, in order to avoid a duel, sent the unfortunate gentleman on vacation.

And although Tyutchev submitted to fate, the soul of the lyricist throughout his life was languishing from an unquenchable thirst for love. For a short period of time, his first wife Eleanor managed to put out the fire raging inside the poet.

The family grew, daughters were born one after another: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina. Money was sorely lacking. With all his mind and insight, Tyutchev was devoid of rationality and coldness, which is why promotion went by leaps and bounds. Fyodor Ivanovich was a burden family life. He preferred noisy companies of friends and secular affairs with ladies from high society to the society of children and his wife.

Ernestine von Pfeffel, the second wife of Fyodor Tyutchev

In 1833, Tyutchev was introduced to the wayward Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel at a ball. The entire literary beau monde spoke about their romance. During another quarrel, the wife, exhausted by jealousy, in a fit of desperation, grabbed a dagger and stabbed herself in the chest area. Fortunately, the wound was not fatal.

Despite the scandal that broke out in the press and the general censure from the public, the writer failed to part with his mistress, and only the death of his legal wife put everything in its place. 10 months after the death of Eleanor, the poet legalized his relationship with Ernestina.

Fate played a cruel joke with the Baroness: the woman who destroyed the family, for 14 years, shared her lawful husband with a young mistress, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva.

Death

In the mid-60s and early 70s, Tyutchev reasonably began to lose ground: in 1864, the writer’s beloved, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, died, two years later, the creator’s mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, died, in 1870, the writer’s beloved brother Nikolai and his son Dmitry, and three years later the daughter of a publicist Maria went to another world.

The string of deaths had a negative impact on the health of the poet. After the first stroke of paralysis (January 1, 1873), Fyodor Ivanovich almost did not get out of bed, after the second he lived for several weeks in excruciating suffering and died on July 27, 1873. The coffin with the body of the lyricist was transported from Tsarskoye Selo to the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent in St. Petersburg.

The literary heritage of the legend of the golden age of Russian poetry has been preserved in collections of poems. Among other things, in 2003, based on the book by Vadim Kozhinov "The Prophet in His Fatherland Fyodor Tyutchev", the series "Love and Truth of Fyodor Tyutchev" was filmed. The film was directed by the daughter. She is familiar to the Russian audience by her role in the film Solaris.