Why are unions needed? The function (role) of unions. Ranks by value

The meaning of the union morphological features and syntax function

Union - an official part of speech, which serves to connect the members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text, as well as parts of the text.

Origin unions may be non-derivative (a, but, and) and derivatives (what, if, how). According to the structure, they are distinguished unions simple (how, when, if) and composite (because, before, while). As used in a sentence unions subdivided single (but, but, however) recurring (that... that, or... or, not that ... not that) and double (if...then though... but, since ... then).

Depending on the function performed union can open a sentence, can stand between parts of a simple sentence, and can be inside a simple sentence. For example: Rybnikov drank the glass in large, greedy gulps. Even his hands were trembling with greed. And immediately poured himself another glass. It was immediately clear what he had been tormented by thirst for a long time (A. Kuprin). The steppe mare flies, flies and crushes the feather grass ... (A. Blok).

As an official part of speech, union does not name the phenomena of reality, but only indicates the relationship between them. By syntactic function unions divided into composition (and, yes, but) and subordinating (when, if, because).

Unions do not have an independent meaning and are not members of the sentence, therefore unions must be distinguished from homonymous relative pronouns and adverbs that act as allied words. For example: I said, what (union) I won't go to school today.- I asked, what (joint word) we did in class.

Types of unions by origin, structure and use

In my own way origin alliances may be non-derivative (and, but, or etc.) and derivatives (what if, how, when and etc.).

Unions by structure can be simple (what, how, when etc.) and composite (because, since, in order to, despite the fact that and etc.).

Conjunctions by use divided into single (but, but, but, however, yes etc.), recurring (and... and then... that, or... or, either... either, not that... not that, neither... nor etc.), double, or paired (if ... then, when ... then, although ... but, since ... then, barely ... how, just ... how, than ... how... so, not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, if not ... then, not that ... but, not that ... but, not that but, not that. .. but and etc.)

Types of conjunctions by syntactic function

Unions just like prepositions, they have no independent meaning. Under meaning union understand those grammatical relations that arise between syntactic units connected union. Depending on the nature of the expressed relations and taking into account the role in the sentence unions are divided into coordinative (and, but, or etc.) and subordinate (what, how, to, when, why, why, as soon as, because and etc.).

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions express the relationship of syntactic equivalence, equality between homogeneous members of the sentence, as well as between parts compound sentence, For example: In the distance, the tram is still buzzing, but the lanes are quiet, and the edge of the sky is dying out (Ellis).

By the nature of the expressed relations coordinating conjunctions are divided into several groups:

	Types of coordinating conjunctions	Relationships expressed	Examples
	Connecting	Express enumeration relationships.	And yes(in the meaning of "and"), and... and, neither... neither, also, also.
	nasty	Express the relationship of opposition, inconsistency, difference.	But ah yes(meaning "but") however, nevertheless.
	Dividing	They express relations of mutual exclusion, alternation of actions, phenomena, signs.	Or, either, whether ... whether, then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... or.
	Comparative, or gradation-comparative	Express matching relationships.	As ... so and, not only ... but also, although ... but, if not ... then, not so much ... how much.
	Explanatory	Express relationship explanations	Namely, that is, or(meaning "that is") somehow.
	Connecting	They express attachment relations, that is, they attach something additional, additional to the sentence.	And then a then, yes and a also and etc.

Coordinating conjunctions can be located at the junction of separate sentences of a connected text, for example: Lieutenant of the army reserve Valerian Ivanovich Chizhevich is sitting at a table by the window. In front of him is the house book, in which he enters the passports of the guests. But after yesterday's work, the work goes badly, the letters ripple and spread, trembling fingers do not get along with the pen, and there is a buzzing in the ears, like in autumn in a telephone pole (A. Kuprin).

Opposing alliances but, ah, yes (meaning "but"), however, opening paragraphs perform an artistic function in the work. This technique helps the writer convey a special emotional condition hero, make an unexpected transition from one topic to another. For example:

...We- foxes, and society- This is a chicken coop guarded by dogs. Do you know that in the countryside the most artistic, the most gifted people become horse thieves and poachers? What to do: life until now has been so meager, so flat, so unbearably boring for ardent hearts! But I'm moving on to inspiration. Without a doubt, you, gracious sovereigns, have had to read about thefts that are supernatural in their design and execution? (A. Kuprin).

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions express the relationship of syntactic unequalness between the parts complex sentence, For example: And I lived, striking your will, since this world asked for help (I. Konevsky); The horn was only a tool in order to awaken a captivating echo in the mountains (Vyach. Ivanov); If someone survived from people, then he is powerless against things (N. Roerich).

By the nature of the relations expressed (the function of the nominal part of the predicate in a one-part impersonal offer). are divided into several groups:

	Types of subordinating conjunctions	Relationships expressed	Examples
	Explanatory	Express relationship explanations.	What to, how and etc.
	Temporary	Express temporal relationships.	When, as soon as, just, barely, only, only, before, since, until, until, after, until, as long as, after and etc.
	Causal	Express causal relationships.	Because, since, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that and etc.
	Conditional	They express conditional relationships.	If, if, once, if, if.
	Comparative	Express comparative relationships.	As, as if, as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, just as, as if and etc.

Subordinating conjunctions, like coordinating ones, can be located at the junction of separate sentences of a coherent text.

Morphological analysis of the union

Morphological analysis of the union includes the selection of two permanent features (type of union, immutability). Fickle signs the union does not have, since it is an invariable word. AT morphological analysis of the union you can also specify its type by structure: simple or compound.

Scheme morphological analysis union.

I. Part of speech.

II. Morphological features:

1) coordinating or subordinating;

2) an immutable word.

III. syntax function.

IV. Spelling features (if any).

When I was little, I was very fond of ice cream (M. Zoshchenko). An example of a morphological analysis of the union.

I. When- union, connects simple sentences within the complex.

II. Morphological features.

1) subordinating, temporary;

2) an immutable word.

III. syntax function.

Not a member of the offer.

Conjunctions form two types of syntactic links - coordinating and subordinating, depending on what they are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions go together homogeneous members sentences or parts of a compound sentence. According to the nature of the expression of semantic relations between homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a compound sentence, conjunctions of conjugation are divided into connecting, adversative and divisive.

1. Binders /, and, yes (meaning and), neither ... nor, nor ... nor: Generously washed with songs, she went off to reminisce to snow, and the summer stood still, and the shadows lie with fatigue(L. Talalay); Shanuimosya, friends, in a long age and generous we will always be in love, let the children smile at us in turn, flying in dreams at dawn(G. Tkach).

2. Nasty ah but yes(in the meaning of but), however, but, however: Love for the people - this is service to the people, not the idea of ​​service(A. Dovzhenko); Lies, people say you will pass the world, but you will not return back "(G. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko).

3. Dividing or, or, or... or, whether..., then ... then at least. .. although, not that ... not that, or ... then: Here are the creeping green levadas, branched like a tablecloth. In some places, dark green willow bushes are scattered on the yellow-green tablecloth, sometimes round, like balls, sometimes pointed, like a poplar.(I. Nechuy-Levitsky); My son is a robber: either a cat or a dog - he's not afraid of anything climbs to fight (O. Oles).

Subordinating conjunctions connect the contracting part of the contractual sentence with the main one, and they are divided into meanings:

a) z "yasuvalni (what, to, whether, as, as if, as if, as if): Don't you see that the sky is turning blue, the sun smiles lower in the morning, that the whole earth, in some kind of expectation, is wondrous and breathes easier, and looks brighter (A. Oles); Having ventured to ask Vovka Leo to be instructed to serve as a foreman to the sheep ... (L. Glebov);

b) temporary (how, after, as soon as, only ... how, barely, soon, when, bye, bye): As she went home in a rye wreath, everyone joyfully congratulated the slender girl (P. Voronko); When blueberries ripen - start mowing the rye(Gen. creative.);

c) goals (in order to, in order to): The creative intelligentsia should make great self-sacrificial efforts in order to raise the self-consciousness of our contemporaries, to awaken the deep life of the soul, national dignity and honor (A. Gonchar);

d) reasons (because, because, because, then what): As long as God gives me strength and as long as I live, I will do ... Our destiny is to work, because then our rest is endless (A. Kobylyanskaya);

d) conditional (if, if, when, how, so that if): If you successfully choose work and put your whole soul into it, then happiness will find you (Kol. Ushinsky);

e) allowable (although, for nothing, despite the fact that): Although it was only the first half of May, the sun burned mercilessly, like summer (V. Malik);

e) comparative (as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, supposedly, as, what): My soul is open for love, like a field for sweet grain ... (T. Severnyuk).

In the function of unions, full-meaning words can be used, which are called connecting words: who, what, whose, which, where, where, where. Unlike unions, which do not act as members of a sentence, connecting words play the role of main or minor members subordinate part of a complex sentence. For example: / topics perished at the dawn of spring, we were unable to put up crosses in due time. One vespers greets their graves, one vespers their testament(G. Filyansky); / she herself was upset, why had never been with her before (A. Gonchar). In the first sentence, the highlighted allied word is the subject, and in the second - the application.

Coordinating conjunctions connect components on the basis of their equality, without indicating the dependence of one of the components. According to the expressed relations, coordinating conjunctions are divided into groups:

1) connecting, which express the enumeration relations: and, and., and, neither ... nor, yes (= and), etc .;

2) adversatives, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, differences: a, but, yes (= but), however, the same, but, etc .;

3) separating, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation: or, or, whether ... whether, then ... then, or ... either, not that ... not that, etc .;

4) explanatory, expressing relations of explanation: somehow, exactly, namely, that is;

5) connecting, serving to attach words, phrases, sentences containing additional remarks: yes and, and, also, too, and also, etc.

Subordinating conjunctions serve to connect syntactically unequal units, more often parts of the NGN, indicate the dependence of one of the components on the other: The apartment is comfortable, although small. Subordinating unions are distinguished by value:

1) explanatory (showing that the part attached with their help reveals the specific content of the individual words of the other part): what, what if (would);

2) temporary: when, while, while, after, barely, before, before and etc.;

3) comparative: than, rather than, as if, as if, as, as, exactly and etc.;

4) consequences: so;

5) causal: because, since, for, because, in view of the fact that and etc.;

6) target: to; then to; so that;

7) conditions: if, once, if, if;

8) concessions: although despite the fact that and etc.

SPELLING OF UNIONS

1. The union should be distinguished from the pronoun what with the particle: the union to be written in one word, and the pronoun with the particle in two words: what, the particle from the pronoun can be separated and moved to another place, for example: I came to the reading room to read the book I need. What should I read on this subject? What should I read on this subject?

2. The adverbial expression by all means consists of six parts, which are written separately.

3. Unions are also written in one word, and the pronoun and the adverb are written separately with the particle; in the latter case, the particle can be omitted. Very often, with the pronoun then with the particle, the pronoun is what, and with the adverb so with the particle, the adverb is how.

4. Union too semantically equal to the union also, and both equal union and , replacing each other, for example:

1) I too read this book. - I also read this book. - And I read this

book.

2) I read Same , as you. - I have Same gray coat in which you

I was seen last year. - I have then the grayest coat.

3) I know same way , like you. - I know So , like you.

5. The word so, meaning "therefore," acts as a union. It must be distinguished from the combination of the union and with the adverb so, which is written in two words, for example: So, it's all over. (Hence, it's all over.) I fell and bruised my leg so much that I had to see a doctor.

6. The union, on the other hand, is close in meaning to the union, but it is also written in one word; suggestion for demonstrative pronoun then written separately, for example:

1) It was getting colder, but the rain stopped (but = but).

2) Hide behind that tree.

7. Unions and and besides close in value to the expression at the same time and are written in one word; pretext at with pronouns volume and how written separately, for example: Students were given worksheets with tasks. besides They were warned that they had two hours to decide. - Students were given worksheets with tasks. and warned... - The students were given papers and at the same time warned... But: At the same time Attached are the required documents. What does will you stay?

8. Unions are written separately as if, because, because, since, so, as soon as, not that ... not that, that is.

THE DIFFERENCE OF UNIONS TOO, ALSO, TO, BUT FROM HOMONYM WORDS

THE DIFFERENCE OF UNIONS FROM HOMONYMIC WORDS
UNIONS	HOMONYMIC WORDS
you cannot omit or move part of the union; can be replaced by a synonym; play a connecting role are not part of the offer.	you can omit or move part of the union to another place; cannot be replaced by a synonym; are a member of the proposal.
TO (= TO) Example: I came here to(in order to) to see you.	WHAT WOULD (pronoun + particle) (the particle could be omitted or rearranged). EXAMPLE: What else could you come up with? Compare: What else could you think of?
ALSO (=AND) EXAMPLE: - Did you also rest in the Caucasus? And you rested in the Caucasus?	SAME (pronoun and particle) SAME (adverb and particle) (the particle can be omitted or rearranged to another place). Don't do what everyone else does if everyone else is doing it wrong.
AND BECAUSE (meaning "in addition to this"). EXAMPLE: The experiment was carried out successfully, and for the first time. The presentation is informative and, moreover, interesting in form.	AT WHAT (preposition + pronoun) is used in interrogative sentences. What does he have to do with his claims? AT THEREFORE (defines the noun that follows it). At that publishing house there is a small printing house.
ZATO (= BUT) The ascent to the mountain is steep, but the road is beautiful.	FOR THAT (preposition + pronoun) The workers received a bonus for making repairs three days ahead of schedule.

USE OF ALLIONS IN A SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCE

General rule use of prepositions in and on the

Use of prepositions in and on the

Unions do not change, do not designate objects and phenomena, are not members of a sentence, you cannot ask a question to them, but our language is unthinkable without them. After all, they link individual words into a single sentence, sentences into paragraphs, paragraphs into large texts.

Union as a part of speech

The ranks of conjunctions perform different service functions in speech, but all of them are intended to reveal the semantic relationships between the components of the sentence and independent parts of speech (numerals, verbs, nouns, adverbs, verb forms, pronouns) and are divided into several ranks. The ranks of unions are classified by a table or list.

Classification of unions by category

Ranks of unions by structure:

• simple, consisting of one word: "or"; "a"; "and"; "but"; "but";
• compound, consisting of several words: "while"; "not only but"; "as if"; "for the sake of"; "in order to".

Ranks of unions by origin:

• non-derivatives, which were formed independently, and not from another part of speech: "however"; "or";
• derivatives that were formed from other parts of speech: "which"; "which"; "also"; "thanks to".

Ranks of unions by use:

• non-repeating (or single): "same", "but", "a", "but", "however";
• repetitive, they are repeated in the sentence at least twice: "yes ... yes"; "and ... and"; "or either"; "or or";
• two-component (or double), they consist of two components that connect homogeneous parts of the sentence: "not only ... but also"; "barely... how"; "not so much ... how much"; "if not ... then others."

Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

Discharges of unions by value, that is, by the method of interconnection different parts sentences include the categories of coordinating conjunctions and subordinating ones. Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous, equivalent components of a sentence. Subordinate - express the relationship between unequal components. Such unions not only show which part of the sentence is in a subordinate state, but also reveal the circumstances and the causal relationship of the events described in the text.

Ranks of coordinating unions

Ranks of subordinating unions

Polysemy of unions

Unions are characterized by ambiguity, sometimes one union can belong to different categories of unions and perform several functions. For example, the union "when" can express the circumstance of time: "we left the house when it got dark", and the circumstance of the condition: "it is difficult to agree when there is no desire to listen to the interlocutor." The union "yes" can be connective: "brave and daring", and adversarial: "you see, but you can't catch." Conjunction "as" in different proposals expresses the circumstances of comparison, time, conditions, and the union "what" has comparative, causal, investigative meanings. But the most universal is the union "and", which can perform many functions: connecting, enumerative, narrative, adversative, concessive, and others.

The concept of union

UNION

1. The concept of union.

2. Ranks of unions by function.

3. Groups of coordinating unions by meaning.

4. Groups of subordinating unions by value.

5. Ranks of unions by education and structure.

6. Ranks of unions by use.

7. Unions and allied words.

Unions- these are service words expressing syntactic relations between the members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences.

You are not more anxious and capricious,

But I surrendered to you for a long time

Because of many, many lives

You know how to merge into one.

Unions indicate certain semantic relationships between the named language units. “Union,” wrote A. A. Shakhmatov, “does not matter in itself, but as an exponent of this or that combination, as a verbal

finding such a combination.

V. V. Vinogradov emphasized that unions, "in essence, are beyond morphology." But they are not isolated from other parts of speech:

1) conjunctions can be formed in a morphological-syntactic way from other parts of speech. For example, I heard what you're back ( what- goes from a pronoun to a union); You are the same, as before ( as- the transition of an adverb into a union).

2) can be substantiated: I do not accept any but.

Unions do not change, are not members of the proposal.

(or by the nature of the expressed relations - Grammar-70)

Depending on the functional meaning, all unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions indicate relative autonomy, equality of connected units: fathers and children, white or black.

Subordinating conjunctions indicate the dependence of one unit on another and are attached to the subordinate part of the sentence:

We are waiting for the harvest from the best vines,

So that beauty lived without fading...

Coordinating conjunctions occupy an autonomous position between the connected units, without entering into any of them. They connect homogeneous members, parts of a compound sentence and sentences in the text:

For somewhere there is simple life and light.

May someday my name

Children read in the textbook

And having learned the sad tale

Let them smile slyly...

Coordinating conjunctions were formed earlier than subordinating ones and at first they could even be used as subordinating ones.

Subordinating conjunctions are used in complex sentences, linking subordinate clause with main:

I like, what you're not sick of me...

There is no summer in the world if you are away.

L. D. Chesnokova points out that some unions can act as

coordinating, then as subordinating:

- although (though) (and) ... but

He but little, but quite good (coordinative union: connects homogeneous predicates).

Although was late, but we were in no hurry to disperse (connects parts of a complex sentence: a subordinate clause with a concessive meaning and the main thing).

– if... then

If a we'll go to the concert then tickets must be bought in advance (subordinative: connects the subordinate clause with the main clause).

If a on land suffered only partially from artillery fire, then on the ship they were maimed exclusively from exploding shells (coordinative: the comparison matters, can be replaced by the union a).

3. Groups of coordinating conjunctions by meaning

The following groups of coordinating conjunctions are distinguished by meaning:

1) connecting - and, yes (= and), and... and, neither... neither, also, too(express enumeration relations): The stars are fading and go out.

2) adversative - but, but, yes (= but), but, nevertheless, nevertheless, however(relations

contrasts, inconsistencies): I heard a ringing, Yes you don't know where he is.

The song over the house fell silent, but over the pond the nightingale started his own.

3) separating - or, or, or... or, either... or, then... that, not that... not that, either... or(relations of mutual exclusion or alternation):

Why are you, my old woman, silent at the window?

Or howling storms you, my friend, are tired

Or are you dozing under the buzz of your spindle?

4) comparative - like ... so and, not only ... but also, although ... but, if not ... then, not that ... but (but), not so much ... how much(V. V. Lopatin, I. G. Miloslavsky call them gradation). For example: There are many features in Siberia as in nature, so in human manners.

5) connecting - and yes and yes yes(serve to attach words, phrases and sentences containing additional remarks): Sister cooked well, yes and sewed well.

6) explanatory - that is, namely, or(express relationship explanations): I stayed here for a week, i.e until Sunday or Monday.